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The Minor Horrors of War

Chapter 3: ILLUSTRATIONS
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About This Book

This work surveys the biology and wartime significance of small invertebrates that afflict soldiers and camps, including lice, fleas, bedbugs, flies, moths, mites, ticks and leeches. It explains life cycles, habits, modes of transmission and how these pests spoil food, spread disease, injure skin and undermine unit health. Illustrations and practical advice on prevention, sanitation and control accompany the descriptions, aiming to inform medical officers and lay readers about measures to protect troops and reduce the non-combat causes of illness and discomfort.

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.   PAGE
 

Photograph of enlarged model of the house-fly (Musca domestica)

Frontispiece
1.

Pediculus vestimenti

2
2.

Pediculus vestimenti (dorsal and ventral views)

6
3.

Cimex lectularius (male)

24
4.

Egg of Cimex lectularius

28
5.

Newly hatched young of Cimex lectularius

29
6.

Pulex irritans (female)

36
7.

Larva of Pulex irritans

39
8.

Pupa of flea

41
9.

Ceratophyllus gallinulae (male and female)

44
10.

Ephestia kühniella. Moth-infested biscuit

47
11.

Ephestia kühniella

49
12.

Ephestia kühniella (larva and pupa)

50
13.

Corcyra cephalonica. Moth-infested biscuit

51
14.

Eggs of Musca domestica

59
15.

Eggs of M. domestica

60
16.

Abdomen of female house-fly, showing the extended ovipositor

61
17.

Mature larva of M. domestica

62
18.

‘Nymph’ of M. domestica dissected out of pupal-case about thirty hours after pupation

63
19.

Pupal-case or puparium of M. domestica from which the imago has emerged

64
20.

M. domestica in the act of regurgitating food

65
21.

Foot of a fly, showing hairs bearing bacteria

69
22.

Chart illustrating the relation of the numerical abundance of house-flies to summer diarrhoea in the city of Manchester in 1904

71
23.

Latrine-fly (Fannia scalaris)

75
24.

Larva of F. canicularis

76
25.

Blow-fly or blue-bottle (Calliphora erythrocephala)

77
26.

Green-bottle (Lucilia caesar)

79
27.

Flesh-fly (Sarcophaga carnaria)

80
28.

Side view of blow-fly (Calliphora erythrocephala)

81
29.

Trombidium holosericeum (female)

89
30.

Leptus autumnalis = larva of Trombidium holosericeum

90
31.

Leptus autumnalis, with the so-called proboscis

92
32.

Leptus autumnalis

93
33.

Pediculoides ventricosus (male and female)

96
34.

Demodex in hair-follicle of dog. Demodex folliculorum

98
35.

Sarcoptes scabiei (female)

100
36.

Sarcoptes scabiei (male)

101
37.

One of the legs of Sarcoptes scabiei showing the stalked sucker and the curious ‘cross-gartering.’

102
38.

A diagrammatic view of the tunnel made by the female of Sarcoptes scabiei, with the eggs she has laid behind her as she burrows deeper and deeper

104
39.

A female Sarcoptes scabiei, with four eggs in different stages of development

105
40.

Nephrophages sanguinarius (male and female)

110
41.

Evolution of Argas persicus

113
42.

Ixodes ricinus (mouth-parts of the female)

114
43.

Argas reflexus (female)

115
44.

Ornithodorus moubata (an unfed female)

116
45.

Ornithodorus moubata (female)

117
46.

Ixodes ricinus (male and female)

118
47.

Ixodiphagus caucurtei laying eggs in the nymph of Ixodes ricinus

120
48.

Hirudo medicinalis

124
49.

View of the internal organs of Hirudo medicinalis

126
50.

Head of a leech (Hirudo medicinalis)

130
51.

Hirudo medicinalis

133
52.

Cocoon of the medicinal leech

142
53.

A Nephelis forming its cocoon and withdrawing from it

143
54.

Cocoons of Nephelis

144
55.

A leech-farm in the south of France

145
56.

Glossosiphonia heteroclita, with eggs and emerging embryos

146
57.

Helobdella stagnalis, with adhering young

147
58.

Limnatis nilotica

150
59.

Anterior sucker of Hirudo medicinalis

152
60.

The Japanese variety of Haemadipsa zeylanica

156
61.

Haemadipsa zeylanica (from above)

157
62.

Haemadipsa zeylanica (head)

158
63.

Haemadipsa zeylanica (land-leeches), on the earth

159