CHAPTER I        PAGE

Kurultai held by Ogotai.—Sarai, the Mongol capital.—Patriarchal system of Russia.—Rurik, 862.—Death of Rurik, 879.—Oleg, successor of Rurik.—Askold and Dir.—Oleg takes Kief.—Expedition against Constantinople.—First Russian treaty.—Death of Oleg, 912.—Reign of Igor.—Attacks on the Byzantine Empire, 941, 944.—Murder of Igor, 945.—Olga avenges the murder of her husband.—Reign of Olga.—Succession of Sviatoslav, 957.—Olga receives Christianity.—The Kazars.—Sviatoslav controls Bulgaria.—Kief attacked by Petchenegs.—Death of Olga.—Sviatoslav divides his inheritance.—Second war with Bulgaria.—Murder of Sviatoslav, 972.—Dispute between the sons of Sviatoslav.—Yaropolk becomes master of Russia.—Vladimir takes Polotsk.—Blud betrays Yaropolk.—Vladimir becomes Prince of Kief.—Religion of Russia.—Marriage of Vladimir with Anna, sister of the Greek Emperor.—Death of Vladimir, 1015.—Vladimir’s twelve sons.—Sviatopolk seizes power.—Murder of Boris and Glaib.—Defeat of Sviatopolk.—Sviatopolk seeks assistance in Poland.—Sviatopolk defeated a second time.—Mystislav appears before Kief.—Mystislav takes Novgorod.—Battle of Listven.—Yaroslav enters Kief.—Yaroslav becomes Grand Prince, 1016.—Death of Mystislav, 1035.—Yaroslav frames a code of laws.—Arranges the succession.—Death of Yaroslav the Lawgiver, 1054.—Russia divided between the sons of Yaroslav.—Izyaslav Prince of Kief.—Vseslav the Wizard.—Vseslav imprisoned by Izyaslav.—Polovtsi cross the boundary of Pereyaslavl, 1055.—Peace made by the Polovtsi.—Polovtsi defeat the Russian princes.—Kief dissatisfied with Izyaslav.—Kief reënstates Izyaslav.—Izyaslav driven from Kief a second time.—Sviatoslav becomes Grand Prince.—Izyaslav’s son visits Rome.—Polish king asks Pope Gregory to assist Izyaslav.—Monomach and Glaib.—Polovtsi warriors employed for the first time.—Death of Sviatoslav, 1076.—Death of Glaib.—Polovtsi led in by Oleg and Boris.—Izyaslav, Yaropolk and Monomach march against Oleg.—Death of Boris.—Death of Izyaslav.—Vsevolod becomes Grand Prince, 1078.—Volodar and Vassilko.—Chernigoff given to Monomach.—Polovtsi army sent against Vsevolod.—Death of Roman, 1079.—Trouble in Volynia.—Traffic with Tsargrad.—Flight of Yaropolk.—Surrender of Lutsk.—David, son of Igor, rules Volynia.—Galitch seized from the King of Poland.—Death of Yaropolk, 1086        1

CHAPTER II

Death of Vsevolod, 1093.—Sviatopolk, Prince of Kief.—Conflict between Sviatopolk and the Polovtsi.—Defeat of Sviatopolk.—Polovtsi [x]attack Kief.—Polovtsi army led in by Oleg.—Siege of Chernigoff.—Oleg master of Chernigoff.—Polovtsi Khans visit Pereyaslavl to sell peace, both are killed.—Advance of Oleg against Murom.—Itlar and Kitan, Polovtsi Khans, come to Pereyaslavl, 1095.—Death of Izyaslav.—Murom receives Oleg.—Mystislav seizes Oleg’s officials.—Mystislav pursues Oleg.—Defeat of Oleg.—Princes of Russia meet at Lubetch, 1097.—David suspicious of Monomach and Vassilko.—David explains the plot to Sviatopolk.—Capture of Vassilko.—David blinds Vassilko.—Volodar attacks David.—Vassilko seeks revenge.—Sviatopolk lays siege to Vladimir.—Yaroslav goes to Hungary to find aid for Vassilko.—Koloman of Hungary lays siege to Premysl.—Mystislav defends Vladimir.—Death of Mystislav.—Vladimir men defeat David.—The Russian princes meet at Vititchevo, 1100.—Monomach acts against steppe tribes.—Defeat of the Polovtsi.—Expeditions against the Polovtsi, 1110 and 1111.—Death of Sviatopolk, 1113.—Monomach becomes Prince of Kief, 1113.—Monomach marches against Minsk, 1116.—Trouble in Volynia.—Monomach expels Yaroslav, and seats Roman in Volynia.—Death of Roman.—Andrei, Roman’s successor.—Kidnapping of Volodar.—Efforts of Vassilko to free his brother.—Yaroslav, with Cheks, Poles and Hungarians, attacks Vladimir, 1123.—Death of Yaroslav, 1123.—Death of Monomach, 1125.—Mystislav succeeds Vladimir Monomach, 1125.—Yaroslav, son of Monomach, founds the principality of Ryazan.—Mystislav frees himself of the Polovtsi princes.—Yaroslav successor of Oleg of Chernigoff.—Vsevolod opposes his uncle.—Yaroslav withdraws to Ryazan.—Death of Mystislav, 1132.—Yaropolk successor of Mystislav, his brother.—Mystislav’s sons rise against their uncle.—Vsevolod receives Pereyaslavl from Mystislav.—Yuri Dolgoruki expels Vsevolod.—Pskoff resolves to declare its independence.—Sviatoslav sent to attack Pskoff.—Yuri Dolgoruki receives Gorodok.—Vsevolod seizes Chernigoff.—Death of Yaropolk.—Vyacheslav successor of Yaropolk, 1150.—Vyacheslav drives Vsevolod from Kief.—Position of Monomach’s descendants.—Vsevolod attacks his enemies separately.—Yuri seizes Torjok        33

CHAPTER III

Death of Andrei.—Vyacheslav takes Pereyaslavl.—Vsevolod calls a council.—Siege of Pereyaslavl by dissatisfied heirs.—Defeat of the besiegers.—Vsevolod asks aid of Sviatosha.—Izyaslav obtains Pereyaslavl.—Visit of Izyaslav to Yuri in Suzdal.—Position of the descendants of Monomach and Oleg.—Death of Volodar and Vassilko, 1124.—Quarrel between Vsevolod and Vladimirko.—Vladimirko calls in Hungarians, 1127.—Vladimirko’s enemies grow defiant.—Siege of Galitch.—Triumph of Vladimirko.—Vsevolod enters Galitch (1146).—Position of Novgorod.—Vsevolod declares Igor his successor, 1145.—Death of Vsevolod, 1146.—Igor remains with the army and sends Sviatoslav to Kief.—Defeat of Igor.—Capture of Sviatoslav.—Izyaslav enters Kief.—Power returns to Monomach’s descendants.—Flight of Sviatoslav to Chernigoff.—Sviatoslav asks aid of Yuri.—Effort of the sons of David to crush Sviatoslav.—Rostislav of Murom attacks Yuri’s country.—The sons of David move on Putivl.—Flight of Sviatoslav.—Sons of David resolve to kill Sviatoslav.—Sviatoslav reaches the forests of Vyatichi.—Izyaslav leaves his sister’s son in Chernigoff.—Yuri of Suzdal sends aid to Sviatoslav.—Death of Ivan, son of Yuri.—Yuri invites Sviatoslav [xi]to meet him in Moskva (Moscow), 1146.—The name Moscow appears for the first time in history, 1146.—Izyaslav addresses his boyars.—Izyaslav sends envoys to the sons of David.—Murder of Igor.—Glaib seizes Kursk.—Struggle of Chernigoff princes against Izyaslav.—Rostislav deceives the Kief people.—Novgorod assembles forces to march against Yuri.—Izyaslav sends envoys to Sviatoslav.—Sviatoslav consults with Yuri.—Yuri marches to Pereyaslavl.—Yuri sends a message to Izyaslav.—The bishop begs Izyaslav to make peace.—Defeat and flight of Izyaslav.—Izyaslav sends to Poland for aid.—Message of Izyaslav to Vyatcheslav.—Vyatcheslav begs Yuri to make peace.—Yuri invests Lutsk.—Yuri makes peace.—Izyaslav obtains aid from the Polovtsi.—Vyatcheslav and Izyaslav rule Kief.—Yuri approaches Kief.—Flight of Vyatcheslav and Izyaslav.—Izyaslav asks aid of the King of Hungary.—Vladimirko lavishes gold on the Hungarians and they withdraw.—Escape of Boris.—Kief welcomes Izyaslav.—Triumph of Vyatcheslav.—Contest between Vyatcheslav and Yuri.—Yuri attacks Vyatcheslav.—Defeat of Yuri.—Yuri takes oath not to attack Kief while it is held by Izyaslav and his uncle.—Return of Yuri to Suzdal.—Yuri brings Polovtsi legions to besiege Chernigoff.—Defeat of Yuri.—Triumph of Izyaslav and his uncle        58

CHAPTER IV

Izyaslav and the King of Hungary attack Vladimirko, 1151.—Escape of Vladimirko.—Vladimirko declares that he is dying and begs for peace.—Izyaslav yields.—Vladimirko sends troops to help Yuri.—Refusal of Vladimirko to fulfil promises.—Death of Vladimirko.—Yaroslav successor of Vladimirko.—Battle at Terebovl.—Defeat of Izyaslav.—Death of Izyaslav, 1154.—Rostislav succeeds his brother.—Attack on Pereyaslavl.—Death of Vyatcheslav.—Defeat of Rostislav.—Kief men call Izyaslav to the throne.—Peace between Yuri and Rostislav.—Yuri meets an old friend.—Yuri enters Kief, 1155.—Disaffection of Kief.—Death of Yuri, 1157.—Andrei carries the miraculous image to Vladimir.—Founding of Bogolyuboff.—Mystislav successor of Yuri.—Andrei marches against Mystislav, 1169.—Destruction of Kief.—Andrei adorns Vladimir.—History of Vladimir.—Suzdal and Rostoff jealous of Vladimir.—Enemies of Andrei.—Methods of Andrei.—Pride of Novgorod.—Andrei attacks Bulgar.—Triumph of Andrei.—Friendship of the Greek Emperor and the Patriarch.—Andrei calls a council.—Asks the Patriarch to give Vladimir a metropolitan.—Refusal of the Patriarch.—Marriage of Andrei.—Youth of Andrei.—Murder and burial of Andrei, 1174.—Fear of the boyars.—Execution of the murderers.—Andrei’s two nephews chosen to succeed him.—Sviatoslav of Chernigoff displeased; insists that the brothers of Andrei shall be associated with the nephews.—Boyars masters in Vladimir.—Vladimir men send for Mihalko and Vsevolod, and install them, 1176        88

CHAPTER V

Death of Mihalko, 1176.—Men of Vladimir kiss the cross to Vsevolod.—Vsevolod gives Rostoff to Mystislav.—Mystislav invades Vladimir.—Battle near Yurieff.—Flight of Mystislav.—Triumph of Vsevolod.—Burning of Moscow.—Attack on Vladimir.—Seizure of Bogolyuboff by Glaib.—Defeat of Mystislav and the Polovtsi.—Decision regarding prisoners.—Blinding of Yaropolk and Mystislav.—Refusal of Glaib to receive freedom with conditions.—Death of [xii]Glaib.—Importance of Vladimir as a capital.—Activity of the Prince of Vladimir in Novgorod affairs.—Defense of Novgorod against pagans.—Attempt of Mystislav to punish Polovtsi.—Death of Mystislav.—Flight of Roman to the steppes.—Submission of Ryazan.—Choice of Vladimir as Prince of Novgorod.—Imprisonment of Glaib.—Efforts of Sviatoslav to liberate his son.—Retreat of Sviatoslav.—Preparations of Rurik to seize Kief.—Asks aid of Yaroslav Eight Minds.—March of Yaroslav and Igor from Chernigoff.—Allies from Lithuania.—Desire of Smolensk to force battle.—Attack of the Prince of Vladimir on Nova-Torg.—Peace is made.—Defeat of Mohammedans.—Death of Izyaslav, son of Glaib.—Party struggles in Novgorod.—Trouble in Ryazan.—Address of Big Nest to Ryazan people.—Pronsk princes ask for assistance.—Retreat from Kolomna.—Surrender of Pronsk.—Deceitful submission of Roman.—Attack on Kolomna by the Prince of Vladimir.—Peace made with Ryazan.—Accusations against Porfiri, the Chernigoff bishop.—Sviatoslav invites all princes to join him in an expedition against the Polovtsi.—A great victory.—Eight Minds, Prince of Galitch.—Triumph of Sviatoslav.—March of Igor against the Polovtsi.—Defeat of Igor.—Death of Glaib        111

CHAPTER VI

Death of Vladimir of Pereyaslavl.—Inheritance of Pereyaslavl by the Prince of Vladimir.—Onrush of Polovtsi.—Grief of Igor.—Escape of Igor from imprisonment among Polovtsi.—Polovtsi raids.—Decline of Kief.—Influence of the Latins.—Death of Yaroslav Eight Minds, 1187.—Anastasia, mistress of Eight Minds.—Bond between Galitch and Hungary.—Vladimir, son of Eight Minds.—Marriage of Vladimir.—Flight of Vladimir and his family.—Reception of Vladimir by Bela III.—Seizure of Vladimir’s property by Roman.—Assistance given Roman by Rurik of Smolensk.—Honor given King Bela in Galitch.—Bela takes the title Rex Galiciæ.—Andrei, son of Bela, made king in Galitch.—Position of Andrei in Galitch.—Rostislav invited to the throne of Galitch.—Battle outside the capital.—Death of Rostislav.—Church trouble in Galitch.—Dispute between Rurik and Sviatoslav.—Plans of the Kief prince.—Escape of Vladimir of Galitch from imprisonment in Hungary.—Vladimir begs aid of Barbarossa.—Barbarossa commands Kazimir of Poland to assist Vladimir.—Vladimir enters Galitch with a Polish army.—Flight of Andrei.—Decision of Chernigoff princes that war alone can settle boundaries.—Death of Sviatoslav, 1194.—Rurik, Prince of Kief.—Roman, son-in-law of Rurik.—Rurik feels the policy of Big Nest.—Feast giving between Rurik and David.—Trouble between Rurik and Big Nest.—Appeal to Nikifor, the metropolitan.—Roman reproaches Rurik.—Roman seeks aid in Cracow.—Roman assists the Poles.—Defeat of Roman.—Message from Big Nest and Rurik to the descendants of Oleg.—Big Nest promises to march against Chernigoff.—Victory of Chernigoff.—Rurik reproaches Big Nest.—Rurik marches on Chernigoff.—Death of Vsevolod Buitur.—Message of Rurik to the Galitch prince.—Council of Ryazan princes.—Demand of Big Nest that Yaropolk should leave Novgorod.—Rurik reproaches Big Nest.—Indifference of Big Nest.—Death of Rostislav, 1198.—Death of Vladimir, son of Eight Minds.—Struggle between Bela of Hungary and Roman.—Rule of Roman in Galitch.—Ingvar is seated on the Kief throne.—Chermny and Rurik bring Polovtsi against Kief, 1204.—Capture of Kief.—Rurik [xiii]again prince in Kief, 1205.—Campaign against Polovtsi.—Rurik becomes a monk.—Rostislav prince in Kief.—Meeting in Kief of the ruling princes.—Occupation of Lublin        133

CHAPTER VII

Death of Roman, 1205.—Rurik, the monk, again prince in Kief.—Quarrels in Galitch.—Escape of Roman’s widow and children.—Desire of Andrei to establish Daniel in Galitch, 1206.—Chermny leads troops into Galitch.—Trouble with Galitch boyars.—Recall of Andrei.—Satisfaction of Chermny.—Desire of the boyars to get possession of Volynia.—Aid asked of Leshko by Roman’s widow, 1211.—Disorder in Galitch and Volynia.—Trouble in Kief.—Rule of Chermny in the Kief country, 1207.—Vassilko and Daniel.—Desire of Alexander Bailski to rule in Volynia.—Ingvar claims Volynia.—Vassilko receives Brest.—Quarrels of the sons of Igor.—Big Nest marches against Chermny.—Quarrel of Big Nest and son.—Big Nest moves on Ryazan.—Ryazan men beg for peace.—Crossing of the Oká.—Return of the army to Vladimir, November, 1207.—Big Nest sends Yaroslav, his son, to Ryazan as prince, 1208.—Intrigue of Glaib.—Burning of Ryazan and Bailgorod.—Disorder increases in Galitch.—Expulsion of the sons of Igor.—Coming of Benedict Bor.—Escape of Benedict Bor.—Volodislav, a boyar, promises Galitch to Andrei of Hungary.—Reception of Daniel by Galitch.—Triumph of Daniel.—Parting of Daniel and his mother.—Establishment in Galitch of Roman’s widow.—Torture and exile of Volodislav.—Triumph of Mystislav.—Return of Volodislav.—Rule of Volodislav in Galitch.—Andrei of Hungary and his queen.—History of Benedict Bor.—Volynia rises against Volodislav.—Defeat of Volodislav.—The young King and Queen of Galitch.—Volodislav dies in prison.—Latin priesthood brought into Galitch, 1214.—Dispute between Novgorod and Big Nest.—Mystislav the Gallant, son of Mystislav the Brave.—Appearance of Mystislav in Novgorod.—Success of Mystislav the Gallant.—Trouble between Big Nest and his son.—Death of Big Nest, 1212.—Mystislav the Gallant assists Kief.—Flight of Chermny.—Death of Chermny, father of Michael the Martyr        161

CHAPTER VIII

Triumph of Mystislav the Gallant.—Superiority of Mystislav over Russian princes.—Marriage of Daniel, Roman’s son.—Success of Daniel.—Perilous position of Daniel.—Endurance of Daniel.—Yaroslav Prince of Novgorod.—Misfortunes of Novgorod.—Appearance of Mystislav the Gallant in Novgorod.—War between Novgorod and Vladimir.—Reinstatement of Constantine by Mystislav, 1215.—Battle of Lipetsk.—Departure of Yuri.—Death of Vassili, son of Mystislav the Gallant.—Installation of Latin priests in Galitch.—Decision of Russian princes to regain Galitch.—Battles fought by Daniel.—Reign of Koloman and Silomeya in Galitch.—Management of Sudislav “the traitor.”—Hurried preparations to defend Galitch.—Seizure of towns and cities by Leshko of Poland.—Defeat of the Poles.—Storming of Galitch by Mystislav.—Conspiracies in Galitch and Volynia.—Success of Daniel, son of Roman.—Troubles in Novgorod, way to the sea cut off by Fins.—Troubles among Lithuanian tribes        185 [xiv]

CHAPTER IX

The Baltic coast.—Kors and Livs.—Merchants of the 12th century.—Visit of Meinhardt to Polotsk, 1186–7.—Attack of Kors and Livs on the Germans.—Founding of Holm or Kirchholm.—Conversion of pagan tribes.—Death of Meinhardt, 1196.—Victory of the Germans.—Reëstablishment of the Livonian Church.—Decision of Rome.—Albert von Apeldern Bukshevden.—Building of a fortress.—Founding of the city of Riga.—Dispute between Albert, Bishop of Livonia, and the Order.—Seizure of Polotsk territory.—Embassy sent by the bishop to Vladimir.—Preparations of Riga for defense.—Embassy from Riga.—Message sent by the abbot to the envoys of the prince.—Attack on Holm by Ako.—Defeat of Ako.—Campaign of Vladimir against Riga.—Negotiations between the bishop and Vladimir.—Dissatisfaction of the people subject to Riga.—Crossing of the Dvina.—Complaints of the bishop against Pskoff and Novgorod.—Refusal of Pskoff and Novgorod to make a treaty with Riga.—Meeting of the archbishop and Vladimir.—Prince of Polotsk.—Return of Mystislav the Gallant to Novgorod, 1214.—Defeat of the knights of Riga.—Cruelties of the knights.—Fate of Kors and Livs.—Trouble in Lithuania from Prussian refugees.—Esthonia.—Expedition of Yaroslav against Riga.—Prince Vyachko of Kuikenos.—Siege of Yurieff.—Burning of Yurieff by its defenders.—Capture of Yurieff.—Quarrels between Pskoff and Novgorod.—Occupation of Pereyaslavl.—Radical changes in Russia.—Battle on the Kalka, 1224.—Defeat of the Russians.—Accusations against Daniel.—Death of Mystislav, 1228        206

CHAPTER X

Vladimir, son of Rurik, prince in Kief.—Trouble over the Kief principality.—Michael of Chernigoff.—War throughout Galitch and Volynia, from 1230 to 1240.—Escape of Daniel.—Defeat of Michael.—Constant dissensions in Russia.—Intriguing of Galitch boyars.—Plot against Daniel.—Riots in Galitch.—Capture of Peremysl.—Shifting fortune of Daniel.—Schemes of Bailski.—Yaroslav, son of Big Nest, Prince of Kief, 1237.—Capture of Kief by Michael of Chernigoff.—Desertion of Kief in 1239.—Ruin of Pereyaslavl by the Mongols.—Triumph of Daniel.—Mongol tempest.—Attack on Trans-Volga regions by Mongols.—Batu, grandson of Jinghis Khan.—Advance on Ryazan by Mongols.—Terror in Russia.—Resistance of Ryazan.—Capture of Ryazan, and slaughter of the population.—Fury of Kolovrat.—Attack on Vladimir.—Burning of Kolomna.—Burning of Moscow.—Capture of Vladimir, 1238.—Slaughter and destruction.—Struggle on the Siti.—Victory of the Mongols.—Burning of Torjok, Tver and Yaroslavl.—Advance upon Kief, 1240.—Flight of Michael from the capital.—Campaign of Batu against Kief.—Defense of Kief.—Capture of Kief, and slaughter of the inhabitants.—Capture of Ladyjin.—Assault on Volynia.—Destruction of Brest.—Mongols in Poland, 1240.—March on Galitch.—Flight of Boleslav of Cracow, 1241.—March of the Mongols on Breslau.—Advance to frontiers of Bohemia and Austria.—Demand of Batu that King Bela yield obedience.—March of Hungarian army to meet the Mongols.—Death of Ogotai.—Terror brought on Europe by Batu.—Mongol law.—Mongol ceremonies.—Cruelty of Batu.—Questions regarding the Latin religion.—Daniel crowned, 1253.—Daniel summoned to the Horde.—Reception of Daniel by the Horde.—Promises of the papal legate        225 [xv]

CHAPTER XI

Despair of Michael of Chernigoff, 1245.—Youth of Michael.—Return of Michael to the ruins of Chernigoff.—Preparations to visit the Horde.—Arrival at Sarai.—Refusal of Michael to comply with Mongol demands.—Decision of Michael.—Execution of Michael        254

CHAPTER XII

Yaroslav prince in Vladimir.—Return of Yaroslav to Vladimir.—Survival of Novgorod.—Victory of Alexander on the Neva, 1240.—Indecision of Novgorod.—Attack of towns on the Klyazma.—Return of Constantine from Mongolia, 1245.—Misfortune of Yaroslav.—Journey through Central Asia.—The Mongol capital.—Death of Yaroslav.—Burial of Yaroslav.—The Mongol yoke.—Alexander Nevski.—Marriage of Alexander.—Campaign against the Chuds and Lithuanians.—Success of Nevski.—Insolence of the Livonian knights.—Swedish ships in the Neva.—Closing of the way to the Baltic.—Trouble between Novgorod and Vladimir.—Capture of Izborsk, Yurieff and Pskoff by the Livonian knights.—Arrival of Nevski by Pskoff.—Fame of Nevski.—Raids of the Lithuanians.—Flight of the Grand Master of the Livonian Order.—Reception of Nevski by Pskoff.—Fame of Nevski.—Raids of the Lithuanians.—Visit of Nevski to the Horde.—Return of Nevski to Novgorod.—Rejection of old rules.—Confusion and disorder in all parts of Russia.—Questions regarding succession of princes under Mongol rule.—Embassy from Rome to convert Nevski.—Plano Karpini.—Letter of the Pope to Nevski.—Rule of Sartak, son of Batu.—Death of Batu.—Difficulties attending a visit to the Horde.—Dispute between Sviatoslav and his nephew, Andrei.—Visit of Andrei to the Horde.—Inability of Nevski to act against the Mongols.—Death of Sviatoslav.—Visit of Alexander to the Horde.—Punishment given Vladimir by the Mongols.—Flight of Andrei and Yaroslav.—Victory of the Mongols.—Escape of Andrei to Riga.—Return of Nevski to Vladimir.—Rules of Nevski in Vladimir, 1252.—Murder of Sartak.—Seizure of the Mongol throne by Berkai.—Visit of the Russian princes to Sarai        260

CHAPTER XIII

“Lord Novgorod.”—Novgorod “liberties.”—Insolence and unrest of Novgorod.—Disgrace of Yaroslav.—Excitement in Novgorod.—Riot in Novgorod.—Persistence of Nevski.—Nevski’s message to the city of Novgorod.—Attack of Germans on Novgorod borders.—Attack of the Swedes.—Campaign of Nevski against Fins and Lapps.—Establishment of the Finnish boundary.—Demands of the Mongols.—Taking of the census.—Appearance in Ryazan of officials from the Horde.—Opposition to the census.—Trouble in Novgorod over the census.—Murder of Mihalko.—March of Nevski to Novgorod.—Message of Nevski to Pskoff.—Threats of the Mongols.—Rescue of Novgorod by Nevski.—Taking of the census in Vladimir.—Birth of Nevski’s youngest son, Daniel, 1261.—Uprisings against tax collectors.—Advance of the Knights of Livonia on Pskoff.—Visit of Nevski to the Horde.—Dissatisfaction at the Horde.—Death of Nevski, 1263.—Inheritance of Daniel of Moscow.—Increase in the importance of Moscow.—Founding of Moscow.—Government of Vladimir principality.—Life of Daniel.—Population and growth of Moscow.—Death of Andrei, Nevski’s brother, 1304.—Struggle between Yuri and Michael of Tver, 1308.—Struggle of Yuri [xvi]and Michael to incline Novgorod to their side.—Maxim the metropolitan.—Visit of Yuri to the Horde.—Visit of Michael of Tver to the Horde.—Defeat of Akinfi, a Moscow boyar.—Return of Michael from the Horde.—Campaign against Moscow.—Complaints at the Horde of Michael against Yuri.—Failure of Michael of Tver to take Moscow.—Death of Tokhta, the Khan, 1312.—Succession of Uzbek.—Visit of Russian princes to Sarai.—Conversion of Uzbek to Islam.—Journey of Yuri to the Horde.—Kavgady, a Mongol magnate.—Marriage of Yuri to Konchaka, sister of the Khan.—Expulsion of Michael’s officials from Novgorod.—An unfortunate expedition.—News of the approach of Yuri with a large army.—Increase of defenses in Tver.—Indecision of Michael’s allies.—Collection of tribute.—Accuracy of Michael in regard to tribute.—Burning of towns by Yuri’s army.—Meeting of forces, December 22, 1317.—Defeat of Yuri.—Capture of Konchaka, Yuri’s wife.—Delight of the victors.—Attempt of Yuri to cross the Volga with a new army.—Death of Konchaka, and trouble for Michael.—Visit of Michael to Sarai.—Arrival of Michael at Sarai.—Trial of Michael.—Judgment of the princes of the Horde.—Sentence of Michael.—New trial by order of the Khan, and a new sentence.—Kang put on Michael.—Mongol hunting party.—Journey of twenty-five days’ duration.—Execution of Michael        279

CHAPTER XIV

Return of Yuri with Khan’s patent.—Death of Boris, Yuri’s brother.—Gift of land by Yuri to his brother Ivan.—Visit of Ivan of Moscow to the Horde, 1320.—Marriage of princes.—Quarrel of Yuri with Ryazan.—Subjection of minor princes.—Visit of Dmitri of Tver to the Horde.—Explanation given Uzbek by Dmitri regarding Yuri’s calumniation of his father.—Yuri summoned to Sarai.—Defeat of the Swedes by Yuri.—Hesitation of Yuri to visit the Horde.—Visit of Dmitri to the Horde.—Murder of Yuri by Dmitri.—Execution of Dmitri, 1326.—Cholkhan sent to Tver by Uzbek, 1327.—Riot in Tver; killing of Mongols.—Anger of Uzbek.—Bloodshed throughout all Vladimir, 1328.—Flight of Alexander to Novgorod.—March of the Khan toward Moscow.—Embassy sent to Uzbek.—Terror throughout Russia.—Reception of Ivan by Uzbek.—Return of Ivan, 1332.—Demand of the Khan that Alexander should be sent to him.—Search for Alexander.—Refusal of Alexander to visit the Horde.—Return of Alexander to Pskoff.—Moscow the real capital of Russia.—Rule of Ivan.—Position of Ivan.—Seizure of Torjok by Ivan to force obedience of Novgorod.—Quarrels of Novgorod with Ivan.—Friendship of Novgorod and Lithuania.—Rule of Gedimin’s son in Novgorod.—Ivan Grand Prince of all Russia.—Friendship of Uzbek.—Growth Of Moscow.—Visit of Alexander to Sarai.—Astonishment of Uzbek.—Return of Alexander to Russia.—Quarrels with Moscow.—Disorder in Novgorod.—Alexander summoned to Sarai.—Trial of Alexander.—Execution of Alexander and his son.—Death of Ivan Kalitá, 1340.—Death of Gedimin and Uzbek, 1340.—Account of Gedimin’s dynasty.—Account of Mindog’s activity.—Reign of Trenyat in Lithuania.—Securing of power by Voishelk.—Viten, Dovmont and Gedimin.—Message from Bishop of Riga to the Pope, 1323.—Arrival of envoys to baptize and crown Gedimin.—Refusal of Gedimin.—Liberty declared to the Orthodox Church.—Beginning of war by the Livonian Knights.—Death of Gedimin.—Cremation of Gedimin at Vilna.—“Pagan hunts” of the knights, 1336.—Rule of Olgerd.—Description of Olgerd        308 [xvii]

CHAPTER XV

Increase of Lithuania, 1340.—Simeon successor of Ivan of Moscow.—Complaint of Simeon against Novgorod.—Outbreak in Torjok.—March of Simeon to Torjok.—Reign of Simeon.—Trouble in Riga territory.—Pskoff regions plundered by Olgerd.—Attack planned by Olgerd against Simeon.—Envoys sent to Chanibek by Simeon.—Seizure of Lithuanian envoys by Chanibek.—Victory of the Germans over Olgerd.—Olgerd’s desire for peace.—Marriage of Simeon.—Baptism of Olgerd.—Marriage of Olgerd and Julianna.—Peace in Tver.—Quarrels in Ryazan.—Attack of Simeon against Olgerd.—Death of Simeon by plague, 1353.—Death of Feognost, 1356.—Succession of Ivan, son of Ivan Kalitá.—Alexis successor of Feognost.—Struggle of Constantine of Suzdal to obtain the Grand Principality.—Trouble in Ryazan.—Ivan’s lieutenant imprisoned.—Mamat Hodja sent by the Horde to settle boundaries between Ryazan and Moscow.—Assassination of Mamat.—Intention of Olgerd to master all Russia.—Claims of Olgerd.—Influence of Olgerd in Tver.—Preference of Novgorod for Roman, Olgerd’s metropolitan.—Tradition concerning the days of Ivan.—Death of Chanibek, 1358.—Accession of Berdibek.—Death of Ivan the Mild, 1359.—Death of Berdibek, successor of Chanibek.—Successor of Kulpa followed by Navrus.—Appearance of Mamai, and division of the Horde.—Disturbance in Russia.—Abdul Khan on the right bank of the Volga, Murat on the east.—Great enmity of the two Hordes.—Dmitri of Moscow Grand Prince of all Russia.—Position in Moscow when Dmitri began to reign.—Jealousy of Abdul, the Khan, for Dmitri; trouble arising thereby.—Moscow takes possession of Bailozero, 1363.—Success of Dmitri.—Nizni patent obtained by Boris.—Boris summoned to Moscow.—March of Dmitri against Nizni.—Olgerd the great enemy of Moscow.—Condition in Tver.—Yeremi sets aside his oath to Tver, 1367.—Visit of Michael to Ryazan and Moscow.—Dmitri of Moscow.—Detention of Michael.—Reprimand from Mongol envoys.—Liberation of Michael.—Attack of Olgerd on Moscow, 1368.—Retreat of Olgerd.—Peace between Moscow and Tver.—Threats of Olgerd against Dmitri.—Campaign of Tver and Lithuania against Moscow, 1370        336

CHAPTER XVI

Visit of Michael to the Horde, 1371.—Cost of Mamai’s good-will.—Desire of Dmitri to make war on the Mongols.—Discouragement in Moscow.—Decision of Dmitri to visit the Horde.—Reception of Dmitri at Sarai.—Moscow joined by Novgorod.—War between Moscow and Tver.—March of Oleg against Moscow.—Battle of Skornistchevo.—Defeat of Oleg.—Abakumovitch of Torjok.—Suffering of Torjok from Mongols.—Defeat of Olgerd.—Threats of the Mongols.—War made on Moscow by Mamai.—Waiting for the Mongols, 1373.—Devotion of the people.—Appointment of Michael as Grand Prince.—Michael breaks his oath to Moscow.—March of Dmitri against Tver.—Defeat of Tver.—Peace with severe terms.—End of war between Tver and Moscow, 1375.—Death of Olgerd, 1377.—Murder of Keistut by his nephew Yagello.—Attack of Mongols on Nizni Novgorod.—Killing of Saraiko, the Mongol envoy, and his suite.—Nizni territories doomed to fire and sword.—Advance of Dmitri to the Oká.—Appearance beyond the Sura of Arabshah, a Mongol prince, 1377.—Nizni’s request for aid from Moscow.—Russian troops surprised and destroyed by Mongols.—Death of Prince [xviii]Ivan.—Attack on Ryazan by Mongols.—Moscow men cut down for aiding Mongols.—Anger of Mamai.—Mustering of Mongol forces, 1378.—Mongols cross the Voja August, 1378.—Victory of Dmitri.—Execution of Ivan Velyaminoff, the first man put to death publicly in Moscow, August 30, 1379.—Great work of the metropolitan Alexis.—Church troubles in Moscow.—Mityai given the highest church office by Dmitri.—Anger of Cyprian.—Imprisonment of Cyprian.—Quarrel between Mityai and Dionisi.—Mityai starts for Tsargrad, 1379.—Death of Mityai.—Deceit of Pimen.—Confirmation of Pimen as metropolitan.—Refusal of Dmitri to receive Pimen.—Sending of Dionisi to Tsargrad to secure the expulsion of Pimen.—Death of Dionisi.—Mamai rouses the Mongols to destroy Russia.—Mustering of forces by Dmitri, 1379.—Boasting of Mamai.—Correspondence of Oleg of Tver with Yagello of Poland.—March of Vagello to join Mamai, 1380.—Distribution of Dmitri’s army.—Address of Dmitri to his officers.—Examination of the battle ground by Bobrok and Dmitri.—Description of Kulikovo.—Eagerness for action.—Beginning of the great battle.—Enormous victory of Russia on the field of Kulikovo        358

CHAPTER XVII

Fresh troops assembled by Mamai.—Tohtamish declared heir of Batu.—Slaughter among Mongols.—Demand from Tohtamish that all the Russian princes should come to Sarai.—Indignation in Russia.—Confidence of Dmitri in his own strength.—Treachery of Oleg.—Approach of Tohtamish’s troops.—Disorder in Moscow.—Appearance of Ostei in the capital.—Retreat of the Mongols.—Rebuilding of Moscow by Dmitri.—Sending of Vassili to do homage at the Horde.—Declaration of Tohtamish.—Death of the Nizni prince.—Revenge of Oleg of Ryazan.—Seizure of Kolomna.—Vladimir the Brave.—Peace made between Oleg and Dmitri.—Return of Dmitri’s son from the Horde.—Troubles of Dmitri regarding succession.—Self-sacrifice of Vladimir the Brave.—Death of Dmitri.—Succession of Vassili.—Visit of Vassili to the Horde.—Marriage of Vassili.—Tamerlane, the world-shaking Mongol.—Trouble between Tamerlane and Tohtamish.—Attack of Tohtamish on regions belonging to Tamerlane, 1392.—Army of Tohtamish.—Escape of Tohtamish.—Attack of Tamerlane on Tohtamish.—Fortunate aid of Nur ed din.—Flight of Tohtamish.—Vassili of Moscow leads an army to the Oká to confront Tamerlane.—Withdrawal of Tamerlane.—Storming of Astrachan.—Plans of Vitold to rule the Golden Horde.—Great army assembled to move on the Mongols.—Battle of August 5, 1399.—Triumph of Kutlui. Defeat of Vitold.—Trouble in Smolensk.—War between Lithuania and Smolensk.—Welcome of Yuri in Novgorod.—Attack of Vitold on Pskoff.—Disorder in the Horde.—Installation of Bulat Bey, Kutlin’s son.—Edigai’s march on Moscow, 1408.—Capture of Pereyaslavl, Rostoff and Nizni.—Eligai recalled by Bulat.—Unwillingness of Vassili to pay tribute to the Mongols.—Installation of Jelal ed din as Khan.—Assassination of Jelal ed din.—Dispute between the Teutonic Order and Yagello.—Konrad von Jungingen, 1393–1407.—Battle of Tannenberg.—Defeat of the Order.—Meeting of Yagello, Vitold and Russian boyars at Horodlo, 1413.—Predominance of Poles in upper circles of Russia.—Death of Cyprian, 1406.—Synod assembled by Vitold, 1416.—Territory of Vitold.—Meeting of sovereigns brought about by Vitold, at Lutsk, 1429.—Opposition of Olesnitski.—Assembly at Vilna, 1430.—Disappointment [xix]of Vitold.—Death of Vitold, 1430.—Death of Vassili, 1424.—Visit of Yuri to the Crimea.—War between Mongol Khans.—Trouble caused by an heirloom.—Vassili defeated by Yuri, his rival for the throne of Moscow.—Refusal of Moscow boyars to serve Yuri.—Return of Vassili to power.—The Vyatka, a Novgorod colony        392

CHAPTER XVIII

Death of Foti, 1431.—Succession of Iona.—Church divisions and troubles.—Union of Churches.—Mohammed expelled from the Horde by Kutchuk.—Mongol troops sent against Russia, 1445.—March of Vassili to meet the enemy.—Defeat of Vassili. Seizure of his person.—Return of Vassili to Moscow, 1445.—Plot of Ivan against Vassili.—Capture of Vassili by Ivan.—Blinding of Vassili.—Shemyaká reigns in Moscow.—Shemyaká frees Vassili.—Defeat of Shemyaká.—Surrender of Galitch to Vassili, 1450.—Death of Shemyaká, 1453.—Influence of Vassili over Tver and Ryazan.—Campaign of Vassili against Novgorod.—Death of Vassili, 1462.—Influence of Poland.—The Poles plan to seize Podolia and Volynia.—Stratagem of Polish knights.—Imprisonment of Polish envoys by Svidrigello.—Polish king leads an army into Volynia, 1431.—Sacking of Vladimir by Poles.—Olesnitski the chancellor.—Lithuania acknowledges Sigismund.—Crowning of Sigismund.—Death of Yagello.—Vladislav successor of Yagello.—Agreement of Sigismund with Kief and Volynia.—Victory of Sigismund.—Diet summoned by Sigismund.—Murder of Skobeiko.—Kazimir made prince.—Entrance of Kazimir into Vilna.—Crowning of Kazimir.—Peace between Michael and Kazimir.—Poles seek to turn Lithuania and Russia into Polish provinces.—Death of Svidrigello, 1415.—Peace of Thorn, 1466.—Alexander receives Kief regions from Vassili of Moscow.—Death of Alexander, 1455.—Simeon rules in Kief till 1471.—Succession of Michael.—Plot to assassinate King Kazimir.—Execution of Alexander’s son, Michael, 1482.—Separation of the Orthodox Church into two parts.—Death of Kazimir IV, 1492.—Khanate of the Crimea.—Origin of the Crimean khanate.—Raids of Mongols against Russians.—Death of the first Khan of the Crimea.—Condition of the Crimean khanate.—Change of Russian boundaries.—Founding of Kremnchug and Cherkasy by Vitold        427

CHAPTER XIX

Birth of Ivan III, January 22, 1440.—Consolidation of Russia.—Decline of Novgorod.—Martha Boretski, the Novgorod patriot, favors Kazimir.—Defeat of the Boretski party.—Disputes in Moscow.—Epistles of the metropolitan Philip.—Fall of Novgorod.—Decision of Ivan of Moscow.—Prince Shuiski.—Attack on Novgorod by Ivan.—Siege of Deman by Moscow.—Riots in Novgorod.—Success of Moscow.—Submission of Novgorod        454

CHAPTER XX

Feofil, Archbishop of Moscow, 1471.—Marriage of Ivan of Moscow to Sophia.—Journey of Sophia to Russia.—Trouble with the Roman legate.—Advance of Ivan to Novgorod.—Hospitality of Novgorod people.—Dispute between the Grand Prince and the Novgorod people.—Trouble made by the Kazimir party in Novgorod.—Declaration of war sent to Novgorod by Ivan.—Novgorod begs for peace.[xx]—Discussions with peace envoys.—Hunger in Novgorod.—Triumph in Moscow.—Insurrection in Novgorod.—Visit of Ivan to the city.—Siege of Novgorod.—Distribution of the people of Novgorod.—End of semi-separate existence of Novgorod.—Importance of Ivan, even in Europe.—Fear of Ivan causes Kazimir to rouse Ahmed against Moscow.—Friendship of Girei, Khan of the Crimea, and Ivan of Moscow.—Ivan withdraws from the capital.—Dissatisfaction of the people.—Letter of Ivan’s confessor.—Ivan orders his son to Moscow.—Refusal of the son to comply.—Lack of eagerness for battle.—Attack of Girei on Volynia and Kief draws Kazimir’s forces southward.—Command of Ivan for the army to withdraw from the Ugra.—Retreat of the Mongols.—Destruction of the Horde by Mongols without bloodshed in Russia.—Last blow given to the Golden Horde by Girei, Khan of the Crimea.—Destruction of Sarai, and end of the Mongol yoke in Russia        463 [1]