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The Origin of Vertebrates

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The author examines anatomical, embryological, and paleontological evidence to trace vertebrate origins, emphasizing the central nervous system, visual organs, skeleton, and branchial respiratory apparatus. Comparative study concentrates on larval lampreys (Ammocoetes) to relate brain organization, median and lateral eyes including the pineal eye, cartilage and bony elements, and gill appendages to analogous structures in arthropods and other invertebrates. He critiques surface-reversal hypotheses, interprets cranial nerve roots and branchial units as appendage-derived, and argues that developmental and fossil data, rather than speculative invertebrate models alone, best illuminate the genetic continuity and morphological transformations that produced vertebrate organization.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX OF AUTHORS

Author's name. Title of Paper. Pages of
reference.
AHLBORN "Untersuchungen über das Gehirn der Petromyzonten" 210, 489
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 39. 1883
"Ueber die Segmentation des Wirbelthierkörpers" 260
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 40. 1884
AICHEL "Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte und Stammesgeschichte der Nebennieren" 424, 428
Arch. f. Mikr. Anat. Vol. 56. 1900
ALCOCK 135, 287, 288, 289, 304, 307, 347, 445
"The Peripheral Distribution of the Cranial Nerves of Ammocœtes" 164, 171, 177, 188, 202, 297, 300, 310, 311, 316
Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. Vol. 33. 1898
"On Proteid Digestion in Ammocœtes" 58, 213, 442, 452
Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. Vol. 33. 1898
ALLEN "Studies on the Nervous System of Crustacea" 489
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 36. 1894
ANDERSON, H. K. 448, 470
"The Nature of the Lesions which hinder the Development of Nerve-cells and their Processes 466, 467, 469
Journ. of Physiol. Vol. 28. 1902
"On the Myelination of Nerve-fibres" 467, 477
Report of the Brit. Assn. 1898
APATHY "Das leitende Element des Nervensystems und seine topographischen Beziehung zu den Zellen" 467
Mitth. a. d. Zool. Stat. zu Neapel. Vol. 12. 1896
ASSHETON "On the Phenomenon of the Fusion of the Epiblastic Layers in the Rabbit and in the Frog" 42
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 37. 1894
"An Experimental Examination into the Growth of the Blastoderm of the Chick" 154
Proc. of Roy. Soc. Vol. 60. 1896
"On the Growth in Length of the Frog Embryo" 154
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 37. 1894
"A Re-investigation into the Early Stages of the Development of the Rabbit" 154
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 37. 1894
"The Primitive Streak of the Rabbit: the Causes which may determine its Shape, and the part of the Embryo formed by its Activity" 154
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 37. 1894
BALFOUR 'Comparative Embryology.' Vol. 2 73, 74, 94, 103, 104, 120, 181, 259, 424
London. 1881. Macmillan & Co.
"On the Origin and History of the Urino-genital Organs of Vertebrates" 390, 392
Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. Vol. 10. 1876
"On the Nature of the Organ in Adult Teleosteans and Ganoids, which is usually regarded as the Head-kidney or Pronephros" 420
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 22. 1882
BARKER 'The Nervous System' 470
London. 1901
BATESON "The Ancestry of the Chordata" 11
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 26. 1886
'Materials for the Study of Variation' 387
London. 1894
BEARD "The System of Branchial Sense Organs and their Associated Ganglia in Ichthyopsida" 262, 281, 283
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 26. 1885
"The Development of the Peripheral Nervous System in Vertebrates" 262, 281, 283
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 29. 1888
"The Old Mouth and the New" 318
Anat. Anzeiger. 1888
"The Source of Leucocytes and the True Function of the Thymus" 425, 426
Anat. Anzeiger. Vol. 18. 1900
"The Parietal Eye of the Cyclostome Fishes" 84
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 29. 1882
BECK AND LANKESTER "On the Muscular and Endo-skeletal Tissues of Scorpio" 171, 222, 224, 247, 268-277
Trans. Zool. Soc. Vol. 11. 1885
BEECHER "Natural Classification of the Trilobites" 283, 351, 436, 437
Amer. Journ. of Sci. Ser. 4. Vol. 3. 1897
BELL, C. 'The Nervous System of the Human Body' 155, 156, 183
London. 1830
BELLONCI "Système Nerveux et Organes des sens du Sphæroma serratum" 62, 90, 92, 101
Archiv. Ital. de Biol. Vol. 1. 1882
"Sur la structure et les rapports des lobes olfactives dans les Arthropods superieurs et les Vertébrés" 221,225
Archiv. Ital. de Biol. Vol. 3. 1883
BENHAM AND LANKESTER "On the Muscular and Endo-skeletal Systems of Limulus" 143, 171, 176, 177, 247
Trans. Zool. Soc. Vol. 11. 1885

BERGER

"Untersuchungen über den Bau des Gehirns und der Retina der Arthropoden" 88-92, 97, 100, 101
Arbeit. a. d. Zool. Instit. Wien. Vol. 1. 1878
BERGH "Neue Beiträge zur Embryologie der Anneliden" 478
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 50. 1890
BERKLEY "The Intrinsic Nerves of the Kidney" 477
Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Vol. 4
BERNARD 'The Apodidæ: a Morphological Study' 284
Nature Series. 1892
BERTKAU "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Sinnesorgane der Spinnen. 1. Die Augen der Spinnen" 369
Archiv. f. mikr. Anat. Vol. 27. 1886
BIEDERMANN 'Electro-physiology' 20
Translated by F. A. Welby. London. 1896
BLANCHARD Quoted by Huxley 225
'L'Organisation du Règne Animal. Arachnides' 109, 177, 190, 206, 313, 315
Paris. 1852
BLES "The Correlated Distribution of Abdominal Pores and Nephrostomes in Fishes" 431
Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. Vol. 32. 1898
BOBRETSKY 'Development of Astacus and Palæmon' 74
Kiew. 1873
BOURNE AND LANKESTER See Lankester and Bourne.
BOVERI "Die Nieren Canälchen des Amphioxus" 392, 395, 402, 407, 412, 426, 427
Zool. Jahrbuch. Vol. 5. 1892
BRAEM "Was ist ein Keimblatt" 460, 461, 462
Biol. Centralblatt. Vol. 15. 1895
BRAUER "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Skorpions" 62, 167, 222, 237, 281, 482
Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Part I. Vol. 57. 1894
Part II. Vol. 59. 1895
"Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Entwicklung und Anatomie der Gymnophionen." III. 393, 394, 400, 402
"Die Entwicklung der Excretionsorgane" Zool. Jahrbuch. Vol. 16. 1902
"Ueber die Entwicklung von Hydra" 473
Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 52. 1891
BÜTSCHLI "Notiz zur Morphologie des Auges der Muscheln" 114
Festschrift des Natur-hist-med. Vereins zu Heidelberg. 1886
BUJOR "Contribution a l'étude de la métamorphose de l'Ammocœtes branchialis en Petromyzon Planeri" 135, 304
Revue Biologique du Nord de la France. Vol. 3. 1891
CARLSON 177, 315, 316
CELESIA 'Differenziamento della proprietà inibitoria e dei funzioni coordinatrici nella catena gangliare dei crustacei decapodi' 489
Genoa. 1897
CLAUS "Untersuchungen über den Organismus und Entwicklung von Branchipus und Artemia" 90-92, 97, 100, 396
Arbeit a.d. Zool. Institut. Wien. Vol. 6. 1886

COPE

"On the Phylogeny of the Vertebrata" 343
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Vol. 30. 1892
CRONEBERG "Ueber die Mundtheile der Arachniden" 221-224, 241
Archiv. f. Naturgeschichte. 1880
CUÉNOT "Études sur le sang et les glandes lymphatiques dans la série animale; 2nd partie; invertébrés" 422
Arch. d. Zool. exper. gen. 2nd Ser. Vol. 9. 1891
CUNNINGHAM, J. T. "The Significance of Kupffer's Vesicle, with Remarks on other Questions of Vertebrate Morphology" 318
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 25. 1885
"The Nephridia of Lanice conchilega" 403
Nature. Vol. 36. 1887
DANA "On Cephalization" 53
Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1863
DEAN-BASHFORD 'Fishes, Living and Fossil' 344
New York. 1895
"On the Embryology of Bdellostoma Stouti" 405
Festschr. z. siebenzigsten Geburtstag. von C. v. Kupffer. Jena. 1899
DENDY "On the Parietal Sense-organs and Associated Structures in the New Zealand Lamprey (Geotria australis)" 80, 82
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 51. 1907
DIETL "Die Organisation des Arthropoden Gehirns" 101
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 27. 1876
DOHRN 'Der Ursprung der Wirbelthiere und das Princip des Functionswechsels' 14, 60, 185, 186, 317, 318
Leipzig. 1875
Studien zur Urgeschichte des Wirbelthiere Körpers. VIII. "Die Thyroidea bei Petromyzon, Amphioxus, und Tunicaten" 188, 195-198, 199, 212, 213
Mitth. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel. Vol. 6. 1886
"Neue Grundlagen zur Beurtheilung der Metamerie des Kopfes" 262, 263, 279
Mitth. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel. Vol. 9. 1890
Studien zur Urgeschichte des Wirbelthiere Körpers. XIII. "Ueber Nerven und Gefässe bei Ammocœtes und Petromyzon Planeri" 167, 314, 337
Mitth. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel. Vol. 8. 1888
DREVERMANN "Ueber Pteraspis dunensis" 29, 30
Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geol. Gesellschaft. Vol. 56. 1904
EDGEWORTH "The Development of the Head-muscles in Gallus domesticus, and the Morphology of the Head-muscles in the Sauropsida" 266
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 51. 1907
EDINGER 'Anatomy of Central Nervous System in Man and in Vertebrates' 17, 264
Translated by Hall. 1899
v. EICHWALD "Die Thier- und Pflanzenreste des alten rothen Sandsteins und Bergkalks im Nowgorodschen Gouvernement" 327
Bull. Sci. de l'Acad. Impér. d. St. Petersbourg. 1840

EISIG

"Die Seiten-organe und becherförmigen Organe der Capitelliden" 357
Mitth. a. d. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel. Vol. 1. 1879
"Capitelliden" 357
Faun. u. Flor. d. Golfes v. Neapel. Vol. 16. 1887
ELLIOTT "On the Innervation of the Ileo-colic Sphincter" 449
Journ. of Physiol. Vol. 31. 1904
EMERY Quoted by Weldon 420
FOSTER, M. Text-book of Physiology 108
FREUND "Die Beziehungen der Schilddrüse zu den weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen" 215
Deutsch. Zeitsch. f. Chirugie. Vol. 18. 1883
FRITSCH, G. 'Untersuchungen über den feineren Bau des Fischgehirns' 488, 489
Berlin. 1878
FRORIEP "Ueber Anlagen von Sinnesorganen am Facialis, Glossopharyngeus und Vagus, über die genetische Stellung des Vagus zum Hypoglossus, und über die Herkunft der Zungenmusculatur" 261, 262, 281, 283
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol; Anat. Abtheil. 1885
FÜRBRINGER, M. 'Ueber die Spino-occipetalen Nerven der Selachier und Holocephalen' 276-278, 409
Fest-schrift für Carl Gegenbaur. 1897
GAUBERT 'Recherches sur les organes des sens et sur les systèmes tegumentaire, glandulaire et musculaire des appendices des arachnides' 364, 368-375
Paris. 1892
GEGENBAUR "Anatomische Untersuchung eines Limulus" 20, 358-360
Abhandl. d. Naturforsch. Gesellsch. z. Halle. Vol. 4. 1858
"Ueber die Skeletgewebe der Cyclostomen" 181
Jen. Zeitschrift. Vol. 5. 1870
Untersuchungen zur vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbelthiere III. Heft. 'Das Kopfskeletder Selachiern' 151, 259, 261
Leipzig. 1872
'Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie' 392
Leipzig. 1878
v. GEHUCHTEN "De l'origine du pathétique et de la racine supérieure du trijumeau" 264
Acad. d. Sci. Belg. Bulletin. 3rd Ser. Vol. 29. 1895
GOETHE 258
GÖTTE 'Entwicklungsgeschichte der Unke' 101, 102, 114
Leipzig. 1875
GOLGI 72, 465, 477
GOODRICH "On the Structure of the Excretory Organs of Amphioxus" 395, 396, 477
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 45. 1902
"On the Nephridia of the Polychæta." Parts I., II., III. 395
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vols. 40, 41, 43
"On the Excretory Organs of Amphioxus" 477
Proc. Roy. Soc. Vol. 69. 1902

GRABER

"Die Chordo-tonalen Sinnesorgane und das Gehör der Insecten" 364, 369-371
Archiv. f. Mikr. Anat. Vols. 20 and 21. 1882
GRENACHER 'Untersuchungen über das Sehorgan der Arthropoden' 76, 100
Göttingen. 1879
GUDDEN Quoted in Obersteiner 264
HAECKEL 461, 462
HALLER, BELA "Untersuchungen über die Hypophyse und die Infundibulärorgane" 320, 321
Morph. Jahrbuch. Vol. 25. 1898
"Untersuchungen über das Rückenmark der Teleostier" 488
Morph. Jahrbuch. Vol. 23. 1895
HARDY "On the Histological Features and Physiological Properties of the Post-œsophageal Nerve-cord of the Crustacea" 110, 159
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1894. B.
HARDY AND MACDOUGALL "On the Structure and Functions of the Alimentary Canal of Daphnia" 112, 206
Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. Vol. 8. 1893
HATSCHEK "Die Metamerie des Amphioxus und des Ammocœtes" 289, 300, 337
Anat. Anzeig., 7 Jahrgang, 1892. Verhandl. d. Anat. Gesell. in Wien, p. 136
"Studien über Entwicklung des Amphioxus" 407
Arbeit. d. Zool. Inst. z. Wien. Vol. 4. 1881
Quoted by Lankester 475
HAZEN See Patten and Hazen.
HEIDENHAIN 258, 259
HEIDER See Korschelt and Heider.
HENSEN "Zur Entwicklung des Nervensystem" 465, 466
Virchows Archiv. Vol. 30. 1864
HENSEN AND VÖLCKERS   265, 266
Archiv. f. Opthalmol. Vol. 24. 1878
HERTWIG, O., AND SAMASSA Quoted in Zeigler's 'Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der niederen Wirbelthiere.' 1902 485
HIS "Die Neuroblasten und deren Entstehung im embryonalen Mark" 465, 466
Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol. Anat. Abth. 1889
HOFFMANN "Ueber die Metamerie des Nachhirns und Hinterhirns, und ihre Beziehung zu den segmentalen Kopfnerven bei Reptilien embryonen" 276
Zool. Anzeiger. Vol. 12. 1889
HOLM "Ueber die Organisation des Eurypterus Fischeri" 192, 240, 241, 306
Mem. d. l'Acad. Imp. d. Sci. d. St. Petersbourg. Vol. 8. 1898
HOYER "Ueber den Nachweis des Mucins in Geweben Mittelst der Färbe-Methode" 131
Archiv. f. Mikr. Anat. Vol. 36. 1890

HUXLEY

"Hunterian Lectures." 1869 124, 258, 259
"On the Structure of the Mouth and Pharynx of the Scorpion" 222, 225, 271
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 8. 1860
"On the Anatomy and Affinities of the Genus Pterygotus" 238
Mem. of the Geol. Survey. Monograph I. 1859
"On Cephalaspis and Pteraspis" 327
Q. J. of Geol. Soc. Vol. 14. 1858
JAEKEL "Ueber Tremataspis und Patten's Ableitung der Wirbelthiere von Arthropoden" 329, 339, 340, 351
Protocoll der Deutschen Geolog. Gesellschaft, p. 84; in Zeitsch. d. Deutschen Geologischen Gesellsch. Vol. 55. 1903
"Ueber die Organisation und systematische Stellung der Asterolepiden" 345
Ibid., p. 41
JOHNSON "Contributions to the Comparative Anatomy of the Mammalian Eye, chiefly based on Opthalmoscopic Examination" 70
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. Vol. 194. 1901
JOSEPH "Ueber das Achsenskelett des Amphioxus" 444
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 59. 1895
JULIN AND VAN BENEDEN Recherches sur l'Organisation des Ascidies simples. "Sur l'hypophyse," etc. 425
Archives de Biologie. Vol. 2. 1881
KAENSCHE "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Metamorphose des Ammocœtes branchialis in Petromyzon" 135, 304
Schneider's Beiträge. Vol. 2. 1890
v. KENNEL "Entwickelungsgeschichte von Peripatus Edwardsii und Peripatus torquatus." II. Theil 398, 399, 411
Arbeit. a. d. Zool. Zoot. Instit. Würzburg. Vol. 8. 1888
KERR "On some Points in the Early Development of Motor Nerve-trunks and Myotomes in Lepidosiren paradoxa" 461, 466, 478
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. 41. 1904
KILLIAN "Zur Metamerie des Selachierkopfes" 262
Verhandl. d. Anat. Gesell. Versamml. in München. 1891
KISHINOUYE "On the Development of Limulus longispina" 167, 238, 252, 253, 273, 320, 382
Journ. of Coll. of Sci., Tokio. Vol. 5. 1891
KLEINENBERG Quoted by Beard 318
v. KÖLLIKER "Die obere Trigeminus-Wurzel" 280
Arch. f. Mikr. Anat. Vol. 53. 1899
v. KÖLLIKER AND TERTERJANZ Handbuch der Gewebe-Lehre. 6th Auflage. 1893 264, 425, 488
KOHL "Rudimentäre Wirbelthieraugen" 94, 96, 99, 101
Bibliotheca Zoologica. Leukart und Chun. Vol. 4 and Vol. 5
KOHN "Ueber den Bau und die Entwicklung der sogenannten Carotis-drüse" 428
Archiv. f. Mikr. Anat. Vol. 56. 1900

KORSCHELT AND HEIDER

'Text-book of the Embryology of the Invertebrates.' Translated by M. Bernard. 1900. Part III. and Part IV. 27, 73, 88, 114-116, 397, 429, 431
KOWALEWSKY "Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Excretionsorgane der Pantopoden" 421
Mem. d. l'Acad. d. Imp. d. Sci. d. St. Petersbourg. Ser. VII. Vol. 38. 1890
"Une nouvelle glande lymphatique chez le scorpion d'Europe" 423
Ibid. Ser. VIII. Vol. 5. 1897
"Étude Biologique sur les Clepsines" 421
Ibid. Ser. VIII. Vol. 5. 1897
"Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Excretionsorgane" 420, 422, 472
Biologisches Centralblatt. 1889
"Weitere Studien über die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Amphioxus lanceolatus" 409, 410
Archiv. f. Mikr. Anat. Vol. 13. 1877
KRIEGER "Ueber das Centralnervensystem des Flusskrebses 101
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 33. 1880
v. KUPFFER

'Studien zur vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfes der Kranioten.'

 Heft. 1. 'Die Entwicklung des Kopfes von Acipenser'

318, 319, 320, 440
München. 1893
 Heft. 2. 'Die Entwicklung des Kopfes von Ammocœtes Planeri' 300, 440
München. 1894

 Heft. 3. 'Die Entwicklung der Kopfnerven von Ammocœtes Planeri.'

 Dritter Abschnitt. 'Die Metamorphose des larvalen Nervensystems des Kopfes'

228, 263, 282, 283, 405, 458
München. 1895
LANG 'Text-book of Comparative Anatomy.' Translated by H. M. and M. Bernard 357
LANGERHANS "Untersuchungen über Petromyzon Planeri" 94-101, 301, 405
Bericht v. d. Verhandl. d. Naturforsch. Gesellsch. z. Freiburg. 1873
LANGLEY Schäfer's 'Text-book of Physiology.' Vol. 2. 1900 2, 3, 448
LANKESTER Article "Vertebrata" in the 'Encyclopædia Britannica' 484
"On the Skeleto-trophic Tissues and Coxal Glands of Limulus, Scorpio, and Mygale 137, 139, 253, 320, 321
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 24. 1884
"Limulus an Arachnid" 62, 238, 241, 306, 361, 366
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 21. 1881
'Extinct Animals' 22, 150, 345
London. Constable & Co. 1906
A treatise on Zoology. Edited by E. Ray Lankester. Part II. 'The Entero-cœla and the Cœlomocœla' 472-478

LANKESTER AND POWRIE

"A Monograph of the Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone of Britain." Part I. "The Cephalaspidæ" 29, 275, 327, 339, 345
Palæontographical Soc. 1868
LANKESTER, BENHAM, AND BECK "On the Muscular and Endo-skeletal Systems of Limulus and Scorpio, with some Notes on the Anatomy and Generic Characters of Scorpions" 177, 222, 224, 313
Trans. Zool. Soc. Vol. 11. 1885
LANKESTER AND BOURNE "The Minute Structure of the Lateral and Central Eyes of Scorpio and Limulus" 74, 81-83
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 23
LANKESTER AND WILLEY "The Development of the Atrial Chamber of Amphioxus" 409
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 31. 1890
LANKESTER AND GULLAND "Evidence in Favour of the View that the Coxal Gland of Limulus and of other Arachnids is a Modified Nephridium" 429
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 25. 1885
LATREILLE 221
LAURIE "The Anatomy and Relations of the Eurypteridæ" 237
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. 37. 1893
"On a Silurian Scorpion and some Additional Eurypterid Remains from the Pentland Hills 238, 239
Ibid. Vol. 34. 1899
LEYDIG 91
LOCY "Contributions to the Structure and Development of the Vertebrate Head" 179, 262
Journ. Morph. Vol. 11. 1895
LOEB, LEO, AND R. M. STRONG "On Regeneration in the Pigmented Skin of the Frog, and on the Character of the Chromatophores" 470
Amer. Jour. of Anat. Vol. 3. 1904
LOWNE 'The Anatomy, Physiology, Morphology, and Development of the Blow-fly' 369, 370, 375
London. 1895
LUGARO Quoted by Anderson 467
LWOFF "Ueber den Zusammenhang von Markrohr und Chorda beim Amphioxus und ähnliche Verbältnisse bei Anneliden" 444
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 56. 1893
MAAS "Ueber Entwicklungstadien der Vorniere und Urniere bei Myxine" 392, 402, 412, 419
Zool. Jahrbuch. Vol. 10. 1897
MACBRIDE "Further Remarks on the Development of Amphioxus" 410
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 43. 1900
McDOUGALL See Hardy and McDougall.

MACLEOD

"Recherches sur la structure et la signification de l'appareil respiratoire des Arachnides" 169, 174
Archiv. de Biol. Vol. 5. 1881
MAGNUS "Versuche am überlebenden Dünndarm von Säugethieren" 447
Archiv. f. d. Ges. Physiologie. Vols. 102, 103. 1904
MARK 115
MARSHALL "On the Head-cavities and Associated Nerves of Elasmobranchs" 185, 186
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 21. 1881
"The Segmental Value of the Cranial Nerves" 260
Journ. of Anat. and Physiol. Vol. 16. 1882
MASTERMAN "On the Diplochorda" 16
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 43. 1900
MAURER "Die Schilddrüse, Thymus und andere Schlundspaltenderivate bei den Eidechse" 427, 428
Morph. Jahrbuch. Vol. 27. 1899
MAYER, F. "Das Centralnervensystem von Ammocœtes" 489
Anat. Anzeig. Vol. 13. 1897
MAYER, P. "Ueber die Entwicklung des Herzens und der grossen Gefässstämme bei den Selachiern" 179
Mitth. a. d. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel. Vol. 7. 1887
METSCHNIKOW Quoted by Kowalewsky 422
MEYER "Studien über den Körperbau der Anneliden" 403
Mitth. a. d. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel. Vol. 7. 1887
MILNE-EDWARDS "Anatomie des Limules" 157, 159, 176, 177, 313
Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Ser. 5. Vol. 17. 1872
MINCHIN A treatise on Zoology. Edited by Ray Lankester. Part II. "The Porifera and Cœlenterata" 473
MITSUKURI "On the Fate of the Blastopore, the Relations of the Primitive Streak, and the Formation of the Posterior End of the Embryo in Chelonia," etc. 179
Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo. Vol. 10. 1896
MOTT "Croonian Lectures of the Roy. Coll. of Physicians," 1900 469
MOTT AND HALLIBURTON "On the Chemistry of Nerve-degeneration" 469
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. Vol. 194. 1901
MÜLLER, J. 1
"Vergleichende Anatomie der Myxinoiden" 126
Abhandl. d. Kgl. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin. 1834
MÜLLER, W. "Ueber die Stammes Entwickelung des Sehorgans der Wirbelthiere" 96-100, 105, 108
Festgabe C. Ludwig. Leipzig. 1874
NEAL "The Segmentation of the Nervous System in Squalus acanthias" 179, 266, 300
Bull. of Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard. Vol. 31. 1898
NESTLER "Beiträge zur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte von Petromyzon Planeri" 168, 171, 175, 445
Archiv. f. Naturgesch. Jahrgang, 56. Vol. I. 1890

NIESKOWSKI

"Der Eurypterus Remipes aus den obersilurischen Schichten der Insel Oesel" 26, 239, 240
Arch. f. d. Naturkunde Liv-Ehst-und Kurlands. 1st Ser. Vol. 3. 1858
NUSBAUM, J. "Einige neue Thatsachen zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Hypophysis Cerebri bei Säugethieren" 320
Anat. Anzeiger. Vol. 12. 1896
OBERSTEINER 'Central Nervous System.' Translated by Hill. 1896 264, 280
OKEN 258
OWEN "Essays on the Conario-Hypophysial Tract, and the Aspects of the Body in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Animals" 14
"On the Anatomy of the American King-crab (Limulus polyphemus)" 211
Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. 28. 1873
PANDER 'Monographie der fossilen Fische des Silurischen Systems des russisch-baltischen Gouvernements' 327
St. Petersbourg. 1856
PARKER, G. H. "The Retina and Optic Ganglia in Decapods, especially in Astacus" 91, 93, 97
Mitth. a. d. Zool. Stat. z. Neapel. Vol. 12. 1895
"The Compound Eyes in Crustaceans" 99, 100, 114
Bull. of Harvard Mus. of Comp. Zool. Vol. 20. 1890
"The Function of the Lateral-line Organs in Fishes" 357
Bull. of the Fisheries Bureau. Washington. Vol. 24. 1904
"Studies on the Eyes of Arthropods" 73, 79, 83-85, 114
Journ. of Morphology. Vols. 1 and 2. 1887 and 1889
PARKER, W. K. "On the Skeleton of the Marsipobranch Fishes" 120, 125, 126, 131
Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1883
PATTEN "On the Origin of Vertebrates from Arachnids" 352, 353
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 31. 1890
"On the Morphology and Physiology of the Brain and Sense-organs of Limulus" 358-367, 371
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 35. 1893
"New Facts concerning Bothriolepis" 32, 351, 450
Biological Bulletin. Vol. 7. 1904
"On the Structure and Classification of the Tremataspidæ" 329
Mem. d. l'Acad. Imp. d. Sci. de St. Petersbourg. Vol. 13. 1903
"On the Structure of the Pteraspidæ and Cephalaspidæ" 415
The American Naturalist. Vol. 37. 1903
"On the Appendages of Tremataspis" 351
The American Naturalist. Vol. 37. 1903
"On Structures Resembling Dermal Bones in Limulus" 346
Anat. Anzeig. Vol. 9. 1894

PATTEN AND HAZEN

"The Development of the Coxal Gland, etc., of Limulus Polyphemus" 408
Journ. of Morphol. Vol. 16. 1900
PATTEN AND REDENBAUGH Studies on Limulus. II. "The Nervous System of Limulus Polyphemus" 314, 315, 381, 382
Journ. of Morphol. Vol. 16. 1900
PERLIA Quoted by Edinger 264
PICK Quo"ed by Ed"nger 265
PLATT "A Contribution to the Morphology of the Vertebrate Head, based on a Study of Acanthias vulgaris" 253, 265-267, 273, 274, 279, 284
Journ. Morphol. Vol. 5. 1891
"Fibres connecting the Central Nervous System and Chorda in Amphioxus" 443
Anat. Anzeig. 1892
PRICE "Development of the Excretory Organs of Bdellostoma Stouti" 394
Zool. Jahrbuch. Vol. 10. 1897
RABL "Ueber die Metamerie des Wirbelthierkopfes" 258, 262
Verhandl. der Anat. Gesellsch. Versamml. in Wien. Anat. Anzeig. 1892
"Die Entwicklung und Structur der Nebennieren bei den Vögeln" 424
Arch. f. mikr. Anat. Vol. 38. 1891
RAMÓN Y. CAJAL 72, 465
RATHKE "Anatomie des Querders" 161, 169, 304
Naturforsch. Gesellsch. zu Dantzig. Vol. 2. 1827
REDENBAUGH See Patten and Redenbaugh.
REICHENBACH "Entwicklungs-geschichte des Flusskrebses" 98-100, 114
Abhandl. d. Senckenbergischen Naturforsch. Gesellsch. Vol. 14. 1886.
RETZIUS 'Biologische Untersuchungen.' Vol. 1. 1890. "Zur Kenntniss des Nervensystem der Crustaceen" 20, 489
ROHON Die Obersilurischen Fische von Oesel. 1st Theil. "Thyestidæ und Tremataspidæ" 32, 275, 276
Mem. d. l'Acad. Imp. d. Sci. d. St. Petersbourg. 7th Ser. Vol. 38. 1892
"Weitere Mittheilungen über die Gattung Thyestes" 327-330, 339-341, 382
Bull. d. l'Acad. d. St. Petersbourg. 5th Ser. Vol. 4. 1896
ROLPH "Untersuchungen über den Bau des Amphioxus lanceolatus" 444
Morphol. Jahrbuch. Vol. 2. 1887
RÜCKERT, J. "Entwicklung der Excretionsorgane" 392, 393, 400
Merkel und Bonnet; Anat. Hefte. Vol. 1. 1891.
"Ueber die Entstehung der Excretionsorgane bei Selachiern" 403
Archiv. f. Anatomie. 1888
ST. HILAIRE "Sur la Vertèbre" 11
La Revue Encyclopédique. 1822

SAMASSA

"Bemerkungen über die Methode der Vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte" 462
Biol. Centralblatt. Vol. 18. 1898
SCHAFFER "Ueber das Knorpelige Skelett von Ammocœtes" 126-135
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 61. 1896
"Ueber die Thymusanlage bei Petromyzon Planeri" 426-428
Sitzungsber. d. K. Akad d. Wiss. in Wien. Vol. 103. 1894
SCHIMKÉWITSCH "Sur la structure et sur la signification de l'Endosternite des Arachnides" 143-145, 342
Zool. Anzeig. 1893
"Anatomie de l'Epeire" 369
Ann. d. Sci. Nat. Vol. 17. 1884
SCHMIDT "Die Crustaceen-fauna der Eurypterenschichten von Rootziküll auf Oesel" 190, 191, 236, 240, 329, 341
Mem. d'Acad. Imp. d. Sci. d. St. Petersbourg. Vol. 31. 1883
SCHMIEDEBERG "Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung des Knorpels" 147
Arch. f. exper. Pathol. und Pharmak. Vol. 28. 1891
SCHNEIDER, A. 'Beiträge zur Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbelthiere' 128, 130, 172, 195, 197, 213, 310, 445
Berlin. 1879
SCHNEIDER, G. "Ueber phagocytäre Organe und Chloragogenzellen der Oligochæta" 421
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 61. 1896
SCOTT "Notes on the Development of Petromyzon" 42, 78, 111, 112, 406
Journ. of Morphol. Vol. 1. 1887
SEDGWICK "A Monograph of the Development of Peripatus capensis" 397-400
Studies from the Morphological Laboratory, Cambridge. Vol. 4. 1888
"Development of the Kidney in its Relation to the Wolffian Body in the Chick" 390
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 20. 1880
"Early Development of the Wolffian Duct and Anterior Wolffian Tubules in the Chick; with some Remarks on the Vertebrate Excretory System" 393, 394, 400
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 21. 1881
SEMON "Das Excretionssystem der Myxinoiden" 400, 419
Festschrift f. Gegenbaur. Leipzig. 1897
SEMPER "Die Stammesverwandschaft der Wirbelthiere und Wirbellosen" 390, 392
Arbeit. a. d. Zool. Zoot. Inst. Würzburg. Vol. 2. 1875
"Das Urinogenitalsystem der Plagiostomen und seine Bedeutung für die übrigen Wirbelthiere" 390, 392
Ibid. Vol. 2. 1875
SHELDON "On the Development of Peripatus Nova-Zealandiæ" 400
Studies from the Morphological Laboratory, Cambridge. Vol. 4. 1889

SHERRINGTON

"On the Anatomical Constitution of the Nerves of Muscles" 267
Journ. of Physiol. Vol. 17. 1894. Proc. of Physiol. Soc. June 23
SHIPLEY 334
"On some points in the Development of Petromyzon fluviatilis" 167, 305, 378, 401, 405, 406
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 27. 1887
v. SMIRNOW "Ueber die Nervenendigungen in den Nieren der Säugethiere" 477
Anat. Anzeiger. Vol. 19. 1901
SMITH, ELLIOT 17
SPANGENBERG "Zur Kenntniss von Branchipus stagnalis" 396
Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool. Vol. 25. 1875
SPENGEL 'Die Enteropneusten' 494
Berlin. 1893
STARR Quoted by Edinger 265, 266
STUDNIÇKA "Sur les organes pariétaux de Petromyzon Planeri" 80, 81, 86
Sitzungsber. d. K. Gesell. d. Wiss. in Prag. 1893
"Ueber den feineren Bau der Parietalorgane von Petromyzon marinus" 81, 86
Sitzungsber. d. K. böhmischen Gesell. d. Wiss. Prag. 1899
TAKAMINE "The Isolation of the Active Principle of the Supra-renal Gland" 423
Journ. of Physiol. Vol. 27. Proc. of Physiol. Soc., Dec. 14, 1901
TARNANI "On the Anatomy of the Thelyphonides" 190, 206-208
Revue des Sciences Naturelles, St. Petersbourg. 1890
"Die genitalen Organe der Thelyphonus" 190, 206-208
Biol. Centralblatt. Vol. 9. 1889
TRAQUAIR "Report on Fossil Fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in the Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland" 343-345, 350
Trans. Roy. Soc., Edin. Vol. 39. 1899
VIALLANES "Contribution à l'histologie du système nerveux des Invertébrés; la lame ganglionnaire de la Langouste" 100
Ann. Sci. Nat. Vol. 13
VINCENT, SWALE "The Carotid Gland of Mammalia and its Relation to the Supra-renal Capsule, with some Remarks upon Internal Secretion and the Phylogeny of the latter Organ" 424
Anat. Anzeiger. Vol. 18. 1900
"Contributions to the Comparative Anatomy and Histology of the Supra-renal Capsules" 424
Trans. Zool. Soc. Vol. 14. 1897
VIRCHOW "Transformation and Descent" 479
Journ. of Path. and Bacter. Vol. 1. 1893
VOGT 258
VÖLCKERS See Hensen and Völckers.
WAGNER Quoted by Gaubert

WEISS

"Excretory Tubules in Amphioxus Lanceolatus" 426
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 31. 1890
WELDON "On the Supra-renal Bodies of Vertebrates" 420, 424, 429
Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 25. 1885
"Note on the Origin of the Supra-renal Bodies in Vertebrates" 424
Proc. Roy. Soc. Vol. 37. 1884
WHEELER "Development of the Urino-genital Organs of the Lamprey" 402, 405
Zool. Jahrbuch. Vol. 13. 1899
v. WIJHE "Ueber die Mesodermsegmente des Rumpfes und die Entwicklung des Excretionsystems bei Selachiern" 155-157, 172, 173, 188, 234, 258, 260, 262, 263, 266, 273, 280, 308, 390-393, 397, 400, 406-408, 412
Archiv. f. Mikr. Anat. Vol. 33. 1889
"Beiträge zur Anatomie der Kopfregion des Amphioxus lanceolatus" 410, 426-428
Petrus Camper. Deel. 1; Aflevering. 2
WILLEY See Lankester and Willey.
WOLFF "Die Cuticula der Wirbelthierepidermis" 302
Jen. Zeitsch. f. Naturwissenschaft. Vol. 23. 1889
WOODWARD, H. "A Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea, belonging to the order Merostomata" 235-240, 249, 251, 275
Palæontographical Society. 1878
WOODWARD, SMITH 339
'Catalogue of Fossil Fishes in the British Museum.' Part II. 29, 326, 327, 344, 349, 351
London. 1891
v. ZITTEL Handbuch der Palæontologie 190