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The North American Indian, Vol. 1

Chapter 31: SOUTHERN ATHAPASCAN COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY
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About This Book

A richly illustrated ethnographic volume documents the life, beliefs, and material culture of Apache, Jicarilla, and Navaho peoples through field observations, photographs, mythic narratives, and descriptions of ceremonies, domestic life, and arts. It offers historical sketches and comparative linguistic notes, creation myths, accounts of medicine practices and ritual performances, rites of passage, and daily subsistence activities. Extensive photographic plates and captions aim to capture habitations, tools, clothing, and landscape. Appendices provide tribal summaries, a comparative vocabulary, and an explanation of recording conventions, while introductory material outlines the aims and field methods used to compile the record.

SOUTHERN ATHAPASCAN COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY

Anatomical Terms
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
ankle-joint ko-ká̆ ĭlh-rŭ-nŭ-ni-wú ké̆t-sin a-ké̆ts-in
arm ko-gún gŏn a-gán
blood dĭlh tí̆l-thĕ dĭlh
bone its-í̆n í̆ts-ĭn ts'ĭn
chest i-tí̆l ko-yé̆-tĕ a-jĕ-í̆ts-in
chin ko-yé̆-dâ ĭs-é̆-tâ á̆-yăts-in
ear id-já ĭd-já ă-já
elbow ko-gún ĭlh-rŭ-nŭ-ni-wú ĭd-an-hlá osh-lé
eye in-dá̆ ĭt-á ăn-án
face ko-ní ĭn-ní ăn-ín
finger ko-lụ-zhúzh in-lấ shĭ-lă
finger-nail ko-lụ-gún in-lâ-gó̆n shĭ-lá̆sh-gân
foot ko-ké̆ i-ká
hair tsĭ-rấ ĭt-sé̆ tsi-ghá̆
hand ko-gún u-lá shí-lă
head kots-its-í̆n í̆ts-ĭts-ĭn sí̆ts-ĭts-in
heart kod-jí did-jú-la ko-chá a-je-id-í̆sh-jalh
knee ko-qút ĭ-kó ă-whód
leg kod-jấk ĭ-jấd ă-jấd
lip su-sŭ-bâ-né̆ ĭ-tấ ă-dấ
lungs kod-jí ĭ-tâ-lé̆ a-jé
mouth ko-zá ĭ-zé̆ si-zé
neck ko-gús ĭ-kó̆s ăk-ás
nose ko-chí ĭ-chín ă-chí̆n
nostril kó-ní̆ ĭn-né̆ ă-ní̆n
shoulder ko-hwás ĭh-hwás ă-hwás
toe ko-kĕ-zhúzh ĭh-ké̆sh a-ké̆
toe-nail ko-kĕ-gún ĭh-ké̆sh-gŏn a-ké̆sh-gân
tongue kŏ-zá ĭh-zá-tĕ a-tsó
tooth ko-wú ĭh-gwó a-hwó
Animals (See also Foods)
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
antelope já-gĕ tá-ga-tĕ jú̆-dĭ
badger bụ-ntă-lé̆ na-gans-chi-tn ná-as-chĭd
bat cha-bâ-né̆ cha-na-mi-ín jâ-a-bá-nĭ
bear sŭsh shash sŭsh
beaver cha cha cha
blue-bird rụsh-tá du-tlí̆sh dó-lo dó-lĭ
buffalo bĭ-shĭsh-jík ă-yán-dĕ a-yá-nĭ
buzzard chi-shó-gĭ ta-chá-ze jé-sho
chipmunk gụ-sụs-sí ĭn-se-zú-so tsĭd-í̆t-í̆-nĭ
coyote ban tsil-i-té̆n mai
crow gấ-gĕ kấ-gĕ gấ-gĕ
deer bin bin bin
eagle tsá-cho i-tsá a-tsá
elk bin-nal-dé̆ tzĕs tzĕ
gopher na-ilh-tlí-gi ma-í-nĕ-lin na-a-zí-si
hawk ĭt-sấ ĭt-sé̆-so-yĕ g'í̆-ni
mountain lion ndú-chú ĕn-tó-yĕ nash-tu-í-tso
mountain sheep dĕ-bé̆-chụ zi-dĕ-bé̆ tsĕ-tú̆-dĕ-bĕ
owl bụ yí-yĕ nás-cha
rat (wood) klósh-chụ klé̆-tso klĕ-é̆-tso
skunk gụ-lízh-ĭ kĕl-din-shé̆n wo-lí̆-zhi
spider na-alht-lo-lé̆ mans-ché̆ nash-jé'i
squirrel tsĕ-skús-si na-jĭl-kái-ĭ t'lá-zi
turkey tá-zhĭ ká-zhĭ tá-zhĭ
wolf ban-chú bai-é̆-tso mai-í̆-tso
[pg 140]
Zahadolzhá - Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1904 by E.S. Curtis

Cardinal Points
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
north nâ-ak-ku-sé̆ bi-yâ-yó ná-ko-sŭ bi-ya-yé̆ nó̑-ho-kos
south nụ-dĭt-ú̆ bi-yâ-yó sha-tí ai-yé̆ shŭ-tŭ-ú̆
east hụ-nâ-ĭt-ú̆kh bi-yâ-yó sha-há ai-yé̆ há-ĭ
west on-ụd-ú̆kh bi-yâ-yó sha-í ai-yé̆ i-yŭ-ú̆
zenith nokh-gé̆h-yo ya-alh-ní-gĭ
nadir nokh-tlúh-yo a-yá-ĭ dĕs-á-ĭ-gĭ
Colors
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
black dí̆lh-kĭh dí̆lh-ĭ-li dí̆lh-kĭh
blue du-tlí̆sh-ĭ dá-tlĭsh do-tlí̆sh-ĭ
brown hĭsh-tlí̆zh klĭ-pá dí̆-nĭl-zhĭn
gray qụl-bấ tnĕ-ná-tlĭsh klĕ-pá
green tlŏh-du-tlí̆zh-a yĕ-dá-tlĭsh dó-tlĭsh
red tli-chú klĭ-chí klĕ-chí
white tli-kái klĭ-kái klĕ-kái
yellow tli-tsó klĭ-tsó klé̆-tso
Foods (Primitive)
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
acorns chĭd-jí̆l na-tó-ka-tsĕ ché̆-chĭl bi-ná
antelope já-gĕ ta-gá-tĕ jú̆-dĭ
beans (native) bé̆s-tsoz ná-o-hlĕ-tsos-tĕt nú̆-o-hlĭ
cedar berries dĭl-tú-hla du-tlí̆sh-ĭ kal-tú-stĕ-ih dit-zé̆
corn na-tán na-tán na-tán
deer bin bi^{n) bin
elk bin nal-dé̆ tzĕs tzĕ
grapes (wild) dŭh-tsá tŭt-zé̆ tŭt-zé̆
juniper berries dĭl-tú-hla chĭl-há-zhĕ
mescal (agave) ná-ta ná-ta ná-ta
mountain sheep dĕ-bé̆-chụ zi-dĕ-bé̆ tsĕ-tú̆-dĕ-bĕ
piñon nuts o-bé̆ nĕs-chí nĕs-chí
potatoes (wild) ĭlh-tsú si-tsí̆n-nĭ pi-ji-né̆ ná-ma-si
prairie-dogs ăn klun klun
pumpkins bĕlh-kún na-yí-zĕ na-yĭ-zĭ-chí
rabbits (jack) gah-chú gah-tsó gah-tsó
rabbits (cottontail) gah-chi-lé̆ gah-chĭ-shé̆ gah
rats (wood) klosh-chú klé̆-tso klĕ-é̆-tso
squash gó-chi bĕlh-kún na-yí-zĕ na-yí̆-zĭ
yucca fruit gu-skú̆n kash-kán kŭsh-kán
[pg 141]
Handicraft
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
arrow-point bĕsh-go-lí̆n bé̆sh-tĕ bes-ĕst-á-gi
arrow-shaft tsĭ-gấ kĭ-ĭsh-tlu-zé̆ ts'ak-á̆
basket (tray) tsâ-nas-kú̆-dĭ ĭ-tsấ ts'â
basket (burden) tú̆t-za ĭ-tsâ-nas-ká tsi-zí̆s
bow ĭlh-tí̆ ĭt-kĭn-chái alht-hín
cap cha cha cha
deerskin ĕ-pú̆n ĕ-pú̆n ĕ-pú̆n
fire-sticks kóh-tĭl-di t'tĕ wolk-án
head-band tsĭ-nóz-dĕ tsi-náz-dĕ cha
house kó-wa ko-zhán ho-gán
leggings ĭs-klé̆ tlĭ-kái ĭs-klé̆ ĕ-pú̆n ĭs-klé̆
loin-cloth chósh-ta tsa-á-tĕ t'lĕsts-ós
moccasins ĕ-pú̆n kĕ ké̆'it-zĕ
pottery nụlh-kí-dĕ bi i-dé̆ ĭ-tsá̆ kush-tí̆sh
shirt ĕ-pŭn-tlé-sĭs é̆'it-zĕ ĕ-pŭn'é̆
sweat-lodge ka-ché̆ ké̆lh-cha ta-ché̆
water bottle tus n-chĕ-ĕ tó-zŭs
Months (Moons)8
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
January It-sá Bĭ-zhá̆zh Ku-wan-dé̆ Yăs Nlht'es
February Bụh Is-chí̆t Is-sai-zá A-tsá̆ Bĭ-yásh
March T'a Nụ-chí̆l It-á-na Chĭ-tái Wozhch'td
April T'a Nụ-chú It-á-na Tso At-ấn Chil
May Shosh-ké̆ Ku-skí It-chí At-ấn Tso
June Bin-nĭ-tsí̆ Dĭlh-tsí̆k Tấ-gĕ It-chí Nesh-já Chíl-i
July Bin-nĭ-tsí̆ Chi-é̆ Bi It-chí Nesh-já Tso
August Bi-nĭ-tún Tsos-sé̆ Kĕ-tlĕ-pé̆ Lak-tái-kĕ Bĭnt-ấn Ts'án-sĭ
September Bi-nĭ-t[ú.]n Chụ It-ha-stĭ-kí̆h Bĭnt-ấn Tso
October Rấn-zhĭ Iz-té̆-o-ĕ Ghấn-jĭ
November Ka-rúh-nụl-gụs Bin-zá-kĭ-a Nlhch-ĭ Ts'ấn-sĭ
December Sŏs-nalh-tús Bin-nai-a-shé̆ Nlhch-ĭ Tsa
[pg 142]
Hasché̆ltĭ, Haschĕbaád, Zahadolzhá—Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis

Natural Phenomena
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
ashes ĭlh-chí kus-chí-ĭsh hlesh-ch'ái
charcoal tli-té̆sh kus-chí t'ĕsh
cloud ya-kó̆s kos kos
darkness chalh-ké̆lh klin cha-halh-kélh
day dji djin n
earth ni-go-stú̆n ní-to-gus-an ní-ho-ĕs-tsan
fire koh ku n
ice ti i-lá tqĭn
lake tu-sĭ-kấ ko-zĭlh-ká to
light go-tí go-tíh a-dí̆n-din
lightning há-dĭlh-kĭh í-dĭlh-chĭl a-tsín-ĭl-klĭsh
Milky-way I-kú̆tl bâ-há Tsós-pai Klĕ-kái stá-ĭ
mist ât ku-bĕ-zhá-zi i-dzí
moon klĕ-ga-na-ái klĕ-na-ái klĕ-ho-na-ái
mountain tzĭlh tzĭlh tzĭlh
night klĕ kli klé-jĕ
Pleiades Nụs-ka-o-ŭ-hú ns-chi-sté̆ Dí̆l-gĕ-het
rain ná-ĭl-tĭ na-golh-kín nĭt-sú̆n
rainbow hi-tsâ-tlúl ĭt-sun-to-lé̆ nads-í-lĭd
river tu-ndlí ko-dlé̆ to
rock tse tsi tsĕ
shooting-star (meteor) tĭtl-són-sé̆ nụl-tú̆ sush-na-tsé̆ n-á̆-dal-dsĭd
sky yá-dĭlh-kĭh ya yá-dĭlh-kĭh
smoke tlĭk kli hlĭd
snow sŏs zŏs yăs
star tĭtl-só̆n-sĕ sons son
sun chu-ga-na-ái chun-na-ái chĕ-ho-na-ái
thunder i-dá-ndi i-dĭlh-ní í-nĭ
water tu ko to
wind ní̆l-chi nl-chi ní̆l-chi
Numerals
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
one hlá-ĭ hlá-ĭ hlá-ĭ
two ná-kĭ ná-kĭ ná-kĭ
three tá-gĭ ká-i ta
four n n din
five ăsh-tlá-ĭ á̆sh-tlĕ á̆sh-dla
six gus-tán kus-kú̆n has-tán
seven gus-tsí̆-gĭ kus-tsí̆t-i tsósts-ĕd
eight tsá-bi tsá-bi tsé-bi
nine ngus-tá-i nkus-tá-i nâas-dái
ten gú-nĕz-na kú-nĕz-ni né̆z-na
eleven hla-zá-ta hla-ĭ-zá hla-zá̆-ta
twelve na-kĭ-zá-ta na-ki-zá na-ki-zá-ta
thirteen ta-zá-ta ka-zá ta-zá-ta
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
fourteen din-zá-ta din-zá din-zấ-ta
fifteen ăsh-tla-á-ta ăsh-tlĕ-zá ăsh-dla-ấ-ta
sixteen gus-ta-á-ta kus-kŭn-zá has-tan-ấ-ta
seventeen gus-tsĭ-zá-ta kus-tsĭt-zá tsosts-ĕd-zấ-ta
eighteen tsa-bi-zá-ta tsa-bi-zá tse-bi-dzấ-ta
nineteen ngus-ta-dzá-ta nkus-ta-zá nâas-dai-dzấ-ta
twenty na-dí̆n na-tín na-dín
twenty-one na-dí̆n-hla na-tín-hla na-dín-hla
thirty ta-dí̆n ka-tín tá-din
forty dĭs-dí̆n dĭs-tín dí̆s-din
fifty ăsh-tlá-dĭn ăsh-tlé̆-tin á̆sh-dla-din
one hundred gú-nĕz-na-dĭn kú-nĕz-ni-tin né̆z-na-din
[pg 143]
Personal Terms
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
aunt ko-bá̆-zhĕ ku-bá-zhĕ shi-bí̆-zhi
baby ô-ja-zí̆ a-wé̆
boy skhĭn ĭsh-ki-ín skhi
brother (younger) ko-kí̆zn ko-kă-gé̆ na-râ-hí̆ ku-ĭ-zhá sí̆-tsĭ-lĭ
brother (elder) ko-kí̆zn ụn na-râ-hí̆ ku-na-á shí̆-nai
child châ-rá-shĕ ilh-chí̆n shĭ-yá̆zh
clan ndĕ-áz-dĭ-i ĭ-chu-gĕ-dé̆ dĭ-né̆-ĕ
enemy ĕ-ná ko-ndá a-ná
father ko-tá̆ ku-kấ-ĭ shi-zhé̆-ĕ
girl na-lí̆n ish-té̆tn at-é̆d
man ndĕ tĭn-dé̆ dĭ-né̆
medicine-man dĭ-gí̆n tin-dá-ko-ka-tlé̆ ha-tá-lĭ
mother ko-mấ ku-sí sha-mú̆
people (tribesmen) ko-kí shĕ-tĭn-dé̆ dĭ-né̆
people (strangers) tlúh-go ndé̆-hi ta-á-tso a-ná
person tsĭlh-kí̆dn ti-ní dĭ-né̆
sister (younger) ko-dĭ-zhé̆ shĕ-lá shi-dé-zhĭ
sister (elder) ko-lú shĕ-nda-té̆ shú̆d-dĭ
uncle ko-dâ-ú̆ shĕ-ka-na-tlé̆n shi-bí̆-zhi
woman ĭst-só̆n ĕs-tsán ĕs-tsán
Trees
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
cedar gá-ĭl-lĭ kálh-tĕ gad
cottonwood t'is tu-ás t'is
juniper dĭl-tút-hlĕ-chi gad náz-si
oak chi-chí̆l shun-chi-lé̆ ché̆-chĭl
pine ndĭl-chí nus-chí ndish-chí
piñon o-bĕ-tsí̆n ĭ-zĕn-chí chá̆-olh
spruce djụ-útlh kŏn-skĕ-lé̆ dishl-bái
willow gai kí̆-ĭ k'á-i
[pg 144]
Navaho Women

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis

Miscellaneous
English Apache Jicarilla Navaho
arm ko-gún gŏn a-gán
food chi-zú̆n ai-tá-i chi-án
forest gụd-nlh-chíl ku-dŏn-chíl tsĭn
god ya-á-diz-tan bi-tsa-shĕ-ndá-ĭ ye
jewels tsĕ-rụ-dé̆n-lĭg-gĕ n'klĭz
large n'chai n'tsai n'tsa
pollen há-dĭn-tĭn tlâsh tá-dĭ-tĭn
small ăl-chí̆-se ŭns-tsé̆s-tĕ yá-zhĕ
spirits chĭdn kuts-áin tsĭ*n-di
spirit-land chĭdn-túh-yo bits-áin bĕ-kĕ-yá
tobacco tzĭlh-ná-to ná-to-tĕ n'át'o
turquoise du-tlí̆sh-ĭ da-tlí̆sh-ĕ dó-tlĭsh