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The law relating to betting, time-bargains and gaming

Chapter 18: INDEX.
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About This Book

The author provides a systematic legal analysis of wagers, time‑bargains, lotteries, and the regulation of betting, reviewing statutory provisions, judicial decisions, and doctrinal definitions to clarify when gambling transactions are void or enforceable. Chapters examine common-law principles and statutes governing gaming instruments, the legal status of betting houses and clubs, the treatment of agents and intermediaries, and the consequences of illegal consideration for negotiable instruments. The text analyzes recent case law, explores practical distinctions between lawful and unlawful betting practices, proposes definitions for wager and lottery, and discusses policy tensions in enforcement and legislative reform.

INDEX.

  • Added Money,
    • Recoverable, 73, 74
  • Advertising
    • Betting House, illegal, 191
    • Betting Lists, do., ibid.
    • Betting Clubs legal, 194
    • Commission business, ibid.
    • Foreign houses, ibid.
    • Information as to betting, 193
    • To Induce betting, ibid.
    • To Infant, penal, 194
    • Lotteries (see Lottery)
  • Agent
    • Authority of,
      • to pay bets if lost, when implied, 45
      • to bet according to custom, 53
      • to make bets in his own name, 51
      • irrevocable after bets made, 47
      • personally responsible for bets, 51
      • secus, where bet made in principal’s name, 51
    • indemnity,
      • none in respect of wagers, 53
      • nor of illegal transaction, 164
    • winnings,
      • must account for to principal, 40
      • not liable for default in making bet, 43
      • estoppel from denying agency, 44
      • business (see Commission Agent)
        • (see Broker, Lottery)
  • Art Unions
    • Exempt from Lottery Laws, 147
  • Australian Law
    • of wagering similar to English, 79, note
  • Bank (see Gaming House)
  • Banker
    • cannot set up illegality of customer’s business, 164
    • not liable for receiving deposits on bets, 190
  • Bankruptcy
    • of principal determines agent’s authority, 61
    • of depositor, determines authority of stakeholder, ibid.
  • Bank Shares (see Leeman’s Act)
  • Barnard’s Act, 87
  • Bazaars,
    • semble, within Lottery Act, 141
  • Betting (see Wager-Contract, Betting house, Agent: Public Place, Metropolis)
  • Betting House (see Persons Resorting thereto)
    • a common nuisance, 165
    • advertising, 191
    • illegal betting within Act, 181, et seq.
      • by correspondence, legal, 184
      • betting clubs, 183 (see Tattersalls)
    • Deposits (see Deposit)
      • keeping house for receiving, 187
      • receiving, 190
      • acknowledgment of, ibid.
      • commission agent taking (see Commission Agent)
    • stakeholder, not liable, 167, 190
    • inviting persons to resort to, 192, et seq.
    • manager of (see Manager)
    • owner, occupier permitting user, 175
    • user of, 176, et seq.
    • Warrant (see Procedure, Persons found therein)
  • Betting Lists
    • advertising illegal, 191
    • exhibiting not illegal, ibid.
    • seizable when, 181, 200
  • Bill of Exchange (for betting debt), 11 (see Cheque)
    • given for illegal consideration, 11 (see Illegal Consideration)
    • secus, if bet not on game or pastime, 11
      • or if bet made after race finished, 11
      • cheque for under £10 prepaid, 14
    • for gaming debt incurred abroad, 14
    • acceptor
      • liable to holder in due course, 19
      • paying indorsee can recover from
        • drawer or payee, 26
        • ditto with interest, 26
        • payment may be by cheque, 26
      • injunction against negotiation, 26
    • cheque, bill includes, 27
    • defect in title, meaning of, 19
      • gaming debt is, 19
      • shifts burden of proof on to holder, 19
      • notice, 21
      • overdue bill subject to, 19
      • void consideration is not, 20
    • drawer of, liable to acceptor who has paid, 26
    • indorsee for value
      • can sue acceptor when, 19
      • ditto indorser, 24
      • burden of proof on to show bonâ fides, 19
      • notice to, of illegality, 21
  • Billiards (see Licensed Premises)
    • a lawful game, 85
    • a game of skill, 85, 208
  • Bonds
    • are within 5 & 6 Wm. IV., c. 41, 28
  • Breeder
    • query, his right to recover prize in Breeders’ Stakes, 76
  • Broker (see Stock Exchange)
    • differences paid on client’s behalf, can recover, 97
    • on sale of bank shares, his position, 117 et seq.
  • Bucket Shop
    • transactions in, sometimes wagers, 103
    • deposit in, right to recover, 66
    • query within Betting House Act, 184, 189
  • Carrying Over (see Stock Exchange)
  • Cheating at Play, 165
  • Cheque (see Bill of Exchange)
    • included in “bill” in 5 & 6 Win. IV., c. 41, 28
    • amounts to “payment” within do. 27, ibid.
    • drawer of, for gaming debt, can recover from payee, 26
    • for gaming debt abroad, 14
  • Club
    • for gaming purposes illegal, 160
    • for betting purposes when legal, 183 (see Tattersall’s)
    • committee of, liable as managers, 155, 160, 179
    • lottery in, illegal (see Lottery), 132
  • Cock-fighting, 85
  • Commission Agent (see Agent)
    • business of lawful, 185
    • advertising lawful, 194
    • secus if he takes money in advance, 190
    • cannot recover commission, 53
    • partnership in, 191
  • Company (see Partnership Lottery)
  • Competitions, 186
  • Conflict of Laws,
    • general rules as to, 66 et seq.
    • gaming debts contracted abroad not recoverable here, 68
    • money lent for gaming abroad, 16
  • Conspiracy (see Cheating)
  • Construction of Sporting Contract,
    • steward’s decision generally final, 80
    • by Court, ibid.
    • parol evidence admissible to explain, ibid.
    • stamp necessary, 81
    • Newmarket Meeting, meaning of, 80
    • gentleman rider, do., ibid.
    • evidence of usage, ibid.
    • Rules of racing and betting evidence, 53, 81
  • Continuations (see Stock Exchange)
  • Contributions to Prize (see Winner, Subscription Stakes), 73
  • Coupons, legal, 186
  • Cover (see Deposit)
  • Cup, meaning of, 74
    • query, within “prize,” 74
  • Death
    • of principal or depositor revokes authority, 60
    • of agent or stakeholder, ibid.
    • of one party, bet off, ibid.
    • of competitor in race,
    • semble, stakes recoverable by executors (see Executor)
    • of nominator of horse avoids entry, 38
  • Deed (see Illegal Consideration)
  • Deposit (see Subscription to Prize)
    • on bet when recoverable, 64
    • with keeper of Betting House, 65
    • in bucket shop transaction, right to recover, 66
    • query, illegal, 189
    • receiving, and keeping house for receiving (see Betting House Commission Agent), 187, 190
    • race, to abide, equivalent to a wager, 36
    • subscription to prize, not the test of, 69, et seq.
    • under £10, not within Statute of Anne and Wm. IV., 12
    • with stakeholder (see Stakeholder)
      • does not pass under gift of “money,” 60
    • in lotteries, recovery of, 143
  • Differences (see Stock Exchange, Broker)
  • Dividends
    • sale of future, not void as wager, 102
    • forbidden on Stock Exchange, 103
    • distribution by lot, not a lottery, 138
  • Entrance Money (see Subscription to Prize)
    • when it goes with stakes, 61, 74
    • when recoverable by executors, ibid.
  • Excessive Gaming
    • under old statute, 6
    • query, illegal now, 160, 162
    • evidence of gaming house, ibid.
  • Executor,
    • must not pay betting debts of testator, 38, 64,
    • nor sums deposited on bets, ibid., 64,
    • secus, where testator kept a Betting House, 65
    • of betting agent, semble, most account to principal for winnings, 41
    • must not pay stakes or forfeits, 38
    • semble, can recover stakes, deposited by testator, 61
    • do. entrance money when, ibid.
  • Fish Ponds,
    • semble, illegal as lotteries, 142
  • Foreign Laws (see Conflict of Laws)
  • Forfeit,
    • not enforceable, 38, 63
      • (see Penalty, Executor)
  • Fraud (see Cheating)
  • Games
    • within statute of Anne, 7
    • “lawful games” within 8 & 9 Vict., c. 109, 82
    • unlawful games, ibid., 129, 152, 160
    • players at unlawful, 152, 161
    • cheating at, 165
    • of chance, what is, 207
    • in public place, ibid., 205
  • Gaming (see Gaming House, Unlawful Gaming, Lottery, Wager-Contract, Licensed Premises, Public Place, Instruments of Gaming, Excessive Gaming, Betting House)
  • Gaming House (see Betting House, Licensed Premises)
      • illegal at common law, 148 et seq.
      • a common nuisance, ibid.
    • Evidence of, 156
      • bank kept by some of players, ibid.
      • excessive gaming, 157, 160
      • unequal chances of game, 156
      • unlawful game, playing of, ibid.
      • obstruction of officers entering under powers of Act, 154, 156
      • instruments of gaming, ibid.
      • contrivances,
        • for destroying instruments, ibid.
        • for barring doors or access, ibid.
        • for giving alarm, ibid.
    • Manager (see Manager)
      • liability of, 155, 160
      • includes banker or croupier, ibid.
    • obstructing or assaulting officers entering, 154
    • giving false names and addresses, ibid.
    • Partnership in (see Partnership)
      • (see Persons found therein)
    • club or private house may be, 160
    • procedure in respect of (see Procedure)
    • user of, 160 (see Players)
    • warrant, 196, et seq. (see Procedure)
  • Grand Stand,
    • semble may be a “place” for betting, 171–174
    • stewards authority in, 191
  • Guarantee of Bet, 63
  • Hawkins, Sir Henry,
    • His judgments in
      • Read v. Anderson, 49
      • Taylor v. Smetton, 133
      • Jenks v. Turpin, 159
      • Reg. v. Cook, 180
      • Reg. v. Preedie, 174
  • Horse-Racing,
    • a game within the Statute of Anne, 7
    • formerly illegal for over £10, 82 et seq.
    • now all legal, ibid.
    • within 10 miles of London require license, 84
    • chance, whether game of, 208
    • for stakes, equivalent to wager, 36 et seq.
    • steeplechase, 84
  • Illegal Betting (see Betting House)
  • Illegal Consideration (see Bill of Exchange, Lottery)
    • void ditto, difference between and, 18–20
    • gaming debt is, 11
    • betting debt is, if bet on game, &c., ibid.
    • bills or notes, effect of, on (see Bill of Exchange)
    • is a defect of title, 19
    • should be specially pleaded, 23
    • deposit for, when recoverable, 143 et seq.
    • should be accurately stated, 23
    • avoids bonds and other deeds, 24
    • part consideration illegal, whole avoided, 24 et seq.
    • secus, where contract divisible, ibid.
    • past race, bet on, not illegal, 11
    • deposit on race under £10, not an illegal consideration, 12
  • Illegality,
    • test of, 16, 162, et seq.
    • 3rd party cannot plead, 164
    • (see Partnership, Agent, Illegal Consideration, Manager, Banker)
  • Indian Law,
    • of wagers similar to English, 31
    • of speculative sales, 40
    • of lotteries, 131
  • Infant,
    • sending advertisement or information to, 194
  • Information (see Procedure)
    • with respect to betting (see Advertising)
  • Instrument of Gaming,
    • coin not included in, 205
    • pari-mutuel, ibid.
    • in gaming houses, 156
    • may be seized by officers entering in Metropolis, 197
    • secus, out of Metropolis, ibid.
    • superintendent entering may search for, ibid.
    • evidence of gaming houses, 156
    • means for destroying ditto, ibid.
    • magistrate may order destruction, 197–8
  • I O U,
    • not within 5 & 6 Wm. IV., c. 41, 28
  • Ireland (see Metropolis)
  • Irish Cases,
    • Lynn v. Bell, }
    • Crofton v. Colgan, }
    • Graham v. Thompson, } (see Table of Cases.)
    • MacElwaine v. Mercer, }
    • Irwin v. Osborne, }
    • Newcomen v. Lynch, }
  • Judge (in race),
    • jurisdiction of, 76 et seq.
    • decision final, ibid.
  • Leeman’s Act (see Stock Exchange Broker)
  • Licensed Premises,
    • gaming in, permitting illegal, 202
    • knowledge or connivance of owner
    • necessary, ibid.
    • what is gaming, 204
    • may be entered under Gaming and Betting House Acts, 200
    • betting in, when legal, 205
    • billiards, in, 85
      • public table, when legal, 157
  • Lists (see Betting Lists)
  • Loan of Money,
    • for gaming purposes, semble illegal, 15, 16
    • for betting on game, &c., illegal, ibid., 15, 16
    • for paying lost bets recoverable, 15, 16
    • for illegal gaming, penalty, 15, 16, 162
    • cheques given to repay, 15, 16
    • for gaming abroad, 15, 16
  • Lottery (see Place),
    • adventurers in, penalty on, 129, 130, 132
    • advertising illegal, ibid.
      • penalty recoverable only in Attorney-General’s name, ibid., 131, 146
    • aiding and abetting, 130, 133
    • Art Unions, when legal, 147
    • bonus in companies, distribution of by lot, 137
    • companies formed for (see Partnership)
    • characteristics of, 140
    • charter for, void, 128
    • in club or private house, 132
    • Bazaars,
      • proceedings in, qy. within Lottery Acts, 142
    • definition of, 128, 140
    • fish ponds, 142
    • foreign lotteries, 133
    • illegality of, 142
      • deposits recoverable on notice, 143
      • vitiates subsidiary contract, ibid.
    • little-goes illegal, 130
    • partnership in, 145
    • patent for, void, 128
    • sale under guise of setting up, 129, 130
    • stakeholder of, 133
    • sweepstakes, 134
    • tickets, sale of, 128 et seq.
    • proceedings in case, 146
    • warrant for arrest, 130
    • Royal Palaces, exception in favour of, 86
    • no privilege of Parliament, 148
  • Manages of Betting House, Gaming House,
    • liability of 155, 160, 179
      • committee of club, ibid.
      • banker or croupier, ibid.
    • profits, cannot be sued for, 164
    • salary, cannot sue for, ibid.
    • secus, if manager only of legal part of business, 180
  • Metropolis (see Public Place)
    • cock-fighting in, 85
    • horse-race within 10 miles require licence, 84
    • Gaming Houses in,
      • Commissioners of Police may issue warrant to superintendent to search, 197
      • superintendent entering may seize instruments of gaming, 197
      • Betting Houses (see Procedure)
      • penalties recovered in payable to Receiver of Police, 198
      • betting in streets of, 208
      • Ireland, in, means Dublin, 197
  • Newmarket Meeting,
    • exempt from old laws against horse-racing, 83
    • a moveable feast, 81
  • Nominator,
    • death of, avoids entry of horse, 38
  • Notice,
    • to determine authority (see Stakeholder)
    • of illegal consideration (see Bill of Exchange)
  • Occupier (see Betting House Place)
  • Official Assignee (see Stock Exchange)
  • Options (see Stock Exchange)
  • Palaces, Royal,
    • exempt from laws against unlawful games and lotteries, 86
  • Partition by Lot,
    • among joint tenants, &c., exempt from Lotteries Act, 129, 141
  • Partnership,
    • right to account of profits
      • in betting transactions, 41, 191
      • in lotteries, 115
      • in gaming house, 162
      • in commission agency business, 191
  • Penalty to enforce Wager not Recoverable, 63
  • Person found therein (see Gaming House, Betting House)
    • may be arrested, 197
    • what to be done with, ibid., note
    • need not be found gaming, 198
    • presumption against, 156
    • penalty on (see Players)
  • Persons resorting thereto (see Betting House)
    • meaning of, 183
    • not within Act, 179
  • Place (see Public Place Betting House)
    • within Lottery Acts, 130
    • within Betting House Act
      • enclosures, 171
      • roof immaterial, 170
      • moveable structures, ibid.
      • grand stand, 174
      • stool, 171
      • umbrella, 170
      • user of what amounts to, 176
      • habitual not necessary, ibid.
    • occupier of, 169
    • person using same, 179
    • must be limited in space, 174
    • a room, 174
    • for cock-fighting, 169
  • Plate, meaning of, 74, 82
  • Play or Pay,” meaning, 81 (see App. B.)
  • Players (in illegal games) 118, 121, 152, 161
    • in lotteries, consent of Attorney-General to prosecution, 132, 152
  • Privilege of Parliament,
    • none in lottery prosecutions, 148
    • in gaming house, do., 165
  • Prize (see Subscriptions to Prize)
  • Procedure,
    • 1. Gaming Houses
      • In Metropolis.
        • Commissioners of Police may issue order to superintendent to search, 196 et seq.
        • Power of superintendent to search for and seize instruments of gaming, 197
        • Justices may order destruction of ditto, 197
      • Out of Metropolis.
        • Justices may on information issue search warrant, 197
        • form of warrant, ibid.
        • information need not show that persons were found playing for money, 198
        • no power to authorize seizure of instruments of gaming, 197
        • may authorize destruction of ditto, 198
      • Persons found therein (see Persons found therein), 197
        • may be apprehended on spot, ibid.
        • whether gaming or not, 198
        • may be required to give evidence, ibid.
        • but then free from prosecution, ibid.
      • Vexatious Indictment Act applies, 199
        • penalties application of, 198
        • appeal, 199
        • no certiorari, ibid.
        • actions against officers, ibid.
    • 2. Betting Houses
      • Justices may issue warrant to search and seize lists and documents, 200
      • in metropolis Commissioners’ powers same as in gaming houses, 200
      • information, fresh, necessary after arrest before prisoner charged, 200
      • may be before one justice, ibid. 201
      • licensed premises subject to Act. 200, 205
  • Produce Stakes,
    • breeders cannot recover, 76
  • Promissory Note (see Bill of Exchange)
  • Public House (see Licensed Premises)
  • Public Place,
    • what is a, 206
  • Punters (see Players)
  • Purchase (speculative)
    • not a wager, 39
  • Race Course,
    • qy. a place, 174
    • a public place, 206
  • Ready Money Betting,
    • place kept or used for illegal betting, 187 et seq.
    • (see Betting House, Commission Agent, Deposit)
  • Rescission (by wager)
    • void, 38
  • Room (see Place)
  • Royal Palace
    • gaming in, lawful, 86
  • Rules of Racing Evidence, 53, 81
  • Rules of Betting do., ibid. (see App. B.)
  • Sale,
    • wager under guise of, void, 35
    • lottery under guise of, illegal, 129, 139
    • bank shares (see Stock Exchange)
    • speculative sales not wagers, 39
    • nor sales with contingencies, 36
    • of things first in possession, valid (see Indian Law), ibid.
    • of public stocks not in possession formerly void under Barnard’s Act, 40, 87
    • of future dividends
      • not a wager, 102
      • forbidden by Stock Exchange Rules, 103
  • Scotland,
    • Betting House Act applies to, 193
  • Stakeholder,
    • agent for depositor only, 54 et seq.
    • deposits revocable before paid over, ibid.
    • notice necessary, 57
    • authority determined, 60
      • (1.) by express revocation
      • (2.) by impossibility of performing his trust
      • (3.) by death of depositor
      • (4.) by bankruptcy of depositor (see Lottery)
    • liability of
      • for paying wrong person (see Winner), 62
      • for default in payment of stakes, ibid.
      • cannot sue for stakes, ibid.
    • not liable under Betting House Act, 190
  • Stakes
    • race for a wager contract, 36
    • difference between, and subscription to prize, 37, 73
    • cheque for, when for illegal consideration, 12
    • (see Subscriptions, Stakeholder)
  • Stamp semble,
    • sporting agreement should have, 81
  • Starter,
    • when necessary, 81
  • Steeplechase (see Horse-race)
  • Steward of Race,
    • decision final (see Construction), 78
    • difference between and arbitrators, 78
    • grand stand, can order off, 191
    • self-interest no disqualification, 78
    • liability of
      • for not appointing judge, 82
      • for default of stakeholders, ibid.
  • Stock Exchange (see Broker)
    • bargains for differences not known, 96 et seq. (but see Bucket Shop)
    • test of difference, bargain, 91
    • customs of binding on principal, 117, 123
    • secus if contrary to law, ibid.
    • broker liable personally to jobber, 96
    • bank shares, sale of, 116
      • Leeman’s Act not regarded, 117
      • liability of broker for not complying with, ibid.
      • qy. if principal has acquiesced, 119, 122
      • actual transfer not affected, 122
      • vendors indemnity against calls, 123
    • continuations, nature of, 108 et seq.
      • whether in nature of wagers, 110
      • “taking in” by, different from loan, ibid.
      • Contango, 109
      • Backwardation, 113
    • Options, puts, calls, nature of, 106
      • semble not in nature of wager, 107
    • Differences,
      • bargains for, not known on, 90, et seq.
      • test of, 94
      • broker can recover for, from client, 97
      • defaulter, due to, payable to official assignee, 89
    • Official Assignee,
      • receives differences due to defaulter, 89
      • claims against, for differences due to defaulter, ibid.
      • Trustee in bankruptcy of defaulter cannot recover differences from, ibid.
    • Time Bargains, meaning of, 95, 101 (see Sales)
    • Wagering,
      • unknown on, 96
      • test of, in transactions on, 94
  • Subscription to Prize,
    • deposit with stakeholder not test of, 69 et seq.
    • stakes are not, 36, 69
    • sum added by outsider, may be, 73
    • entrance money, 74
    • forfeits, ibid.
    • cups, ibid.
  • Sum Added” by OUTSIDER,
    • recoverable, 73 (see Added Money)
    • may be a subscription to a prize, ibid. (see Stakes)
  • Superintendent
    • (see Procedure, Instruments of Gaming, Metropolis)
  • Sweepstakes (see Lottery, Stakeholder)
  • Tattersall’s,
    • not within Act, 183
  • Telegram (see Advertising)
  • Ticket (see Lottery)
  • Time Bargains (see Stock Exchange)
  • Tipster,
    • agreement with, 36, and note in Appendix A.
    • business of, not illegal, 193
    • advertising do., ibid. (but see Infant)
  • Umpire (see Judge, Winner)
  • Unlawful Gaming
    • what is, 159
    • houses kept for, 154, 159
    • in licensed premises, 202
    • (see Excessive Gaming, Players)
  • Unlawful Games
    • what are, 129, 162
    • legal effect of, 162
    • in licensed premises, 202
  • User (see Place Gaming House)
  • Vexatious Indictment (see Procedure)
  • Wager Contract (see Subscription to Prize Deposit)
    • nature and test of, 32 et seq.
    • agent and principal, agreement between not in nature of, 40
    • consensus and knowledge of both parties necessary, 32
    • construction of (see Construction)
    • dividends, sale of future, not, 102
    • games, &c., for money, are, 36
    • guarantee of, enforceable, 63
    • mutuality necessary, 33
    • parties select their own events, 33
    • penalty for non-performance not recoverable
    • rescission of contract by, void, 38
    • sale, under guise of, void, 35
    • sale of things not in possession, 39
    • time bargains (see Stock Exchange)
    • winner and loser is of essence of, 33
    • Tipster, agreement with, 36 (but see note in Appendix A.)
  • Warrant,
    • general warrants bad, 197
    • against gaming and betting houses, form of, 196
    • lottery laws, breach of, 130
  • Welshing, an indictable offence, 195
  • Winner,
    • second horse may be, 75
    • must be a competitor, ibid.
    • there must be a loser, ibid.
    • steward’s decision final, 78
    • umpire’s and judge’s do., 76
    • agent paving (see Agent), 52
    • stakeholder (see Stakeholder), 62
  • Winning,
    • by fraud penal, 161
      • offence complete before payment, 165