The Literature of the Old Testament

Abomination, Dan. 8, 186

Acrostics, 229 f.

Alexander and successors in Dan., 185 f.

Allegory, in Song of Songs, 247

Amos, Book, 196 ff.

Annals, royal and temple, 100

Antiochus Epiphanes, 186, 187 f.

Apocalypses, character of, 188
—age, how determined, 188

Apocrypha, older use of the name, 18
—Jerome, 17 f.
—Luther, 21 f.
—See Canon

Aramaic, in Ezra, 130
—in Daniel, 189 f.

Asa, king, 123

Assyria, Greek kingdom (Syria), 155, 215

Astruc, analysis of Genesis, 32

Athanasius, 16

Augustine, 19 f.


Baal, Tyrian, 111

Baals and Astartes, 83, 192

Babylon, destruction, prophesied, 152
—taken by Cyrus, 153

Babylonian myths in Genesis, 43 f.

Baruch, scribe of Jeremiah, 166 f., 168

Bible, Jewish, see Old Testament


Calvin, on Maccabæan Psalms, 226

Canaan, conquest, in Jos., 77 f., 88 f.

Canon, Jewish, formation of, 11
—of Greek-speaking Jews, 13
—Jewish, in Church Fathers, 14 ff.
—of Greek Church, 13 ff.
—Latin Church, 17 ff.
—Syrian churches, 20
—in the Middle Ages, 20
—the Reformation, 21
—Reformed churches, 22
—Council of Trent, 23
—See also Apocrypha

Chaldæans, in Hab., 205
—in Dan., 189

Cherubim car, 178

Chron.—Ezra—Neh., one book, 118

Chronicles, Book, 118 ff.
—sources, 124 f.
—genealogies, 119
—historical value, 124

Chronology in Judg., 82
—in Kings, 101

Commandments, Ten, 49 f.

Criticism, historical, 25 f.
—of Pentateuch, 31 ff.

Cyrus, edict of, 128
—deliverer, messiah, 160


Daniel, Book, 180 ff.
—two languages in, 189
—Nebuchadnezzar's dream, 183 f.
—the four beasts, c. 7, 184 f.
—ram and he-goat, c. 8, 185
—Seleucids and Ptolemies, c. 11, 187 f.
—age of the book, 188

Darius Hystaspis, 209 f.

David, history, 96 f., 109
—Psalms of, 223

Day of the Lord, in Zeph., 207
—in Joel, 195
—in Mal., 217 f.

Deborah, Song of, 89

Decalogue, 49 f.

Deluge, Babylonian myth, 43 f.

Deuterocanonic Books, 24

D (Deuteronomy, Deuteronomist), 35, 84

Deuteronomists, historians, 84
—See also Jos., Judg., Kings

Deuteronomy, 58 ff.
—programme of a reform, 62
—age of the book, 64 f.

Dragon of the sea, 156


E (Elohist), 35
—characteristics, 39 ff.
—origin, 41
—age, 67 f.
—Horeb constitution in, 50
—in Jos. 1-12, 75 ff.
—in Judg., 86

Ecclesiastes, Book, 243 ff.

Ecclesiastes, interpolations, 246 f.
—age, 246
—inspiration, 8 ff., 245

Ecclesiastical Books, 17, 24

Ecclesiasticus, in the Church, 15 f.

Eden, Garden in, 43

Eden, Prince of Tyre in, 177

Edom, prophecies against, 158 f., 177, 197, 199
—Obad., 200

Egypt, Ezekiel's prophecy, 177

Eli, a judge, 90

Elihu, in Job, 240 f.

Elijah, 110 f., 145

Elisha, 112 f.

Esther, Book, 135 ff.
—mythical interpretation, 137
—age, 138, 139 f.
—inspiration, 8, 138
—additions in Greek, 138

Exile, theory of the return, 122

Exodus, Book, 47 f.

Ezekiel, Book, 174 ff.
—against foreign nations (cc. 25-32), 176 f.
—state of the text, 180

Ezra, 129 ff.
—Priests' Code, 56 f.
—two languages in, 130

Ezra and Neh., sequel of Chron., 118
—contents, 128 ff.
—sources, 131 f.
—historical value, 133
—derangement, 132 (cf. 128-131)


Fast, the true, 212

Feasts, agricultural, 69

Fool, in Proverbs, 232 f.

Foreign nations, oracles against, 142, 152 ff., 158 f., 171 f., 176 ff., 195, 197, 200, 204 f., 206, 214 f.


Genesis, Book, 33 ff.

Gerizim, temple on, 121

God, national idea, 146
—moral idea, 145
—in J, 37 f.
—in E, 39 f.
—in P, 47
—in Amos, 198 f.
—in Hosea, 193, 199
—in Deuteronomy, 59 f.
—in Isaiah 40-66, 161

Gog and his hordes, 178, 200
—echo in Zech., 214

Golden age, prophecies of, 151, 157, 158, 169 ff., 176, 179, 193, 198 f., 213 f.

Golden calves, 104

Gospels, inspiration of, 10

Greek versions of O. T., 11

Greeks, kingdom doomed, 215


Habakkuk, Book, 205 ff.

Hadrach, 215

Haggai, Book, 209

Heavenly bodies, judgment on, 156

Hezekiah, king, 114 f.

High places, 65 f., 95, 103, 117
—untouched by good kings, 107
—Hezekiah's measures, 114 f.
—Josiah, 61 f., 116

Historical literature, 98 ff.
—oldest, 99 cf. 96 f.

History, religious lessons, 104

Holiness, Law of, Lev. 17-26, 54 f.

Horeb, Mount of God, 48

Hosea, Book, 190 ff.


Idolatry, satire on, 161

Idols, see Golden Calves, Serpent

Immortality, denied in Eccles., 244

Inspiration, cessation of, 10
—of Eccles. and Cant., 8 ff.
—of Gospels, 10

Isaiah, prophet, 115, 147
—genius of, 150
—earlier utterances, 150
—rejection of sacrifice, 151

Isaiah, Book, 147 ff.
—main divisions, 147 f.
—cc. 1-12, 149 f.
—cc. 13-23, 152 ff.
—cc. 24-27, 156 f.
—cc. 28-33, 157 f.
—cc. 34-35, 158 f.
—cc. 36-39, 147
—cc. 40-66, 159 ff.


J and E, characteristics of, 35 ff.
—in Gen., common tradition, 40 f.
—diversity of tradition, 70
—combined in one book (J E), 71
—in Jos., 78
—in Judg., 85

J (Jahvist), 35

J, literary quality, 36
—in Gen. 1-11, two strands, 41 f.
—anthropomorphism, 37 f., 42
—religious element, 37 ff.
—origin, 41
—age, 67 f.
—fundamental law in, 50 f.
—in Jos., 74 ff.
—in Judg., 86
—in Sam., 99

Jehoash, king of Israel, 113

Jehoiakim, king, 165

Jehu, king, 112, 118

Jeremiah, prophet, 164
—his hard lot, 171 f.
—"confessions," 172
—not author of Lam., 230

Jeremiah, Book, 164 ff.
—later additions, 168 f., 171, 173
—Hebrew and Greek texts, 172 f.

Jericho, taking of, 75 f.

Jeroboam I., 104, 108

Jeroboam II., 114

Jerome, 17, 18

Jerusalem, two sieges, 117 f., 174
—in Chron., 121

Joash, king of Judah, 113

Job, mention of in Ezek., 241

Job, Book, 235 ff.
—prologue and epilogue, 241
—structure of the poem, 236 f.
—purpose of author, 239 f.
—age, 242 f.
—later additions, 240 ff.

Joel, Book, 194 ff.

Jonah, Book, 140 ff.

Joshua, Book, 73 ff.

Josiah, king, 116
—his reforms, 62
—reaction, 103 f.

Judas Maccabæus, 187

Judges, Book, 81 ff.
—stories of deliverance, 84 ff.
—interpretation of history, 81, 83
—original close of the Book, 91

Judgment, last, in Isa. 24-27, 156 f.

Julius Africanus, 15


Kadesh, 70

Kingdom, founding, two accounts, 92
—division of, 108

Kings, Books, 100 ff.
—2 Kings 18-20 = Isa. 36-39, 114

Koheleth, the name, 243


Lamentations, Book, 229 ff.

Latin Bible, 17

Laws, given at Sinai, 49
—Ezra's, ratification of, 130

Legends, rise of, 98

Leviathan, 156

Levites, choice of, in Num., 55 f.
—in Chron., 123

Leviticus, Book, 52 ff.

Little Horn, Dan. 8, 185

Love, principle of religion in Hos., 192 f.


Malachi, Book, 215 f.

Manasseh, king, his sins, 104

Medes, 152

Merodach Baladan, 116, 153

Messianic prophecy, see Golden Age

Micah, Book, 201 ff.

Micaiah ben Imlah, 112, 145

Midrash, of Kings, 124, 127

Minor Prophets, 190 ff.

Mixed marriages, 129, 130, 217

Myths, Babylonian, in Gen., 177 f.

Moloch, 104

Monotheism, in Deut., 59
—in Isa. 40-66, 161


Naboth's vineyard, 111

Nahum, Book, 204 f.

Nehemiah, mission to Jerusalem, 129 f.
—Memoirs, 129, 131, 183
—Book, 118, 128 ff.

New Year, 48

Nineveh, prophecy against, Zeph., 208
—Nah., 204 f.

Numbers, Book, 55 ff.


Obadiah, Book, 200

Old Testament, the name, 7
—Jewish, divisions, 8
—order of books, 8
—sacred scriptures, 25
—a national literature, 26 ff.
—literary quality, 28 f.

Omri, king, 109 f.

Origen, 16


P (Priestly authors), 35 f.
—Origins of Religious Institutions, 44 f.
—in Gen., contents, 45 ff.
—diction and style, 46
—conception of God, 47
—the revelation at Sinai, 51
—age of the laws in, 66 f.
—age and origin of P, 56 f., 65 f.
—united with J E D, 72
—in Jos., 78

Passover, 48

Patriarchs, in J and E, 35 ff.

Pentateuch, 29 ff.
—the law of Moses, 31
—names of the books, 29
—contents, 29-31
—beginnings of criticism, 32 ff.
—main sources, 33 ff.
—method of the author, 72 f.
—composition, 65 ff.
—age of, as a whole, 72 f.
—See under the several Books, also, J, E, D, P.

Peoples of the land, 122

Porphyry, 187

Priesthood, in Chron., 121, 122 f.

Priests' Code, 56 f., 130, 134

Priests and levites, cities, in Jos., 78

Priests, invective in Mal., 216

Primeval History, sources, 41
—ultimate sources, 42 f.

Prophets, Former and Latter, 8
—in old Israel, 144 f.
—societies, or orders of, 145 f.
—popular, 202 f.
—bad repute of, 196, 214
—ninth century, 110 ff.
—eighth century, 146 f., 190, 199

Proverbs, Book, 231 ff.

Providence, scepticism in Eccles., 243, 244

Psalms, Book, 218 ff.
—older hymn books, 220
—liturgical and devotional use, 218 f.
—titles, 219
—Elohistic book (Ps. 42-82), 220, 224
—Davidic, 223, 224, 225, 226
—Asaphite and Korahite, 221, 224
—Songs of Ascents, Hallels, 222
—Maccabæan, 226 f.
—age of the Book, 223 ff.
—religious conceptions, 227 f.

Purim, 139


Religion, idea of, in Hos., 191 f.
—in Deut., 59
—in Mic., 203
—in Isa. 40-66, 161 f.
—in Proverbs, 232
—true, among the heathen, 216

Restoration, in Ezek., 179
—in Isa., 148 ff.
—See Golden Age

Retribution, orthodoxy of Job's friends, 237

Ruth, Book, 139 ff.


Sacrifice, patriarchal, 51 f.
—ritual laws, in Lev. 1-7, 52
—prophetic rejection, 151 f., 198

Samaria, Omri's new capital, 110
—fall of, 114

Samaritan sect, in Jewish eyes, 122

Samuel, last of the judges, 90 f.

Samuel, Books, 91 ff.

Sanballat, 130

"Scriptures," class of sacred books, 8
—disputed, 9

Scythians, 170 f., 207

Seers, 144

Sennacherib, siege of Jerusalem, 115

Septuagint, see Greek Version

Serpent, idol, in temple, 114 f.

Servant of Jehovah, in Isa., 40 ff., 164

Sheol, imagery, 152, 156, 177 f.

Shishak, invasion by, 109

Siloam tunnel, 116

Sinai, 48

Sirach, Book, see Ecclesiasticus

Scepticism, 217

Solomon, 97
—character of his reign, 100
—his wealth and wisdom, 105
—reputation for wisdom, 234
—Proverbs ascribed to, 234 f.
—Eccles. ascribed to, 243
—Psalms ascribed to, 223 f.

Song of Deborah, 89

Song of Songs, 246 ff.
—allegorized, 247
—age, 249
—inspiration, 8, 247

Story books, Jewish, 134 ff.

Suffering of the good, in Job, 237 ff.

Susanna and the Elders, 15, 189.

Symbolical actions in Ezek., 178

Syria ("Assyria"), 155, 215

Syriac Bible, contents of O. T., 20

Syrian wars, 110


Tabernacle, in P, 51

Temple, dedication of, 106
—abode of Jehovah, 103
—no protection to the city, 166
—rebuilding of, 209

Theodicy, in Job, 237 ff., 242

Tyre, prophecy against, Ezek., 176


Uncanonical books, Hebrew and Greek, 12
—See also Apocrypha


Valley of dry bones, 179

Visions, in prophets, 149, 178, 183 ff., 197, 211


Wedding songs, 248

Wisdom, in Proverbs, 232
—personified, 233
—divine, in Job 28, 241 f.

Worship, prophetic attitude, 151 f.
—See Sacrifice


Zechariah, Book, 211 ff.

Zech., 9-11, 12-14, age, 214, 215

Zedekiah, king, 175 f.

Zephaniah, Book, 207 ff.

Zerubbabel, Messianic hopes, 210 f.