The Project Gutenberg eBook of The loyalists of America and their times

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The loyalists of America and their times

from 1620 to 1816, Vol. 1 of 2

Author: Egerton Ryerson

Release date: April 8, 2007 [eBook #21012]
Most recently updated: January 22, 2009

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Jason Isbell, Graeme Mackreth and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LOYALISTS OF AMERICA AND THEIR TIMES ***

THE

LOYALISTS OF AMERICA

AND

THEIR TIMES:

From 1620 to 1816.

BY EGERTON RYERSON, D.D., LL.D.,

Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada from 1844 to 1876.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

Volume II is also available from Project Gutenberg

TORONTO:
WILLIAM BRIGGS, 80 KING STREET EAST;
JAMES CAMPBELL & SON, AND
WILLING & WILLIAMSON.
MONTREAL: DAWSON BROTHERS.
1880.

Entered, according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year One thousand eight hundred and eighty, by the Rev. Egerton Ryerson, D.D., LL.D., in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

PREFACE.

As no Indian pen has ever traced the history of the aborigines of America, or recorded the deeds of their chieftains, their "prowess and their wrongs"—their enemies and spoilers being their historians; so the history of the Loyalists of America has never been written except by their enemies and spoilers, and those English historians who have not troubled themselves with examining original authorities, but have adopted the authorities, and in some instances imbibed the spirit, of American historians, who have never tired in eulogizing Americans and everything American, and deprecating everything English, and all who have loyally adhered to the unity of the British Empire.

I have thought that the other side of the story should be written; or, in other words, the true history of the relations, disputes, and contests between Great Britain and her American colonies and the United States of America.

The United Empire Loyalists were the losing party; their history has been written by their adversaries, and strangely misrepresented. In the vindication of their character, I have not opposed assertion against assertion; but, in correction of unjust and untrue assertions, I have offered the records and documents of the actors themselves, and in their own words. To do this has rendered my history, to a large extent, documentary, instead of being a mere popular narrative. The many fictions of American writers will be found corrected and exposed in the following volumes, by authorities and facts which cannot be successfully denied. In thus availing myself so largely of the proclamations, messages, addresses, letters, and records of the times when they occurred, I have only followed the example of some of the best historians and biographers.

No one can be more sensible than myself of the imperfect manner in which I have performed my task, which I commenced more than a quarter of a century since, but I have been prevented from completing it sooner by public duties—pursuing, as I have done from the beginning, an untrodden path of historical investigations. From the long delay, many supposed I would never complete the work, or that I had abandoned it. On its completion, therefore, I issued a circular, an extract from which I hereto subjoin, explaining the origin, design, and scope of the work:—

"I have pleasure in stating that I have at length completed the task which the newspaper press and public men of different parties urged upon me from 1855 to 1860. In submission to what seemed to be public opinion, I issued, in 1861, a circular addressed to the United Empire Loyalists and their descendants, of the British Provinces of America, stating the design and scope of my proposed work, and requesting them to transmit to me, at my expense, any letters or papers in their possession which would throw light upon the early history and settlement in these Provinces by our U.E. Loyalist forefathers. From all the British Provinces I received answers to my circular; and I have given, with little abridgment, in one chapter of my history, these intensely interesting letters and papers—to which I have been enabled to add considerably from two large quarto manuscript volumes of papers relating to the U.E. Loyalists in the Dominion Parliamentary Library at Ottawa, with the use of which I have been favoured by the learned and obliging librarian, Mr. Todd.

"In addition to all the works relating to the subject which I could collect in Europe and America, I spent, two years since, several months in the Library of the British Museum, employing the assistance of an amanuensis, in verifying quotations and making extracts from works not to be found elsewhere, in relation especially to unsettled questions involved in the earlier part of my history.

"I have entirely sympathized with the Colonists in their remonstrances, and even use of arms, in defence of British constitutional rights, from 1763 to 1776; but I have been compelled to view the proceedings of the Revolutionists and their treatment of the Loyalists in a very different light.

"After having compared the conduct of the two parties during the Revolution, the exile of the Loyalists from their homes after the close of the War, and their settlement in the British Provinces, I have given a brief account of the government of each Province, and then traced the alleged and real causes of the War of 1812-1815, together with the courage, sacrifice, and patriotism of Canadians, both English and French, in defending our country against eleven successive American invasions, when the population of the two Canadas was to that of the United States as one to twenty-seven, and the population of Upper Canada (the chief scene of the War) was as one to one hundred and six. Our defenders, aided by a few English regiments, were as handfuls, little Spartan bands, in comparison of the hosts of the invading armies; and yet at the end of two years, as well as at the end of the third and last year of the War, not an invader's foot found a place on the soil of Canada.

"I undertook this work not self-moved and with no view to profit; and if I receive no pecuniary return from this work, on which I have expended no small labour and means, I shall have the satisfaction of having done all in my power to erect an historical monument to the character and merits of the fathers and founders of my native country."

E. RYERSON.

"Toronto, Sept. 24th, 1879."

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Introduction.—Two Classes of Emigrants—Two Governments for seventy years—The Pilgrim Fathers, their Pilgrimages and Settlement.
The writer a native Colonist 1
Massachusetts the seed-plot of the American Revolution 1
Two distinct emigrations to New England—the "Pilgrim Fathers" in 1620, the "Puritan Fathers" in 1629; two separate governments for seventy years; characteristics of each 1
Objects and documentary character of the history, which is not a popular narrative, but a historical discussion
(in a note) 2
The "Pilgrim Fathers;" their pilgrimages and settlement in New England 2
Origin of Independents 2
Flight to Holland, and twelve years' pilgrimage; trades and wearisome life there 3
Long to be under English rule and protection 3
Determine and arrange to emigrate to America 3
Voyage, and intended place of settlement 4
Landing at Cape Cod; constitution of government; Messrs. Bancroft and Young's remarks upon it 5
Settlement of "New Plymouth" 6
What known of the harbour and coast before the landing of the Pilgrims 7
Inflated and extravagant accounts of the character and voyage of the Pilgrims (in a note) 7
Results of the first year's experience and labours; a week's celebration of the first "harvest home"—such a first harvest home as no United Empire Loyalists were ever able to celebrate in Canada 9

CHAPTER II.

Government of the "Pilgrim Fathers" at New Plymouth during seventy years, from 1620
to 1690, as distinct from that of the "Puritan Fathers" of Massachusetts Bay. 11-23
Two governments—difference between the government of the Pilgrims and that of the Puritans 11
Compact, and seven successive governors of the Pilgrims 12
Simple, just, popular and loyal government of the Pilgrims and their descendants 13
Illustrations of their loyalty to successive sovereigns, and the equity and kindness with which Charles the First
and Charles the Second treated them 14
Complaints against the unjust and persecuting conduct of the government of Massachusetts Bay, the cause of Parliamentary and Royal Commissions in 1646, 1664, and 1678 17
Four questions of inquiry by the Commissioners of Charles the Second, in 1665, and satisfactory answers
by the Plymouth Government 18
Opposition of the Puritan Government of Massachusetts Bay to the Pilgrim Government in seeking a Royal
Charter in 1630 and 1678 21
Absorption of the Plymouth Colony into that of Massachusetts Bay by the second Royal Charter; the exclusion
of its chief men from public offices 21
Reflections on the melancholy termination of the Plymouth Government; the noble and loyal character of the
Pilgrim Fathers and their descendants 22

CHAPTER III.

The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Company and their Government, commencing in 1629. 24-84

PART FIRST.

First settlement—Royal Charter granted 24
Causes, characteristics, and objects of early emigration to New England 25
The Puritan emigrants to Massachusetts Bay professed members of the Established Church when they left
England 26
Professed objects of the emigration two-fold—religious and commercial; chiefly religious, for "converting
and civilizing the idolatrous and savage Indian tribes" 26
Endicot; Royal Charter 27
Second emigration; Endicot becomes a Congregationalist, and establishes Congregationalism as the only
worship of the Company at Massachusetts Bay, and banishes John and Samuel Brown for adhering
(with others) to the old worship 28

PART SECOND.

The question involving the primary cause of the American Revolution; the setting up of a new form of
worship, and abolishing and proscribing that of the Church of England, and banishing Episcopalians who
adhered to the old form of worship; the facts analysed and discussed; instructions of the Company in
England, and oaths of allegiance and of office prescribed by it 30

PART THIRD.

Complaints of the banished Episcopalians in England; proceedings by the Company, denials, proofs,
conduct and correspondence of the parties concerned 46
Address of Governor Winthrop, &c., on leaving England, in 1630, to their "Fathers and Brethren of the
Church of England," affirming their filial and undying love to the Church of England, as their
"dear mother," from whose breasts they had derived their spiritual nourishment, &c., &c. 55
Remarks on this address, and absurd interpretations of it 57
Puritan authorities alone adduced as evidence on the subjects of discussion; Puritan letters suppressed;
first seeds of the American Revolution 59

PART FOURTH.

Contest between King Charles the First and the Massachusetts Bay Puritans during ten years, from
1630 to 1640 61
Professions of the Puritans on leaving England, and their conduct on arriving at Massachusetts Bay 62
In the Church revolution at Massachusetts Bay, none but Congregationalists could be citizen electors,
or eligible for office of any kind; five-sixths of the male population disfranchised 63
This first violation of the Royal Charter and laws of England 65
Complaints to the King in Council in 1632 65
Imputations upon the complainants, and upon the King and Council for listening to their complaints 66
Proceedings of the King and Council in 1632; the accused deny the charges, and convince the King
of their innocence and good faith; further inquiry to be made; in the meantime the King dismisses the
complaints, assures the accused that he never intended to impose at Massachusetts Bay the religious
ceremonies to which they had objected in England, and assures them of his desire to promote the
interests of their plantation 66
The King's kind and indulgent conduct, and how the advocates of the Company deceived him 67
Continued oppressions and proscriptions at Massachusetts Bay, and fresh complaints to the King in
Council in 1634 69
Transfer of the Charter; kept secret during four years; remarks upon it; effect of the disclosure, and
renewed complaints 69
Issue of a Royal Commission; proposed armed resistance at Massachusetts Bay advised by the
Congregational ministers; remarks on Mr. Bancroft's attacks and statements; official representations,
and conduct of parties concerned 72
Massachusetts Bay rulers the aggressors throughout; review of the controversy 75
More despotism practised in Massachusetts Bay than was ever practised in Upper Canada 82

CHAPTER IV.

The Government of Massachusetts Bay under the Long Parliament, the Commonwealth,
and Cromwell. 85-129
Commissioners from the Massachusetts Bay rulers to the Long Parliament 85
Change of Government in England stops emigration to Massachusetts 85
First Address of the Massachusetts Commissioners to the Long Parliament 86
Ordinance of the Long Parliament in regard to Massachusetts trade, &c., in 1642, and remarks upon it 87
The Massachusetts Bay Court pass an Act in 1644, of persecution of the Baptists; another Act authorising discussion, &c., in favour of the Parliament, but pronouncing as a "high offence," to be proceeded against
"capitally," anything done or said in behalf of the King 87
In 1646, the Long Parliament pass an ordinance appointing a Commission and Governor-General over Massachusetts and other Colonies, with powers more extensive than the Commission which had been
appointed by Charles the First in 1634 88
The parliamentary authority declared in this ordinance, and acknowledged by the Puritans in 1646,
the same as that maintained by the United Empire Loyalists of America one hundred and thirty years
afterwards, in the American Revolution of 1776 (in a note) 88-92
The Presbyterians in 1646 seek liberty of worship at Massachusetts Bay, but are punished for their
petition to the Massachusetts Bay Government, and are fined and their papers seized to prevent their
appeal to the Puritan Parliament 93
How their appeal to England was defeated 98
Further illustrations of the proceedings of the rulers of Massachusetts Bay as more intolerant and
persecuting than anything ever attempted by the High Church party in Upper Canada 98
Colonial government according to Massachusetts Bay pretensions impossible 99
The order of the Long Parliament to the Massachusetts Bay Government to surrender the Charter
and receive another; consternation 99
Means employed to evade the order of Parliament 100
Mr. Bancroft's statements, and remarks upon them (in a note) 100
Mr. Palfrey's statements in regard to what he calls the "Presbyterian Cabal," and remarks upon them 103
Petition of the Massachusetts Bay Court to the Long Parliament in 1651; two addresses to Cromwell—the
one in 1651, the other in 1654 108
Remarks on these addresses 110
The famous Navigation Act, passed by the Long Parliament in 1651, oppressive to the Southern Colonies,
but regularly evaded in Massachusetts Bay by collusion with Cromwell 111
Intolerance and persecutions of Presbyterians, Baptists, &c., by the Massachusetts Bay rulers, from 1643
to 1651 112
Letters of remonstrance against these persecutions by the distinguished Puritans, Sir Henry Vane and Sir
Richard Saltonstall 116
Mr. Neal on the same subject (in a note) 120
The Rev. Messrs. Wilson and Norton instigate, and the Rev. Mr. Cotton justifies, these persecutions
of the Baptists 120
Summary of the first thirty years of the Massachusetts Bay Government, and character of its persecuting
laws and spirit, by the celebrated Edmund Burke 122
The death of Cromwell; conduct and professions of the rulers of Massachusetts Bay in regard to Cromwell
and Charles the Second at his restoration; Scotchmen, fighting on their own soil for their king, taken
prisoners at Dunbar, transported and received as slaves at Massachusetts Bay 124

CHAPTER V.

Government of Massachusetts Bay and other Colonies during twenty years, under
Charles the Second, from 1660 to 1680. 130-203
Restoration; the news of it was received with joy in the Colonies, except in Massachusetts Bay, where
false rumours were circulated alone 130
Change of tone and professions at Massachusetts Bay on the confirmation of the news of the King's
restoration and firm establishment on the throne; John Eliot, Indian apostle, censured for what he had
been praised 131
When and under what circumstances the Massachusetts Bay Government proclaimed the King, and
addressed him; the address (in a note) 132
Remarks on this address, and its contrariety to the address to Cromwell ten years before 133
The King's kind letter addressed to Governor Endicot (in a note) 135
The Massachusetts Court's "ecstasy of joy" at the King's letter, and reply to it 135
The King enjoins ceasing to persecute the Quakers: how answered (in a note) 137
Petitions and representations to the King from Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists, &c., in
Massachusetts Bay, on their persecutions and disfranchisement by the local Government 137
The King's Puritan Councillors, and kindly feelings for the Colony of Massachusetts Bay 138
The King's letter of pardon and oblivion, June 28, 1662 (in a note), of the past misdeeds of the
Massachusetts Bay Government, and the six conditions on which he promised to continue the Charter 139
The King's oblivion of the past and promised continuance of the Charter for the future joyfully
proclaimed; but the publication of the letter withheld, and when the publication of it could be withheld
no longer, all action on the royal conditions of toleration, &c., prescribed, was ordered by the local
Government to be suspended until the order of the Court 141
Messrs. Bradstreet and Norton, sent as agents to England to answer complaints, are favourably received;
are first thanked and then censured at Boston; Norton dies of grief 142
On account of the complaints and representations made to England, the King in Council determines
upon the appointment of a Commission to inquire into the matters complained of in the New England
Colonies, and to remedy what was wrong 145
Slanderous rumours circulated in Massachusetts against the Commission and Commissioners 146
Copy of the Royal Commission (in a note), explaining the reasons and objects of it 147
All the New England Colonies, except Massachusetts Bay, duly receive the Royal Commissioners; their
report on Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Plymouth (in a note) 148
Report of the Royal Commissioners on the Colony of Massachusetts Bay (in a note); difference from the
other Colonies; twenty anomalies in its laws inconsistent with its Charter; evades the conditions of the
promised continuance of the Charter; denies the King's jurisdiction 149
They address the King, and enclose copies of their address, with letters, to Lord Chancellor Clarendon,
the Earl of Manchester, Lord Say, and the Honourable Robert Boyle 152
The United Empire Loyalists the true Liberals of that day 152
Copy of the long and characteristic address of the Massachusetts Bay Court to the King, October 25,
1664 (with notes) 153
Letters of Lord Clarendon and the Honourable Robert Boyle to the Massachusetts Bay Court, in reply to
their letters, and on their address to the King; pretensions and conduct 160
Conduct and pretensions of the Massachusetts Bay Court condemned and exposed by loyalist inhabitants
of Boston, Salem, Newbury, and Ipswich, in a petition 163
The King's reply to the long address or petition of the Massachusetts Bay Court, dated February 25,
1665, correcting their misstatements, and showing the groundlessness of their pretended fears and
actual pretensions 166
The King's kind and courteous letter without effect upon the Massachusetts Bay Court, who refuse to
acknowledge the Royal Commissioners; second and more decisive letter from the King, April, 1666 169
Retrospect of the transactions between the two Charleses and the Massachusetts Bay Court from
1630 to 1666, with extracts of correspondence 171
Royal Charters to Connecticut and Rhode Island, in 1663, with remarks upon them by Judge Story
(in a note) 172
The narrative of the discussion of questions between Charles the Second and the Massachusetts Bay
Court resumed; summary of facts; questions at issue 178
On receiving the report of his Commissioners, who had been rejected by the Massachusetts Bay Court,
the King orders agents to be sent to England to answer before the King in Council to the complaints
made against the Government of the Colony 179
Meetings and proceedings of the Massachusetts Bay Court on the Royal Message; their address of
vindication and entreaty to the King; and instead of sending agents, send two large masts, and resolve to
send £1,000 to propitiate the King 180
Loyalists in the Court and among the people, who maintain the Royal authority 182
Complaints a pretext to perpetuate sectarian rule and persecutions 183
Baptists persecuted by fine, imprisonment, &c., as late as 1666 and 1669
(extract of Court proceedings in a note), several years after the King had forbidden such intolerance in Massachusetts 184
Statements of Hutchinson and Neal in regard to such persecutions, and remonstrances by the
Rev. Drs. Owen and T. Goodwin, and other Nonconformist ministers in England 185
Efforts by addresses, gifts, and compliance in some matters, to propitiate the King's favour 186
Why the King desists for some years from further action 187
Complaints from neighbouring Colonists and individual citizens, of invasion of rights, and persecutions
and proscriptions by the Massachusetts Bay Government, awaken at last the renewed attention of the
King's Government to their proceedings; and the King addresses another letter, July, 1679
(copy of the letter in a note) 187
Seven requirements of this letter just and reasonable, and observed by all British Colonies at this day 188
Remarks on the unfair statements and unjust imputations against the British Government of that day, by
Mr. Palfrey and other New England historians 190
Nineteen years' evasions and disregard of the conditions on which the King promised to perpetuate the
Charter; strong and decisive letter from the King, September, 1680, to the Massachusetts Bay Court,
which caused a special meeting of the Court, the sending of agents to England, and the passing of some
remedial Acts 193
Examples and proofs of the deceptive character of these Acts, with measures to neutralize or prevent
them from being carried intoeffect—such as the Navigation Act, Oath of Allegiance, the Franchise,
Liberty of Worship, and Persecution of Baptists and Quakers 195
Recapitulation; manner of extending the territory and jurisdiction, so as to include Maine, part of
New Hampshire, &c. (in a note); Mr. Bancroft's statement, confirming the positions of this and
preceding chapters as to the pretensions and conduct of the Massachusetts Bay Government 200

CHAPTER VI.

Massachusetts during the last four years of Charles the Second and the three years'
reign of James the Second, from 1680 to 1689; the immediate causes and manner of
cancelling the first Charter. 204-220
Crisis approaching; the double game of Massachusetts Bay Court played out; threat of a writ of
quo warranto 204
Proceedings of Massachusetts Bay Court; offer a bribe to the King; bribe clerks of the Privy Council 205
The Massachusetts Bay Court refuse the proposed conditions of perpetuating the Charter; refuse
submission to the King on any conditions; determine to contest in a Court of Law; agents restricted;
the King provoked 206
The Governor and a majority of the assistants or magistrates vote in favour of submitting to the King's
decision; the Ministers advise, and a majority of the deputies vote against it 208
A writ of quo warranto issued and sent, June and July, 1683, summoning the Corporation of
Massachusetts Bay to defend their acts against the complaints and charges (thirteen in number) made
against them, but assuring the inviolableness of private property, and offering to stay legal proceedings
against the Corporation in case of their submitting to the decision of the King, on the points heretofore
required by his Majesty as conditions of perpetuating the Charter 208
The Colony of Massachusetts Bay divided; origin of parties; the Governor and a majority of the "Upper
Branch of the Government" were the moderate or loyalist party; the majority of the "House of Deputies,"
whose "elections were controlled by the ministers," were the independence party; violent language by
Dr. Increase Mather, whose appeal from man to God was decided against him (in a note) 209
Resolutions of the two Houses of the Court on the subject 210
Notice to the Massachusetts Bay Court of the issue of the writ of quo warranto, to answer to the
complaints against them, received October, 1683; judgment given July 1685, nearly two years afterwards 211
The questions at issue unfairly put to popular vote in Massachusetts; remarks on Mr. Palfrey's account of
the transactions 211
Results of the fall of the Charter; death of Charles the Second; proclamation of the accession of James
the Second; appointment of Joseph Dudley as Governor; character of his seven months' government 212
Appointment of Andros as local Governor and Governor-General; popular beginning of his government;
his tyranny; seized at Boston and sent prisoner to England; acquitted on account of having obeyed
his instructions 215
Toleration first proclaimed in Massachusetts by James the Second; thanked by the Massachusetts Bay
Court, and its agent in England, the Rev. Increase Mather, for the proclamation which lost the King
the Crown of England 216
Concluding review of the characteristics of the fifty-four years' government of Massachusetts Bay
Government under the first Charter 217

CHAPTER VII.

Second Royal Charter, and the Government of Massachusetts under it from 1691 to
1748; the close of the First War between England and France, and the Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle. 221-241
Retrospect; reasons assigned by Mr. Palfrey why the Massachusetts Bay Government did not make
armed resistance against "the fall of the first Charter," and remarks upon them 221
The Government of Massachusetts Bay continued two years after "the fall of the Charter," as if nothing
had happened 226
They promptly proclaim King James the Second; take the oath of allegiance to him; send the Rev. Increase
Mather as agent to thank his Majesty for his proclamation of indulgence, to pray for the restoration of the
first Charter, and for the removal of Sir Edmund Andros; King James grants several friendly audiences,
but does nothing 226
On the dethronement of James the Second, Dr. Increase Mather pays his homage to the new King, with
professions (no doubt sincere) of overflowing loyalty to him (in a note) 226
Unsuccessful efforts of Dr. Increase Mather to obtain the restoration of the first Charter, though aided by
the Queen, Archbishop Tillotson, Bishop Burnet, the Presbyterian clergy, and others 228
How the second Charter was prepared and granted; Dr. Increase Mather first protests against, and then
gratefully accepts the Charter; nominates the first Governor, Sir William Phips 229
Nine principal provisions of the new Charter 233
Puritan legal opinions on the defects of the first Charter, the constant violation of it by the Massachusetts Bay Government, and the unwisdom of its restoration (in a note) 233
A small party in Boston opposed to accepting the new Charter; Judge Story on the salutary influence of the
new Charter on the legislation and progress of the Colony 235
Happy influence of the new Charter upon toleration, loyalty, peace and unity of society in
Massachusetts—proofs 237
The spirit of the old leaven of bigotry still surviving; and stung with the facts of Neal's History of New
England on "the persecuting principles and practices of the first planters," a remarkable letter from the
Rev. Dr. Isaac Watts, dated February 19, 1720, addressed to the Rev. Dr. Cotton Mather, explanatory
of Neal's History, and urging the formal repeal of the "cruel and sanguinary statutes" which had been
passed by the Massachusetts Bay Court under the first Charter (in a note) 239
Happiness and progress of Massachusetts during seventy years under the second Charter 240
Debts incurred by the New England Colonies in the Indian Wars; issue of paper money; how Massachusetts
was relieved by England, and made prosperous 240

CHAPTER VIII.

Massachusetts and other Colonies during the Second War between Great Britain
and France, from the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, to the Peace of Paris, 1763. 242-279
Places taken during the war between France and England mutually restored at the Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle; Louisburg and Cape Breton restored to France, in return for Madras restored
to England 242
Boundaries in America between France and England to be defined by a joint Commission, which could
not agree 242
Encroachments of the French on the British Colonies from 1748 to 1756; complaints of the Colonial
Governors to England; orders to them to defend their territories; conflicts between the Colonies,
French and Indians 243
England's best if not only means of protecting the Colonies, to prevent the French from transporting
soldiers and war material to Canada; naval preparations 244
Evasive answers and disclaimers of the French Government, with naval and military preparations 245
Braddock's unfortunate expedition; capture of French vessels, soldiers, &c., (in a note) 247
The King's speech to Parliament on French encroachments; convention of Colonies at Albany, and its representatives, a year before war was declared 247
Mr. Bancroft's imputation against the British Government, and reply to it (in a note) 247
Mr. Bancroft represents this war as merely European; refuted by himself; his noble representations
of the Protestant character of the war on the part of Great Britain and other Powers 248
Contests chiefly between the Colonists, the French, and the Indians, from 1648 to 1654; English
soldiers under General Braddock sent to America in 1655; campaigns actual and devised that year;
Massachusetts active; Sir William Johnson's victory over the French General, Dieskau 250
War formally declared by England and France in 1756; French successes in 1755, 1756, and 1757 252
Parliament votes £115,000 sterling to compensate the Colonies for expenses incurred by them 252
Arrival of the Earl of Loudon from England with troops, as Commander-in-Chief 252
Capture of Forts Oswego and William Henry by the French General, Montcalm 253
Dispute between the Earl of Loudon and the Massachusetts Court, in regard to the Mutiny Act,
and quartering the troops upon the citizens 255
Alarming situation of affairs at the close of the year 1757 255
Divided counsels and isolated resources and action of the Colonies 257
General Abercrombie arrives with more troops, and forty German officers to drill and command
regiments to be raised in America (which gave offence to the Colonists) 257
The Governor of Virginia recommends Washington, but his services are not recognized 257
Generals Abercrombie and Loudon at Albany hesitate and delay, while the French generals are active
and successful 258
The Earl of Loudon's arbitrary conduct in quartering his officers and troops in Albany and New York
(in a note) 258
Loudon never fought a battle in America; and in the only battle fought by Abercrombie, he was
disgracefully defeated by Montcalm, though commanding the largest army which had ever been
assembled in America. Among the slain in this battle was the brave General, Lord Howe, the
favourite of the army and citizens 259
The Massachusetts Court appropriate £250 sterling to erect a monument in Westminster Abbey in
honour of Lord Howe 260
Abercrombie—the last of the incompetent English Generals—recalled, and succeeded by
Lord Amherst as Commander-in-Chief, assisted by General Wolfe, when, under the Premiership of
the elder Pitt, the whole policy and fortunes of the war undergo a complete change 260
Colonel Bradstreet's brilliant achievement in taking and destroying Fort Frontenac 261
Lord Amherst plans three expeditions, all of which were successful 261
Louisburg besieged and taken; heroism of General Wolfe; great rejoicings 262
Admiral Boscawen returns to England; Lord Amherst's energetic movements 262
Niagara taken; Fort du Quesne taken, and called Pittsburg; Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken;
Quebec taken 263
Attempt of the French to recover Quebec 266
Parliamentary compensation to Massachusetts (in a note) 267
Montreal besieged and taken, and all Canada surrendered to the King of Great Britain, through Lord
Amherst 267
General Amherst's address to the army (in a note) 268
The war not closed; conquests in the West Indies; troubles with the Indians; reduction of the Cherokees 269
Treaty of Paris; general rejoicings 269
Massachusetts benefited by the war 270
Moneys provided by England for the war abstracted from England and expended in the Colonies 270
Grateful acknowledgments and avowed loyalty to England by Massachusetts; the language and feelings
of the other Colonies the same 271

CHAPTER IX.

Relation of England and the Colonies with each other and with Foreign Countries. 273-279
I. The position of England in respect to the other European Powers after the Peace of Paris, 1763 273
II. The position of the American Colonies, in regard to England and other nations, after the Peace
of Paris in 1763 274
III. Effects of the change of policy by the English Government in regard to the Colonies 277
IV. First acts of the British Government which caused dissatisfaction and alienation in the Colonies 279