The Ocean World: Being a Description of the Sea and Its Living Inhabitants.

Among the acanthopterygeous fishes we shall only notice the singular family of Fistulariadæ, or Pipe-fishes, so called from the extreme elongation of the fore part of the head, forming a tube, at the extremity of which is the mouth. Of this family, Fistularia tabacaria (Fig. 396) may be considered the type. The tube of the muzzle is long and flat, and from the caudal fin springs a terminal filament nearly as long as the body. This species of pipe-fish is common at the Antilles; it attains the length of about three feet, but its flesh is leathery and insipid. It feeds upon crustaceans and small fishes, which it drags from the interstices of the rocks and stones by means of its long and taper pipe.

We close our abbreviated history of the Ocean and such of the inhabitants with which it swarms as seems most likely, from their habits and other peculiarities, to interest the readers, conscious of its many imperfections. Where every creature which moves and breathes in the watery world is so full of interest, it will not surprise the reader to learn that one of the editor's chief difficulties has been that of selection, his most painful task that of rejecting the vast mass of interesting matter he had necessarily to pass in review.

We have shown in the first chapter of this work that nearly three-fourths of the surface of the earth is bathed by the sea. Struck with this vast extent of ocean, a witty French writer says, "One is almost tempted to believe that our planet was specially created for fishes." They are, indeed, a very important part of creation; they form, as it were, a bond uniting the vertebrate to invertebrate animals. They have a more complicated organization than any of the other oceanic inhabitants (except the Cetaceæ), as they are also the most numerous, the most varied in form, and by far the most brilliant in colour, and the most active in their movements.

Pliny, the naturalist, describes ninety-four species of fishes. Linnæus has characterised four hundred and seventy-eight. The naturalists of the present day know upwards of thirteen thousand, a tenth of which are fresh-water fishes.

INDEX.

• Abdominales, 560.
• Acalephæ, or Sea Nettles, 195.
• Acanthopterygians, 590.
• Acclimatizing sponges, 80.
• Acephalous Mollusca, 316.
• Acetabuliferous Cephalopods, 448.
• Achatina zebra, 409.
• Actiniaria, 181.
• —— dianthus, 189.
• Æquerea violacea, 198.
• Agalma rubra, 239.
• Its graceful appearance, ib.
• Its interior, 240.
• Alcyonaria, 119.
• —— proper, 144.
• Alcyonium digitatum, 144, 151.
• Allice Shad, 584.
• Alternate generation in the Biphora, 315.
• Alveolina oblonga, 95.
• Ambulacral appendages, 263.
• Amœbæ diffluens, 86.
• —— princeps, 86.
• Ammodytes lancea, 537.
• Anabas, 596.
• Analysis of sea water, 15, 18.
• Anatomy of the Carp, 504.
• Anchovy (Engraulis), 589.
• Ancient trilobite, 448.
• Animalcules, their action, 10.
• Antarctic Ocean, 3.
• Discoveries, 44, 50.
• Antipathidæ, 148, 149.
• Apiocrinus pentacrinus, 271.
• Aplysia depilans, shell and animal, 393.
• Apoda, 536.
• Apolemia contorta, 241.
• Parts magnified, 242.
• Aporous Madrepores, 150.
• Appearance of the sea, 60.
• Aquarium, the, 66.
• Arctic Ocean, 9.
• Argonauta, fables concerning it, 467.
• Aristotle's description, ib.
• Oppian's description, 468.
• His mistakes, ib.
• Rumphius, 469.
• Real history, 470.
• Madame Power's experiments, ib.
• Locomotive organs, 471.
• Argonauta argo, shell and animal, 469.
• —— papyracea, animal and shell, 471.
• Aristotle's Lantern, 287, 289.
• Ascidia microcosmus, 310.
• —— pedunculata, 311.
• Ascidians, simple, social, and composite, 310.
• Aspergillum vaginiferum, 331.
• Asteracanthion glacialis, 264.
• Asterias, 260.
• —— aurantiaca, 263.
• —— rubens, 261.
• Asterophyton verrucosum, 279.
• Astrea punctifera, 155.
• Atlantic Ocean, 2.
• Atmospheric currents, 29.
• Atolls and Atollons, 166.
• Aurelia aurita, 199.
• Azoic rocks, 61.
• Bacterium termo, 108.
• Baffin's Bay discovered, 44.
• Baltic Sea, 6.
• Barentz's discoveries, 44.
• Barren reefs, 173.
• Beale's adventure with a Cuttle-fish, 452.
• Bed of coral, 128.
• Behring's Straits, 44.
• Beröe Forskahli, 255.
• Berthelot's representation of the capture of a Cephalopod, 462.
• Biphora, 313.
• Birth of coralline larvæ, 133.
• Bivalves, how united, 318.
• Blue minyade, 193.
• Bonitas, 595, 602.
• Bonpland's account of the Electrical Eel, 539.
• Boring Pholades, 326.
• Botrillus, 311.
• Branch of Virgularia magnified, 143.
• Branchial infusoria, 107.
• Breathing in Molluscs, 305.
• Brooke's sounding apparatus, 5.
• Bryozoare Polyps, 134. Their organization, 305.
• Buccinum senticosum, and B. undatum, 433.
• Bulimus sultanus, 408.
• Bulla ampulla, B. oblonga, and B. nebulosa, 394.
• Cabot's discoveries, 43, 554.
• Calmar, the, 458.
• Callianira, 257.
• Campanulariæ, 228.
• Cancale Oysters, 368.
• Cape Horn, 2.
• —— Race, 8.
• Carcharius vulgaris (the Shark), 517.
• Its description, ib.
• Destructive habits, 518.
• Immense power, 519.
• Its flesh coarse, 521.
• Superstitious devotions to, 521, 522.
• Cardium hians, and C. Greenlandicum, 337.
• —— aculeatum and C. edulis, 337.
• —— costatum, 338.
• Carnivorous Cephalopods, 454.
• Cartilaginous fishes, 508.
• Caryophillia cyathus, 151.
• Cassidulina, 92.
• Cassiopea Andromeda, 222.
• Cassis glauca, C. rufa, C. canaliculata, and C. Madagascariensis, 429.
• —— undata, 430.
• Cat-fish, 591.
• Celebrated Oyster eaters, 370.
• Cephalopodous Mollusca, 445.
• Cephalous Mollusca, 391.
• Cerithium fasciatum, C. aluco, and C. giganteum, 419.
• Cestidæ, 258.
• Chancellor's discoveries, 43.
• Chart of the Atlantic, 7.
• Charybdis, whirlpool of, 42.
• Chimæra arctica, 524.
• Chiton magnificus, 410.
• Chrysaora Gaudichaudi, 218.
• Ciliate Infusoria, 111.
• Circulating tubes in the Coral, 131.
• Circulation of the ocean, 23.
• Cirrotheutis Mülleri, 466.
• Classic feast on the Corniche du Prado, at Marseilles, 291.
• Cleodara cuspidata, 444.
• —— lanceolata and C. compressa, 444.
• Clupeadæ, 575.
• Clypeaster rosaceus, 287.
• Cocos Island, 170, 172.
• Cod curing, 556.
• —— fish (Morrhua callarias), 553.
• —— fisheries, 554.
• Coffres (Ostracion), 533.
• Colour of the sea, 11.
• Local causes of, 13.
• Effects of animalcules, ib.
• Algæ of rivers, 14.
• Comatulæ, 275.
• Comatula Mediterranea, 275.
• Complicated organization of a polyp, 137.
• Condylostoma patens, 113.
• Conger Eels (Anguilla conger), 543.
• Contents of a drop of water, 97.
• Conus, principal forms of, 426.
• Cook's discoveries, 44, 50.
• Coral and living polyps, 129.
• —— fisheries, 137.
• —— islands, 21.
• Coralline spicula, 130.
• Corallines, 119.
• Cornularia cornucopia, 144.
• Corpuscles from which young polyps emanate, 136.
• Corystes Cassivelaunus, male, 489.
• Female, 490.
• Cothurnia pyxidiformis, 112.
• Crabs, their habits, mode of attacking cocoa-nuts, 484.
• Travelling Crabs, 485.
• Propagation, 486.
• Cramp-fish (Torpedo marmorata), 514.
• Crinoïdea, 270.
• Cruelty to Oysters, 372.
• Crustaceans, 477.
• Their organization, 478.
• Breathing apparatus, 481.
• Destructive habits, 482.
• Crystatella mucedo, 307.
• Ctenophora, 198, 254.
• Cultivation of Oysters, 375.
• Currents of the ocean, their causes, 23, 27, 28.
• Bifurcation of currents, 33.
• Cuttle-fish, 449.
• Described, 455.
• Its pigments, 456.
• Habits, 457.
• Cyclones, 32.
• Cyclopteris, 544.
• Cyclostoma, 508.
• Cydippa pilens, 257.
• Cypræa, principal forms of, 420.
• —— capensis, C. testudinaria, C. nucleus, and C. pantherina, 423.
• —— coccinella, 421.
• —— tigris and animal, ib.
• —— undata, C. zigzag, C. moneta, and C. Madagascariensis, 422.
• Cytherea, principal forms of, 335.
• —— geographica, ib.
• Dab (Platessa limanda), 550.
• Dactylopora cylindracea, 95.
• Darwin's observations at Terra del Fuego, 167.
• —— theory of coral islands, 21.
• —— theory of subsidence, 170.
• Daughter of the sea, 137.
• Davis's discoveries, 43.
• Dead men's fingers, 144.
• Death in the ocean, 62.
• Decapoda, their organization, 464.
• Decomposition of Infusoria, 97.
• De Haven's search for Franklin, 58.
• Delphinula sphærula, 417.
• Dendrophylla ramea, 160.
• Magnified, 161.
• Density of salt water, 16.
• Dentalina communis, 92.
• Depth of the sea, 1.
• Depths of oceanic storms, 63.
• Diodon pilosus, 532.
• Diphydæ, 242.
• Disaster of the San Francisco, 32.
• Discobolidæ, 544.
• Discophora, 198.
• Distribution of land and water, 1.
• Dog-fish (Acanthias vulgaris), 522.
• Donax trunculus, 320.
• —— rugosus and D. denticulatus, 333.
• Dredge employed in Oyster fishing, 375.
• Dujardin's discoveries, 85.
• D'Urville's voyages, 44, 51.
• Adelia's Land, 53.
• Dykes of Holland undermined, 322.
• Early animal life, 61.
• Echineis remora, 544, 545.
• Echinodermata, 259.
• Echinoidæ, 280.
• Armament, ib.
• Skeleton and masticating apparatus, 288.
• Echinus esculentus, 284.
• —— mamillatus, without spines, 282.
• —— —— with spines, 281.
• Edible Snails, 405.
• Edwardsia calimorpha, 191.
• Effects of hurricanes, 40.
• Eggs of Sepia officinalis, 457.
• Electrical Eel, 537.
• Electrical properties of the Cramp-fish, 514.
• Organs described, 518.
• Eledone moschatus, its habits, 465.
• Encrinites, or Stone-lilies, 270.
• Encrinus liliformis, 271.
• Enderby's Land, 44.
• Equinoctial currents, 30.
• Eschara, 307.
• Esocidæ, 571.
• Euglenia viridis, 111.
• European pentacrinus, 273.
• Euryalina, 279.
• Evaporation, 17.
• Its effects on the sea, 18.
• Exocœtus exiliens, 573.
• Expanding Coral, 135.
• Experiments on the Physalia, 249.
• Exuberance of life in the ocean, 62.
• Fabularia discolithes, 95.
• Falkland Islands, 165.
• Fan Gorgon, magnified, 122.
• Faujasina, 91.
• File-fish (Balistes), 532.
• First Oyster-eater, 369.
• Fishes, their organization, 502.
• Locomotive apparatus, ib.
• Swimming bladder, 503.
• Breathing apparatus, 505.
• Sight, ib.
• Propagation, 507.
• Classification, 508.
• Fish's eye, 505.
• —— teeth, 506.
• Fishing for Coral, 137.
• —— — Electrical Eels with horses, 539.
• —— — Halibut, 551.
• —— — Sponges, 78.
• Flabellum pavoninum, 153.
• Flat fishes, their organization, 546.
• Special properties, ib.
• Flight of the Flying-fish, 573.
• Flounders (Platessa flessus), 549.
• Flustra foliacea, 308.
• Flux of the waves, 37.
• Flying-fish, 571, 573.
• —— Gurnard, 595.
• Fog-banks, 26.
• Foraminifera, 87.
• Franklin's discoveries, 47.
• Fringing reefs, 174, 175.
• Frog-fish (Lophius), 605.
• Fungia agariciformis, 159.
• —— echinata, 158.
• Fusus proboscidiferus, F. pagodus, and F. colus, 436.
• Gadidæ, 552.
• Galeolaria aurantiaca, 244.
• Gathering of the waters, 11.
• Generation of Star-fishes, 267.
• Geographical distribution of Oysters, 368.
• Gigantic Cephalopod stranded on the coast of Jutland, 461.
• Globe-fish, 530.
• Gorgonia flabellum, 121.
• —— verticellata, 123.
• Gorgonidæ, 121.
• Gosse's description of the Sea-urchin, 282.
• Gulf of Mexico, 9.
• —— Stream, 32.
• Gurnards (Trigla), 594.
• Gymnotus, its electrical properties, 538.
• Effect of its shock, 540.
• Haddock (Morrhua æglefinus), 559.
• Halibut, 551.
• Hammerhead (Zygæna malleus), 523.
• —— mollusc, 352.
• Harpa imperialis, and H. articularis, 434.
• —— ventricosa, 433.
• Harpooning Holothuria, 295.
• Helix citrina, and H. Stuartia, 408.
• Hermit Crab, 492.
• Herring, the, 575.
• Fisheries, 576.
• Habits, 577.
• Scotch fisheries, ib.
• Dutch fisheries, 578.
• A night at the herring fishery, 580.
• Norwegian fisheries, 582.
• Holothuria lutea, 293.
• —— fishery, 295.
• Humboldt's researches, 538.
• Hyalea gibbosa, and H. longirostris, 443.
• Indian Ocean, 2.
• Industrial occupation on the sea-shore, 65.
• Inequalities of the sea-basin, 9.
• Infusoria, 97.
• Their numbers, ib.
• In the Ganges, ib.
• Species, ib.
• In blocks of ice, 98.
• Reproduction, 103.
• Infusorial parasites, 105.
• Isis corolloïdis, 124.
• —— hippuris, 125.
• Jan Mayen's Island, 44.
• Kane's, Dr., discoveries, 25, 49.
• Kerguelen Island, 44.
• Kraken, marvellous stories concerning, 460.
• Labridæ, 606.
• Labrus communis, ib.
• Labyrinthiform Pharyngeans, 596.
• Land and water, 1.
• Legend of the first mussel-fisher, 347.
• —— —— Sea-urchin, 282.
• Life in the ocean, 60.
• Limax rufus, 400.
• Limpets, 410.
• Lobsters, 496.
• Loligo vulgaris, and L. Gahi, 459.
• Lophius piscatorius, 605.
• Lophobranchii, 534.
• Luidia fragillissima, 269.
• Lumbricus terrestris, 114.
• Lump-fish (Cyclopteris), 537.
• —— —— (Raia clavata), 503.
• Lunar tides, 35.
• Lymnea stagnalis, 397.
• Lymneans, 397.
• Their habits, ib.
• Organization, 398.
• Mackerel, 599.
• Do they migrate? 600.
• M'Clintock's discoveries, 48.
• M'Clure's discoveries, ib.
• Madreporidæ, 159.
• Madrepora plantaginea, 162.
• Madrague, a combination of nets, 597.
• Maelström whirlpool, 42.
• Malacopterygii, 536.
• Malleus alba, 352.
• —— vulgaris, ib.
• Mantle in Molluscs, its uses, 319.
• Marenna Oysters, 368.
• Masticating apparatus, 288.
• Mean depth of the sea, 1-3.
• Meandrina cerebriformis, 156.
• Mediterranean Sea, 6.
• Medusadæ, 195, 213.
• Medway Oyster-beds, 368.
• Meleagrina margaritifera, 353.
• Metamorphoses in Infusoria, 106.
• Microscopic forms of life, 62.
• Millepora alcicornis, 164.
• Milne Edwards's study, 65.
• Minyadinians, 193.
• Mitra episcopalis and M. papalis, 425.
• Molluscoïda, 303.
• Organization, 304.
• Generation, 305.
• Mollusca, 301.
• Their characteristics, 315.
• Monade Lentille, 109.
• Monodonta Australis, and M. labia, 416.
• Monsoons, 33.
• Montfort, Denis de, on the Kraken, 460.
• Moon-fish (Orthogoriscus mola), 530.
• Mounts Erebus and Terror, 55.
• Mullet (Mullus), 591.
• A Roman luxury, 592.
• Muræna, 541.
• —— ponds, a passion with Roman patricians, 542.
• Murex scorpio, and M. erinaceus, 435.
• —— tenuispina, and M. haustellum, 434.
• Muschelkalk rocks, 272.
• Mussels, 344.
• Organization of, 345.
• Habits, ib.
• Localities, 346.
• Mussels of Aiguillon Bay, 347.
• Mussel-piles in Aiguillon Bay, 349.
• —— —— with basket-work, ib.
• —— punt of Aiguillon, 348.
• Mutilation of Infusoria, 107.
• Mytylus edulus, 344.
• Nacre, its composition, 353.
• Nadir points, 36.
• Nautilus pompilius, section with animal and without, 446.
• Nephtys, 145.
• New Caledonia, 174.
• Noctiluca miliaris, 96.
• Nummulites, 93.
• Nummulitis lenticularis, 92.
• —— Rouaulti, 94.
• Occulina flabelliformis, 153.
• Octopus brevisses, and O. horridus, 464.
• —— macropus, ib.
• —— vulgaris, 463.
• Olaüs Magnus on the Kraken, 460.
• Oldhamia, 61.
• Oliva erythrostoma, O. porphyria, O. irisans, and O. Peruviana, 428.
• Operculina, 92.
• Ophiocoma Russei, 278.
• Ophiuradæ, 277.
• Organization of Foraminiferæ, 96.
• —— — Infusoria, 100.
• —— — Sponges, 81.
• —— — Star-fishes, 260.
• Ossei, or Bony fishes, 529.
• Ostend Oysters, 368.
• Ostreadæ (the Oyster), 362.
• Oyster (Ostrea), 362.
• Its organization, ib.
• Reproduction, 365.
• Incubation, ib.
• Oyster beds of France, 378.
• —— beds on Lake Fusaro, 376, 378.
• —— claires of Marennes, 380.
• —— cultivation, 375.
• —— eaters, 370.
• —— farms at Whitstable, 383.
• —— fishing, 374.
• —— of different ages, 366.
• —— packing system, 378.
• Ovulum oviformis, and O. cornea, 424.
• —— volva, 425.
• Pacific Ocean, 3.
• Pagurus Bernhardus, 492.
• Palinurus vulgaris, 487.
• Pallas on Alcyonia, 145.
• Pandore Oyster beds, 384.
• Paramecium aurelia and its parasites, 105.
• —— Bursaria, 112.
• Parr, or young Salmon, 563.
• Parry's discoveries, 46.
• Patella cærulea, P. umbella, 411.
• P. granatina, and P. barbata, 412.
• —— longicosta, ib.
• Paulin's submarine apparatus, 65.
• Pearl fisheries, 255.
• Value of, 257.
• —— Oyster, 253.
• Pearly Nautilus, 447.
• Pecten glaber, 386.
• —— Japonica, 387.
• —— opercularis, ib.
• —— plica, ib.
• —— pseudamussium, 386.
• Pectenidæ, 385.
• Pelagia noctiluca, 200.
• Pelagic plants and animals, 61.
• —— rivers, 30.
• Pennatula spinosa, 141.
• Pennatulidæ, 139.
• Pentacrinus, 271.
• —— caput Medusæ, 272.
• —— Europæus, 273.
• —— fasciculosus, 271.
• Pectunculatis aureflua, 342.
• —— delessertii, ib.
• —— pectiniformis, 343.
• —— scriptus, ib.
• Perforated madrepores, 150.
• Peyssonnel's discoveries, 126.
• Phallusia grossularia, 310.
• Pholades, or borers, 328.
• Pholas crispata, 329.
• —— papyracea, and P. melanoura, ib.
• Phosphorescence of the sea, 12.
• Causes of, 13.
• Phosphorescent chain of Salpæ, 315.
• Phyllactis prætexta, 192.
• Physa castanea, 399.
• Physalia, 244.
• Its poisonous properties, 248.
• Physical properties of water, 24.
• Physophora hydrostatica, 234.
• Pilchards, 585.
• Cornwall "huers," the pilchard fishery, 586.
• Pinna bullata and P. nobilis, 362.
• —— rudis and P. nigrina, 361.
• Pinnoctopus corolliformis, 466.
• Pintadine pearls, 353.
• Pipe-fish (Syngnathus), 534.
• Pipe-fishes (Fistularia), 607.
• Plaice (Platessa vulgaris), 549.
• Planorbis corneus, 398.
• Pleuronectidæ, 546.
• Plumatella cristallina, 306.
• Polar seas, 43.
• Expeditions to, ib.
• Polyp and branch, 131.
• Polypidom, 144.
• —— and Polypi defined, 116.
• Polypifera, 116.
• Polypiferous crust in Gorgons, 149.
• Pomotouan Archipelago, 169.
• Porites, 162.
• —— astroïdes, 147.
• —— furcata, 163.
• Porpita pacifica, 233.
• Porpitæ, 232.
• Portion of the disk of Physophora hydrostatica, 236.
• Portunus variegatus, 488.
• Poulpe: Marvellous stories of the ancients concerning, 460.
• Mandibles preserved in the College of Surgeons, 461.
• Praya diphys, 243.
• Primitive generation, 106.
• Principal forms of Anodon, 340.
• —— species of Sea-anemones, 187.
• Propagation of Infusoria, 104.
• —— of Sea-urchins, 290.
• Protozoa, 71.
• Leuwenhoek's discoveries, ib.
• Pteroceras, their origin, 439.
• —— chiragra, and P. lambis, 440.
• —— scorpio, and P. millepeda, 439.
• Pteropoda, 441.
• The organization, wings, or flappers, ib.
• Pulmonary Gasteropods, 396, 409.
• Pupa uva, 409.
• Pure water, 15.
• Purpura, its reputation with the ancients, 431.
• —— consul, 432.
• —— lapillus and patula, 432.
• Pyrosoma, 312.
• Raiadæ, 510.
• Rarefaction in Polar seas, 59.
• Rataria, 232.
• Ravages of the Teredo, 321.
• Ray-fish, 513.
• Recuperative powers of Holothuria, 293.
• Red Sea Corals, 175.
• Reflux of tides, 35.
• Reign of law, 61.
• Rhizopods, 83.
• Rhizostoma Aldrovandi, 221.
• —— Cuvieri, 220.
• Rock covered with young Coral Polyps, 135.
• Roman indifference to life, 542.
• Rose aurelia, 225.
• Ross's (Sir James) discoveries, 44, 45, 51.
• Rotation of the earth, 36.
• Rotella Zealandica, 416.
• Rudimentary forms of life, 61.
• Rugous madrepores, 148.
• Sagartia viduata, 189.
• Salmonidæ, 561.
• Salmon leaps, 565.
• Falls of Kilmorack, ib.
• Anecdote of Lord Lovat, 566.
• Salpa maxima, 314.
• Saltness of the sea, 16.
• Its source, 21.
• Salt water at the Poles, 19.
• At the Equator, ib.
• Salt-water lakes, 16.
• Sarcoda, 100.
• Sargasso Sea, 31.
• Saw-fish, 524.
• Scallop-shell, 385.
• Scomberoïdes, 596.
• Scoresby's account of the Polar seas, 56.
• Scottish pearls, 341.
• Scylla and Charybdis, 42.
• Sea Anemone, 182.
• Organization, 183.
• Toxicological properties, 186.
• —— Cucumber, 291.
• —— Eel (Muræna Helena), 542.
• —— Eggs, 291.
• —— Horse (Hippocampus), 535.
• —— Lampreys, 509.
• —— Level, 10.
• —— Mussels, 344.
• —— Nettles, 195.
• —— Palm, 272.
• —— Pen, 139-144.
• —— Slug, 407.
• —— Snail (Liparis), 544.
• —— Urchins, 281.
• —— water, its components, 15.
• Section of a Coral branch, 132.
• —— of Atlantic Telegraph, 8.
• Seine Net, 588.
• Selachians, 510.
• Sepia (Cuttle-fish), 449.
• Its suckers, ib.
• —— officinalis, 455.
• —— tuberculosa, and bone of S. officinalis, 456.
• Sertulariadæ, 211.
• Shad, the (Alosa), 584.
• Shallow water, its temperature, 25.
• Shark (Carcharius vulgaris), 517.
• Shark-fishing, 520.
• Shell of the Mollusca, 316.
• Is it a skeleton? 317.
• How built up, 318.
• Shell of the Strombus, 438.
• Ship-worm and its ravages, 321.
• Its organization, 322.
• Reproduction, 324.
• Its boring hood, 326.
• Siderolites calcitrapoides, 94.
• Silver in the sea, 21.
• Siphonophora, 228.
• Skeleton Echinus, 288.
• Skeleton of the Perch, 503.
• Smolt, 564.
• Snails: form and characteristics, 401.
• Their organization, 402.
• Breathing, ib.
• Circulation, ib.
• Sight, 403.
• Reproduction, ib.
• Shell, ib.
• Their reputation with the Classics, 404.
• Solarium perspecticum, and S. variegatum, 418.
• Solar-lunar tides, 37.
• Soles (Solea vulgaris), 547.
• Sophonophora, 198.
• Spearing Halibut, 551.
• Spey Salmon, 568.
• Spherical form of the earth, 10.
• Spiroloculina, 92.
• Spondylus, various, 387.
• Spongia, half natural size, 75.
• Spongia, 82.
• Their generation, ib.
• Organization, 74.
• Localities, ib.
• Varieties of, 80.
• Spontaneous division of Infusoria, 104.
• —— generation, 105.
• Squalidæ, 517.
• Star-corals (Astrea), 155.
• Star-fishes, 260.
• Their metamorphoses, 267.
• Dismemberment, 268.
• Suicidal propensities, ib.
• —— and Oysters, 266.
• Stentor Mülleri, 114.
• Stinging apparatus of Physophora hydrostatica, 238.
• —— tentacles of Physalia, 247.
• Stomach of Infusoria, 102.
• Stomia boa, 571.
• Strombus gigas, shell and animal, 437.
• Stone lilies, 276.
• Stormontfield fish-ponds, 563.
• Straits of Gibraltar, 34.
• Sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), 526.
• —— fishing in the Volga, 527.
• Sturiona, 524.
• Stylaster flabelliformis, 154.
• Sub-branchiata, 544.
• Submarine currents, 33.
• Subsidence, theory of coral islands, 178.
• Suckers, or Star-fishes, 264.
• Suicidal tendency of Star-fishes, 269.
• Surbinolia, 148.
• Swimming bladder, 503.
• Sword-fish (Xiphias), 602.
• Warlike habits, 603.
• Fishing, ib.
• Symphynota, 355.
• Synapta duvernea, 299.
• Succinea putris, 409.
• Tabulate madrepores, 163.
• Teeth of the Bream, 506.
• —— —— Carp, ib.
• —— —— Gold-fish, 507.
• —— —— Trout, ib.
• Tellina radiata, 334.
• ——— sulphurea, and T. donacina, ib.
• ——— virgata, ib.
• Temperature of the sea, 24.
• Tentacles of Molluscs, 302.
• Tentaculiferous Cephalopods, 445.
• Their suckers (Acetabula), ib.
• Teredo navalis, its ravages, 322, 325.
• Testacella haliotidea, 401.
• Textilaria, 92.
• Thalassianthidæ, 191.
• Thames Oyster beds, 368.
• Thermal lines of sea temperature, 23.
• Thynnus pelamys (the Bonita), 596, 602.
• Tidal wave, 39.
• Its height in different seas, 40.
• Of the Atlantic, 25.
• Tides, 35.
• Torpedo marmorata, 514.
• Trachinus communis, 590.
• Trade-winds, their origin, 30.
• Trembley's discoveries, 72.
• Tridacna gigas, 338.
• —— squamosa, 339.
• Triton variegatum, T. lotorium, and T. anus, 435.
• Trochus inermis, T. Cookii, and T. imbricatus, 414.
• —— niloticus, and. T. virgatus, 414.
• —— stellaris, 417.
• Tubelaridæ, 226.
• Tubiporinæ, 120.
• Tubipora musica, ib.
• Tubulous madrepores, 150.
• Tunicata, 309.
• Tunny fish (Thynnus), 596.
• ——— fishing, 597.
• ——— net, ib.
• Turbo imperialis, 416.
• ——— margaritaceus and T. argyrostomus, 415.
• ——— undulatus, 415.
• Turbot (Rhombus), 548.
• Ultima Thule, 43.
• Umbellularia Greenlandica, 143.
• Unio littoralis, 340; and U. pictorum, 341.
• Uranoscopus vulgaris, 592.
• Urbulina universa, 92.
• Uses of salt in the sea, 23.
• Vastness of the oceanic fields of observation, 64.
• Vegetable life, ib.
• Venus verrucosa, 335.
• Veretillum cynomorium, 144.
• Vetrina fasciata, 409.
• Vibracule in molluscs, 301.
• Vibrioni baguetta, 108.
• Vilelladæ, 229.
• —— limbosa, ib.
• Virgularia, 142.
• —— mirabilis, ib.
• Volvox globator, 101.
• Walsh's, Dr., experiments with the Torpedo, 515.
• Water, 1.
• Water-lilies, 304.
• Watering-pot, the, 331.
• Waves off Cape Horn, 41.
• Weddell's discoveries, 44, 51.
• Weight of the waters of the sea, 11.
• —— of equatorial waters, 28.
• Weevers (Trachinus), 590, 591.
• Whence comes the salt of the sea? 21.
• Whirlpools, 42.
• Scylla, ib.
• Charybdis, ib.
• White Ray (Raia batis), 511.
• Whiting (Merlangus vulgaris), 559, 560.
• Whorled Gorgon, magnified, 124.
• Wilkes's expedition, 44, 51.
• Willoughby's discoveries, 43.
• Winds, 39.
• Effect on tides, ib.
• Wrasse (the), Labrus, 606.
• Young Oysters, 366.
• —— Polyp attached to a rock, 135.
• Zenith points, 36.
• Zoantharia 147, 159.
• Zoanthoa thalassanthos, 148.
• Zoanthus socialis, 193.
• Zone of Calms, 30.
• Zoophytes, 69.
• Its derivation, 70.