The Municipal and Sanitary Engineer's Handbook

I am, however, not aware that any public mortuary even of this size has yet been actually carried out in this country, greatly as they are needed.

With reference to the question of disinfection, which as I stated can be conveniently taken in connection with that of mortuaries, the following is the clause of the Public Health Act 1875 which deals with it:

“Any local authority may provide a proper place, with all necessary apparatus and attendance, for the disinfection of bedding, clothing or other articles which have become infected, and may cause any articles brought for disinfection to be disinfected free of charge (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 122). See also 38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, ss. 120 and 121.”

The first duty here involved is to provide a proper place for this purpose, and this place cannot be better than that of the mortuary, so as to centralize as much as possible the spots to which infection has to be carried, and the necessary attendant can also here be found, as well as convenient places to put the hand carts, &c., presently described.

The next duty is to provide the necessary apparatus, which is now done almost exclusively by the action of heat. This is sometimes effected by building brick-work chambers which can be heated up to about 350° Fahr. after the doors are closed, by means of coal or coke furnaces. Within these chambers are moveable horses on which are placed the articles to be disinfected: these are exposed to the necessary heat for varying times according to the nature of the articles, the horse is then drawn out, when the articles should be thoroughly washed with a disinfecting soap and returned to their owners. Great care is necessary in this operation to ensure evenness of heat, as otherwise the clothes, bedding, &c., may be scorched and injured, and the local authority will then have to make compensation.

A more convenient form of disinfecting machine, and one that is less costly to work and more even in its temperature, is one that can be heated by gas, this is sometimes effected by the use of an iron box with counter-balanced lid into which the articles are put, heat being applied by means of gas jets burning underneath. A more elaborate and effective method has however been patented, and is now manufactured by Messrs. Goddard and Massey of Nottingham, which is known as Dr. Ranson’s system. The following drawing shows the arrangement of this machine, and some of the advantages claimed for it are as follows:

Its heat is maintained automatically within certain limits in all parts of the chamber, and has great drying power, which is important, as securing from the long period of time at which this steady heat can be maintained, that penetration into bedding and other bad conductors which is so desirable to secure the necessary destruction of all disease germs or chances of after inoculation:

There can be no doubt that where a machine is not required to be constantly at work gas is the cheapest and most convenient heat-producer that we have.

It is of course necessary that the infected bedding and clothing should be fetched from the owners’ houses in such a manner as will lessen the risk of spreading infection as much as possible, and for this purpose it is necessary for the local authority to keep a covered hand-cart which should be lined with tin and closed hermetically. It should be sufficiently large to take a mattrass, and be of light construction, so that one man can draw it when full.

Before concluding my remarks on disinfection, it is well to state that plenty of carbolic acid should be kept in a mortuary. Sheets saturated with carbolic acid are used to wrap around the dead bodies of infected persons, and sawdust saturated with carbolic acid is also freely used, besides large quantities of that excellent disinfectant, “Sanitas.”

CHAPTER XXXII.
BORROWING UNDER THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD.

There are a number of clauses in the Public Health Act 1875, which empower a local authority to borrow money on the credit of the rates for the purpose of “defraying any costs, charges and expenses incurred or to be incurred by them in the execution of the Sanitary Acts.” (Vide 38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 233).

The exercise of these powers of borrowing are subject to the following regulations:

(1.) Money shall not be borrowed except for permanent works.[248]

(2.) The sum borrowed shall not exceed at any time, including all outstanding debts, the assessable value for two years of the district.

(3.) Where it exceeds the value of one year, the Local Government Board will not give their sanction until one of their inspectors has held a local enquiry.

(4.) The money cannot be borrowed for a longer time than 60 years, and it must be paid off within that time.

(5.) Certain regulations as to sinking funds, &c. (Vide 38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 234 et seq.)

The power to borrow money thus granted to local authorities has undoubtedly given a considerable stimulus to the execution of important sanitary works which could not be carried out if they had to be paid for out of the current rates. It is also a fair and equitable arrangement that permanent works should be paid for by those that reap the benefit of them, and it is now so arranged that the money borrowed is repaid within a certain specified time by equal annual payments, in order that the ratepayer of the present shall not be unduly taxed for the benefit of posterity.

No regular or fixed times have been settled by the Local Government Board over which they will allow the repayment of loans to be spread, but it appears that the duration of the proposed works somewhat guides the length of time allowed, as will appear from the following list which I have prepared from the eighth Annual Report of the Local Government Board:

Whenever a local authority decide to make application to the Local Government Board for power to borrow money for any proposed improvements or works within their district, it is the duty of the town surveyor to prepare the necessary drawings and obtain the required information in order to fill in the forms which are supplied from the Local Government Board office.

With reference to this important part of his duty, I cannot do better than give the following Suggestions as to the Preparation of Plans of Proposed Works, by Robert Rawlinson, C.B., C.E., &c. (Chief Engineering Inspector to the Local Government Board), prepared by him in 1878:

“It will in all cases be necessary, upon application being made for sanction to a loan, for the execution of works, that plans (or tracings of the plans), sections, estimates in detail and specifications be submitted with the application, accompanied by information as to the population at the two last periods of the taking of the census, the rateable value of the district, and the amount of outstanding loans.”

“Such plans or tracings may be used for showing lines of main sewers, drains, water-pipes and gas-mains. The lines of main sewers and drains should have the cross sectional dimensions of the sewers and their gradients distinctly marked (written and figured) upon them. The dimensions of water and gas pipes should also be shown in figures or by writing.”

“N.B.—No general map should be submitted which is drawn to a scale of less than 6 inches to a mile, except when the inch ordnance map is used.”

“Maps upon which sewerage works or water works are to be shown, or for street improvements, should be not less than the ordnance scale of ¹⁄₂₅₀₀th.”

“The sections should be drawn to the same horizontal scale, and to a vertical scale of 20 feet to 1 inch.”

Any detailed plan for the purposes of house drainage, paving, the purchase of land &c., should be “constructed to a scale of not less than 10 feet to a mile, and upon this plan should be exhibited all houses and other buildings, bench marks, the levels of streets and roads, of cellars, of the sea at high and low tide level, and the summer and flood levels of rivers. 3 feet by 2 feet will be a convenient size for the sheets of this plan.”

“Enlarged detail plans and sections of sewers, side entrances, man-holes, sewer sluices, sluice valves, water-pipe joints, and similar details, should be to a scale not less than 8 feet to 1 inch, and for some details 4 feet to 1 inch.”[250]

“As it may occasionally be desired to carry out works piecemeal, with a view to save the time which would be occupied in the preparation of a complete plan from actual survey, it will be sufficient in the first instance to furnish any available general plan of streets and roads, with the surface levels and those of the deepest cellars figured in feet and inches, and the proposed scheme of works shown (or sketched) thereon, after which the works can proceed in sections. It should be understood, however, that a complete plan of the entire district must be proceeded with, so that when the works are finished, the sanitary authority and this Board may possess a proper record of them.”

And again, Mr. Rawlinson in the same year, at a meeting of the Association of Municipal and Sanitary Engineers, writes as follows:

“Plans should be neatly and clearly drawn, the cross sectional dimensions and the gradient being written on the plan of sewers; there should be a title and scale on each plan, as also on each sheet, and the date with the name of the engineer or surveyor clearly written so as easily to be read; this as a rule should be in the right-hand corner. Many names are so written that experts cannot read them, and plans are frequently sent out having no title, nor any scale, nor any name.”

“Plans of details, such as side entrances, man-holes, flushing chambers, and sewer ventilating arrangements, should be at 4 feet to an inch, larger works may be at 4, 10 to 20 feet to an inch. Clear understandable and measurable details are desirable . . . I have much trouble in looking over defectively prepared plans and crude ill-understood and ill-digested schemes as they are submitted to the Local Government Board, for approval and sanction to a proposed loan. One great fact connected with the Board must not, however, be overlooked. It is not an office of works, it does not undertake to devise neither does it make itself responsible in any degree for the plans or for the estimates which may have been sanctioned. Each engineer and each local authority must both devise and execute the local works, and the district must alone be responsible for the local expenditure. The Board neither dictates as to works, nor superintends works, but reserves the power of refusing sanction to a proposed loan, and of requiring full explanations as to failures in the works, or as to expenses over estimates before sanctioning a supplemental loan. The reason that the Board declines responsibility ought to be clearly manifest; plans and details may be the best possible, but the ultimate result depends on daily local supervision, and this the Board does not give; neither local action nor local responsibility is superseded.”

Speaking on this point at the first meeting of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain held at Croydon in 1879, Captain Douglas Galton, C.B., says:[251]

“Where a loan is applied for, the plan upon which the money is to be spent is submitted for Government approval. The Government only lends the money after the approval of the proposed scheme of expenditure by one of their inspectors.”

“The Local Authorities of the towns to be drained cannot therefore be responsible for the plan selected, for the Local Authorities must alter their plans to suit the views of the inspector. The responsibility of the engineer is diminished, because he may be compelled to modify his plan in a manner in which he may not thoroughly approve, and the inspector has no responsibility in the matter, because, after having approved of the general scheme, he has no control over the details or the execution of the work, nor can he be in any way held responsible, if the result were a failure.”

CHAPTER XXXIII.
CONTRACTS.

Contracts being principally a legal question, it is not my intention to say much on the matter.

In the Public Health Act 1875 will be found the following clauses:

“Any Local Authority may enter into any contracts necessary for carrying this Act into execution (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 173).

“With respect to contracts made by an Urban Authority under this Act, the following regulations shall be observed (namely):

“(1.) Every contract made by an Urban Authority whereof the value or amount exceeds fifty pounds shall be in writing, and sealed with the common seal of such authority:

“(2.) Every such contract shall specify the work, materials, matters or things to be furnished, had or done, the price to be paid, and the time or times within which the contract is to be performed, and shall specify some pecuniary penalty to be paid in case the terms of the contract are not duly performed:

“(3.) Before contracting for the execution of any works under the provisions of this Act, an Urban Authority shall obtain from their surveyor an estimate in writing, as well of the probable expense of executing the work in a substantial manner as of the annual expense of repairing the same; also a report as to the most advantageous mode of contracting, that is to say, whether by contracting only for the execution of the work, or for executing and also maintaining the same in repair during a term of years or otherwise:

“(4.) Before any contract of the value or amount of one hundred pounds or upwards is entered into by an Urban Authority ten days’ public notice at the least shall be given, expressing the nature and purpose thereof, and inviting tenders for the execution of the same; and such authority shall require and take sufficient security for the due performance of the same:

“(5.) Every contract entered into by an Urban Authority in conformity with the provisions of this section, and duly executed by the other parties thereto, shall be binding on the Authority by whom the same is executed and their successors, and on all other parties thereto and their executors, administrators, successors or assigns to all intents and purposes: Provided that an Urban Authority may compound with any contractor or other person in respect of any penalty incurred by reason of the non-performance of any contract entered into as aforesaid, whether such penalty is mentioned in any such contract, or in any bond or otherwise, for such sums of money or other recompense as to such Authority may seem proper” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 174).

In reading the numerous foot-notes that follow the above clauses in Glen’s ‘Law of Public Health and Local Government,’ it will be seen that contracts with corporations have been held to be very different from ordinary ones between individuals or companies. All contracts should be by deed under the seal of the corporation, or “there is no safety or security for anyone dealing with such a body on any other footing,” and this applies also in “respect of any variation or alteration in a contract which has been made.”

“A committee of the corporation has no power to enter into any contract” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 200).

A member of a corporation may not be “concerned in any bargain or contract” entered into by the corporation, although this would not vitiate the contract (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, sch. 11, clause 64), neither may an officer of the corporation be “concerned or interested in any bargain or contract” (38 & 39 Vic. c. 55, s. 193).

It is, of course, necessary before any contract can be entered into, that the town surveyor should prepare the specification, schedule of prices and drawings where necessary; this entails a considerable amount of work.

In addition to ordinary specifications for works, the town surveyor has often to prepare specifications and schedules for the supply of the following goods:

and a host of other things too numerous to mention.

A well-written, clear, and comprehensive specification is a most difficult thing to write, but it should be “common sense” from beginning to end, any legal phraseology being left to the town clerk to introduce in his “deed” as required by the Act.

For sewer and drain work lump sum contracts are often undesirable: it is better to work according to a schedule of prices, and periodical measurements.

It must not be forgotten that in all contracts the contractor seeks to make a profit out of the work; if there is no intermediate contractor this profit goes to the ratepayers. In most sanitary works also the men employed by the local authority are more skilled in that particular class of work than the chance men employed by a contractor, and for this and many other reasons, administration by the local authority is in most cases preferable to contracts.[252]

Where tenders have been invited by advertisement or otherwise, the successful person should be written to, apprising him of the fact, and requesting him to call, sign the necessary specification, deeds, and drawings; an intimation should also be made to the unsuccessful competitors that their tenders have not been accepted.

In conclusion, let me thank the authors of the following books for the useful information which I have gained in perusing them for the purposes of this work, and, let me add, they can be studied with advantage by every “Town Surveyor”:

INDEX.

• Abattoirs, 328
• Abrasion of stone, 48
• Accidents to horses, 31
• Accommodation in Cattle Market, 345
• Acland, Dr., on the surveyor, 4
• Acquisition of sewers, 252
• Acreage of sewage farms, 265
• Action of earth on sewage, 266
• Additions to old buildings, 210
• Advantage of plants for sewage, 270
• Advantages of asphalte, 99
• —— public abattoirs, 343
• —— separate system, 261
• —— steam rolling, 70
• —— wood paving, 89
• Alleys and courts if cleansed, 238
• Allotting numbers, 154
• Alteration of old building to new, 209
• American footpath, 114
• —— paving, 77
• —— road rolling, 65
• Analysis of asphalte, 97
• Angell Lewis on the surveyor, 6
• Angles of roads, 30
• Annihilation of sewer gases, 277
• Application to borrow, 376
• Appointment of surveyor, 1, 3, 10, 18
• Arc lights, 144
• Area of cemeteries, 354, 363
• —— sewers, 253, 254
• Artificial asphalte, 117
• —— stone pavements, 116
• Artizans’ dwellings, 284, 291
• Ashpits, 226
• Asphalte, Mac Adam, 46
• —— mastic, 107
• —— roadways, 96
• Asphaltic wood pavement, 82
• Automatic flushing, 262
• Aveling and Porter’s roller, 68
• Awnings over paths, 184
• Bargains. See Contracts
• Bars opening outwards, 178
• Bayley’s hydrostatic van, 245
• Best stones for pitchers, 75
• Bitumen, 96
• Bituminous concrete, 78
• —— mixture, 79
• —— roadways, 46
• Binding for roads, 62
• Blinds over paths, 184
• Blood-house, 341
• Books on drainage, 315
• —— useful, 384
• Borrowing, 375
• Borders for paths, 320
• Bottles and brickbats, 225
• Bottoming roadways, 37
• Breakages in pipe sewers, 258
• Breaking stone, 48, 51
• Breaking-up streets, 157
• Brick footpaths, 116
• Bridges over streets, 33
• Broad irrigation, 265
• Brown’s street watering, 243
• Buildings, dangerous, 188
• —— projections of, 176
• —— new, 206
• —— setting back, 175
• Buddle hole, 128
• Bullock lairs, 346
• —— rollers, 60
• Burial fees, 356
• —— in clay, 354
• Burners, gas, 140
• Burning refuse, 233
• Butchers, 329, 334
• Byelaws for new streets, &c., 206
• Cage for trees, 325
• Caithness flagging, 112
• Caldrons, 107
• Candle power, 136
• Canvassing, 19
• Capacities of surveyor, 5
• Carcel power, 136
• Carey’s wood pavement, 83
• Cart for scavenging, 230
• Cast-iron name plates, 151
• Cattle lairs, 333
• Cattle Market, 345
• Causes of breakages in pipes, 258
• Cellar coverings, 180
• —— door projecting, 176
• —— dwellings, 295
• Cemeteries, 350
• Channelling, 123
• Chapel mortuary, 369
• Chapels in cemeteries, 351
• Charcoal sewer ventilators, 275
• Chemical treatment of sewage, 268
• Chesterfield lighting, 129
• Chicago roads, 38
• Chimney shafts, 190
• —— —— ventilators, 275
• Chloride of calcium for watering, 247
• Choice of street names, 152
• Chokages in pipe sewers, 260
• Cisterns, objectionable, 302
• Clarke’s apparatus, 240
• Clay slate, 49
• Cleansing of streets, 234
• —— private courts, &c., 238
• Climate and trees, 321
• Clinkers, 225
• Closing polluted well, 301
• —— slaughter-houses, 330
• Coal plates, 182
• Coefficients of road metal, 51
• Collection of house refuse, 228
• Combined system of sewerage, 261
• Committees, 23
• Common line of frontage, 177
• Compensation for setting back, 175
• Composition of sewer gas, 278
• Compressed asphalte, 96
• Concrete, 78
• —— footpaths, 113
• —— pipes, 254
• Condemned meat, 339
• Connection with main sewers, 305
• Construction of asphalte roads, 98
• Contour of roadways, 43
• Contract with Gas Company, 132
• Contracts, 381
• —— for scavenging, 249
• —— surveyor must not be interested in, 3, 382
• Conversion into new building, 210
• Cost of asphalte, 101
• —— chemical treatment, 264
• —— electric light, 145
• —— kerbing, 125
• —— maintenance of macadamised roads, 34, 41
• —— melting snow, 241
• —— pipes, 254
• —— scavenging, 248
• —— tree planting, 326
• —— watering, 244
• —— wood pavement, 91
• —— working steam rollers, 61, 63
• Core hard, 39
• Coroner’s court, 370
• Cremation, 361
• Crops for sewage farm, 265
• Croskey’s wood pavement, 82
• Damage to roads, 161
• —— trees, 327
• Dangerous buildings, 188
• —— crossings, 33
• Deacon on streets, 76
• Dead-house, 367, 369
• Declaration of public streets, 204
• Defacing numbers or names, 149
• Defects in dwellings, 295
• Defective cellar covers, 181
• —— drains, 310
• Definition of new building, 208
• —— sewer, 252
• —— street, 149, 205
• Demolition of premises, 285
• Deposit of plans of streets, 210
• Depth of sewers, 253
• Diameter of drains, 315
• Diary of water-cart, 247
• Dimensions of lairs and pens, 347
• Disadvantages of steam rolling, 72
• Diseased meat, 339
• Disinfection, 371
• Disposal of refuse, 232
• —— road scrapings, 237
• —— sewage, 263
• Distance of lamps, 135
• —— trees, 324
• Division of cemeteries, 355
• —— England, 2
• Doors opening outwards, 178
• Down pipes, 183
• Drainage, 303
• —— definition of, 303
• —— of cemeteries, 351
• —— slaughter-house, 335
• Drain-cleaning rods, 260
• Drains under houses, 316
• Draught on roads, 29
• Dry systems, 263
• Drying sludge, 269
• Dust-bins, 226
• Dusty streets, 234
• Duties of surveyor, 5, 7, 11, 20
• Dwellings and cemeteries, 350
• Dynamos, 141
• Earth as a sewage filter, 266
• Easements, 182
• Eaves shuting, 183
• Effect of traffic, 27
• Elasticity of asphalte, 104
• Electric lighting, 129, 140
• Enamelled name plates, 152
• Entrance to cattle market, 346
• Erection of hoardings or scaffolds, 187
• Escape from fire, 218
• Euston pavement, 77
• Evasion of Building Acts, 209
• Examination of surveyor, 14
• Fees for burials, 356
• Fences, 320
• Filling-in over pipes, 317
• Filters for sewage, 267
• Filtration of sewage, 266
• Fire protection, 218
• Fitness of stone, 48
• Flagging, York, 110
• —— Caithness, 112
• —— blue lias, 113
• Flag poles, 177
• Flints, 50
• Float observations, 265
• Flushing courts and alleys, 238
• Footpaths, 106
• —— and snow, 241
• Force required on roads, 30
• Forms of Notice. See Notice
• Foundation of macadamised roads, 39
• French burial, 356
• Frontage of streets, 174
• Fryer’s destructor, 233
• Fuel for rollers, 61
• Furnaces as sewer ventilators, 276
• Furniture of mortuary, 369
• Gales and trees, 321
• Galton on borrowing, 379
• Garden refuse, 225
• Gas-burners, 140
• —— lighting, 130
• Gates opening outwards, 178
• Gauge of stone, 52
• General markets, 348
• German dead-house, 368
• Germ theory, 271
• Glass name tablets, 152
• Gneiss, 49
• Good house drainage, 315
• Goux system, 233
• Gradients of house-drains, 316
• —— roads, 30
• —— sewers, 253
• —— for rollers, 62
• Granite, 49
• —— foot-pavement, 117
• —— kerb, 124
• Grass, 320
• Grating for trees, 324
• Gravel footpaths, 121
• —— 50
• Grave spaces, 360
• —— yards, 350
• Green and Son’s roller, 69
• Grill for trees, 325
• Gritted asphalte, 108
• Ground floor, 208
• Grouting, 79
• Gulley gratings, 126
• Hammer-broken stone, 52
• Hand or hose watering, 244
• Hard core, 39
• Harrison’s wood pavement, 83
• Hayward on snow, 239
• Hayward’s pavement lights, 181
• Heads of scavenging, 224
• Healey’s boilers, 80
• Health of district, 288
• Henson’s wood pavement, 83
• Hide store, 341
• Highways, surveyor of, 20
• Hoardings, 187
• Hoisting machinery, 337
• Horse-shoes, 27
• House, definition of, 311
• —— drainage, 303
• —— refuse collection, 228
• —— —— disposal, 232
• —— —— destruction, 233
• —— —— removed, 223
• Houses unfit for habitation, 284
• Hydrostatic van, 245
• Illuminating power, 135
• Imperishable stone-paving blocks, 104
• Importation of trees, 322
• Improper water supply, 300
• Improved wood pavement, 81
• Improvement of courts and alleys, 287
• —— streets, 174
• —— private streets, 193
• Incandescent lamps, 144
• Inclination of roads, 30
• Individuals breaking-up streets, 169
• Industrial dwellings, 290
• Inertia of load, 32
• Ingredients used for precipitation, 269
• Inlets for fresh air into sewers, 273
• Inspection of drains, 305, 314
• —— buildings, 217, 219
• Insufficient w.c. accommodation, 297
• Interception or dry systems, 263
• Intermittent filtration, 266
• Intersection of sewers, 254
• Iron name plates, 151
• Irrigation, 265
• Joints of pipe drains, 316
• Junction of drains, 307
• —— sewers, 254
• Keeping sewers clean, 251
• Kerbing and channelling, 123
• Killing rings, 336
• Labourers’ dwellings, 284, 291
• Lairs for cattle, 333, 346
• Lamp-posts, 134
• —— —— as sewer ventilators, 274
• Land necessary for cemetery, 354
• Latrines, 282
• Laying out a cemetery, 354
• Leaky drains, 309
• Leaves as refuse, 225
• Letters for names, 152
• Lias flagging, 113
• Licence to break-up street, 172
• Lieurner system, 262
• Life of brooms, 235
• —— carts, 231
• —— paving stones, 76
• —— wood, 88
• Lighting of slaughter-house, 336
• —— streets, 129
• Ligno mineral pavement, 83
• Limestone, 49
• Lime-tree, 322
• Line of frontage, 177
• Lining of slaughter-house, 335
• List of borrowing powers, 376
• —— chemical processes for sewage, 268
• —— duties of surveyor, 5, 21
• —— persons called surveyors, 4
• —— road metal, 49
• —— shrubs, 320
• —— trees, 322
• —— useful books, 384
• Liverpool scavenging, 235
• Lloyd’s wood pavement, 82
• Locomobiles, 107
• Loose stones on road, 45
• Macadamised roadways, 34
• Machinery for electricity, 141
• —— in slaughter-house, 337
• Machines for sweeping, 234
• —— stone-breaking, 53
• Management of cemetery, 358
• Manchester abattoir, 333
• —— pavement, 78
• Manholes for sewers, 253
• Manufacturers’ refuse, 253
• Markets, 344
• Mastic asphalte, 107
• Materials of sewage filters, 267
• Mechanical subsidence of sewage, 267
• Meetings of committees, 23
• Melting snow, 240
• Merit, test of, 14
• Metal road, 48
• Meters for public lamps, 133
• Method of appointment, 18
• Methods of disposal of sewage, 264
• —— lighting, 131
• —— numbering, 153
• —— sewerage, 261
• —— sewer ventilation, 276
• Minton’s name plates, 151
• Model bye-laws, 207
• —— lodging-houses, 291
• Metropolitan slaughter-house, 339
• Money, receipt of, 3
• Mortuaries, 365
• Mount Sorrel, 75
• Mowlem’s wood pavement, 83
• Muddy streets, 234
• Names of committees, 23
• Naming and numbering streets, 149
• Necessity for kerb, 123
• —— slaughter-house, 328
• Newcastle lighting, 147
• New streets and buildings, 206
• Nicholson’s wood pavement, 84
• Norwich wood pavement, 84
• Notices to repair private streets, 198
• —— of assessment of cost of ditto, 201
• —— of defective drainage, 313
• —— for breaking-up streets, 158
• —— cellar coverings, 181
• —— for dangerous building, 190
• —— defective shuting, 183
• —— doors and gates opening outwards, 179
• —— insufficient w.c. accommodation, 298
• —— numbering, 155
• —— overhanging trees, 185
• —— permission to break-up streets, 172
• —— to construct sewers on private lands, 256
• —— to erect buildings, 214
• —— to open slaughter-house, 321
• —— signature of, 313
• Number of graves in cemetery, 354
• Objections to asphalte, 100
• —— macadamised roadways, 44
• —— steam rolling, 72
• —— York flagging, 110
• Observations of tides, 265
• Obstruction in streets, 174
• Obstructive buildings, 286
• Old tins, 225
• Opening graves, 356, 361
• Open space at back of buildings, 218
• —— ventilating shafts, 272
• Ornamental shrubs, 320
• Outfalls of sewers, 265
• Overhanging trees, 185
• Paget on steam rolling, 71
• Pail system, 234
• Pails, 263
• Painted names, 151
• Painting urinals, 282
• Pamphlet on steam rolling, 65
• Papers, examination, 16
• Paris lighting, 135
• —— roadways, cost of, 41
• —— tree planting, 326
• Parks, 318
• Parry on contracts, 383
• —— watering, 244
• Party walls through roofs, 218
• Paths in cemeteries, 355
• Partially separate system, 262
• Paving of Cattle Market, 346
• —— lairs, 333, 346
• Pebbles, 50
• Pedestrian traffic, 33
• Pens for sheep, 333, 346
• Permission to break-up streets, 172
• —— construct cellar, 182
• Persons called surveyor, 4
• Pig killing, 340
• Pinned roadways, 36, 39
• Pipe drains, 315
• —— sewers, thickness, &c., 258
• —— —— diagrams, 259
• Pitch boilers, 80
• Pitched pavements, 73
• Plan for breaking-up streets, 160
• Plans of new streets or buildings, 210
• —— of house drains, 317
• —— for borrowing, 377
• —— slaughter-house, 338
• Plane tree, 322
• Plants for sewage, 270
• Plaster not house refuse, 225
• Plates, name, 151
• Playgrounds, 318
• Pleasure grounds, 318, 350
• Paving of slaughter-house, 334
• Pole-axe, 336
• Polluted water supply, 291
• Porch, 176
• Portable dust-bins, 227
• Position of sewer, 254
• Post-mortem room, 370
• Powers to close slaughter-houses, 330
• Power to borrow, 375
• —— make contracts, 381
• Precipitation of sewage, 268
• Preservation of wood, 86
• Private lands and sewer, 255
• —— roads improvements, 204
• —— slaughter-houses, 329
• —— street improvements, 193
• Privies, 263
• Processes of chemical treatment, 268
• Projections, 176
• Proportions for asphalte, 109
• Prosser’s wood pavement, 85
• Protection of surveyor, 6, 8
• Pruning trees, 321
• Public abattoirs, 328
• —— conveniences, 280
• —— dust-bins, 228
• —— lighting, 131
• —— mortuaries, 365
• —— works, 376
• Punctuality, 24
• Qualities of road metal, 49, 51
• Quantity of land for sewage farm, 265
• Rain-water pipes as ventilators, 274
• —— —— shutes, 183
• Rate collecting by surveyor, 3
• Rawlinson on borrowing, 377
• Receipt of money, 3
• Refuse, disposal of, 232
• —— from manufactories, 253
• —— receptacles, 229
• —— trade and garden, 225
• Register of drains, 317
• —— graves, 360
• Regulation of traffic, 33
• Regulations of cemeteries, 358, 360
• —— connections with sewers, 305
• Regulations for breaking-up streets, 171
• Reinstating trenches, 162
• Removal of snow, 239
• —— house refuse, 223
• Removing projections, 176
• Requirements of artizans’ dwellings, 291
• —— drains, 317
• —— roadways, 25
• Remuneration of surveyor, 7
• Reports, 24
• —— on duties of surveyor, 10
• Resistance of wheels, 31
• Roads, private, improvement of, 204
• —— in cemeteries, 355
• Roadway, specifications of, 35, 36
• Road metal, 48
• —— —— list of, 49
• —— —— specification of, 57
• —— —— weight of, 56
• —— repairs, 66
• —— rolling, 60
• —— Roman, 73
• Ruts in roads, 45
• Safety in traffic, 31
• Sale rooms, 341
• Sanctuaries, 33
• Sandstone, 50
• Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, 14
• Scaffolds, 187
• Scavenging, 221
• —— cart, 230
• Sea-water for watering, 247
• Section of roadway, 43
• —— footpaths, 121
• Sections of cemetery, 356
• Security to be entered into, 3
• Selection of trees, 321, 322
• Separate system, 260, 262
• Setting back buildings, 175
• —— kerb, 124
• Sewerage, 251
• Sewerage, system of, 253
• Sewer through private lands, 255
• Sewered, 195
• Sewage and plants, 270
• —— crops for, 265
• —— disposal, 263
• —— filtration, 266, 267
• —— irrigation, 265
• —— mechanical subsidence, 267
• —— precipitation, 268
• —— screening, 267
• —— value of, 265
• Sewer gas, 277
• —— ventilation, 271
• Shafts for ventilation, 273
• Shed, 176
• Sheep pens, 333, 346
• Shiel’s composite pavement, 85
• Shone’s system, 262
• Shop blinds, 184
• Shrubs projecting, 176
• —— 320
• —— in cemeteries, 360
• Shutes, 183
• Shutter projecting, 176
• Sight rails, 257
• Sign projecting, 176
• Site for abattoir, 332
• —— of Cattle Market, 345
• —— for cemetery, 351
• Size of cellar covers, 181
• —— drains, 316
• —— graves, 356
• —— pitchers, 74
• —— rooms, 294
• —— trees, 323
• Slaughter-houses, 328, 334
• Slaughtering, 342
• Slippery roads, 32
• Sludge, treatment of, 269
• Snow, removal of, 239, 241
• —— on footpaths, 241
• Soil for cemetery, 352
• Soot on trees, 321
• Specific gravity of road metal, 49
• Specifications of roadway, 35, 36
• Specification for asphalte, 103
• —— flagging, 110
• —— for breaking-up streets, 161
• —— of wood pavement, 94
• —— road metal, 57
• —— scavenging, 249
• —— tar pavement, 118
• Stalls in markets, 349
• Stanford’s joint, 257
• Step projecting, 176
• Stone breaking, 48
• Store for hides, 341
• Stowe’s wood pavement, 84
• Street, breaking-up, 155
• —— cleansing, 234
• —— definition of, 149, 205
• —— lighting, 129
• —— lines, 174
• —— private, improvements, 193
• —— trees, 318
• —— watering, 242
• Streets, new, 206
• Stringent bye-laws, 219
• Subjects requiring attention, 21
• Subways, 168
• Sugg’s regulator, 133
• Supervision of new buildings, 217
• Surface water over paths, 186
• Subsoil water, 261
• Surveyor, office first legalised, 1
• —— appointment of, 1, 3, 10, 18
• —— and private streets, 194
• —— as rate collector, 3
• —— duties of, 5, 7, 11, 20
• —— examination of, 14
• —— entry of, to see if new building, 209
• —— may be also inspector of nuisances, 3
• —— must not be interested in contracts, 3
• —— of highways, 20
• —— protection of, 6, 8
• Sweeping machines, 234
• Syenite, 49, 75
• Tables of cost of roadways, 41
• Table of scavenging, 236
• —— watering, 246
• Tallow market, 341
• Tar paving, 118
• Telegraphs under or across roads, 164
• Telford, Thomas, 35
• Tell-tale on water-cart, 247
• Temporary obstructions, 192
• Testimonials, 18
• Test for asphalte, 97
• —— brooms, 235
• —— of good drains, 316
• —— merit, 14
• Thames Embankment, lighting, 147
• Tides and outfalls, 265
• Tins as refuse, 225
• Title of surveyor, 4
• Town surveyor. See Surveyor
• Traction on roads, 28
• Trade refuse, 225
• Traffic, 25
• Tram track, 80
• Trap for drain, 317
• Trappean rock, 49
• Treatment of sludge, 269
• —— wood, 86
• Trees, 318
• —— in cemeteries, 360
• —— overhanging, 185
• Trenches cut in roads, 161
• Toughness of stone, 48
• Tripery, 341
• Troughs for pig-dressing, 340
• Unhealthy areas, 288
• Urinals, 280
• Useful books, 384
• Use of steam rollers, 61
• Vacancy in office of surveyor, 10
• Value of sewage, 265
• Vans for watering, 245
• Vault or cellar coverings, 180
• —— —— under-path, 182
• Velocity in sewers, 254
• Ventilation of house drain, 317
• —— mortuaries, 369
• —— sewers, 271
• Vigilance of drain inspection, 309
• Visit of scavengers, 230
• Walls of cemeteries, 351
• —— mortuaries, 369
• Wall projecting, 176
• —— slaughter-house, 335
• Water and asphalte, 105
• —— companies and streets, 157
• —— for slaughter-house, 337
• —— over footpaths, 186
• —— supply to dwellings, 300
• W.C. accommodation, 280, 297
• —— in factories, 299
• Watering streets, 242
• Wear of paving stones, 76
• Wearing effect of traffic, 27
• Weather on stone, 48
• Wheels, resistance of, 31
• Weighing machines, 348
• Weight of asphalte, 96
• —— road metal, 56
• —— rollers, 67
• —— snow, 239
• Widening streets, 174
• Width of roadways, 32
• Window projecting, 176
• Wires for electricity, 141
• Wooden name plates, 152
• Wood paving, 81
• —— treatment, 86
• —— wear of, 88
• Yards behind buildings, 218
• York flagging, 110