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The Norse discoverers of America

Chapter 2: CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY
By G. M. Gathorne-Hardy
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About This Book

The work combines English translations of medieval Norse sagas recounting westward voyages across the Atlantic with a scholarly commentary. The translation section narrates discovery voyages, coastal exploration, settlement attempts, and encounters with indigenous peoples, alongside variant readings, a chronological summary, and genealogical material. The discussion critically assesses manuscript discrepancies and historical reliability, debates geographic identifications and voyage routes, analyzes reported encounters and settlement outcomes, and reconstructs individual expeditions in detail, concluding with bibliography and interpretive conclusions about the nature and consequences of early Norse transatlantic activity.

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY

870. Ingolf comes to Iceland.
938. Birth of Thorgrim, father of Snorri Godi.
c. 950. Conjectural date of birth of Eric the Red.
963. Birth of Snorri Godi.
982. Eric’s first exploration of Greenland.
986. Foundation of the Greenland colony. Bjarni discovers America.
999. Leif arrives in Norway. His conversion.
1000. Christianity established in Iceland. Leif converts Greenland. Death of Olaf Tryggvason. Bjarni in Norway with Eric Jarl.
1001. Bjarni returns to Greenland.
1002. Leif discovers Wineland.
1003. Leif returns. Death of Eric the Red? and Thori, first husband of Gudrid.
1004. Thorvald’s expedition.
1006. Death of Thorvald.
1007. Return of Thorvald’s expedition.
1008. Thorstein’s expedition and death.
1009. Gudrid returns to Brattahlid.
c. 1018. Olaf the Holy sends Rörek to Leif Ericson.
c. 1019. Karlsefni arrives in Greenland.
c. 1020. Karlsefni marries Gudrid. They sail to Straumsfjord. Snorri born.
c. 1023. Return of Karlsefni.
c. 1024. Freydis’ voyage.
c. 1055. Mean date of birth of Snorri’s children.
1067. Birth of Ari the Learned. Adam of Bremen director of Bremen Cathedral School.
1076. Death of Svein Estridson, informant of Adam of Bremen.
1085. Birth of Bishop Thorlak, grandson of Snorri Karlsefnison.
1121. Eric, Bishop of Greenland, sails for Wineland.
1133. Death of Bishop Thorlak.
1148. Death of Ari the Learned.
1162. Death of Bishop Björn, Karlsefni’s great-grandson.
1163. Ordination of Bishop Brand I.
1201. Death of Bishop Brand I.
1285. New land discovered west of Iceland.
1294. Royal edict making trade with Greenland, &c. a crown monopoly.
1299. Hallbera appointed abbess of Reynisness.
1334. Death of Hauk.
1347. A ship from Markland reported in Icelandic Annals.
1370–1387. Compilation of the Flatey Book.