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The Origin of Vertebrates

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About This Book

The author examines anatomical, embryological, and paleontological evidence to trace vertebrate origins, emphasizing the central nervous system, visual organs, skeleton, and branchial respiratory apparatus. Comparative study concentrates on larval lampreys (Ammocoetes) to relate brain organization, median and lateral eyes including the pineal eye, cartilage and bony elements, and gill appendages to analogous structures in arthropods and other invertebrates. He critiques surface-reversal hypotheses, interprets cranial nerve roots and branchial units as appendage-derived, and argues that developmental and fossil data, rather than speculative invertebrate models alone, best illuminate the genetic continuity and morphological transformations that produced vertebrate organization.

Transformation of the Lamprey, 18, 35, 59, 61, 125, 168, 193, 199, 200, 220, 227, 228, 287, 291, 304, 307, 309, 331, 336, 347, 349, 389, 445

Tremataspis, 32, 75, 275, 326, 351, 352

Trilobites, 24, 25, 26, 437

Trilo"ites, appendages, 351, 437

Trilo"ites, diagram of section through a trilobite-like animal, 413

Trilo"ites, dominance of, 26

Trilo"ites, excretory organs, 396

Trilo"ites, eyes, 74, 88

Trilo"ites, glabellum, 339

Trilo"ites, relations of, 249, 283

Trilo"ites, respiratory apparatus, 170

Trilo"ites, ventral surface, 437

Tube of central nervous system, 37, 38, 42, 102, 211, 433, 455, 457

Tu"e from IVth ventricle to surface of brain in Ammocœtes, 209

Tu"e Fallopian, 431

Tu"e hypophysial, 229, 244, 317, 440

Tu"e meeting of four tubes in vertebrate, 318, 440

Tu"e notochord originally a, 436, 440

Tu"e olfactory, of Ammocœtes, 219, 225, 317, 440

Tu"e unsegmented, in segmented animal, 439

Tunicata, 16

Tuni"ata, budding of, 441

Tuni"ata, degeneration, 12, 17, 19, 60

Tuni"ata, endostyle, 198, 212

Tuni"ata, hypophysis, 425

Tuni"ata, notochord, 438

Tuni"ata, position of, 494

Unit, appendage, in non-branchial segments, 185

Ui"t, branchial, 161, 165, 168, 185

Ureters, nerves of, 448

Uterus of Scorpion group, 189, 202, 203, 204, 205, 214

Utr"us vertebrate, nerves of, 448

Valve, ileo-colic, 449

Val"e, of Vieussens, 48

Variation in dominant races, 21, 88

Vari"tion meristic, in spinal nerves, 154, 387

Veins, forming vertebrate heart, 180

Velum, 228, 289, 298, 302

Vertebrates, alimentary canal, innervation of, 446

Verte"rates, atrial cavity, 410

Verte"rates, auditory apparatus and lateral-line system, 356

Verte"rates, body-cavity, 401, 430

Verte"rates, brains, 40

Verte"rates, branchial organs, 151

Verte"rates, cœlomic cavities in head region, 251, 266

Verte"rates, cranium, evolution of, 342

Verte"rates, egg of, 483

Verte"rates, evolution of, 11

Verte"rates, excretory organs, 389, 391, 408

Verte"rates, glands, ductless, 418

Verte"rates, gla"ds, internal secretion of, 215

Verte"rates, heart, 175, 179, 180

Verte"rates, muscles, evidence of segmentation of eye, 248

Verte"rates, mus"les, oblique, 278

Verte"rates, mus"les, origin of somatic trunk, 406

Verte"rates, nervous system, central, 13

Verte"rates, nerves, segmental, 152

Verte"rates, notochord and gut, 434

Verte"rates, organs of, 10

Verte"rates, origin of, 9, 411, 433, 457

Verte"rates, segments, prosomatic, 257

Verte"rates, skeleton, commencement of bony, 120, 458

Verte"rates, spinal cord and medulla oblongata, 44

Verte"rates, spinal region, 385

Verte"rates, thyroid, connection between generative organs and, 215

Verte"rates, tubes, meeting of four, 318, 440

Vesicles, cerebral, formation of, 48, 458

Vitellophags, 471, 483

Volvox, 479

Wolffian body, 390

Xiphosura, 24, 26, 249

Yolk, 482