Bury St. Edmunds, January 19th, ’49.
My dear Mrs. Borrow,—The sight of your handwriting is always a luxury—but you say nothing about coming to see us. We are pleased to get good accounts of your party, and only wish you could report better of yourself. I must take you fairly in hand when you come again to the ancient quarters, for such they are becoming now from your long absence. You might try bismuth and extract of hop, which is often very strengthening to the stomach. Five grains of extract of hop and five grains of trisnitrate of bismuth made into two pills, which are to be taken at eleven and repeated at four—daily. I am so pleased to learn that Miss Clarke is better, as well as Mr. Borrow. I hope that on some occasion the morphia may be of great comfort to him should his night watchings return. It is good news that the proofs are advancing—I hope towards a speedy end. Messrs. Oakes and Co.’s Bank is as safe as any in the kingdom and more substantial than any in this county. It must be safe, for the partners are men of large property, and of careful habits. I am happy to say we are all well here, but my brother’s house in town is a scene of sad trouble. He is himself laid up with bad scarlet fever as well as five children, all severely attacked. One they have lost of this fearful complaint.
Give our kindest regards to Mr. Borrow and accept them yourselves. Ever, dear Mrs. Borrow, sincerely yours,
T. G. Hake.
I send Beethoven’s epitaph for Miss Clarke’s album according to promise. It is not by Wordsworth.
Bury St. Edmunds, June 24, ’51.
My dear Mrs. Borrow,—I am very sorry to hear that you are not feeling strong, and that these flushes of heat are so frequent and troublesome. I will prescribe a medicine for you which I hope may prove serviceable. Let me hear again about your health, and be assured you cannot possibly give me any trouble.
I am also glad to hear of Mr. Borrow. I envy him his bath. I am looking out anxiously for the new quarterly reviews. I wonder whether the Quarterly will contain anything. Is there a prospect of vol. iv.? I really look to passing a day and two half days with you, and to bringing Mrs. Hake to your classic soil some time in August—if we are not inconveniencing you in your charming and snug cottage. I hope Miss Clarke is well. Our united kind regards to you all. George is quite brisk and saucy—Lucy and the infant have not been well. Mrs. Hake has better accounts from Bath. Believe me, dear Mrs. Borrow, very sincerely yours,
T. G. Hake.
Mr. Donne was pleased that Mr. Borrow liked his notice in Tait. You can take a little cold sherry and water after your dinner.
CHAPTER XXXIV
Henrietta Clarke
Borrow never had a child, but happy for him was the part played by his stepdaughter Henrietta in his life. She was twenty-three years old when her mother married him, and it is clear to me that she was from the beginning of their friendship and even to the end of his life devoted to her stepfather. Readers of Wild Wales will recall not only the tribute that Borrow pays to her, which we have already quoted, in which he refers to her “good qualities and many accomplishments,” but the other pleasant references in that book. “Henrietta,” he says in one passage, “played on the guitar [255] and sang a Spanish song, to the great delight of John Jones.” When climbing Snowdon he is keen in his praises of the endurance of “the gallant girl.” As against all this, there is an undercurrent of depreciation of his stepdaughter among Borrow’s biographers. The picture of Borrow’s home in later life at Oulton is presented by them with sordid details. The Oulton tradition which still survives among the few inhabitants who lived near the Broad at Borrow’s death in 1881, and still reside there, is of an ill-kept home, supremely untidy, and it is as a final indictment of his daughter’s callousness that we have the following gruesome picture by Dr. Knapp:
On the 26th of July 1881 Mr. Borrow was found dead in his house at Oulton. The circumstances were these. His stepdaughter and her husband drove to Lowestoft in the morning on some business of their own, leaving Mr. Borrow without a living soul in the house with him. He had earnestly requested them not to go away because he felt that he was in a dying state; but the response intimated that he had often expressed the same feeling before, and his fears had proved groundless. During the interval of these few hours of abandonment nothing can palliate or excuse, George Borrow died as he had lived—alone! His age was seventy-eight years and twenty-one days.
Dr. Knapp no doubt believed all this; [256] it is endorsed by the village gossip of the past thirty years, and the mythical tragedy is even heightened by a further story of a farm tumbril which carried poor Borrow’s body to the railway station when it was being conveyed to London to be buried beside his wife in Brompton Cemetery.
The tumbril story—whether correct or otherwise—is a matter of indifference to me. The legend of the neglect of Borrow in his last moments is, however, of importance, and the charge can easily be disproved. I have before me Mrs. MacOubrey’s diary for 1881. I have many such diaries for a long period of years, but this for 1881 is of particular moment. Here, under the date July 26th, we find the brief note, George Borrow died at three o’clock this morning. It is scarcely possible that Borrow’s stepdaughter and her husband could have left him alone at three o’clock in the morning in order to drive into Lowestoft, less than two miles distant. At this time, be it remembered, Dr. MacOubrey was eighty-one years of age. Now, as to the general untidiness of Borrow’s home at the time of his death—the point is a distasteful one, but it had better be faced. Henrietta was nineteen years of age when her mother married Borrow. She was sixty-four at the time of his death, and her husband, as I have said, was eighty-one years of age at that time, being three years older than Borrow. Here we have three very elderly people keeping house together and little accustomed overmuch to the assistance of domestic servants. The situation at once becomes clear. Mrs. Borrow had a genius for housekeeping and for management. She watched over her husband, kept his accounts, held the family purse, managed all his affairs. She “managed” her daughter also, delighting in that daughter’s accomplishments of drawing and botany, to which may be added a zeal for the writing of stories which does not seem, judging from the many manuscripts in her handwriting that I have burnt, to have received much editorial encouragement. In short, Henrietta was not domesticated. But just as I have proved in preceding chapters that Borrow was happy in his married life, so I would urge that as far as a somewhat disappointed career would permit to the sadly bereaved author he was happy in his family circle to the end. It was at his initiative that, when he had returned to Oulton after the death of his wife, his daughter and her husband came to live with him. He declared that to live alone was no longer tolerable, and they gave up their own home in London to join him at Oulton.
A new glimpse of Borrow on his domestic side has been offered to the public even as this book is passing through the press. Mr. S. H. Baldrey, a Norwich solicitor, has given his reminiscences of the author of Lavengro to the leading newspaper of that city. Mr. Baldrey is the stepson of the late John Pilgrim of the firm of Jay and Pilgrim, who were Borrow’s solicitors at Norwich in the later years of his life. One at least of Mr. Baldrey’s many reminiscences has in it an element of romance; that in which he recalls Mrs. Borrow and her daughter:
Mrs. Borrow always struck me as a dear old creature. When Borrow married her she was a widow with one daughter, Henrietta Clarke. The old lady used to dress in black silk. She had little silver-grey corkscrew curls down the side of her face; and she wore a lace cap with a mauve ribbon on top, quite in the Early Victorian style. I remember that on one occasion when she and Miss Clarke had come to Brunswick House they were talking with my mother in the temporary absence of George Borrow, who, so far as I can recall, had gone into another room to discuss business with John Pilgrim.
“Ah!” she said, “George is a good man, but he is a strange creature. Do you know he will say to me after breakfast, ‘Mary, I am going for a walk,’ and then I do not see anything more of him for three months. And all the time he will be walking miles and miles. Once he went right into Scotland, and never once slept in a house. He took not even a handbag with him or a clean shirt, but lived just like any old tramp.”
Mr. Baldrey is clearly in error here, or shall we say that Mrs. Borrow humorously exaggerated? We have seen that Borrow’s annual holiday was a matter of careful arrangement, and his knapsack or satchel is frequently referred to in his descriptions of his various tours. But the matter is of little importance, and Mr. Baldrey’s pictures of Borrow are excellent, including that of his personal appearance:
As I recall him, he was a fine, powerfully built man of about six feet high. He had a clean-shaven face with a fresh complexion, almost approaching to the florid, and never a wrinkle, even at sixty, except at the corners of his dark and rather prominent eyes. He had a shock of silvery white hair. He always wore a very badly brushed silk hat, a black frock coat and trousers, the coat all buttoned down before; low shoes and white socks, with a couple of inches of white showing between the shoes and the trousers. He was a tireless walker, with extraordinary powers of endurance, and was also very handy with his fists, as in those days a gentleman required to be, more than he does now.
Mr. John Pilgrim lived at Brunswick House, on the Newmarket Road, Norwich, and here Borrow frequently visited him. Mr. Baldrey recalls one particular visit:
I have a curious recollection of his dining one night at Brunswick House. John Pilgrim, who was a careful, abstemious man, never took more than two glasses of port at dinner. “John,” said Borrow, “this is a good port. I prefer Burgundy if you can get it good; but, lord, you cannot get it now.” It so happened that Mr. Pilgrim had some fine old Clos-Vougeot in the cellar. “I think,” said he, “I can give you a good drop of Burgundy.” A bottle was sent for, and Borrow finished it, alone and unaided. “Well,” he remarked, “I think this is a good Burgundy. But I’m not quite certain. I should like to try a little more.” Another bottle was called up, and the guest finished it to the last drop. “I am still,” he said, “not quite sure about it, but I shall know in the morning.” The next morning Mr. Pilgrim and I were leaving for the office, when Borrow came up the garden path waving his arms like a windmill. “Oh, John,” he said, “that was Burgundy! When I woke up this morning it was coursing through my veins like fire.” And yet Borrow was not a man to drink to excess. I cannot imagine him being the worse for liquor. He had wonderful health and digestion. Neither a gourmand nor a gourmet, he could take down anything, and be none the worse for it. I don’t think you could have made him drunk if you tried.
And here is a glimpse of Borrow after his wife’s death, for which we are grateful to Mr. Baldrey:
After the funeral of Mrs. Borrow he came to Norwich and took me over to Oulton with him. He was silent all the way. When we got to the little white wicket gate before the approach to the house he took off his hat and began to beat his breast like an Oriental. He cried aloud all the way up the path. He calmed himself, however, by the time that Mr. Crabbe had opened the door and asked us in. Crabbe brought in some wine, and we all sat down to table. I sat opposite to Mrs. Crabbe; her husband was on my left hand. Borrow sat at one end of the table, and the chair at the opposite end was left vacant. We were talking in a casual way when Borrow, pointing to the empty chair, said with profound emotion, “There! It was there that I first saw her.” It was a curious coincidence that though there were four of us we should have left that particular seat unoccupied at a little table of about four feet square.
But this is a lengthy digression from the story of Henrietta Clarke, who married William MacOubrey, an Irishman—and an Orangeman—from Belfast in 1865. The pair lived first in Belfast and afterwards at 80 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square. Before his marriage he had practised at 134 Sloane Street, London. MacOubrey, although there had been some doubt cast upon the statement, was a Doctor of Medicine of Trinity College, Dublin, and a Barrister-at-Law. Within his limitations he was an accomplished man, and before me lie not only documentary evidence of his M.D. and his legal status, but several printed pamphlets that bear his name. What is of more importance, the many letters from and to his wife that have passed through my hands and have been consigned to the flames prove that husband and wife lived on most affectionate terms.
It is natural that Borrow’s correspondence with his stepdaughter should have been of a somewhat private character, and I therefore publish only a selection from his letters to her, believing however that they will modify an existing tradition very considerably:
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Dear Henrietta,—Have you heard from the gentleman whom you said you would write to about the farm? Mr. C. came over the other day and I mentioned the matter to him, but he told me that he was on the eve of going to London on law business and should be absent for some time. His son is in Cambridge. I am afraid that it will be no easy matter to find a desirable tenant and that none are likely to apply but a set of needy speculators; indeed, there is a general dearth of money. How is Dr. M.? God bless you!
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Dear Henrietta,—I have received some of the rent and send a cheque for eight pounds. Have the kindness to acknowledge the receipt of same by return of post. As soon as you arrive in London, let me know, and I will send a cheque for ten pounds, which I believe will pay your interest up to Midsummer. If there is anything incorrect pray inform me. God bless you. Kind regards to Miss Harvey.
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Dear Henrietta,—As soon as Smith has paid his Michaelmas rent I will settle your interest up to Midsummer. Twenty-one pounds was, I think, then due to you, as you received five pounds on the account of the present year. If, however, you are in want of money let me know forthwith, and I will send you a small cheque. The document which I mentioned has been witnessed by Mrs. Church and her daughter. It is in one of the little tin boxes on the lower shelf of the closet nearest to the window in my bedroom. I was over at Mattishall some weeks ago. Things there look very unsatisfactory. H. and his mother now owe me £20 or more. The other man a year’s rent for a cottage and garden, and two years’ rent for the gardens of two cottages unoccupied. I am just returned from Norwich where I have been to speak to F. I have been again pestered by Pilgrim’s successor about the insurance of the property. He pretends to have insured again. A more impudent thing was probably never heard of. He is no agent of mine, and I will have no communication with him. I have insured myself in the Union Office, and have lately received my second policy. I have now paid upwards of twelve pounds for policies. F. says that he told him months ago that the demand he made would not be allowed, that I insured myself and was my own agent, and that as he shall see him in a few days he will tell him so again. Oh what a source of trouble that wretched fellow Pilgrim has been both to you and me.
I wish very much to come up to London. But I cannot leave the country under present circumstances. There is not a person in these parts in whom I can place the slightest confidence. I must inform you that at our interview F. said not a word about the matter in Chancery. God bless you. Kind remembrances to Dr. M.
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Dear Henrietta,—I wish to know how you are. I shall shortly send a cheque for thirteen pounds, which I believe will settle the interest account up to Michaelmas. If you see anything inaccurate pray inform me. I am at present tolerably well, but of late have been very much troubled with respect to my people. Since I saw you I have been three times over to Mattishall, but with very little profit. The last time I was there I got the key of the house from that fellow Hill, and let the place to another person who I am told is not much better. One comfort is that he cannot be worse. But now there is a difficulty. Hill refuses to yield up the land, and has put padlocks on the gates. These I suppose can be removed as he is not in possession of the key of the house. On this point, however, I wish to be certain. As for the house, he and his mother, who is in a kind of partnership with him, have abandoned it for two years, the consequence being that the windows are dashed out, and the place little better than a ruin. During the four years he has occupied the land he has been cropping it, and the crops have invariably been sold before being reaped, and as soon as reaped carried off. During the last two years there has not been a single live thing kept on the premises, not so much as a hen. He now says that there are some things in the house belonging to him. Anything, however, which he has left is of course mine, though I don’t believe that what he has left is worth sixpence. I have told the incoming tenant to deliver up nothing, and not permit him to enter the house on any account. He owes me ten or twelve pounds, arrears of rent, and at least fifteen for dilapidations. I think the fellow ought to be threatened with an action, but I know not whom to employ. I don’t wish to apply to F. Perhaps Dr. M.’s London friend might be spoken to. I believe Hill’s address is Alfred Hill, Mattishall, Norfolk, but the place which he occupied of me is at Mattishall Burgh. I shall be glad to hear from you as soon as is convenient. I have anything but reason to be satisfied with the conduct of S. He is cropping the ground most unmercifully, and is sending sacks of game off the premises every week. Surely he must be mad, as he knows I can turn him out next Michaelmas. God bless you. Kind regards to Dr. M. Take care of this.
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Dear Henrietta,—I was glad to hear that you had obtained your dividend. I was afraid that you would never get it. I shall be happy to see you and Dr. M. about the end of the month. Michaelmas is near at hand, when your half-year’s interest becomes due. God bless you. Kind remembrances to Dr. M.
George Borrow.
Oulton, Lowestoft, November 29th, 1874.
Dear Henrietta,—I send a cheque for £15, which will settle the interest account up to Michaelmas last. On receipt of this have the kindness to send me a line. I have been to Norwich, and now know all about your affair. I saw Mr. Durrant, who, it seems, is the real head of the firm to which I go. He received me in the kindest manner, and said he was very glad to see me. I inquired about J.P.’s affairs. He appeared at first not desirous to speak about them, but presently became very communicative. I inquired who had put the matter into Chancery, and he told me he himself, which I was very glad to hear. I asked whether the mortgagees would get their money, and he replied that he had no doubt they eventually would, as far as principal was concerned. I spoke about interest, but on that point he gave me slight hopes. He said that the matter, if not hurried, would turn out tolerably satisfactory, but if it were, very little would be obtained. It appears that the unhappy creature who is gone had been dabbling in post obit bonds, at present almost valueless, but likely to become available. He was in great want of money shortly before he died. Now, dear, pray keep up your spirits; I hope and trust we shall meet about Christmas. Kind regards to Dr. M.
George Borrow.
Keep this. Send a line by return of post.
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Dear Henrietta,—I thought I would write to you as it seems a long time since I heard from you. I have been on my expedition and have come back safe. I had a horrible time of it on the sea—small dirty boat crowded with people and rough weather. Poor Mr. Brightwell is I am sorry to say dead—died in January. I saw Mr. J. and P. and had a good deal of conversation with them which I will talk to you about when I see you. Mr. P. sent an officer over to M. I went to Oulton, and as soon as I got there I found one of the farm cottages nearly in ruins; the gable had fallen down—more expense! but I said that some willow trees must be cut down to cover it. The place upon the whole looks very beautiful. C. full of complaints, though I believe he has a fine time of it. He and T. are at daggers drawn. I am sorry to tell you that poor Mr. Leathes is dying—called, but could not see him, but he sent down a kind message to me. The family, however, were rejoiced to see me and wanted me to stay. The scoundrel of a shoemaker did not send the shoes. I thought he would not. The shirt-collars were much too small. I, however, managed to put on the shirts and am glad of them. At Norwich I saw Lucy, who appears to be in good spirits. Many people have suffered dreadfully there from the failure of the Bank—her brother, amongst others, has been let in. I shall have much to tell you when I see you. I am glad the Prussians are getting on so famously. The Pope it seems has written a letter to the King of Prussia and is asking favours of him. A low old fellow!!! Remember me kindly to Miss H., and may God bless you! Bring this back.
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey
March 6, 1873.
Dear Henrietta,—I was so grieved to hear that you were unwell. Pray take care of yourself, and do not go out in this dreadful weather. Send and get, on my account, six bottles of good port wine. Good port may be had at the cellar at the corner of Charles Street, opposite the Hospital near Hereford Square—I think the name of the man is Kitchenham. Were I in London I would bring it myself. Do send for it. May God Almighty bless you!
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Norwich, July 12, 1873.
Dear Henrietta,—I shall be glad to see you and Dr. M. as soon as you can make it convenient to come. As for my coming up to London it is quite out of the question. I am suffering greatly, and here I am in this solitude without medicine or advice. I want very much to pay you up your interest. I can do so without the slightest inconvenience. I have money. It is well I have, as it seems to be almost my only friend. God bless you. Kind regards to Dr. M.
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey, 50 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, London
Oulton, Lowestoft, April 1, 1874.
Dear Henrietta,—I have received your letter of the 30th March. Since I last wrote I have not been well. I have had a great pain in the left jaw which almost prevented me from eating. I am, however, better now. I shall be glad to see you and Dr. M. as soon as you can conveniently come. Send me a line to say when I may expect you. I have no engagements. Before you come call at No. 36 to inquire whether anything has been sent there. Leverton had better be employed to make a couple of boxes or cases for the books in the sacks. The sacks can be put on the top in the inside. There is an old coat in one of the sacks in the pocket of which are papers. Let it be put in with its contents just as it is. I wish to have the long white chest and the two deal boxes also brought down. Buy me a thick under-waistcoat like that I am now wearing, and a lighter one for the summer. Worsted socks are of no use—they scarcely last a day. Cotton ones are poor things, but they are better than worsted. Kind regards to Dr. M. God bless you!
Return me this when you come.
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey, 50 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, London
Oulton, Nov. 14, 1876.
Dear Henrietta,—You may buy me a large silk handkerchief, like the one you brought before. I shall be glad to see you and Dr. M. I am very unwell.
George Borrow.
Dear Henrietta,—I shall be glad to see you and Dr. M. as soon as you can make it convenient. In a day or two the house will be in good repair and very comfortable. I want you to go to the bank and have the cheque placed to my account. Lady Day is nigh at hand, and it must be seen after. Buy for me a pair of those hollow ground razors and tell Dr. M. to bring a little laudanum. Come if you can on the first of March. It is dear Mama’s birthday. God bless you! Kind regards to Dr. M.
George Borrow.
To Mrs. MacOubrey, 50 Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, London
Mrs. Church’s, Lady’s Lane, Norwich, Feb. 28, 1877.
Dear Henrietta,—I received your letter this morning with the document. The other came to hand at Oulton before I left. I showed Mr. F. the first document on Wednesday, and he expressed then a doubt with regard to the necessity of an affidavit from me, but he said it would perhaps be necessary for him to see the security. I saw him again this morning and he repeated the same thing. To-night he is going to write up to his agent on the subject, and on Monday I am to know what is requisite to be done—therefore pray keep in readiness. On Tuesday, perhaps, I shall return to Oulton, but I don’t know. I shall write again on Monday. God bless you.
George Borrow.
Borrow died, as we have seen, in 1881, and was buried by the side of his wife in Brompton Cemetery. By his will dated 1st December, 1880, he bequeathed all his property to his stepdaughter, making his friend, Elizabeth Harvey, her co-executrix. The will, a copy of which is before me, has no public interest, but it may be noted that Miss Harvey refused to act, as the following letter to Mrs. MacOubrey testifies:
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Bury St. Edmunds, August 13th.
My dearest Henrietta,—I was just preparing to write to you when yours arrived together with Mrs. Reeve’s despatch. You know how earnestly I desire your welfare—but because I do so I earnestly advise you immediately to exercise the right you have of appointing another trustee in my place. I am sure it will be best for you. You ought to have a trustee at least not older than yourself, and one who has health and strength for discharging the office. I know what are the duties of a trustee. There’s always a considerable responsibility involved in the discharge of the duties of a trustee—and it may easily occur that great responsibility may be thrown on them, and it may become an anxious business fit only for those who have youth and health and strength of mind, and are likely to live.
My dear friend, you do not like to realise the old age of your dear friends, but you must consider that I am quite past the age for such an office, and my invalid state often prevents my attending to my own small affairs. I have no relation or confidential friend who can act for me. My executors were Miss Venn and John Venn. Miss Venn departed last February to a better land. John is in such health with heart disease that he cannot move far from his home—he writes as one ready and desiring to depart. I do not expect to see him again. So you see, my dearest friend, I am not able to undertake this trusteeship, and I think the sooner you consult Mrs. Reeve as to the appointment of another trustee—the better it will be—and the more permanent. Had I known it was Mr. Borrow’s intention to put down my name I should have prevented it, and he would have seen that an aged and invalid lady was not the person to carry out his wishes—for I am quite unable.
I pray that a fit person may be induced to undertake the business, and that it may please God so to order all for your good. It is indeed the greatest mercy that your dear husband is well enough to afford you such help and such comfort. Pray hire a proper servant who will obey orders.—In haste, ever yrs. affectionately,
E. Harvey.
Another letter that has some bearing upon Borrow’s last days is worth printing here:
To Mrs. MacOubrey
Yarmouth, August 19, 1881.
My dear Mrs. MacOubrey,—I was very sorry indeed to hear of Mr. Borrow’s death. I thought he looked older the last time I saw him, but with his vigorous constitution I have not thought the end so near. You and Mr. MacOubrey have the comfort of knowing that you have attended affectionately to his declining years, which would otherwise have been very lonely. I have been abroad for a short time, and this has prevented me from replying to your kind letter before. Pray receive the assurance of my sympathy, and with my kind remembrances to Mr. MacOubrey, believe me, yours very truly,
R. H. Inglis Palgrave.
Three years later Dr. MacOubrey died in his eighty-fourth year, and was interred at Oulton. Mrs. MacOubrey lived for a time at Oulton and then removed to Yarmouth. A letter that she wrote to a friend soon after the death of her husband is perhaps some index to her character:
Oulton Cottage, Oulton,
Nr. Lowestoft, Sept. 3rd, 1884.
My dear Sir,—I beg to thank you for your kind thought of me. On Sunday night the 24th Augst., it pleased God to take from me my excellent and beloved husband—his age was nearly 84. He sunk simply from age and weakness. I was his nurse by night and by day, administering constant nourishment, but he became weaker and weaker, till at last “The silver cord was loosed.” My dear father died about this time three years since, which makes the blow more stunning. I feel very lonely now in my secluded residence on the banks of the Broad—the music of the wild birds adds not to my pleasure now. Trusting that yourself and Mrs. S— may long be spared.—Believe me to remain, yours very truly,
Henrietta MacOubrey.
The cottage at Oulton was soon afterwards pulled down, but the summer-house where Borrow wrote a portion of his Bible in Spain and his other works remained for some years. That ultimately an entirely new structure took its place may be seen by comparing the roof in Mrs. MacOubrey’s drawing with the illustration of the structure as it is to-day. Mrs. MacOubrey died in 1903 at Yarmouth, and the following inscription may be found on her tomb in Oulton Churchyard:
Sacred to the memory of Henrietta Mary, widow of William MacOubrey, only daughter of Lieut. Henry Clarke, R.N., and Mary Skepper, his wife, and stepdaughter of George Henry Borrow, Esq., the celebrated author of The Bible in Spain, The Gypsies of Spain, Lavengro, The Romany Rye, Wild Wales, and other works and translations. Henrietta Mary MacOubrey was born at Oulton Hall in this Parish, May 17th, 1818, and died 23rd December 1903. “And He shall give His angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways.”—Psalm xci. 11.
The following extract from her will is of interest as indicating the trend of a singularly kindly nature. The intimate friends of Mrs. MacOubrey’s later years, whose opinion is of more value than that of village gossips, speak of her in terms of sincere affection:
I give the following charitable legacies, namely, to the London Bible Society, in remembrance of the great interest my dear father, George Henry Borrow, took in the success of its great work for the benefit of mankind, the sum of one hundred pounds. To the Foreign Missionary Society the sum of one hundred pounds. To the London Religious Tract Society the sum of one hundred pounds. To the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the sum of one hundred pounds.
CHAPTER XXXV
The Aftermath
“We are all Borrovians now.”—Augustine Birrell.
It is a curious fact that of only two men of distinction in English letters in these later years can it be said that they lived to a good old age and yet failed of recognition for work that is imperishable. Many poets have died young—Shelley and Keats for example—to whom this public recognition was refused in their lifetime. But given the happiness of reaching middle age, this recognition has never failed. It came, for example, to Wordsworth and Coleridge long after their best work was done. It came with more promptness to all the great Victorian novelists. This recognition did not come in their lifetime to two Suffolk friends, Edward FitzGerald with Omar Khayyám and George Borrow with Lavengro. In the case of FitzGerald there was probably no consciousness that he had produced a great poem. In any case his sunny Irish temperament could easily have surmounted disappointment if he had expected anything from the world in the way of literary fame. Borrow was quite differently made. He was as intense an egoist as Rousseau, whose work he had probably never read, and would not have appreciated if he had read. He longed for the recognition of the multitude through his books, and thoroughly enjoyed it when it was given to him for a moment—for his Bible in Spain. Such appreciation as he received in his lifetime was given to him for that book and for no other. There were here and there enthusiasts for his Lavengro and Romany Rye. Dr. Jessopp has told us that he was one. But it was not until long after his death that the word “Borrovian” [268] came into the language. Not a single great author among his contemporaries praised him for his Lavengro, the book for which we most esteem him to-day. His name is not mentioned by Carlyle or Tennyson or Ruskin in all their voluminous works. Among the novelists also he is of no account. Dickens and Thackeray and George Eliot knew him not. Charlotte Brontë does indeed write of him with enthusiasm, [269a] but she is alone among the great Victorian authors in this particular. Borrow’s Lavengro received no commendation from contemporary writers of the first rank. He died in his seventy-eighth year an obscure recluse whose works were all but forgotten. Since that year, 1881, his fame has been continually growing. His greatest work, Lavengro, has been reprinted with introductions by many able critics; [269b] notable essayists have proclaimed his worth. Of these Mr. Watts-Dunton and Mr. Augustine Birrell have been the most assiduous. The efforts of the former have already been noted. Mr. Birrell has expressed his devotion in more than one essay. [269c] Referring to a casual reference by Robert Louis Stevenson to The Bible in Spain, [270a] in which R. L. S. speaks well of that book, Mr. Birrell, not without irony, says:
It is interesting to know this, interesting, that is, to the great Clan Stevenson, who owe suit and service to their liege lord; but so far as Borrow is concerned, it does not matter, to speak frankly, two straws. The author of Lavengro, The Romany Rye, The Bible in Spain, and Wild Wales is one of those kings of literature who never need to number their tribe. His personality will always secure him an attendant company, who, when he pipes, must dance.
This is to sum up the situation to perfection. You cannot force people to become readers of Borrow by argument, by criticism, or by the force of authority. You reach the stage of admiration and even love by effects which rise remote from all questions of style or taste. To say, as does a recent critic, that “there is something in Borrow after all; not so much as most people suppose, but still a great deal,” [270b] is to miss the compelling power of his best books as they strike those with whom they are among the finest things in literature. In attempting to interest new readers in the man—and this book is not for the sect called Borrovians, to whom I recommend the earlier biographies, but for a wider public which knows not Borrow—I hope I shall succeed in sending many to those incomparable works, which have given me so many pleasant hours.
INDEXA
Academy, F. H. Groome’s review of Word Book, 151
Aikin, Lucy, on Mrs. John Taylor, 39; on William Taylor, 40
Ainsworth, Harrison, Lavengro criticised by, 185
Ancient Poetry and Romances of Spain, by Bowring, 82
Andalusia described, 124
André, Major, trial of, included in Borrow’s volumes, 67
Annals of the Harford Family, reference to Borrow in, 158
Apologia pro Vita Sua, by J. H. Newman, 224
Arnold, Matthew, and George Borrow contrasted, 65
Athenæum, The, Hasfeld’s letter on Russian literature and Borrow in, 98, 99; friendly review of The Zincali in, 147; severely criticises Lavengro, 184, 225—and Romany Rye, 225; reminiscences of Borrow contributed to, 203, 204
Augsburg, Confession of, 169
Austin, John, 39
— Sarah, 37
Autobiographical Recollections of Sir John Bowring, 81, 82
Autobiography of Harriet Martineau, quoted, 40
B
Baldrey, S. H., reminiscences of the Borrows published by, 257–59
Barbauld, Mrs., 40
Baretti, Joseph, witnesses at trial of, 68
Bathurst, Bishop, 38, 66
Belcher, pugilist, 77
Bell, Catherine, 37
Benjamin Robert Haydon; Correspondence and Table Talk, by F. W. Haydon, 22
Bible in Spain, The, 33, 158, 170, 191; quoted, 137, 154; episode of the blind girl, 120; brings fame to Borrow, 147, 157, 158; the title of, 153; criticisms of Mr. Murray’s reader on copy of—number of copies sold—referred to in House of Commons, 157; reviews of, 157, 161, 184; how written, 185; Gladstone’s admiration of, 203
Birrell, Augustine, 153; introduction to Lavengro by, 269
Black Forest, Borrow in the, 169
Blackwood’s Magazine, condemns Lavengro, 184
Borrow, Ann, mother of Borrow, 8, 9, 12, 81, 142; life in Norwich of, 14–16, 44; correspondence of, 16, 115, 120–23, 143; death—inscription on tomb of, 203
— George Henry, biographical drafts, 7–13; wandering childhood of, 25–35; schooldays at Norwich, 45–49; struggles and failure in London, 57–59; Celtic ancestry of, 235; characteristics of, 15, 95, 188, 202, 204, 227, 252, 268; agent for Bible Society, 94, 117; work for the Society in—Portugal, 113, 114—Russia, 97–109—Spain, 110–29; imprisonments of, 79, 117, 127, 144; correspondence of, with—Bowring, 84–89—Brackenbury, 128, 129—Ford, 161–167—Haydon, 22—Jerningham, 127—Henrietta MacOubrey, 259–64—his wife, 117–19, 123–26, 145, 172–82, 205, 206, 210–18, 221; Darwin asks information from, 205; fails to become a magistrate, 139, 203; feeling of, as regards people and language of Ireland, 32, 33, 195; friends of later years, 250–54; life of, in London, 244–49—in Oulton Broad and Yarmouth, 199–206; attainments of, as a linguist, 33, 41, 42, 81; literary tastes of, 13, 26, 79, 155–57, 223, 224; literary methods of, 188; attitude towards literary men, 224, 225, 252; marriage of, 128, 143, 144, 146, 147; personal appearance, 147, 192, 200, 201; physical vigour of, 246, 258; political sympathies, 111; pugilistic tastes, 74–77; translations by, 51, 78–80; travels in—Austria-Hungary, 172–79—Greece and Italy, 179—82—Ireland, 220, 221—Portugal, 113, 114—Russia, 97–109—Scotland, 207–21—Spain, 110–29—Wales, 235, 236, 240–43; unfounded reports as to neglect of, when dying, 255, 256; unrecognised genius and growing fame of, 202, 268; Yarmouth rescue episode, 192
Borrow, Henry, 192
— John, grandfather of George Henry, 8–10
—John Thomas, 9, 32; Captain Borrow’s love of, 10, 17; described in Lavengro, 17; pictures by, 19; career and death of, 17–24
— Mary, 142–44, 184; correspondence with: Ann Borrow, 236—G. H. Borrow, 93, 117–19, 123–26, 158, 159, 168–82, 193, 240–42, 244–46—Hake, 252, 253; epitaph written for, by Borrow, 140; family history, 138–41; house-keeping genius of, 256; marriage of, 93, 146; death of, 247, 248
— Captain Thomas, 17, 18, 25, 32, 55, 192; descent of, 8, 9; military career of, 8–10; referred to in Lavengro, 10–13; prejudiced against the Irish, 33, 34; pensioned off, 44; his fight with Big Ben Brain, 74, 76
— William, 192
Bowring, Sir John, collaboration with Borrow, 80; correspondence with Borrow, 84–89, 113, 114; described by Borrow, 83, 84; Borrow’s relations with, 81–89
Boyd, Robert, 161
Brace, Charles L., 174
Brackenbury, Mr., letter from, to Borrow, 128, 129
Brain, Big Ben, 10–12, 76
Brandram, Rev. Mr., 94; correspondence of, with Borrow, 104, 105; letter from, to Mrs. Borrow, 115
British and Foreign Bible Society, aided by the Gurneys, 38; Borrow’s connection with, 78, 90–93; growth and procedure of, 91–93; sanctioned in Russia by the Czar, 92; number of bibles issued in Spain for three years up to 1913, 113; work of, in Spain, 111–29; breezy controversy between Borrow and the, 117
Brontë, Charlotte, writes of Borrow with enthusiasm, 269
Brontës, The, by Clement Shorter, quoted, 269
Brooke, Rajah, 45
Brown, Rev. Arthur, 28
Browne, Sir Thomas, 36
Browning, Robert, 68
Buchini, Antonio, Borrow’s attendant in Spain, 116
Bunsens, the invitation given to Borrow by, 158
Bunyan, what Borrow owed to, 224
Burcham, Thomas, 51
Burke, Edmund, 68
Bury Post, The, account in, of life-saving by Borrow at Yarmouth, 192
Buxton, Sir T. F., 37
— Lady, 37, 38, 58
C
Cagliostro, trial of, included in Borrow’s volumes, 67
Campbell, Thomas, 51, 66
Canton, William, 92
Carlyle, Thomas, 90, 97; Miscellanies, 42; point of similitude between Borrow and, 243; on Edward FitzGerald, 228; prejudiced against Scott, 41
Celebrated Trials, Borrow’s first piece of hack-work, 58; payment made to Borrow for, 68; distinguishing feature of, 68; dramatic episodes in, 68, 69
Chamisso’s Peter Schlemihl, 83
Christ’s Entry into Jerusalem, picture by Haydon, 21
Clarendon, Earl of, 191; befriends Borrow in Spain, 82, 114; career of, and services to Borrow, 137–39
Clarke, Lieutenant Henry, 140, 142
Cobbe, Frances Power, 224; her opinion of Borrow, 90; her story of Borrow and James Martineau, 49; unkindly glimpses of Borrow given by—her character and works, 247, 248
Collins, Mortimer, his appreciation of Wild Wales, 239
Collinson, Robert, 247
Cooke, Robert, 233
Cornhill Magazine, The, reviews Wild Wales unfavourably, 236
“Corporation Feast, The,” plate of, borrowed for Life and Death of Faustus, 61
Cowell, Professor E. C., friendship of, with FitzGerald, 230
Cowper, poet, Borrow’s devotion to, 8, 26
Crabbe, Mrs., 258
— George, FitzGerald’s letter to, 233
Cribb, pugilist, 77
Croft, Sir Herbert, 69
Crome, John, 19, 20, 37, 44
Cunningham, Mrs., 37
— Allan, writes introduction in verse to Romantic Ballads; correspondence with Borrow, 64
Cunningham, Rev. Francis, befriends Borrow with the Bible Society, 37, 38, 92, 93; his praise of Borrow, 110, 142
— Rev. John W., 92, 141
D
Dairyman’s Daughter, The, extraordinary vogue of, 58; Borrow’s failure to appreciate, 92
Dalrymple, Arthur, on schooldays of Borrow, 46; on Borrow and his wife, 146
— John, joins Borrow in a schoolboy escapade, 46
Danube, description of the, 169
Darlow, T. H., Letters to the Bible Society, 102, 103, 105–7
Darwin, Charles, letter from, asking for information, regarding the dogs of Spain, from Borrow, 205
Death of Balder, The, translation by Borrow, 84
Deceived Merman, The, versions by Borrow and Matthew Arnold compared, 65
Defoe, Daniel, Borrow’s master in literature, 27, 79, 224
Denniss, Rev. E. P., acrid correspondence between Borrow and, 202
D’Eterville, Thomas, Borrow’s teacher, 46
Diaz, Maria, Borrow’s tribute to, 130
Domenico’s picture of the burial of Count of Orgaz, 119
Donne, W. B., letters to Borrow, 225, 233, 234; awards high praise to Romany Rye and Lavengro, 225
Drake, William, description of Borrow by, 50
Dumpling Green, birthplace of Borrow, 7, 8, 26
E
East Dereham, described in Lavengro, 7, 26
Eastern Daily Press, The, Miss Harvey’s letter on Borrow in, 200–2
Eastlake, Lady, her description of Borrow, 168
Edinburgh, childhood of Borrow in, 30–32
Edinburgh Review, reviews Borrow’s works, 148
Elwin, Rev. Whitwell, his estimate of Lavengro, 186, 187; his interview with, and impressions of, Borrow, 187, 188; letters to Borrow from, 189; reviews Romany Rye in Quarterly Review, 225
Enghien, Duc d’, trial of, included in Borrow’s volumes, 67
Essays Critical and Historical, by J. H. Newman, quoted, 224
Excursions along the Shores of the Mediterranean, attractive glimpse of Borrow in, 130–34
F
Fauntleroy, Henry, trial of, included in Borrow’s volumes, 68, 69
Faustus, translated by Borrow, 60–63, 67, 82; burned by libraries of Norwich, 63; criticisms on, 63
Fenn, Lady, commemorated by Cowper, and in Lavengro—books for children by, 26
— Sir John, author of Paston Letters, 26
Fielding, what Borrow owed to, 224
Fig, James, 75
FitzGerald, Edward, parallel between Borrow and—works of, 227, 228; character and gifts of, 227; marriage of, 228; letters to Borrow, 228–33; criticises Borrow’s expressions, 233
Ford, Richard, 78, 147, 191; family history and fortune of, 160, 161; anti-democratic outlook of, 161; his tribute to Borrow—reviews The Bible in Spain, 161; correspondence with the Borrows, 78, 161–68; odd sentence referring to Borrow, in a letter of, 164; advice given to Borrow by, 183; his ideas about Lavengro, 184; on The Zincali, 148, 149; his work, 78, 64, 166, 167
— Sir Richard, creator of mounted police force of London, 160
Fox, Caroline, 94
Frazer’s Magazine, Lavengro condemned by, 184
French Prisoners of Norman Cross, The, by Rev. Arthur Brown, 28
Fry, Elizabeth, connection of, with Bible Society, 92; the courtship of, 37, 38
G
Garrick, David, 68
“George Borrow Reminiscences,” by S. H. Baldrey, quoted, 257–59
Gibson, Robin, 31
Gifford, William, 59
Gill, Rev. W., letter to Borrow from, 197, 198
Glen, William, 97
Gypsies, language of, Borrow’s description of Hungarian, 175
Gladstone, W. E., his admiration of The Bible in Spain, 203
Glen, William, Borrow’s friendship with, 97
Graydon, Lieutenant, a rival of Borrow in Spain, 116
Groome, Archdeacon, his memories of Borrow’s schooldays, 50
— F. H., gypsy scholar, reviews Romano Lavo-Lil, 151, 152
Grundtvig, Mr., Borrow’s translations for, 88
Gully, John, career of, 77
Gurdons, the, subscribe to Borrow’s Romantic Ballads, 66
Gurney, Miss Anna, letter from, to Mrs. Borrow, 155; Borrow cross-examined in Arabic by, 204
— Daniel, 38
— John, 37
— Joseph John, connection of, with great bank, 37, 38; and with Bible Society, 92; his praise of Borrow, 110
Gurneys, the, at Norwich, 37–39; subscribe to Borrow’s Romantic Ballads, 66
Gypsies of Spain, The. See Zincali, The.
H
Hackman, Parson, trial of, in Borrow’s volumes, 69
Haggart, David, 18; story of, 30, 31; trial and execution of, 32
Hake, Egmont, article of, in Dictionary of National Biography, on Borrow, 252
— Dr. T. G., on Lavengro, 185, 250, 251; his intimacy with Borrow, 250–54; relations of, with the Rossetti family, 250; asperities of, when speaking of Borrow, 251, 252
Handbook for Travellers in Spain, by Richard Ford, 78; Borrow’s blundering review of, 165, 166; Maxwell’s praise of, 167
Hares, the, 66
Harvey, Miss Elizabeth, her impressions of Borrow, 200–2; letters to Mrs. MacOubrey from, 264, 265
Harveys, the, 66
Hasfeld, John P., 191; Borrow’s correspondence with, 97–101
Hawkes, Robert, 20–22, 66
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, suggestion of, as to gypsy descent of Borrow, 9, 14
Haydon, Benjamin, 66; career of, 21–23; correspondence of, with Borrow, 22, 79
Haydon, F. W., Benjamin Robert Haydon, 22
Hayim Ben Attar, Moorish servant of Borrow, 144
Heenan, pugilist, 75
Herne, Sanspirella, second wife of Ambrose Smith, 29
Hester, George P., writes to Borrow on possible connection between Sclaves and Saxons, 226
Highland Society, the, Borrow’s proposal to, 80
Hill, Mary, 31
Historic Survey of German Poetry, by William Taylor, 42
History of the British and Foreign Bible Society, by William Canton, 92
Howell, State Trials of, 67
Howitt, Mary, her appreciation of Wild Wales, 236, 237
Hungary in 1851, glimpse of Borrow in, 174
Hunt, Joseph, trial and execution of, 71, 72
Hyde, Dr. Douglas, Irish scholar, 34
I
Ireland, Borrow’s early years in, 31–35; his feelings as regards people and language of, 195
Iris, The, editing of, 41
J
Jackson, John, pugilist, 74
Jane Eyre, cruelly reviewed by Lady Eastlake, 168
Jay, Elizabeth, on happy married life of the Borrows, 146
Jerningham, Sir George, letter from, to Borrow, 127; Borrow’s complaints to, 137
Jessopp, Dr., on Borrow as a pupil at the Grammar School, 45; his admiration of Borrow, 203, 204
Joan of Arc, trial of, included in Borrow’s volumes, 67
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 68; on Ireland and Irish Literature, 33; his kindness for pugilists, 75
— Tom, his fight with Brain, 76
Joseph Sell, 61
Jowett, Rev. Joseph, Secretary of the Bible Society, 38; correspondence of, with Borrow, 97, 102, 103
K
Kæmpe Viser, translation by Borrow, 84, 85
Keate, Dr., 106
Kerrison, Allday, 53; invites John Borrow to join him in Mexico, 23
— Roger, 53, 60; Borrow’s correspondence with, 53, 90
— Thomas, 52
King, Thomas, owner of the Borrow house in Willow Lane—descent of, from Archbishop Parker, 16
—, — junior, marries sister of J. S. Mill, 16
— Tom, conqueror of Heenan, 75
Klinger, F. M. von, works of, 62
Knapp, Dr., Life of Borrow, 3 and passim; purchases half the Borrow papers, 155
L
La Giralda, 124
Lambert, Daniel, gaoler of Phillips, 56
Lamplighter, racehorse, Borrow’s desire to see, 205
Lang, Andrew, his onslaught on Borrow, 251
Laurie, Sir Robert, 16
Lavengro, appreciations of, 148, 149, 185, 250, 251; autobiographical nature of, 7, 9, 11, 12, 34, 38, 50–52, 57, 58, 185, 188, 244; copies of, sold, 190; criticisms and reviews of, 184, 185, 186, 225; Donne on some reviewers of, 233, 234; greatness of, unrecognised in Borrow’s lifetime, 202; preparation of manuscript of, 183, 184; Thurtell referred to in, 69
Leicester Herald started by Phillips, 56
Leland, Charles Godfrey, correspondence of, with Borrow, 149–51; his books—tribute to Borrow, 151
Lenz, 169
Letters from George Borrow to the Bible Society, 97, 98, 102; valuable information in, 110; interesting facts revealed in, 155, 156; quoted, 106
Letters of Richard Ford, 161; Borrow’s mistake in reviewing, 165
Life and Adventures of Joseph Sell, Borrow’s story of the writing of, 61
Life of Borrow, by Dr. Knapp, 3, and passim; glimpse of Ann Perfrement’s girlhood in, 14; gruesome picture of circumstances of Borrow’s death—strongly denounced by Henrietta MacOubrey, 255
Life of B. R. Haydon, by Tom Taylor, 21, 22
Life of David Haggart, by himself, 31
Life of Frances Power Cobbe as told by Herself, glimpses of Borrow in, 246, 247
Life of Sir James Mackintosh, quoted, 40
Lights on Borrow, by Rev. A. Jessopp, D.D., quoted, 45
Lipóftsof, worker for Bible Society, 102, 105, 173
Literary Gazette, The, reviews of Borrow’s works in, 63, 147
Lloyd, Miss M. C., 247
Lopez, Eduardo, 130
— Juan, Borrow’s tribute to, 130
Luke, gypsy translation of, 119
Luther, Martin, 169
Lycidas, Tennyson’s enthusiasm for, 185
M
Macaulay, Zachary, connection of, with Bible Society, 91
Mace, Jem, 75
MacOubrey, Dr., 218, 256; status and accomplishments of, 259; pamphlets issued by, 259; illness and death of, 266
MacOubrey, Henrietta, 3, 91, 123, 140, and passim; on Borrow, 51; Borrow’s tribute to, in Wild Wales—her devotion to Borrow, 255; unfounded stories of her neglect of Borrow, 255–57; correspondence of, 259–67; death of—inscription on tomb of, 266; charitable bequests of, 267
Man, Isle of, Borrow’s expedition to, 195–98; his investigations into the Manx language, 196, 197
Marie Antoinette, trial of, included in Borrow’s volumes, 67
Martelli, C. F., his memories of Borrow, 54
Martineau, David, 39
— Dr. James, impressions of, as schoolfellow of Borrow, 46–48
— Gaston, 39
— Harriet, 39; on Borrow’s connection with the Bible Society, 90
Maxwell, Sir W. S., praises Ford’s book, 167; criticises Lavengro, 184
Meadows, Margaret, 39
— Sarah, 39
Memoir of the Life and Writings of William Taylor of Norwich, A, by J. W. Robbards, 40
Memoirs of Fifty Years, by T. G. Hake, 250, 251
Memoirs of John Venning, 95
Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of Sir Richard Phillips, 55, 56
Memoirs of Vidocq, translated by Borrow, 80
Mendizábal, Borrow’s interview with, 114, 138
Mezzofanti, 136
Miles, H. D., his defence of prize-fighting, 74
Mill, John Stuart, Thomas King marries sister of, 16
Moira, Lord, 56
Mol, Benedict, 130, 155
Montague, Basil, his reference to Mrs. John Taylor, 40
Monthly Magazine, The, 41, 43, 57; Borrow’s work on, 58
Morrin, killed by David Haggart, 31
Morris, Lewis, Welsh bard, 238
— Sir Lewis, letter to Borrow, 238, 239
Moscow, monster bell at, 169
Mousehold Heath, historical and artistic associations of, 29, 36
Mousha, introduces Borrow to Taylor, 52; figures in Lavengro, 52
Munich described, 169
Murray, John, publishes The Zincali, 147; correspondence of Borrow with, 202
— Hon. R. D., 129
Murtagh, Irish friend of Borrow—figures in Lavengro, 34
Museum, The, 56