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The Nature of Animal Light

Chapter 16: Transcriber's Notes
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About This Book

A systematic survey of bioluminescence identifies luminous organisms across plants and animals, reviews historical observations and common misidentifications, and distinguishes biological light from related phenomena such as fluorescence and phosphorescence. It analyzes physical properties including spectra, polarization, intensity, and the relation of radiation to temperature, and compares intermittent and continuous emissions. The work examines the anatomy and organization of luminous organs, contrasts intracellular and extracellular production, discusses rhythmic and flashing behaviors and bacterial luminescence, and evaluates chemical mechanisms—particularly oxidation reactions—alongside experimental methods and quantitative measurements, with references for further study.

Transcriber's Notes

Uncommon forms for chemical names have been retained where they occur in the text, e.g. "atropin" for "atropine"; "asparagin" for "asparagine", etc.

The spellings of "Sidot blend" and "Sidot blende" are used interchangeably.

"PH" or PH (subscript H) is used throughout for the scale of alkali-acidity where the modern usage is "pH".

On page 173, the citation for Nutting, P. G.: 1908 has page range pp. 261-039. This is as it appears in the original, but is probably in error.

Minor corrections to formatting and missing punctuation (mostly in the bibliography) have been changed without an explicit note.


Changes to the text have been made only in the case of obvious spelling or type-setting errors. These are listed as follows:

Page ix: changed "Phoshorescence" to "Phosphorescence" (II. Luminescence and Incandescence ... Phosphorescence and fluorescence.)

Page ix: changed "Biozymoxyluminescence" to "Biozymoöxyluminescence" (V. The Chemistry of Light Production, Part I ... "Biozymoöxyluminescence.")

Page x: changed "chemi-luminescence" to "chemiluminescence" in two instances (Reaction velocity and chemiluminescence. Temperature and chemiluminescence.)

Page 15: changed "th" to "the" (Less well known is the Ignis fatuus)

Page 26: re-positioned period outside of parentheses "after being illuminated (photoluminescence)."

Page 29: changed "platino-cyanide" to "platinocyanide" (Fluorescent screens of barium platinocyanide)

Page 29: added missing comma (willemite (Zn2SiO4), Sidot blend)

Page 34: added missing closing quotation mark ("It is altogether probable that the cause of this" ...)

Page 39: superscript "2" changed to subscript "2" in Na2CO3 (the pyrogallol-formaldehyde-Na2CO3-H2O2 reaction).

Page 41: "50-metre candles" changed to "50 metre-candles" (Below 0.5 and above 50 metre-candles visibility varies ...)

Page 42, Table 4: changed "Fraünhofer" to "Fraunhofer" in the caption and table heading (Fraunhofer Lines)

Page 47, Table 5: changed "Forster" to "Förster" (Bacteria ... Förster, 1887)

Page 56, Fig 12 caption: "Forsythe" changed to "Forsyth" (after Hyde, Forsyth and Cady).

Page 72: added missing closing parenthesis "the molluscs (Pholas and Phyllirhoë)".

Page 74: "secretion" changed to "section" (A section of the epithelium shows large mucous-producing cells ...)

Page 75: added missing closing punctuation (At least one, probably two, are concerned in light production.)

Page 75: changed "intra-cellular" to "intracellular" (animals possessing light cells with intracellular luminescence)

Page 81; Fig. 29 caption: added missing comma (chr.1, chromatophore; ...)

Page 87: added missing closing parenthesis "(and that too of such a Density to make them continue shining)."

Page 90: "necesary" changed to "necessary" (Boyle also made many experiments to show that air was necessary for the life of animals ...)

Page 93: changed "thermo-couple" to "thermocouple" (using a thermocouple as the measuring instrument)

Page 94: "D" changed to "B" (placed in a large Dewar flask (B) filled with water)

Page 94: "Thermo-couples" changed to "Thermocouples" (Thermocouples (L and M) of advance...)

Page 97: "thermo-couple" changed to "thermocouple" (Readings of each thermocouple on the galvanometer scale ...)

Page 100: changed "McKenny" to "McKenney" (McKenney (1902) found also ...)

Page 102: changed "misceable" to "miscible" (insoluble in water but miscible with it)

Page 103: "demontrate" changed to "demonstrate" (I have been unable to demonstrate their existence in luminous bacteria;)

Page 104: "thermolable" changed to "thermolabile" ( ...and a thermolabile complement (alexin) are necessary.)

Page 104: "thermolable" changed to "thermolabile" (Because of the necessity of thermostable and thermolabile substances for light production ...)

Page 105: "thermolable" changed to "thermolabile" (luciferase (=photogenin) for the thermolabile material ...)

Page 111: "preslence and H2O3" changed to "presence of H2O2" (lophin could be oxidized by vertebrate blood in the presence of H2O2.)

Page 116: "or" changed to "of" ( ... and would disappear from solution in the course of a day or so.)

Page 116: changed "oxidizible" to "oxidizable" (The luciferins, as the oxidizable substances, must claim first attention.)

Page 123: "contrated" changed to "concentrated" (1 c.c. portions of concentrated luciferin)

Page 132: "coluciferase" changed to "co-luciferase" (He now regards it as identical with his co-luciferase)

Page 151, Table 13: corrected duplicate numbering "10" to "11" (11 Ferric chloride)

Page 151, Table 13: corrected duplicate numbering "14" to "15" (15 Chromic sulfate)

Page 151, Table 13: abbreviated "minute" to "min." in two entries (boiled 1 min. and filtered)

Page 158: changed "appear" to "appears" (... and yet light appears only in presence of the latter.)

Page 162: added missing closing punctuation (More complete works on light and luminescence come first and original articles follow.)

Page 165: added missing comma (Dubois, R.: 1918a, Sur la Synthèse de la Luciferine.)

Page 165: changed "Biophotogénesis" to "Biophotogénèse" (Recherches Recentes de M. Newton Harvey sur la Biophotogénèse)

Page 165: changed "Biophotogénèsis" to "Biophotogénèse" (Nouvelles Recherches sur la Biophotogénèse)

Page 166: changed "Oxydations geschwindigkeit" to "Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit" (Ueber die Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit von Phosphor ...)

Page 166: changed "Radiumstrahlem" to "Radiumstrahlen" (Einige Beobachtungen ueber die durch Radiumstrahlen in den tierischen Geweben erzeugte Phosphoreszenz.)

Page 166: changed "neiderer" to "niederer" (Ueber die Entwicklung von Bakterien bei niederer Temperatur.)

Page 167: changed "nueue" to "neue" (Ueber die rosettenförmigen Leuchtorgane der Tomopteriden und zwei neue Arten von Tomopteris.)

Page 169: added missing hyphen to "Pflanzen-" (Ueber das Leuchten im Pflanzen-und Tierreiche.)

Page 169: changed "Rucksicht" to "Rücksicht" (mit bes. Rücksicht auf. med. Diagnost. u. Therapie Wien.)

Page 170: changed "jord." to "jard." (Bull. d. jard. imp. botan. St. Petersburg)

Page 171: changed "Lichtfaüle" to "Lichtfäule" (Phosphorezierende Tausendfüssler und die Lichtfäule des Holzes)

Page 172: changed "Pfluger's Arch" to "Pflüger's Arch." (Pflüger's Arch., Bd. cxix, pp. 583-601.)

Page 174: changed "Bedentung" to "Bedeutung" ( ... ihre Bedeutung für die Principien der Respiration)

Page 175: changed "Lazaro" to "Lazzaro" (Spallanzani, Lazzaro: 1794, ...)

Page 176: changed "Leuchtvermogen" to "Leuchtvermögen" (Ueber das Leuchtvermögen von Amphiura squamata, Sars.)

Page 177: changed "Triboluminescenz" to "Tribolumineszenz" (Tschugaeff, L.: 1901, Ueber Tribolumineszenz.)

Page 179: changed "Bandromski" to "Bandrowski" (Bandrowski, E., 33)

Page 179: changed "Baelli" to "Batelli" (Batelli and Stern, 115)

Page 179: changed "Centnerswer" to "Centnerzwer" (Centnerzwer, M., 147)

Page 179: changed "Fire-flies" to "Fireflies" (Fireflies, 10, 31, 34,...)

Page 180: changed "Forsythe" to "Forsyth" (Hyde, Forsyth and Cady, 57, 63).

Page 180: changed "Flankland" to "Frankland" (Frankland, P., 62)

Page 180: changed "Glow-worms" to "Glowworms" (Glowworms, 1, 10, 43, 77)

Page 181: changed "Piezolumisescence" to "Piezoluminescence" (Piezoluminescence, 32 ff).

Page 182: changed "Stefan-Boltzman" to "Stefan-Boltzmann" (Stefan-Boltzmann Law, 22, 23)

Page 182: changed "infrared" to "infra-red" (Transparency of chitin to infra-red, 52)

Page 182: added missing page references (Weiser, H. B., 33, 34, 39).

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