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The Origin of Vertebrates

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About This Book

The author examines anatomical, embryological, and paleontological evidence to trace vertebrate origins, emphasizing the central nervous system, visual organs, skeleton, and branchial respiratory apparatus. Comparative study concentrates on larval lampreys (Ammocoetes) to relate brain organization, median and lateral eyes including the pineal eye, cartilage and bony elements, and gill appendages to analogous structures in arthropods and other invertebrates. He critiques surface-reversal hypotheses, interprets cranial nerve roots and branchial units as appendage-derived, and argues that developmental and fossil data, rather than speculative invertebrate models alone, best illuminate the genetic continuity and morphological transformations that produced vertebrate organization.

Acilius larva, eye of, 78, 83

Acromegaly, 425

Actinotrocha, 438

Addison's disease, 423

Adelopthalmus, 249

Adrenalin, 423, 491

Adrenals, 423, 491

Agnathostomatous fishes, 29, 343

Alimentary canal, 433

Alim"ntary c"nal, Ammocœtes, 168, 405, 445

Alim"ntary c"nal, invertebrate, compared to tube of central nervous system of vertebrate, 43, 433

Alim"ntary c"nal, innervation of, 447

Alim"ntary c"nal, origin of, 444

Alim"ntary c"nal, position of vertebrate and invertebrate, 10

Alim"ntary c"nal, possibility of formation of new, 58

Alim"ntary c"nal, relationship between notochord and, 434

Ammocœtes, 32, 245

Ammo"œtes, an ancestral type, 35, 309

Ammo"œtes, alimentary canal, 168, 405, 445

Ammo"œtes, auditory organ, 378, 379

Ammo"œtes, brain, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 48, 54, 61

Ammo"œtes, branchial appendages, 161, 162, 163, 164

Ammo"œtes, bra"chial basket-work, 126, 128, 296, 331, 335

Ammo"œtes, bra"chial chamber, 161, 168, 162, 163

Ammo"œtes, bra"chial circulation in Limulus and, 174

Ammo"œtes, bra"chial diaphragms, 161, 167

Ammo"œtes, bra"chial lamellæ, 175

Ammo"œtes, bra"chial muscles, 171

Ammo"œtes, bra"chial nerves, 164

Ammo"œtes, bra"chial segments, 178, 312

Ammo"œtes, cartilage, hard, 133, 133, 293, 294, 377

Ammo"œtes, cart"lage, muco, 130, 131, 291, 293, 294, 296, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338

Ammo"œtes, cart"lage, soft, 129, 130, 293, 294, 296, 335

Ammo"œtes, degeneracy, evidence of, 59, 94, 343

Ammo"œtes, development, 228, 458

Ammo"œtes, digestion, 58, 442

Ammo"œtes, epithelial cells of gills, 214

Ammo"œtes, epithelial cells of skin, 347

Ammo"œtes, epit"elial pits, 173, 200

Ammo"œtes, eye, 93

Ammo"œtes, e"e, muscles, 267

Ammo"œtes, e"e, median or pineal, 63, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 85, 86

Ammo"œtes, e"e, me"ian or pi"eal left, 78, 79

Ammo"œtes, fat-column, 181, 182

Ammo"œtes, f"t in degenerated muco-cartilage, 333, 334

Ammo"œtes, ganglia in embryo, 229, 283

Ammo"œtes, gland-tissue round the brain, 209, 210, 379

Ammo"œtes, head-region, 128, 162, 163, 193, 293, 294, 296, 298, 335

Ammo"œtes, head-shield, 329, 331, 338

Ammo"œtes, liver, 442, 452

Ammo"œtes, lymphatic glandular tissue, 426

Ammo"œtes, Müllerian fibres, 489

Ammo"œtes, muscles, eye, 173, 267

Ammo"œtes, mu"cles, lip, lower, 297

Ammo"œtes, mu"cles, li",| upper, 305

Ammo"œtes, mu"cles,| respiratory, 171

Ammo"œtes, mu"cles,| somatic, 332, 336, 409

Ammo"œtes, mu"cles,| tubular, 173, 298, 309

Ammo"œtes, nerves, cranial, 141

Ammo"œtes, ne"ves, facial, 186, 311

Ammo"œtes, ne"ves, glossopharyngeal, 186

Ammo"œtes, ne"ves, optic, 105

Ammo"œtes, ne"ves, trigeminal, 282, 288, 288

Ammo"œtes, ne"ves, vagus, 153, 173, 186

Ammo"œtes, nerve-fibres, medullation of, 20

Ammo"œtes, notochord, 182, 435

Ammo"œtes, olfactory tube, 219, 225, 227, 317

Ammo"œtes, oral chamber, 317, 243, 287, 458

Ammo"œtes, parasitism, 60, 286

Ammo"œtes, pituitary, 321

Ammo"œtes, prosomatic region, 243

Ammo"œtes, pronephric duct, 402, 405

Ammo"œtes, relationship to Ostracodermata, 326, 338, 344, 414, 416

Ammo"œtes, retina, 93, 111

Ammo"œtes, skin, 58, 346, 348, 442

Ammo"œtes, skeleton, 125, 126, 132, 291, 296, 335

Ammo"œtes, segments, comparison with segments of Eurypterus, 323

Ammo"œtes, segm"nts, facial, 201

Ammo"œtes, segm"nts, hyoid, 186, 201

Ammo"œtes, segm"nts, prosomatic, 286

Ammo"œtes, septa between myomeres, 416

Ammo"œtes, tentacles of upper lip, 303

Ammo"œtes, test, biological, to show relationship with Limulus, 493

Ammo"œtes, thyroid, 192, 194, 196, 205, 213, 430

Ammo"œtes, transformation, 18, 59, 125, 168, 193, 199, 200, 220, 227, 228, 287, 291, 304, 307, 309, 331, 336, 347, 349, 389, 445

Ammo"œtes, velum, 228, 289, 298, 302

Amœbocytes, 473

Amphibia, 23, 345

Amphioxus, 33, 407

Amphi"xus, atrial cavity, 409

Amphi"xus, branchial nephric glands, 426

Amphi"xus, endostyle, 198, 212

Amphi"xus, excretory organs, 389, 395, 477

Amphi"xus, neuropore, 220, 457

Amphi"xus, notochord, 435, 436, 443

Amphi"xus, pleural folds, 495

Amphi"xus, septa between myomeres, 416

Amphi"xus, somatic muscles, 409

Amphi"xus, yolk, 485

Androctonus, 53, 54, 372, 423

Annelids, lateral sense-organs, 357, 367

Ann"lids, nephric organs, 390

Ann"lids, rigin of Arthropods from, 395

Ann"lids, parapodal ganglia, 283

Ann"lids, phagocytic glands, 421

Anthozoa, 474

Antiarcha, 29, 326, 343

Antibody, 492

Antitoxin, 492

Anus, 43, 457

Aponeuroses, 327, 342, 414

Apparatus, auditory, 355

Appa"rtus, dioptric, 83

Appa"rtus, respiratory, 148

Appa"rtus, suctorial, of Petromyzon, 287

Appendages, branchial, of Ammocœtes, 161, 162, 163, 164

Appe"dages, bra"chial, of Limulus, 164

Appe"dages, bra"chial, of internal, 149

Appe"dages, derivation of suctorial apparatus of Petromyzon from, 290

Appe"dages, disappearance of, in transformation of Arthropod into Vertebrate, 386, 413

Appe"dages, evidence of, in prosomatic region of ancient fishes, 342

Appe"dages, muscles, in Limulus and Scorpion, 247

Appe"dages, prosomatic, of Gigantostraca, 234

Appe"dages, Trilobites, 351

Apus, 28, 137, 436, 437

Arachnids, eyes, 75, 87

Arac"nids, diverticula of stomach, 109

Arac"nids, lyriform organs, 364, 368

Arac"nids, segmental excretory organs, 423

Archæocytes, 473

Artemia, v. Branchipus

Arthropleura, 249

Arthropoda, arrangement of organs, 10

Arthr"poda, evolution, 11

Arthr"poda, excretory organs, 396, 418

Arthr"poda, eyes, 75, 89

Arthr"poda, giant-fibres, 489

Arthr"poda, musculature, 411

Arthr"poda, olfactory organs, 220

Arthr"poda, resemblance to ancient fishes, 29

Astacus, brain, 54

Ast"cus, digestive ferment in cells lining the carapace, 442

Ast"cus, optic chiasma, 101

Ast"cus, optic stalk, 91

Ast"cus, etina, 98

Asterolepis, 326, 342

Atrium, 410

Auchenaspis (Thyestes), 30, 31, 75, 275, 326, 327, 328, 338

Auditory apparatus, 355

Auerbach, plexus of, 447

Aurelia, 475

Autonomic nerves, 3

Balanoglossus, 12, 12, 433, 438, 494

Bdellostoma, 394, 405

Belinurus, 24, 249, 351

Bird, rhomboidal sinus, 46

Bladder, 449

Bla"der, swim, 148

Blastula, 459, 471, 473

Blood, 463, 472, 474

Bl"od, circulation, in Ammocœtes and Limulus, 174

Bl"od, secretion of ductless glands into, 418

Bothriolepis, 29, 32, 239, 326, 351, 450

Bone, 344, 474, 481

Brain, Ammocœtes and Arthropod, 54, 61

Br"in, and brain-case of Ammocœtes, 40, 41, 46, 209

Br"in, caudal, of Thelyphonus, 450

Br"in, epithelial lining of, 38

Br"in, roof, 39

Br"in, Sphæroma serratum, 62, 90

Br"in, Thelyphonus, 56

Br"in, ventricles, 4

Br"in, vesicles, 48

Branchial basket-work of Ammocœtes, 126, 128, 296, 331, 335

Branchipus, 28

Bran"hipus, brain, 51, 54

Bran"hipus, eyes, lateral, 88

Bran"hipus, e"es, lat"ral, retina of, 91, 97

Bran"hipus, e"es, median, 75

Bran"hipus, excretory organs, 396

Bran"hipus, (Artemia) diverticula of gut and retinal ganglion, 110, 111, 113

Bran"hipus, nerves of appendages, 157

Bran"hipus, segmentation, 159

Bran"hipus, resemblance to Trilobite, 436

Bunodes, 24, 30, 249, 341, 351, 414

Bundle of Meynert, 48, 77

Bundles, posterior longitudinal, 489

Buthus, muscles, 270

Calcification in aponeuroses of Cephalaspis, 414

Calcifi"ation cartilage, 140,330

Calcifi"ation successive layers of the skin, 348

Camerostome, 221, 222, 223, 224, 241, 271

Canal, alimentary, formation of vertebrate, 58, 433, 446

Ca"al, alime"tary, innervation, 447

Ca"al, alime"tary, relationships between notochord and, 434

Ca"al, alime"tary, origin, 444

Ca"al, Haversian, 329

Ca"al, central, of spinal cord, 405, 439, 455

Ca"al, spinal, 182

Capsule, auditory, 377, 379

Cartilage Ammocœtes, muco, 127, 130, 131, 200, 291, 303, 330, 333, 334, 344

Cart"ilge Ammo"œtes, hard, 133, 133, 377

Cart"ilge Ammo"œtes, soft, 126, 129, 130

Cart"ilge Ammo"œtes, spinal cartilages, 414

Cart"ilge Hypoctonus, 133, 142

Cart"ilge Limulus, hard, 142

Cart"ilge Lim"lus, muco, 139

Cart"ilge Lim"lus, soft, 20, 130, 137

Cart"ilge origin, 474, 481

Cart"ilge staining reactions, 131, 133, 139, 330, 336

Cavity, atrial, 409, 413

Cai"ty, cœlomic, 167, 251, 266, 320, 389, 391, 408, 422, 430, 472

Cells, free-living, 463

Centre, vaso-motor, 468

Cephalaspis, diverticula of gut, 109

Ceph"laspis, eyes, lateral, 75, 275

Ceph"laspis, e"es, median, 75

Ceph"laspis, head-shield, 327, 328, 330, 338

Ceph"laspis, muscles on head-shield, 269

Ceph"laspis, resemblance to Ammocœtes, 145, 291, 326, 329, 338, 348, 414