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The Origin of Vertebrates

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About This Book

The author examines anatomical, embryological, and paleontological evidence to trace vertebrate origins, emphasizing the central nervous system, visual organs, skeleton, and branchial respiratory apparatus. Comparative study concentrates on larval lampreys (Ammocoetes) to relate brain organization, median and lateral eyes including the pineal eye, cartilage and bony elements, and gill appendages to analogous structures in arthropods and other invertebrates. He critiques surface-reversal hypotheses, interprets cranial nerve roots and branchial units as appendage-derived, and argues that developmental and fossil data, rather than speculative invertebrate models alone, best illuminate the genetic continuity and morphological transformations that produced vertebrate organization.

Ceph"laspis, resem"lance to Arthropod, 29

Ceph"laspis, segmentation, 339

Ceratodus, 148

Cephalization, 51

Cephalodiscus, 438

Cephalopod, 23

Cerebellum, 47, 50

Chætopoda, 395

Chamber, oral, of Ammocœtes, 243, 287, 458

Cheliceræ, 235

Chiasma, optic, 101

Chilaria, 235, 238, 291, 301, 458

Chitin, 85, 119, 139, 205, 206, 302, 329, 346, 359, 440, 443

Cilia, 206

Circulation, branchial, 174

Cirri, 357

Clarke's column, 467

Clepsine, nephridial glands, 423

Cochlea, 378

Cœlenterata, 465, 472

Cœlolepidæ, 344

Cœlom, 167, 251, 400, 472, 481

Cœlomata, 472

Cœlomocœla, 472, 475

Cœlomostomes, 477, 481

Colleneytes, 474

Commissure, anterior, 49

Comm"ssure, œsophageal, 14

Comm"ssure, posterior, 48, 280

Comparison of brains of Ammocœtes and Arthropod, 61

Comp"rison of br"ins of invertebrate from Branchipus to Ammocœtes, 54

Comp"rison of br"ins of vertebrate, 40

Comp"rison of branchial circulation in Ammocœtes and Limulus, 174

Comp"rison of bran"hial lamellæ of Scorpion and Ammocœtes, 175

Comp"rison of bran"hial segments of Ammocœtes and Petromyzon, 169

Comp"rison of Cephalaspidian and Palæostracan fish, 31

Comp"rison of Cœlom of Peripatus and Vertebrate, 400

Comp"rison of dermal covering of Pteraspis with chitin of Limulus or dentine of fish scales, 346

Comp"rison of entosternite or plastron of Limulus with trabeculæ of Ammocœtes, 145

Comp"rison of excretory organs of vertebrates and invertebrates, 389

Comp"rison of gut of Arthropod and tube of central nervous system of Vertebrate, 43, 244, 433, 440, 455, 457

Comp"rison of head-shield of Cephalaspis and Ammocœtes, 291, 329, 338

Comp"rison of hypophysial tube with olfactory tube of Arthropod ancestor, 229

Comp"rison of hypop"ysial t"be with position of palæostoma, 317

Comp"rison of mesosomatic region of Ammocœtes and Eurypterus, 192

Comp"rison of muscles, branchial, of Ammocœtes and appendage muscles of Scorpion, 171, 447

Comp"rison of mu"cles, eye, of Vertebrate with dorso-ventral muscles of Scorpion, 267, 272, 459

Comp"rison of mu"cles, of oral chamber of Ammocœtes and prosomatic musculature of Limulus, 247, 447

Comp"rison of mu"cles, longitudinal body-muscles of Vertebrate and dorsal longitudinal muscles of Arthropod, 411, 447

Comp"rison of nerves, appendage of Limulus and Branchipus to lateral root system of Vertebrate, 157

Comp"rison of ne"ves, cranial and spinal segmental, 152

Comp"rison of nervous systems of Vertebrate and Arthropod, 36

Comp"rison of pineal gland of vertebrates and median eyes of Arthropod, 63, 456

Comp"rison of pituitary body and coxal glands, 246, 319, 321

Comp"rison of prosoma and mesosoma of Limulus and Ammocœtes, 140, 141

Comp"rison of prosomatic region of Ammocœtes and Eurypterus, 244, 333

Comp"rison of retina in Ammocœtes and Musca, 97

Comp"rison of re"ina compound in Arthropod and Vertebrate, 87

Comp"rison of skeleton of Limulus and Ammocœtes, 126, 136

Comp"rison of sense-organs of Arthropod appendages with auditory organs of Vertebrate, 375

Comp"rison of thyroid with endostyle, 198

Comp"rison of thy"oid w"th uterus of Scorpion, 205

Corneagen, 69

Corpora quadrigemina, 47

Corpuscles, Pacinian, Herbst, Grandry, etc., 470

Coxal glands, 242, 246, 319, 321, 389, 398, 403, 429

Cranium, 121, 145, 339

Crayfish, 442, 489

Crest, neural, 281

Cromatophores of frog, 470

Crura cerebri, 14

Crustacea, first appearance, 27

Crust"cea, eyes, 76, 87

Crust"cea, retina, 100

Crust"cea, segmental glands, 422

Ctenophora, 474

Cyathaspis, 29, 326, 340, 343

Cyclostomata, 165, 229, 343, 353, 424

Cysts, 50

Daphnia, 112

Degeneration, 17, 19, 59, 74, 78, 94, 107, 212, 309, 333, 336, 343

Deiters' nucleus, 489

Dendrites, 72

Development, parallel, 497

Devel"pment, of two types of eye, 73

Devel"pment, vertebrate retina, 101

Diaphragms, 161, 167

Didymaspis, 327, 338

Digestion, 441

Dinosaurs, 17

Dipnoans, 23, 45, 148

Diptera, 89, 369

Diverticula, optic, 102

Dogfish, skull, 121, 123

Drepanaspis, 344, 345, 450

Drepanopterus Bembycoides, 238

Ectognath, 238, 242, 271, 304, 342, 381

Eel, 488

Elasmobranchs, 23, 343, 423

Elastin, 435

Embryo, head of dogfish, 121, 123

Em"ryo, skull of pig, 121

Embryology, principles of, 455

Encepalomeres, 262

Endognath, 238, 271, 304, 381

Endostoma, 241, 306

Endostyle, 198, 212

Entapophysis of Limulus, 139

Enterocœla, 472

Enteropneusta, 438, 494

Entochondrites, 377

Entosclerite, 222, 271

Entosternite, 143

Epiblast, 444, 445, 459

Epithelium cells of Ammocœtes, 347

Epith"lium of central nervous system of vertebrates, 38, 457

Epith"lium of cœlomic spaces in annelids, 421

Epith"lium of optic diverticula, 103

Epith"lium of peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities, 477

Epith"lium of velum of Ammocœtes, 301, 302

Equilibration, 358

Eukeraspis, 326

Eurypterus, 26, 150, 191, 237

Eury"terus, appendages, 150, 236, 237

Eury"terus, classification, 249

Eury"terus, comparison with Ammocœtes, 170, 323

Eury"terus, diagram of sagittal median section, 240, 245

Eury"terus, endostoma, 241, 306

Eury"terus, eyes, 275

Eury"terus, mesosomatic segments, 192

Eury"terus, muscles of carapace, 269

Eury"terus, operculum, 150, 190, 212

Evidence of alimentary canal, innervation, 446

Evide"ce of auditory apparatus and lateral line organs, 355

Evide"ce of cœlomic cavities in Limulus, 251

Evide"ce of degeneracy in Ammocœtes, 59, 94, 343

Evide"ce of embryology, cartilage, 20, 129

Evide"ce of embry"logy, eye-muscles, 263

Evide"ce of embry"logy, excretory organs, 390

Evide"ce of embry"logy, heart, 179, 451

Evide"ce of embry"logy, nervous system, central, cerebral vesicles, 48, 458

Evide"ce of embry"logy, ner"ous sy"tem, ce"tral, epithelial tube, 37, 42, 102, 244, 433, 455

Evide"ce of embry"logy, ner"ous sy"tem, ce"tral, neurenteric canal, 37

Evide"ce of embry"logy, ner"ous sy"tem, ce"tral, neuropore, 220, 457

Evide"ce of embry"logy, ner"ous sy"tem, ce"tral, optic diverticula, 102

Evide"ce of embry"logy, ner"ous sy"tem, ce"tral, spinal cord, 46

Evide"ce of embry"logy, oral chamber, 228, 242, 243, 290

Evide"ce of embry"logy, olfactory organ, 220, 227

Evide"ce of embry"logy, palæostoma or old mouth, 317

Evide"ce of embry"logy, pineal or median eyes, 15, 63, 74, 456

Evide"ce of embry"logy, pituitary body and coxal glands, 246, 319

Evide"ce of embry"logy, thyroid, 192, 194

Evide"ce of embry"logy, segmentation, double, of head, 157, 234, 258

Evide"ce of embry"logy, skeleton, cranial, 120, 153

Evide"ce of nervous system, central, 8

Evide"ce of notochord, origin from segmented region, 443

Evide"ce of olfactory apparatus, 218

Evide"ce of organs of vision, 68

Evide"ce of palæontology, 20, 497

Evide"ce of pineal or median eyes, 74

Evide"ce of prosomatic musculature, 247

Evide"ce of respiratory apparatus, 148

Evide"ce of segmentation in head-shield, 339

Evide"ce of skeleton, 119

Evolution, 8, 15, 20, 149, 482, 497

Evol"tion, of brain in brain-case, 210

Evol"tion, of cranium of Vertebrate, 342

Evol"tion, of excretory organs, 389

Evol"tion, of eye of Vertebrate, 114

Evol"tion, of nervous system, central, 34

Evol"tion, of tissues, 19

Evol"tion, of Vertebrate from Balanoglossus and Amphioxus, 33

Eyes, 68

Ey"s, lateral, 87, 105, 108

Ey"s, median or pineal, 74, 77, 78, 79

Fat-cells in muco-cartilage, 332

Fat-column of Ammocœtes, 181, 182

Fibres, Mauthnerian, 488

Fib"rs, Müllerian, of Ammocœtes central nervous system, 489

Fib"rs, Müll"rian, of retina, 96, 107

Fishes, classification, 218

Fis"es, ancient, classification, 326, 343

Fis"es, ani"ent, cloacal region, 450

Fis"es, ani"ent, dominance, 23

Fis"es, ani"ent, eyes, 75

Fis"es, ani"ent, head-shields. See Head-shields

Fis"es, ani"ent, pleural folds, 414

Fissure, posterior, 43

Fittest, survival of, 16, 34

Flabellum, 359, 360, 362, 363, 366

Folds, pleural, 410, 414

Function of auditory organ, double, 358

Funt"ion of lateral line sense-organs, 357

Funt"ion of nerves, 448

Funt"ion of thyroid, 212, 215

Fusion of ganglia, 52

Galeodes, 230

Gale"des, brain, and camerostome, 222, 223

Gale"des, primordial cranium, 341

Gale"des, racquet-organs, 369, 375

Ganglia, infraœsophageal, 4, 12, 14, 51, 221

Ganl"ia, supraœsophageal, 4, 12, 14, 49, 52, 221, 225

Ganl"ia, origin of, of cranial and spinal nerves, 281

Ganglion, epibranchial, 164, 282

Ganl"ion, habenulæ, 48, 78

Ganl"ion, optic of retina, 72, 89, 97

Ganl"ion, of posterior root, 466

Ganl"ion, cells of sympathetic system, 424, 428, 448

Ganoids, 23, 345

Gastrula theory, 165, 459

Genital corpuscles, 470

Geological record, 20

Geol"gical strata, 22

Geotria australis, 80

Germ-band, 482

Germ-cells, 471

Giant-fibres, 489

Gigantostraca, 25, 234

Gills, 148, 161, 185, 214, 494

Glabellum, 339

Glands, carotid, 427

Gla"ds, coxal, 242, 246, 319, 321, 425, 429

Gla"ds, ductless, 418

Gla"ds, generative, of Limulus, 209

Gla"ds, internal secretion of, 214

Gla"ds, lymphatic, 418

Gla"ds, pineal, 15, 63, 75, 456

Gla"ds, pituitary, 244, 246, 319, 425

Gla"ds, segmental, of Crustacea, 422

Gla"ds, submaxillary, 466

Gla"ds, sweat, 448

Gla"ds, thymus, 425

Gla"ds, thyroid, of Ammocœtes, 193, 194, 196, 201, 205, 429

Gla"ds, tissue round brain of Ammocœtes, 209, 379

Gla"ds, uterine, of Scorpion, 202, 203, 204, 205

Gnathostomata, 60, 343

Goblet, 359, 360, 373

Goitre, 215

Gonad, 475, 479

Gonocœle, 475, 481

Grooves, ciliated, 188, 197, 212

Gro"ves, hyper-pharyngeal of Amphioxus, 410

Gro"ves, ventral, of apus and trilobites, 436

Gymnophiona, 393

Hæmocytes, 472

Head of embryo dogfish, 121, 123

Head-shield, dorsal, of Ammocœtes, 330, 331, 338

Head-s"ield, dor"al, of Auchenaspis, 29, 31, 338

Head-s"ield, dor"al, of Cephalaspis, 327, 328, 330, 338, 348

Head-s"ield, dor"al, of Cyathaspis, 340

Head-s"ield, dor"al, of Didymaspis, 338

Head-s"ield, dor"al, of evidence of segmentation, 339

Head-s"ield, dor"al, of Keraspis, 328