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The Plants of Michigan / Simple Keys for the Identification of the Native Seed Plants of the State

Chapter 8: GROUP 2, UNUSUAL PLANTS
By Henry A. Gleason
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About This Book

The book provides a practical, user-oriented system of dichotomous keys to identify the native seed plants of Michigan, intended for motivated amateurs rather than specialists. It begins with a key to broad plant groups and guides the reader through successive family and species keys, illustrating the method with step-by-step examples. Entries supply both common and scientific names, brief notes on habit, color, and season, and a glossary of botanical terms. Advice on common identification errors and on choosing characters to observe accompanies the keys, so that students and naturalists can confidently learn plant names in the field.



GROUP 2, UNUSUAL PLANTS

1a. Small brown leafless plants, growing as parasites on the tamarack or black spruce LORANTHACEAE, p. 25.
1b. Aquatic plants, with all or most of the leaves submerged, or leafless — 2.
1c. Aquatic plants, with the leaves or the whole plant floating on or near the surface — 20.
1d. Terrestrial or marsh plants, without floating or submerged leaves — 29.
2a. Submerged aquatics, without leaves — 3.
2b. Submerged aquatics, with the leaves linear or dissected — 4.
3a. Flowers showy, yellow or purple LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
3b. Flowers small and inconspicuous, sessile, purplish or greenish 3a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
4a. Leaves linear or lanceolate, not lobed or dissected — 5.
4b. Leaves more or less lobed or dissected — 13.
5a. Leaves all basal — 6.
5b. Stem-leaves present — 7.
6a. Flowers blue, 1 cm. long or more; leaves cylindrical, blunt, hollow, partitioned lengthwise 1a, in LOBELIACEAE, p. 113.
6b. Flowers yellow; leaves minute LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
6c. Flowers white, in clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, not hollow 1b, in ALISMACEAE, p. 3.
6d. Flowers greenish, solitary at the end of elongated peduncles; leaves very long and ribbon-like, flat or trough-shape 1a, in HYDROCHARITACEAE, p. 3.
6e. Flowers minute, whitish or lead-color, in heads ERIOCAULACEAE, p. 9.
7a. Leaves alternate — 8.
7b. Leaves opposite — 10.
7c. Leaves whorled — 12.
8a. Leaves with thin sheathing stipules 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
8b. Leaves without stipules — 9.
9a. Flowers greenish, in a head SPARGANIACEAE, p. 2.
9b. Flowers pale yellow 1b, in PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 10.
10a. Leaves serrate 2b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
10b. Leaves entire — 11.
11a. Leaves 2 cm. long or less CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68.
11b. Leaves thread-like, 2-8 cm. long 2a, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
11c. Leaves linear to elliptical, more than 2 cm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
12a. Leaves in whorls of 3, abruptly widened at the base 2b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
12b. Leaves in whorls of 3, widest near the middle 1b, in HYDROCHARITACEAE, p. 3.
12c. Stems straight and erect, at leaves the flowers emerged; leaves in whorls of 4 or more 2a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
13a. Leaves with numerous small bladders attached, each bladder 1-3 mm. long LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
13b. Leaves without bladders — 14.
14a. Leaves alternate — 15.
14b. Leaves opposite or whorled — 18.
15a. Delicate and rare plants growing attached to stones in running water PODOSTEMACEAE, p. 48.
15b. Plants 2 dm. high or more, with roots in mud or sand — 16.
16a. Leaves once-pinnate — 17.
16b. Leaves 2-3 times pinnate 15b, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 81.
16c. Leaves palmately dissected 1b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
17a. Taste peppery or mustardy 34, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 45.
17b. Taste not peppery or mustardy 1a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
18a. Leaves pinnately compound 3b, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
18b. Leaves palmately compound — 19.
19a. Leaves opposite or in whorls of four 119a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 123.
19b. Leaves in whorls of 5-12 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, p. 34.
20a. Plants small, flattened, rounded or ovate, without distinction of stem and leaf; the whole plant floating on or near the surface LEMNACEAE, p. 9.
20b. Plant attached to the soil, with differentiated stem and leaves — 21.
21a. Leaves on long slender stalks, which bear also a cluster of slender tubers near the leaf-base; leaves heart-shape 1b, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
21b. Leaf-stalks without a cluster of tubers — 22.
22a. Leaves all basal — 23.
22b. Stem-leaves present — 24.
23a. Leaves parallel-veined 1b, in ALISMACEAE, p. 3.
23b. Leaves net-veined 1b, in NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.
24a. Leaves opposite or whorled — 25.
24b. Leaves alternate — 26.
25a. Leaves less than 2 cm. long CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68.
25b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
26a. Leaves attached by the center to the stalk 2b, in NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.
26b. Leaves attached by the margin — 27.
27a. Leaves parallel-veined — 28.
27b. Leaves net-veined, with a single mid-vein; lanceolate or elliptical in outline 29b, in POLYGONACEAE, p. 28.
28a. Leaves not over 2 dm. long 1b, in NAJADACEAE, p. 2.
28b. Leaves very long and grass-like 14a, in GRAMINEAE, p. 5.
29a. Brown, yellow, or white plants, without green color — 30.
29b. Plants with normal green color, at least in some parts — 33.
30a. Stemless and leafless plants, consisting of flowers only and partly underground 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
30b. Stems climbing on other plants 1b, in CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.
30c. Stem and flower-stalks erect, not climbing — 31.
31a. Corolla regular; stamens 6-12 1a, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.
31b. Corolla irregular — 32.
32a. Sepals and petals each 3; flowers in simple racemes 5a, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.
32b. Sepals 5; corolla of united petals OROBANCHACEAE, p. 106.
33a. Stem thick and fleshy, leafless, thorny CACTACEAE, p. 77.
33b. Stem not thorny — 34.
34a. Leaves none — 35.
34b. Leaves reduced to small scales — 40.
34c. Leaves thick and fleshy — 44.
34d. Leaves hollow — 45.
34e. Leaves small, all basal, bearing large glandular hairs on the upper surface DROSERACEAE, p. 48.
35a. Stem none, the flowers appearing at or partially beneath the surface of the soil 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
35b. Stem present — 36.
36a. Stem freely branched 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.
36b. Stem unbranched, except possibly in the flower-clusters — 37.
37a. Flowers greenish or brownish, without obvious colored petals — 38.  
37b. Flowers with conspicuous white or colored petals — 39.
38a. Each flower with 6 small chaffy petals 4, in JUNCACEAE, p. 10.
38b. Petals none; each flower in the axil of a single chaffy bract 2a, in CYPERACEAE, p. 7.
39a. Flowers regular 34a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
39b. Flowers irregular 10a, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.
40a. Stem erect, unbranched or with one or two branches only — 41.
40b. Stem freely branched — 42.
41a. Plants of moist soil, with opposite scales; corolla regular, with 4 petal-like lobes 1a, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
41b. Swamp plants, with a few alternate scales; corolla irregular LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
42a. Leaves numerous and close, concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74
42b. Leaves spreading, not concealing the stem — 43.
43a. Leaf-scales in small clusters; flowers greenish, with 6 petals 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.
43b. Leaf-scales distinctly opposite; petals 5, yellow 7a, in HYPERICACEAE, p. 74.
44a. Sepals 2 3, in PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
44b. Sepals 4 or 5 CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.
45a. Leaves pitcher-shape, open at the top SARRACENIACEAE, p. 48.
45b. Leaves tubular, closed at the end 37b, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.


GROUP 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES

1a. Twining plants, with flowers in panicles or racemes DIOSCOREACEAE, p. 14.
1b. Plants with milky juice 13a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115.
1c. Plants not twining (some climb by tendrils) and not with milky juice. — 2.
2a. Flowers in close spikes or heads, surrounded or subtended by a green or colored bract, the whole resembling a single flower; petals minute or wanting; leaves broad, not grass-like, linear, or sword-shape ARACEAE, p. 8.
2b. Plants with narrow, linear, grass-like, or sword-shape leaves (a few species of Carex have broader, lanceolate to ovate leaves); flowers greenish, yellowish, or brownish, never brightly colored, and frequently dry or chaffy in texture; perianth small or wanting; individual flowers inconspicuous in size, but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters — 3.
2c. Plants with leaves of various widths, but the flowers petaloid, i. e., with a white or colored, more or less conspicuous perianth, and never chaffy in texture. In a few cases the flowers are greenish, but the size and conspicuousness of the perianth identifies them in this class — 9.
3a. Flowers in the axils of dry, membranous or chaffy scales, which are regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and structure, which are variously grouped or clustered; fruit an achene; grasses and sedges, with joined stems and sheathing leaves, or leafless and the stems not jointed — 4.
3b. Flowers not subtended individually by dry, membranous, or chaffy scales, and otherwise not agreeing with 3a — 5.
4a. Leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf; leaves usually 2-ranked, i. e., in 2 longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first; stems rounded or flat, never triangular, usually hollow GRAMINEAE, p. 4.
4b. Leaf-sheaths closed into a continuous tube; leaves usually 3-ranked; stems frequently triangular, usually solid CYPERACEAE, p. 7.
5a. Flowers in dense spikes — 6.
5b. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles — 7.
6a. Spike terminal, with pistillate flowers at the base and staminate ones at the apex TYPHACEAE, p. 2.
6b. Spike short, apparently lateral, near the apex of the stem 3a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
7a. Flowers in globose heads which are arranged in spikes, the lowest heads pistillate, the upper staminate; ovary 1-celled SPARGANIACEAE, p. 2.
7b. Flowers in globose woolly heads terminating leafless unbranched stalks ERIOCAULACEAE, p. 9.
7c. Flowers in a spike-like raceme; ovaries 3-6, separate or nearly so JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 3.
7d. Flowers in heads or panicles, all perfect, not woolly, with one ovary — 8.
8a. Leaves less than 1 cm. wide, or none; divisions of the perianth 6 JUNCACEAE, p. 10.
8b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more; petals 5 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
9a. Flowers regular, with all the petals of approximately the same size and shape — 10.
9b. Flowers irregular, with the petals of each flower not of the same size or shape — 22.
10a. Ovaries 3 or more, separate or barely united with each other at the base — 11.
10b. Ovary one in each flower — 12.
11a. Ovaries 3-6 in number; flowers in spikes or racemes; leaves linear JUNCAGINACEAE, p. 3.
11b. Ovaries more than 6 ALISMACEAE, p. 3.
12a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so — 13.
12b. Flowers or flower-clusters terminal or on leafless stalks — 14.
13a. Leaves minute and scale-like; flowers greenish-yellow 2a, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.
13b. Leaves linear, grass-like 3b, in IRIDACEAE, p. 13.
13c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not grass-like or scale-like 2b, in LILIACEAE, p. 10.
14a. Divisions of the perianth 5-12 cm. long — 15.
14b. Divisions of the perianth less than 5 cm. long — 16.
15a. Flowers blue, or blue marked with yellow 1a, in IRIDACEAE, p. 15.
15b. Flowers not blue 12a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
16a. Flowers solitary — 17.
16b. Flowers 2 or more, in some kind of a cluster — 18.
17a. Leaves 2, broadly heart-shape, basal, on long stalks 1b, in ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
17b. Leaves not heart-shape 20, 20, in LILIACEAE, p. 12.
18a. Divisions of the perianth (4 to 6) all essentially alike — 19.
18b. Perianth differentiated into sepals and 2 or 3 colored petals — 21.
19a. Flowers in umbels — 20.  
19b. Flowers in dense round heads; petals 5 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
19c. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles 38, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.
20a. Ovary inferior, appearing below the perianth as a swelling at the apex of the stalk; flowers bright yellow; leaves linear AMARYLLIDACEAE, p. 14.
20b. Ovary inferior; flowers blue or white, terminating a flattened winged leafless flower-stalk 3a, in IRIDACEAE, p. 15.
20c. Ovary superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and separate from the perianth 31, in LILIACEAE, p. 13.
21a. Flowers in dense heads, yellow, 1 cm. wide or smaller XYRIDACEAE, p. 9.
21b. Flowers in umbels, blue or white, 2 cm. wide or larger COMMELINACEAE, p. 9.
22a. Flowers blue; ovary superior (defined under 20c); stamens distinct from the other parts of the flower — 23.
22b. Ovary inferior (defined under 20a); floral structure complex; stamens attached to other parts of the flower and not resembling ordinary stamens in form or structure ORCHIDACEAE, p. 15.
23a. Leaves triangular-heart-shape at base; marsh plants 1a, in PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 10.
23b. Leaves not heart-shape at base COMMELINACEAE, p. 9.


GROUP 4, DICOTYLEDONES

1a. Foliage leaves all or principally basal; flower-stalk either completely leafless, or bearing a single pair of opposite leaves only. Bracts and scale-leaves are not considered foliage leaves — 2.
1b. Stem-leaves present on the stem, either one or more in number, and not limited to a single opposite pair — 3.
2a. Leaves compound — 7.
2b. Leaves simple — 18.
3a. Stem-leaves all or chiefly opposite or whorled (the bracts of the flower clusters may be alternate) — 4.
3b. Stem-leaves all or chiefly alternate — 5.
4a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, the perianth none or greenish or chaffy, and never petal-like in appearance — 50.
4b. Flowers with a white or colored petal-like perianth — 66.
5a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, without any white or colored petal-like perianth — 118.
5b. Flowers large or small, but with a white or colored petal-like perianth — 6.
6a. Flowers small, not exceeding 3 mm. in length or breadth — 144.
6b. Flowers larger, more than 3 mm. in length or breadth — 166.
— 7—
7a. Leaves twice to three times compound or dissected — 8.
7b. Leaves once-compound — 11.
8a. Flowers in racemes 2b, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
8b. Flowers in umbels — 9.
9a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide, white or greenish-white — 10.
9b. Flowers 10-20 mm. wide, conspicuous 45b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.
10a. Leaflets 5-15 cm. long 5b, in ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
10b. Leaflets not over 2 cm. long 16a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 81.
11a. Leaflets 2 3a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
11b. Leaflets three or more — 12.
12a. Leaflets entire or very finely toothed — 13.
12b. Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed — 15.
13a. Flowers irregular, in dense head-like umbels 37a, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 61.
13b. Flowers consisting of a greenish or purplish bract wholly or partly enclosing a fleshy spike 2, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
13c. Flowers regular, solitary or in loose clusters — 14.
14a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape, not over 2 cm. long OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
14b. Leaflets 4-10 cm. long 1c, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
15a. Flowers with colored or white petals and green or colored sepals — 16.
15b. Flowers with one kind of perianth only (calyx), with broad and petal-like parts 32, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 38.
15c. Flowers with white petal-like sepals and small inconspicuous petals 38b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.
16a. Petals and sepals each 4 31, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 44.
16b. Petals and sepals each 5 or more — 17.
17a. Leaves with stipules ROSACEAE, p. 51.
17b. Leaves without stipules 23b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 37.
— 18—
18a. Stem-leaves a single opposite pair (basal leaves may also be present) — 19.
18b. Stem-leaves none — 23.
19a. Leaves entire — 20.
19b. Leaves toothed or lobed — 21.
20a. Flowers solitary; leaves broadly kidney-shape ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
20b. Flowers in racemes; leaves linear or lanceolate PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
21a. Flowers in racemes; petals deeply toothed 23b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 51.
21b. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster; petals entire or nearly so — 22.
22a. Petals 5 GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
22b. Petals 6 or more 2b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p.40.
23a. Flowers or flower-clusters sessile, at or partly beneath the surface of the ground 4a, in ARACEAE, p. 8.
23b. Flowers or flower-heads solitary at the ends of the flower-stalks — 24.
23b. Flowers or flower-heads numerous or several on each flower-stalk — 38.
24a. Flowers yellow — 25.
24b. Flowers not yellow — 29.
25a. Juice milky 16, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115.
25b. Juice not milky — 26.
26a. Aquatic or mud plants, with large entire leaves 1-4 dm. wide NYMPHAEACEAE, p. 35.
26b. Land plants, with smaller or lobed leaves — 27.
27a. Flower-stalk scaly 110, in COMPOSITAE, p. 122.
27b. Flower-stalk bare or with 1 to 2 minute bracts — 28.
28a. Flowers regular 10, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.
28b. Flowers irregular, with a spur 3a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
29a. Flowers obviously irregular, with a spur — 30.
29b. Flowers regular or nearly so, without a spur — 31.
30a. Leaves sessile or nearly so; stamens 2 LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
30b. Leaves petioled; stamens 5 VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
31a. Flowers 3 mm. wide or smaller; leaves thread-like 16a, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 103.
31b. Flowers 6 mm. wide or larger — 32.
32a. Ovary 1 — 33.
32b. Ovaries numerous — 37.
33a. Leaves lobed or cleft — 34.
33b. Leaves entire or toothed — 35.
34a. Leaves deeply 2-cleft; stamens 8 3a, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
34b. Leaf 1, palmately lobed; stamens numerous 1a, in PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41.
35a. Flowers dull red ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
35b. Flowers white or pinkish — 36.
36a. Leaves entire; stamens with good anthers 5 13, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
36b. Leaves minutely toothed; stamens 8-10 14a, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
37a. Leaves lobed or divided RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
37b. Leaves crenate or toothed 64a, in ROSACEAE, p. 56.
— 38—
38a. Flowers of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 10, in COMPOSITAE. p. 114.
38b. Flowers separate; variously clustered, but never crowded into involucred heads — 39.
39a. Flowers in dense close spikes — 40.  
39b. Flowers in open loose clusters — 42.
40a. Flower-stalk leafless below the spike PLANTAGINACEAE, p. 107.
40b. Flower-stalk with several bracts — 41.
41a. Leaves entire 9c, in ORCHIDACEAE, p. 16.
41b. Leaves toothed 6a, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 102.
42a. Flowers in umbels — 43.
42b. Flowers in racemes, panicles, flat-topped clusters, or merely 1 or 2 — 45.
43a. Leaves almost round, peltate, palmately veined 3a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
43b. Leaves at least twice as long as broad, with a single mid-vein — 44.
44a. Stamens 5 PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
44b. Stamens 10 15, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
45a. Leaves cylindrical, hollow, obtuse. 1a, in LOBELIACEAE, p. 113.
45b. Leaves beset on the upper side with long glandular hairs; bog plant with flowers in racemes DROSERACEAE, p. 48.
45c. Leaves flat, pubescent or smooth, but not with long glandular hairs — 46.
46a. Sepals and petals each 4 53, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.
46b. Sepals and petals each 5 — 47.
46c. Sepals 6; petals none; flowers minute, green; leaves frequently lobed at the base 4, in POLYGONACEAE, p. 25.
47a. Petals united with each other in an irregular corolla LENTIBULARIACEAE, p. 105.
47b. Petals separate from each other — 48.
48a. Stamens 10; style 1 ERICACEAE, p. 84.
48b. Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
48c. Stamens and pistils each very numerous — 49.
49a. Flowers white 64a, in ROSACEAE, p. 56.
49b. Flowers yellow 13a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.
— 50—
50a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed — 51.
50b. Leaves entire or toothed — 54.
51a. Flowers in axillary racemes, spikes, or panicles URTICACEAE, p. 23.
51b. Flowers terminal, or in terminal clusters — 52.
52a. Flowers in umbels; leaves palmately compound ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
52b. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary — 53.
53a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; swamp plants with flowers in spikes or solitary HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
53b. Leaves lobed, or irregularly pinnately cut or dissected; weedy plants with flowers in racemes 2, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114.
54a. Juice milky 3, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 67.
54b. Juice not milky or colored — 55.
55a. Leaves whorled — 56.
55b. Leaves all opposite — 58.
56a. Aquatic or mud plants with erect stems 2a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
56b. Prostrate weedy terrestrial plants AIZOACEAE, p. 31.
56c. Erect or ascending terrestrial plants — 57.
57a. Leaves more than 2.5 cm. long 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
57b. Leaves 2 cm. long or less 3a, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
58a. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, or other clusters — 59.
58b. Flowers solitary or few in the axils of the leaves — 61.
59a. Leaves less than 5 mm. long 1a, in GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
59b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long — 60.
60a. Inflorescence chiefly terminal, panicled 2, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114.
60b. Inflorescence chiefly axillary URTICACEAE, p. 23.
61a. Flowers on long pedicels 2, in CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31.
61b. Flowers on short pedicels or sessile — 62.
62a. Stem erect, repeatedly branched; leaves linear to oblong ILLECEBRACEAE, p. 31.
62b. Stem decumbent or prostrate — 63.
63a. Leaves round, ovate, or kidney-shape, rounded at the base, crenate or lobed 12a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
63b. Leaves of a narrower shape, entire, tapering toward the base — 64.
64a. Principal leaves 2-3 cm. long 1a, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
64b. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less — 65.
65a. Petals present ELATINACEAE, p. 74.
65b. Petals none CALLITRICHACEAE, p. 68.
— 66—
66a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded or subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 67.
66b. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, but not in involucred heads — 70.
67a. Involucre of 4 conspicuous white bracts, much larger than the small flower-cluster 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
67b. Involucral bracts green or somewhat colored — 68.
68a. Stem more or less prickly DIPSACACEAE, p. 112.
68b. Stem and leaves not prickly — 69.
69a. Stem square; foliage aromatic when crushed LABIATAE, p. 95.
69b. Stem not square; foliage not with the odor of mint COMPOSITAE, p. 113.
70a. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of separate parts — 71.
70b. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of united parts — 97.
71a. Stem-leaves compound, or cleft to the very base — 72.
71b. Stem-leaves simple — 78.
72a. Stamens more than 10 in each flower — 73.
72b. Stamens 5-10 in each flower — 75.
73a. Ovary 1 in each flower 2a, in PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41.
73b. Ovaries several in each flower — 74.
74a. Leaves pinnately compound 68a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57.
74b. Leaves palmately compound RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
75a. Stamens 6 31, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 44.
75b. Stamens 5 or 10 — 76.
76a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
76b. Leaflets not reverse heart-shape; flowers white, greenish, or pink — 77.
77a. Flowers greenish or white, about 2 mm. broad ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
77b. Flowers 5 mm. broad or larger GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
78a. Juice milky — 79.
78b. Juice not milky — 80.
79a. A 3-lobed ovary with 3 short styles visible in some of the flowers EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66.
79b. Ovaries 2 in the center of each flower (sometimes concealed by other organs); sepals and petals each 5 — 104.
80a. Perianth with one circle of parts only — 81.
80b. Each flower with both calyx and corolla — 82.
81a. Stem prostrate; flowers only 2 mm. broad AIZOACEAE, p. 31.
81b. Stem erect; flowers at least 20 mm. wide 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
82a. Petals 2 or 4 — 83.
82b. Petals 3 22, in LILIACEAE, p. 12.
82c. Petals 5 or 6 — 84.
83a. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins MELASTOMACEAE, p. 77.
83b. Leaves with 1 principal mid-vein ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
84a. Leaves palmately lobed — 85.
84b. Leaves entire or toothed, or with 1-2 small lobes near the base only — 86.
85a. Petals entire or notched at the end GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
85b. Petals conspicuously fringed 23b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 51.
86a. Ovary 1 — 87.
86b. Ovaries 2, surrounded and concealed by other organs ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90.
86c. Ovaries 4-5 2b, in CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.
87a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots (easily seen when the leaf is held to the light) HYPERICACEAE, p. 73.
87b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots — 88.
88a. Leaves only 1-3 mm. long, closely appressed and concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
88b. Leaves larger, not concealing the stem — 89.
89a. Style 1 or none — 90.
89b. Styles 2 to 7 — 94.
90a. Stamens 5 — 91.
90b. Stamens 10 — 92.
90c. Stamens neither 5 nor 10 — 93.
91a. Flowers blue, sessile in terminal spikes with leaf-like bracts LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
91b. Flowers not in terminal bracted spikes PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
92a. Leaves entire LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
92b. Leaves toothed or crenate ERICACEAE, p. 84.
93a. Flowers irregular; petals 3 POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
93b. Flowers regular; petals 5 or more LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
94a. Sepals 2, partly attached to the ovary PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
94b. Sepals 5, free from the ovary — 95.
95a. Stamens 5 — 96.
95b. Stamens not 5 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31.
96a. Flowers blue or yellow LINACEAE, p. 63.
96b. Flowers white or pinkish CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 31.
— 97—
97a. Perianth with but one circle of floral leaves — 98.
97b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla — 101.
98a. Flowers small, in dense heads subtended by conspicuous bracts — 99.
98b. Flowers 2-5, in a colored spreading 5-lobed involucre NYCTAGINACEAE, p. 31.
98c. Flowers in various sorts of clusters or solitary, but never in heads with a conspicuous involucre — 100.
99a. Bracts 4, white and conspicuous; stem not thorny 4a, in CORNACEAE, p. 83.
99b. Bracts green; stem thorny DIPSACACEAE, p. 112.
100a. Stamens 3 VALERIANACEAE, p. 111.
100b. Stamens 4 or 5 RUBIACEAE, p. 108.
101a. Anthers more numerous than the lobes of the corolla — 102.
101b. Anthers just as many as the lobes of the corolla — 103.
101c. Anthers fewer than the lobes of the corolla — 110.
102a. Leaves simple POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
102b. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
102c. Leaves finely dissected; stems climbing 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
103a. Ovaries 2 — 104.
103b. Ovary 1, but very deeply 4-lobed, with a single style LABIATAE, p. 95.
103c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed — 105.
104a. Stamens united, surrounding and more or less concealing the ovaries, and not resembling ordinary stamens ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90.
104b. Stamens separate, of ordinary structure APOCYNACEAE, p. 90.
105a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel — 106.
105b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower — 107.
106a. Corolla 3-4-lobed RUBIACEAE, p. 108.
106b. Corolla 5-lobed 3b, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109.
107a. Leaves toothed or deeply cut VERBENACEAE, p. 99.
107b. Leaves entire — 108.
108a. A stamen in front of the middle of each petal PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
108b. Stamens located between the petals or lobes of the corolla, or else so far down in the tubular corolla that their position is not easily ascertained — 109.
109a. Corolla salver-form, with a very slender tube, and abruptly spreading lobes POLEMONIACEAE, p. 92.
109b. Corolla salver-form, with a wide tube and fringed blue petals GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
109c. Corolla rotate, funnel-form, or bell-shape GENTIANACEAE, p. 88.
110a. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, appearing like 4 separate ovaries; style 1 LABIATAE, p. 95.
110b. Ovary not 4-lobed — 111.
111a. Stamens 2 — 112.
111b. Stamens 3 VALERIANACEAE, p. 111.
111c. Stamens 4 — 113.
112a. Flowers in dense heads 1a, in ACANTHACEAE, p. 107.
112b. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
113a. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped and irregular — 114.
113b. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped, its 5 lobes all alike or nearly so — 115.
114a. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip with 3 awl-shape teeth, the lower with 2 short teeth; flowers in slender terminal spikes PHRYMACEAE, p. 107.
114b. Calyx not obviously 2-lipped, its teeth equal or nearly so SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
115a. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in spikes — 116.
115b. Flowers in nodding pairs at the top of a slender stalk 3a, in CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 109.
115c. Flowers solitary or in clusters; not in spikes or nodding pairs — 117.
116a. Corolla not over 1 cm. long VERBENACEAE, p. 99.
116b. Corolla 1.5 cm. long or more SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
117a. Calyx-lobes 15-25 mm. long; flowers blue, 3-5 cm. long; calyx without an obvious tube 2, in ACANTHACEAE, p. 107.
117b. Calyx-lobes united below into an obvious calyx-tube SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
— 118—
118a. Leaves deeply lobed, compound, or dissected — 119.
118b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 129.
119a. Leaves once-pinnately compound or lobed — 120.
119b. Leaves once-palmately compound or lobed — 124.
119c. Leaves dissected or 2-3 times compound — 125.
120a. Leaves merely lobed — 121.
120b. Leaves actually compound — 123.
121a. Flowers axillary; marsh or swamp plants HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
121b. Flowers in terminal clusters — 122.
122a. Stamens 2-6; taste mustard-like 52b, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.
122b. Stamens 10 or more RESEDACEAE, p. 48.
123a. Leaflets entire LIMNANTHACEAE, p. 68.
123b. Leaflets serrate 70a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57.
124a. Flowers solitary 31a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 38.
124b. Flowers in dense terminal umbels or heads UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
124c. Flowers in terminal racemes 2a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114.
124d. Flowers in axillary spikes or panicles 9b, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
125a. Leaves merely dissected, not truly compound with distinct leaflets — 126.
125b. Leaves truly compound, with distinct petiolate leaflets — 127.
126a. Flowers in axillary clusters CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28.
126b. Flowers in terminal clusters COMPOSITAE, p. 113.
127a. Stamens 5; flowers in umbels — 128.
127b. Stamens 6; flowers in small clusters 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
127c. Stamens many; flowers in racemes or panicles RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
128a. Styles 5 ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
128b. Styles 2 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
129a. Flowers in dense cottony heads; plants more or less white-woolly 79, in COMPOSITAE, p. 120.
129b. Pistillate flowers in an ovoid spiny involucre, ripening into a bur 3a, in COMPOSITAE, p. 114.
129c. Flowers minute, subtended by palmately cleft axillary bracts 1a, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66.
129d. Plants without any of the preceding characters — 130.
130a. Plants with milky or colored juice 10, in EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 67.
130b. Plants with tendrils, at least on the upper leaves 4a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
130c. Plants of nettle-like character, with stinging hairs 8b, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
130d. Plants with sheathing stipules, surrounding the stem above the base of each leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 25.
130e. Plants with smooth, pale, juicy, almost translucent stems 12a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
130f. Plants without any of the preceding structures or habits — 131.
131a. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters — 132.  
131b. Flowers in terminal, or terminal and axillary clusters — 138.
132a. Leaves linear CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28.
132b. Leaves of a broader shape than linear — 133.
133a. Flower-clusters with bracts as long as or longer than the flowers — 134.
133b. Flowers without conspicuous bracts — 135.
134a. Leaves broadest below the middle 8a, in URTICACEAE, p. 24.
134b. Leaves broadest above the middle 2, in AMARANTHACEAE, p. 30.
135a. Principal leaves 3 cm. long or more — 136.
135b. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. long or less — 137.
136a. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
136b. Flowers erect in the axils 2a, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
137a. Leaves narrowly oblong 1a, in HALORAGIDACEAE, p. 79.
137b. Leaves roundish and somewhat heart-shape 12a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
138a. Flowers in racemes or simple spikes — 139.
138b. Flowers in panicles or other branched clusters — 141.
139a. Leaves toothed or lobed 52b, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.
139b. Leaves entire — 140.
140a. Flowers sessile; leaves heart-shape PIPERACEAE, p. 19.
140b. Flowers pedicelled; leaves obovate 8b, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
141a. Individual flowers distinct from each other, on pedicels — 142.
141b. Individual flowers crowded in close clusters, or separate and sessile — 143.
142a. Leaves finely serrate 3b, in CRASSULACEAE, p. 49.
142b. Leaves entire 1b, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
143a. Flower-clusters mingled with sharp-pointed bracts AMARANTHACEAE, p. 30.
143b. Flower-clusters without bracts, or (rarely) with bracts which are not sharp-pointed CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 28.
— 144—
144a. Juice not milky — 145.
144b. Juice milky; apparent flowers consisting of a few white or colored petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be plainly seen
145a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 146. EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66.
145b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but not in involucred heads — 147.
146a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets; stipules present LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
146b. Stipules none COMPOSITAE, p. 113.
147a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed — 148.
147b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 154.
148a. Flowers irregular LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
148b. Flowers regular — 149.
149a. Petals 3 LIMNANTHACEAE, p. 68.
149b. Petals 4 — 150.
149c. Petals 5 or more — 151.
150a. Stamens 4 70a, in ROSACEAE, p. 57.
150b. Stamens 6 CRUCIFERAE, p. 42.
150c. Stamens numerous 43, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.
151a. Flowers in heads or umbels — 152.
151b. Flowers in slender spikes or racemes — 153.
152a. Styles 2 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
152b. Styles 5 ARALIACEAE, p. 80.
153a. Leaves ternately compound 43, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 39.
153b. Leaves once-pinnately compound 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
154a. Flowers irregular — 155.
154b. Flowers regular — 156.
155a. Stamens 2 40b, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 104.
155b. Stamens 5 or 10 SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
155c. Stamens 6 or 8 POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
156a. With sheathing stipules surrounding the stem at the base of each leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 24.
156b. Stipules not encircling the stem, or none — 157.
157a. Petals 3 CISTACEAE, p. 74.
157b. Petals 4 — 158.
157c. Petals 5 — 161.
158a. Stamens 2 — 159.
158b. Stamens 6 CRUCIFERAE, p. 42.
158c. Stamens 8 — 160.
159a. Corolla perfectly regular; flowers in terminal clusters without bracts, becoming racemes; taste peppery 52a, in CRUCIFERAE, p. 46.
159b. Corolla slightly irregular; flowers in bracted clusters, or axillary; taste not peppery 40b, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 104.
160a. Delicate trailing evergreen, with flowers solitary in the axils and nearly or quite hidden beneath the leaves 22b, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
160b. Erect or nearly so; flowers in terminal clusters 12b, in ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
161a. Leaves sword-shape, finely parallel-veined, with bristly margins 2a, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
161b. Leaves not sword-shape — 162.
162a. Leaves toothed or lobed — 163.
162b. Leaves entire — 164.
163a. Stems creeping 2b, in UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
163b. Stems erect or nearly so SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
164a. Flowers in open panicles; leaves principally basal SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
164b. Flowers in rounded or flattened clusters; leaves principally on the stem SANTALACEAE, p. 24.
164c. Flowers in racemes, which become elongated at maturity — 165.
165a. Foliage glabrous 8b, in PRIMULACEAE, p. 87.
165b. Foliage pubescent BORAGINACEAE, p. 93.
— 166—
166a. Juice milky or colored — 167.
166b. Juice watery, not colored — 172.
167a. Apparent flowers consisting of a few petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be seen EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 66.
167b. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated in dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 11, in COMPOSITAE, p. 115.
167c. Flowers never aggregated in involucred clusters resembling a single flower — 168.
168a. Corolla very irregular; stamens protruding LOBELIACEAE, p. 113
168b. Corolla regular — 169.
169a. Stamens with ordinary visible anthers; ovary 1 — 170.  
169b. Stamens so grown together and to the stigma as to be almost unrecognizable; ovaries 2 ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 90.
170a. Petals separate PAPAVERACEAE, p. 41.
170b. Petals united — 171.
171a. Stamens attached to the tube of the corolla CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.
171b. Stamens attached at the very base of the corolla CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112.
172a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts — 173.
172b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in involucred heads — 174.
173a. True composites, without a normal calyx COMPOSITAE, p. 113.
173b. A normal calyx with each floweret; leaves compound with 3 leaflets LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
174a. Flowers irregular, i. e., the conspicuous lobes of the perianth unlike in size or shape — 175.
174b. Flowers regular — 185.
175a. Stamens 2 or 4 SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
175b. Stamens 5 — 176.
175c. Stamens 6 — 181.
175d. Stamens 8; leaves simple POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
175e. Stamens 10; leaves usually compound LEGUMINOSAE, p. 58.
175f. Stamens more than 10 — 183.
176a. Petals separate — 177.
176b. Petals united — 179.
177a. Flowers greenish or purplish, in a panicle SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
177b. Flowers white or purplish, in compound umbels UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
177c. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered clusters — 178.
178a. Flowers blue, yellow, or white, in spring VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
178b. Flowers red-orange or yellow, in summer BALSAMINACEAE, p. 71.
178c. Flowers small and greenish, in spring 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
179a. Anthers united; stamens protruding from the very irregular corolla LOBELIACEAE, p. 113.
179b. Anthers separate; corolla almost regular — 180.
180a. Corolla rotate; some or all filaments hairy 2, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
180b. Corolla funnel-form, dull yellow and purple; filaments not hairy 12a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 101.
180c. Corolla funnel-form, blue or violet; filaments not hairy 7b, in BORAGINACEAE, p. 94.
181a. Leaves compound or dissected FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
181b. Leaves simple — 182.
182a. Flowers solitary ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
182b. Flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes POLYGALACEAE, p. 65.
183a. Leaves truly compound — 184.
183b. Leaves palmately cleft; flowers 15 mm. wide or larger 6a, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.
183c. Leaves irregularly cleft; flowers about 5 mm. wide RESEDACEAE, p. 48.
184a. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs 6b, in RANUNCULACEAE, p. 36.
184b. Petals not prolonged into spurs CAPPARIDACEAE, p. 47.
— 185—
185a. Perianth consisting of one circle of parts only (usually considered to be the calyx) — 186.
185b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla — 192.
186a. Leaves with sheathing stipules encircling the stem above the base of every leaf POLYGONACEAE, p. 25.
186b. Leaves without sheathing stipules — 187.
187a. Leaves entire — 188.
187b. Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound — 190.
188a. Stamens 5 SANTALACEAE, p. 24.
188b. Stamens 6 — 189.
188c. Stamens 10 PHYTOLACCACEAE, p. 30.
189a. Perianth-lobes 3; perianth-tube curved ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, p. 25.
189b. Perianth-lobes 6, spreading 4a, in LILIACEAE, p. 11.
190a. Stamens 5 UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
190b. Stamens 6 — 191.
190c. Stamens more than 6 RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
191a. Climbing plant with heart-shape perianth 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
191b. Erect plant, with spreading perianth 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
192a. Corolla composed of united petals — 193.
192b. Corolla composed of separate petals — 208.
193a. Stamens 2 or 4 SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
193b. Stamens 3; climbing vines CUCURBITACEAE, p. 112.
193c. Stamens 5 — 194.
193d. Stamens 6 2a, in FUMARIACEAE, p. 41.
193e. Stamens 8 22b, in ERICACEAE, p. 85.
193f. Stamens 10 — 207.
193g. Stamens very numerous MALVACEAE, p. 72.
194a. Ovaries 2; flowers orange-red, in umbels 7a, in ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 91.
194b. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; flowers in racemes BORAGINACEAE, p. 93.
194c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed — 195.
195a. Climbing or scrambling vines — 196.
195b. Not climbing or scrambling — 198.
196a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide — 197.
196b. Flowers 2-8 cm. wide CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.
197a. Leaves 1 cm. wide or less 2b, in CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112.
197b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more 4a, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
198a. Flowers solitary, either terminal or axillary — 199.
198b. Flowers in terminal clusters — 201.
199a. Calyx concealed by 2 bracts CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 91.
199b. Calyx not completely concealed by bracts — 200.
200a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the base of the flower, 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112.
200b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
201a. Some or all filaments hairy — 202.
201b. Filaments not hairy — 203.
202a. Leaves lobed or divided HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p. 93.
202b. Leaves not lobed 2, in SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 101.
203a. Anthers close together, longer than the filaments 2, in SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
203b. Anthers separate from each other — 204.
204a. Leaves compound or very deeply lobed — 205.
204b. Leaves simple or with shallow lobes only — 206.
205a. Leaf-segments linear or oblong, irregular HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p. 93.
205b. Leaves truly compound with separate leaflets 1a, in POLEMONIACEAE, p. 92.
206a. Flowers greenish-yellow SOLANACEAE, p. 100.
206b. Flowers blue, violet, white, or intermediate tints CAMPANULACEAE, p. 112.
207a. Leaves simple ERICACEAE, p. 84.
207b. Leaves compound OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
— 208—
208a. Petals 4 — 209.
208b. Petals 5 — 212.
208c. Petals 6 or more — 227.
209a. Stamens 4 or 8 — 210.
209b. Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short CRUCIFERAE, p. 42.
209c. Stamens 9 or more CAPPARIDACEAE, p. 47.
210a. Leaves compound ROSACEAE, p. 51.
210b. Leaves simple — 211.
211a. Ovary 1, inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx ONAGRACEAE, p. 78.
211b. Ovaries 4 or 5, in the center of the flower CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.
212a. Stamens with good anthers 5 — 213.
212b. Stamens 6 to 10 — 217.
212c. Stamens more than 10 — 222.
213a. Flowers solitary, terminating the stem 12b, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
213b. Flowers axillary, solitary or in small clusters — 214.
213c. Flowers several, in loose irregular terminal clusters; leaves simple LINACEAE, p. 63.
213d. Flowers in slender spike-like racemes; leaves compound 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
213e. Flowers in panicles 20a, in SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 50.
213f. Flowers in umbels — 216.
214a. Leaves compound 25b, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60.
214b. Leaves simple — 215.
215a. Flowers blue or yellow, erect or spreading LINACEAE, p. 63.
215b. Flowers greenish, nodding 1a, in VIOLACEAE, p. 75.
216a. Flowers pink or purple GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
216b. Flowers yellow or white UMBELLIFERAE, p. 80.
217a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets — 218.  
217b. Leaves pinnately compound — 219.
217c. Leaves deeply palmately lobed GERANIACEAE, p. 64.
217d. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed — 220.
218a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow OXALIDACEAE, p. 64.
218b. Leaflets taper-pointed; flowers white or pink 73, in ROSACEAE, p. 57.
219a. Leaflets entire 24, in LEGUMINOSAE, p. 60.
219b. Leaflets toothed 50b, in ROSACEAE, p. 55.
220a. Prostrate plants, with thick, fleshy, entire leaves 3, in PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
220b. Bushy branched plants, with small gray leaves concealing the stem 2a, in CISTACEAE, p. 74.
220c. Erect or spreading plants — 221.
221a. Ovary 1, style 1 4a, in ERICACEAE, p. 84.
221b. Ovary with 2 distinct styles SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 49.
221c. Ovaries 5; styles 5 CRASSULACEAE, p. 48.
222a. Stamens united by their filaments into a tube MALVACEAE, p. 72.
222b. Stamens separate from each other — 223.
223a. Leaves with stipules; ovaries more than 1 ROSACEAE, p. 51.
223b. Leaves without stipules — 224.
224a. Leaves toothed, deeply lobed, or compound RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
224b. Leaves entire — 225.
225a. Ovaries numerous RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.
225b. Ovary 1 — 226.
226a. Sepals 2 PORTULACACEAE, p. 34.
226b. Sepals 3 or 5 CISTACEAE, p. 74.
— 227—
227a. Leaves entire LYTHRACEAE, p. 77.
227b. Leaves lobed, divided, dissected, or compound — 228.
228a. Flowers in slender racemes RESEDACEAE, p. 48.
228b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in slender racemes — 229.
229a. Stamens 6 3b, in BERBERIDACEAE, p. 40.
229b. Stamens numerous RANUNCULACEAE, p. 35.