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The Mute Stones Speak: The Story of Archaeology in Italy

Chapter 3: ILLUSTRATIONS
By Paul Lachlan MacKendrick
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About This Book

The book surveys the archaeology of Italy from prehistoric settlements, nuraghi, and Villanovan cultures through the complex Etruscan cities, early Rome, and Roman colonies, to imperial building programs and late antiquity. It examines material evidence—tombs, temples, forums, villas, inscriptions, mosaics, and urban plans—to reconstruct social, religious, and political life and to interpret artistic and architectural developments. Major builders and monuments are considered alongside engineering achievements such as roads, aqueducts, and baths. Pompeian sites and provincial villas are used to illuminate everyday life, and the narrative closes by tracing changes in burial and ritual practice as Christianity emerges.

ILLUSTRATIONS

  FIG. PAGE 
 1.1 4 Prehistoric sites in Italy (map)
 1.2 5 Passo di Corvo, a prehistoric site in Puglia: air photograph
 1.3 5 Dimini, a late Neolithic site in Thessaly, plan
 1.4 5 Altheim, a late Neolithic site near Munich, plan
 1.5 9 Comparative table of early cultures
 1.6 9 Terramara at Castellazzo di Fontanellato, Pigorini’s plan
 1.7 12 Su Nuraxi, a Sardinian nuraghe
 1.8 12 Cremating and inhumating peoples of prehistoric Italy: map
 1.9 21 Villanovan artifacts
 1.10 21 A hut-urn
 1.11 23 The Certosa situla
 1.12 23 Picene tomb-furniture from Fabriano
 1.13 23 The Warrior of Capestrano
 2.1 28 Lemnos, inscription in local dialect, similar to Etruscan
 2.2 28 Vetulonia, Aules Feluskes stele
 2.3 30 Early Italy, to illustrate Etruscan and other sites. Inset: early Rome (map)
 2.4 31 Marzabotto, grid plan
 2.5 34 Spina, plan
 2.6 37 Spina, grid plan, air photograph
 2.7 37 Vetulonia, fasces from the Tomb of the Lictor
 2.8 39 Etruscan alphabet
 2.9 39 Tarquinia, Tomb of Orcus, inscription
 2.10 44 Piacenza, bronze model of sheep’s liver
 2.11 45 Piacenza liver, schematic representation
 2.12 46 Potentiometer profile, revealing tomb-chambers underground
 2.13 49 Tarquinia, Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, fresco
 2.14 49 Tarquinia, Tomb of Orcus, portrait of the lady Velcha
 2.15 50 Tarquinia, Tomb of Orcus, the demon Charun
 2.16 53 Veii, Apollo (terracotta) from Portonaccio temple
 2.17 53 Satricum terracotta antefix, satyr and nymph
 2.18 55 Tarquinia, Museum: winged horses (terracotta) from Ara della Regina
 2.19 55 Cerveteri, Tomb of the Reliefs, interior
 2.20 59 Cerveteri, gold pectoral from Regolini-Galassi Tomb
 3.1 68 Rome, Palatine, prehistoric hut, reconstruction
 3.2 68 Rome, Forum necropolis, cremation and inhumation graves
 3.3 72 Rome, Forum, strata at Equus Domitiani, photograph
 3.4 72 Rome, Forum, strata at Equus Domitiani, schematic drawing
 3.5 76 Rome, Forum, Lapis Niger stele
 3.6 76 Rome, Forum, Rostra, third phase
 3.7 79 Rome, Forum, Rostra, fifth phase
 3.8 81 Rome, Republican Forum, plan
 3.9 87 Rome, “Servian” Wall at Termini Station
 3.10 89 Rome, Largo Argentina, temples, plan
 4.1 92 Roman colonization, map
 4.2 93 Ostia, castrum, plan
 4.3 96 Alba Fucens, plan
 4.4 102 Cosa, arx, plan
 4.5 103 Cosa, plan
 4.6 106 Cosa, Capitolium
 4.7 108 Cosa, Comitium, plan
 4.8 110 Alba Fucens, centuriation
 4.9 111 Cosa, centuriation
 4.10 113 Paestum, Roman grid of streets: air photograph
 5.1 119 Palestrina, Museum: Barberini mosaic
 5.2 121 Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortune, reconstruction
 5.3 121 Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortune, inclined column capitals
 5.4 125 Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortune, buttresses and ramp (model)
 5.5 128 Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortune, model
 5.6 131 Kos, Sanctuary of Asclepius, reconstruction
 5.7 131 Tarracina, view toward Circeii from Temple of Jupiter Anxur
 5.8 133 Tarracina, Temple of Jupiter Anxur, reconstruction
 5.9 135 Rome, Tabularium
 5.10 136 Tivoli, Temple of Hercules Victor, reconstruction
 5.11 139 Rome, Pompey’s theater and portico, from Forma Urbis
 5.12 141 Rome, Via dei Fori Imperiali, being opened by Mussolini
 5.13 141 Rome, Imperial Fora, plan
 5.14 143 Rome, Forum of Caesar
 6.1 147 Rome, Forum of Augustus, model
 6.2 153 Rome, Forum: Arch of Augustus, reconstruction
 6.3 155 Rome, Mausoleum of Augustus
 6.4 155 Rome, Mausoleum of Augustus, plan and elevation
 6.5 157 Family tree of the Julio-Claudians
 6.6 159 Rome, Altar of Peace, plan of freezing apparatus
 6.7 161 Rome, Altar of Peace, fragments known up to 1935, plan
 6.8 161 Rome, Altar of Peace, results of Moretti’s excavation, plan
 6.9 163 Rome, Altar of Peace, reconstruction
 6.10 163 Rome, Altar of Peace: Augustus
 6.11 166 Rome, Altar of Peace: family group of Julio-Claudians
 6.12 166 Rome, Altar of Peace: Agrippa, Julia, and Livia (?)
 6.13 169 Rome, Altar of Peace: Aeneas
 6.14 169 Rome, Altar of Peace: Tellus or Italia
 7.1 174 Sperlonga, Cave “of Tiberius”
 7.2 174 Sperlonga, Cave “of Tiberius,” reconstruction
 7.3 177 Sperlonga, Cave “of Tiberius,” archaic head of Athena
 7.4 177 Nemi, Braschi finds (1895) from ships
 7.5 180 Nemi, second ship exposed
 7.6 180 Nemi, ship, elevation
 7.7 180 Nemi, ship, imaginative reconstruction
 7.8 183 Rome, subterranean basilica at Porta Maggiore
 7.9 184 Rome, subterranean basilica, plan
 7.10 186 Rome, subterranean basilica, apse
 7.11 191 Rome, Golden House, west wing, plan
 7.12 191 Rome, Golden House, east wing, plan
 7.13 193 Rome, Golden House, reconstruction drawing of whole area
 7.14 193 Rome, the Neronian Sacra Via, plan
 8.1 197 Pompeii, victims of Vesuvius, from House of Cryptoporticus
 8.2 199 Pompeii, air view
 8.3 199 Pompeii, plan
 8.4 203 Pompeii, House of the Moralist, plan
 8.5 203 Pompeii, House of the Moralist, reconstruction
 8.6 204 Pompeii, House of the Moralist, triclinium
 8.7 206 Pompeii, Villa of the Mysteries, plan
 8.8 208 Pompeii, Villa of the Mysteries, reconstruction
 8.9 208 Pompeii, Villa of the Mysteries, statue of Livia as found
 8.10 210 Pompeii, Villa of the Mysteries: wine-press, reconstructed
 8.11 214 Pompeii, thermopolium or bar
 8.12 214 Pompeii, bronze bust of Caecilius Jucundus
 8.13 214 Pompeii, House of D. Octavius Quartio, garden, reconstruction
 8.14 217 Pompeii, House of D. Octavius Quartio, garden, with trellis
 8.15 221 Pompeii, Villa of the Mysteries, fresco: woman being scourged
 9.1 225 Rome, Forum of Peace, reconstruction from Forma Urbis
 9.2 227 Rome, Forum Transitorium, Colonnacce before excavation
 9.3 227 Rome, Forum Transitorium, Colonnacce after excavation
 9.4 228 Rome, Imperial Fora, model
 9.5 234 Rome, Coliseum, beast elevator, plan
 9.6 234 Rome, Coliseum, beast elevator, elevation
 9.7 234 Rome, Coliseum and environs, model
 9.8 237 Rome, Arch of Titus
 9.9 238 Vatican City, Cancelleria reliefs
 9.10 239 Vatican City, Cancelleria relief, head of Vespasian
 9.11 239 Vatican City, Cancelleria relief, Domitian transformed into Nerva
 9.12 244–5 Rome, Palatine: Palace of Domitian, plan
 9.13 245 Rome, Palatine: Palace of Domitian, reconstruction
 9.14 248 Rome, Piazza Navona, air view
 9.15 249 Rome, Stadium of Domitian, plan
 9.16 249 Rome, Stadium of Domitian, model
10.1 254 Ostia, plan
10.2 255 Ostia, air view
10.3 259 Ostia, Casa dei Dipinti, reconstruction
10.4 261 Ostia, harbors, plan
10.5 261 Ostia, harbors, air view
10.6 261 Ostia, harbor of Trajan, model
10.7 264 Ostia, Mithraeum of Felicissimus, plan
10.8 268 Rome, Trajan’s Market
10.9 272 Rome, Trajan’s Column, detail
11.1 275 Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa, Serapeum at Canopus, “pumpkin” vaults
11.2 276 Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa, plan
11.3 276 Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa, model
11.4 278 Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa, Teatro Marittimo, air view
11.5 282 Rome, Temple of Venus and Rome, model
11.6 282 Rome, Temple of Venus and Rome, plan
11.7 284 Rome, Temple of Venus and Rome, apse with scale figure
11.8 284 Antinous
11.9 285 Rome, Pantheon
11.10 287 Rome, Pantheon, plan
11.11 287 Rome, Pantheon, interior, restoration
11.12 290 Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa, Piazza d’Oro, plan
11.13 293 Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa, Piazza d’Oro, reconstruction
11.14 293 Rome, Hadrian’s Mausoleum, reconstruction
11.15 293 Tivoli, Hadrian’s Villa, Canopus, plan
12.1 300 Roman road construction
12.2 306 Roman roads of the ager Faliscus
12.3 307 Faliscan roads of the ager Faliscus
12.4 311 Rome, Baths of Caracalla, air view
12.5 311 Rome, Baths of Caracalla, great hall, reconstruction
12.6 315 New York, Pennsylvania Station, McKim plan
12.7 315 New York, Pennsylvania Station, waiting room, before “modernization”
12.8 316 Rome and environs, map showing aqueducts
12.9 318 Aqueducts near Capannelle, reconstruction (painting)
12.10 322 Rome, Aurelian’s Wall, from south
12.11 323 Rome, Aurelian’s Wall, plan, with major Imperial monuments
13.1 328 Piazza Armerina, Imperial Villa, “Bikini girls” mosaic
13.2 330–1 Piazza Armerina, Imperial Villa, reconstruction
13.3 334 Piazza Armerina, Imperial Villa, Circus Maximus, mosaic
13.4 334 Piazza Armerina, Imperial Villa, small hunting scene, mosaic
13.5 338 Piazza Armerina, Imperial Villa, large hunting scene, mosaic
13.6 338 Piazza Armerina, Imperial Villa, Labors of Hercules mosaic, detail
13.7 343 Vatican City, excavations under St. Peter’s, west end, plan
13.8 343 Vatican City, excavations under St. Peter’s, Mausoleum F, stuccoes
13.9 346 Vatican City, excavations under St. Peter’s, Campo P, plan
13.10 348 Vatican City, excavations under St. Peter’s, Aedicula, reconstruction