The Pleistocene of North America / and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of longitude 95°

GRINNELL LAND.

Dumbbell Harbor.—In 1877 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XX, p. 488), Fielden published a paper on the Post-Tertiary beds of Grinnell Land and north Greenland. Fielden and De Rance reported on the same subject in 1878 (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XXXIV, p. 566). In beds having an elevation of 400 feet, in latitude 82° 30′, there were obtained meager remains of Phoca hispida and Ovibos moschatus. In latitude 82° 25′ were secured remains of Rangifer tarandus, Ovibos moschatus, and Phoca barbata. The invertebrate fauna was found to be identical with that existing there to-day. If the beds are of Pleistocene age, as the elevation appears to indicate, they may be referred to the Late Wisconsin.

NOVA SCOTIA.

1. Sable Island.—In the collection of the Philadelphia Academy there is a walrus skull which was sent to the Academy from Sable Island about 1871. According to Rhoads (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1898, p. 197), Leidy regarded this skull as that of a recent individual; but Rhoads states that “the specimen is of precisely the same nature in color, texture, and specific gravity as the larger fossil specimen which Leidy described and figured in the Philosophical Transactions and which came from the beach at Long Branch, New Jersey.” He thinks that it had been derived from an ancient raised sea-beach. This does not appear to be at all improbable.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

2. Fairville, Charlotte County.—In 1879 (Geol. Surv. Canada, Rep. for 1877–8, EE, p. 23), Dr. G. F. Matthew reported the discovery of a skeleton of Phoca grœnlandica near Fairville, at the mouth of St. John River, New Brunswick. The fore limbs and several vertebræ were missing. The skeleton was afterwards destroyed in a fire at St. John. The bones were found at a depth of about 25 feet, in the lower Leda clay.

QUEBEC.

3. Bic, Rimouski County.—In Le Naturaliste Canadien (vol. XXXVI, 1908, p. 51), the editor, V. A. Huard, in commenting on a letter written to him and announcing the capture of a walrus somewhere on the northern coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, recalled an article contributed in 1869 by the former editor, a priest named Provancher (Le Naturaliste Canad., vol. II, p. 19). This writer stated that some workmen employed in the construction of the International Railway had discovered at Bic, Rimouski County, Quebec, on the southern shore of the St. Lawrence, a complete skeleton of a walrus. This skeleton had a length of 13 feet. It was found at a depth of 14 feet, in a compact clay, and at a height of more than 100 feet above sea-level. The skeleton was deposited in the museum of the Rimouski Seminary, but was destroyed in a fire in 1881.

It is evident that when that animal died and was buried in the clay the land in that region stood at a level at least 100 feet lower than at present.

Through the late Mr. L. M. Lambe, of the Canada Geological Survey, the writer has received from Mr. W. A. Johnston, who made a special study of the Pleistocene, information regarding the age of the clays at Bic. He says that little can be said definitely regarding the age of the clays in which the walrus skeleton was found. Clays belonging to the Champlain submergence stand now at an elevation of 311 feet in that vicinity; and marine shells occur in clays, supposed to belong to the Champlain, at an altitude of 120 feet. There is a possibility that some of the clays in that region are earlier than the time of the Wisconsin. Mr. Johnston cites Guide Book No. 1, part I, pp. 77–78, of the Canada Survey, and Dawson’s Ice Age, 1893, pp. 186–195. The first article was written by J. W. Goldthwait. On page 921 of Logan’s Geology of Canada, 1863, it is stated that bones of whales and of the morse have been found partially embedded in the Leda clay in several places between Bic and Matanne, about 60 miles farther down the river.

4. Montreal, Quebec.—In 1863, Logan (Geol. Surv. Canada, p. 920) told of the discovery of a skeleton of Phoca grœndlandica near Montreal. The exact locality appears to be about 0.75 mile east of what was then known as the Mile-end quarries. These quarries were about 100 feet above sea-level, and the spot where the skeleton was found was about 40 feet lower down. At a nearby brickyard some bones of a young seal were discovered which belonged probably to the same species. One of the pelvic bones of a seal was found also at the Mile-end quarries. Dr. J. W. Dawson (“Canadian Ice Age,” 1844, p. 267) stated that the skeleton was found in the Leda clay; that it is in the collection of the Geological Survey, at Ottawa; and that detached bones are in the Peter Redpath Museum of McGill University at Montreal. The Leda clay, at least that of the upper portion of the St. Lawrence Valley, is now referred to the Champlain epoch, a time when the sea had invaded this valley and even Lake Ontario.

5. Tétreauville, Ottawa County.—In 1897 H. M. Ami (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XI, p. 24) announced that he and Ruggles Wright had found some bones which were probably those of a young harbor seal, Phoca vitulina. They were collected in 1888, in a sandy layer about 30 feet below the surface, on a hillside, at Wright’s brick clay pits, on Aylmer Road, Tétreauville, Quebec. This place is about 5 miles west of Hull, and within 10 miles of Ottawa. These bones are in the Victoria Museum at Ottawa. Besides the left half of the lower jaw with teeth, there are both ear-bones, one exoccipital, the greater portion of the backbone, scapula, part of the pelvis, and some of the larger limb-bones. This species is abundant in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and also ascends the larger rivers to a great distance. Doubtless great numbers inhabited the inland sea which, during Champlain times, is believed to have occupied the valley of the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, and the valley of the Ottawa River nearly as far up as the city of Ottawa.

6. Ottawa.—Remains believed to belong to Phoca grœnlandica have been found near Ottawa, Ontario. In 1856 (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. VIII, p. 90, plate III), Doctor Leidy described and figured the hinder limbs of a young aquatic animal which he regarded as a seal, but did not more exactly identify. He expressed the opinion that its descendants were yet sporting in the sea-borders of Canada. This specimen was found in Gloucester Township, Carleton County, about 9 miles east of Ottawa. The locality is on Green’s Creek, a tributary of the Ottawa River, the bank of the creek being about 30 feet high and composed of clay. This is regarded as being of Champlain age, the close of the Wisconsin stage. Out of this clay were washed numerous nodules of hardened clay, many of which contained organic remains, such as marine shells and fishes. Among the latter are two species, the capelin (Mallotus villosus) and the lump-sucker (Cyclopterus lumpus).

Later, at the same locality, a lower jawbone of a young seal was found, which was identified as the harp seal; and it was even thought that it might have belonged with the hinder limbs figured by Leidy. A figure of this jaw, with some of the teeth, was published by Dawson in his “Canadian Ice Age.”

MAINE.

7. Addison Point, Washington County.—From the curator of the Portland Society of Natural History, Arthur H. Norton, the information is received that some portions of the skeleton of a walrus, several ribs, parts of two limbs, and a phalanx of a digit, had been found at Reef Point, near Addison Point, Maine. These remains are now in the collection of the society just named. They had been collected in 1881 by C. H. Boyd, who published an account of them (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. IV, p. 234). They had washed out of the bank on the eastern side of Pleasant River, about 3 miles below Addison. They had been buried in a stiff blue clay, about 2 feet above high-water. Above them there was 6 feet of the clay, and above this gravel and soil. Mr. Boyd stated that he had seen a tusk, with a part of the socket, which had been washed out at the same place.

8. Andrews Island, Knox County.—The American Museum Journal for 1912 (vol. XII, pp. 269–270) contains an article which calls attention to a walrus skull preserved in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. It is reported as having been found by Sidney Norton, in December 1912, in 50 fathoms of water, near Andrews Island, off Owl’s Head, Penobscot Bay. One of the tusks is complete, the other is gone; also the occiput and zygomatic arches are missing. The bone is said to be quite well petrified, which shows that the skull is not a recent one.

9. Gardiner, Kennebec County.—In 1845 Charles Lyell visited (“Second Visit to the United States,” vol. I, p. 44) Gardiner, Maine, and examined a collection of fossil shells and crustacea which had been made by Mrs. Frederic Allen from the glacial deposits of that vicinity. He recognized the tooth of a walrus, which he stated was similar to the one procured by him on Martha’s Vineyard. This tooth is said by Packard (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. I, 1867, p. 246) to have been a tusk; and he was informed that it had been taken by Lyell to London and had been identified by Professor Richard Owen. Inasmuch as Owen regarded the specimen found on Martha’s Vineyard as a species distinct from the one now living on the Atlantic coast, it is to be supposed that the Gardiner specimen also was thought to be different from the latter. Packard, in another communication (Amer. Naturalist, vol. I, 1868, p. 268), states that the tooth of the walrus and some teeth of a supposed bison were discovered in the clay-beds at Gardiner by Lyell, or at least during his visit, but it is evident that they had been collected before his arrival.

In his discussion of the supposed bison teeth found in clay at Gardiner, Dr. J. A. Allen (The American Bisons, 1876, pp. 89, 91) gives us some information about the fate of Mrs. Frederic Allen’s collection. At her death it passed into the possession of her daughter, by whom the greater part of it was presented to Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine. Professor Manton Copeland, of this college, informs the writer that the walrus tusk is in their collection and bears the number FM20. It is badly shattered. The length is about 75 mm.

The important matter concerning the remains of the walrus found at Gardiner is to determine when the animal lived there. It is to be assumed that the tusk had been buried in the Pleistocene clay at that locality. This appears to belong to the closing period of the Wisconsin stage, but there has been some dispute about its age.

Packard (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. I, pp. 245–246) gives a list of the species which had been found in the clay at Gardiner. These are nearly all invertebrates and indicate a climate somewhat colder than that now existing there. Whether the time when the walrus lived at Gardiner was before or after the culmination of the Wisconsin ice period, it was so long ago that those deposits of clay, made in sea-water of considerable depth, have since been lifted above sea-level to a height of perhaps 200 feet.

10. Portland, Cumberland County.—In the American Naturalist, volume XII, 1878, page 633, it is recorded that the larger part of the skeleton of a walrus, including the skull, with tusks over 5 inches long, had lately been found in the Quaternary clays at Portland. It had been discovered by workmen excavating for the foundation of the transfer station of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The remains were partially embedded in a layer of blue clay a foot thick, itself overlain by 2 feet 2 inches of a lighter clay. The latter contained casts and shells of 11 species of mollusks. J. A. Allen, in his work already quoted, states that the skeleton was found at a depth of 7 feet. It was placed in the museum of the Portland Society of Natural History, and is still there, as reported by the curator, Arthur H. Norton.

Mr. Norton has sent the writer an extract from the report of the committee which investigated this discovery. The bed of blue clay in which the greater part of the skeleton was buried contained the following species of mollusks: Mya arenaria, Macoma sabulosa (calcarea), Mytilus edulis, Cardium (Serripes) grœndlandicum, Saxicava distorta, Nucula antiqua, Leda tenuisulcata, L. truncata (Yoldia glacialis), Natica clausa, N. pusilla, and Astarte striata. The lighter-colored clay above the blue clay was more sandy and adhered strongly to the bones. This clay contained Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Serripes grœndlandicus, Astarte striata, Macoma calcarea, Nucula antiqua, Natica, and Balanus.

Above the lighter-colored clay just mentioned was a foot of a clay which contained wood and roots, the unused portion of the brick clay that once existed there, but which had been removed for the manufacture of bricks.

Inasmuch as the clay overlying the bed in which the remains were found contains marine shells, it is certain that since their deposition the land has been considerably elevated.

George N. Stone (Monogr. XXXIV, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 286–291) has discussed the age of the glacial deposits at Portland. Professor M. L. Fuller has written to the author that on the Maine coast the chief clay is known as the Leda and is found at Portland and Gardiner, and that it probably antedates the Wisconsin. This is not to be correlated with the Leda clay of the St. Lawrence Valley. It corresponds rather to Clapp’s “high-level clays” (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XVIII, p. 505, seq.).

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

11. Jeffries Reef, off Portsmouth.—The specimen from this place consists of the greater part of the left side of the skull of a large individual. The occipital and the exoccipitals are missing. The bone and especially the tusk have suffered some decay. The fragment is labeled as having been dredged from a depth of 50 to 75 fathoms on Eastern Jeffries Reef. The bottom was hard. Jeffries Reef lies 5 or more miles off the southernmost part of the Maine coast and extends from the Isle of Shoals to Boon Island. The skull belonged to an old individual. The length from the rear of the mastoid process to the front of the premaxilla is 360 mm. The exserted part of the tusk measures 225 mm. in length. At its base the diameters are 65 mm. and 42 mm. There are 4 large grinding teeth. There is no reason for supposing that the species represented is not O. rosmarus.

MASSACHUSETTS.

12. Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard.—In his “Travels in North America,” volume I, 1845, page 257, plate V, figure 1, Lyell announced the finding of a part of a skull of a walrus at Gay Head. This he had purchased from a fisherman who lived there and who said it had fallen out of a conglomerate found at that place and which contains bones of cetaceans. The skull retained but a small portion of its animal matter. Richard Owen, to whom the skull was shown, regarded it as belonging to a species distinct from O. rosmarus. The upper jaw contained the base of one tusk, the socket for the other, and 3 molar teeth on each side. The reduced number of molars furnishes no distinctive character, for existing individuals sometimes present this number. The base of the tusk has its transverse diameter greater than usual relatively to the fore-and-aft diameter. According to Lyell’s illustration of the specimen, the greater diameter was 70 mm., the shorter 53 mm. The writer has seen no tusk of O. rosmarus as thick as this; but the thickness is variable and may possibly attain to two-thirds of the greater diameter.

Inasmuch as the Tertiary deposits at Gay Head, rising above the sea to a height of about 150 feet, are capped by a sheet of glacial drift and clays, it is probable that the skull in question had fallen from some of these drift deposits. According to Professor J. B. Woodworth (17th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. I, p. 982), there are at Gay Head deposits of drift which represent some of the older glacial stages as well as the last one, the Wisconsin. It is possible, therefore, that this walrus lived there as far back as the middle of the glacial epoch or even earlier. For additional information on the geology of that island consult Woodworth’s paper, in which the literature is cited; also the important paper by N. S. Shaler (7th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1888, pp. 303–363.)

The hooded seal, Cystophora cristata, has probably been found fossil at Gay Head. The only reason for this supposition is found in a statement made by Charles Lyell (Proc. Geol. Soc. London, vol. IV, p. 32; Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVI, 1844, p. 319). He says that with other remains on Martha’s Vineyard he found a tooth having the crown fractured. Lyell submitted the tooth to Richard Owen, who pronounced it to be that of a seal which seemed to be nearly allied to the modern Cystophora proboscidea (C. cristata). It seems quite probable that this species lived there at the time when the walrus haunted the region. It is of course possible that the remains reported belonged to an animal that lived in that region as far back as the Miocene. The tooth was not described or figured.

NEW JERSEY.

13. Long Branch.—Portions of several walrus skulls have been found on the beach at Long Branch. Two of these were described and figured by Leidy in 1867 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 83, plate IV, figs. 1, 2, plate V, fig. 1). One skull, lacking the lower jaw, some of the right hinder part of the cranium, and the exserted portion of one tusk, was discovered in 1853. The other specimen, discovered about 1856, furnished the front of the skull as far back as the middle of the palate. Both belonged to old individuals. Leidy concluded that the animals which had possessed these skulls belonged to the existing species Odobenus rosmarus. He surmised that they had been floated to the New Jersey coast on fields of ice or perhaps had lived there during the Glacial period. The skull which was found in 1853 is now in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy; the other is in the collection of the New Jersey Geological Survey. Recently, Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads has studied these skulls. He had also for examination the skull from Sable Island, which has been mentioned. He concluded that these skulls belonged to a species distinct from O. rosmarus and which might bear DeKay’s name, O. virginianus.

It does not appear to the present writer that Rhoads has successfully maintained his proposition. He did not have at hand a sufficient number of skulls of the existing Atlantic walrus to present all the variations that occur in that species. Of course, the number of fossil specimens was very limited. In discussing Rhoads’s conclusion, it will be of advantage to consider a part of a skull which belongs to the Marsh collection in Yale University. This specimen consists of the anterior half of the skull, without the tusks and without the other teeth. It was found at Kitty Hawk, at the mouth of Albemarle Sound, just north of latitude 36°. It is thoroughly fossilized; and, having been found so far south, it may be safely regarded as having belonged to the species which inhabited the New Jersey coast during the Pleistocene.

For purposes of comparison, such measurements are here given as can be obtained from the skull; likewise the corresponding measurements of a specimen from Sable Island, No. 199528 of the U. S. National Museum, and of another, No. 22014 of the National Museum, brought from Ungava Bay. Unfortunately, the basilar length of the fossil can not be determined, nor the width of the mastoids.

The nasal bones of the fossil are so thoroughly consolidated with each other and with the adjoining bones that their dimensions can not be determined. There is no reason, however, for supposing that the length was greater than 70 mm.

The grinding teeth of the fossil do not show the larger size that we might expect from Rhoads’s determinations and from comparison with Leidy’s illustrations. The second socket was almost exactly the diameter of the same socket in the Sable Island specimen measured. The third socket is larger than that of the skull from Sable Island. The sockets for the first molars are very small and shallow; the socket for the left incisor is still smaller, while that for the right incisor is wholly effaced. The diameter of the socket for the second molar is much shorter than that of the corresponding socket in the Ungava Bay specimen. In the latter, the left incisor is present and large, but the other is missing and the socket is nearly filled up. It is evident that the teeth are extremely variable in both size and the number present.

Rhoads has found that the incisive foramina of the fossil skulls in his hands are placed high above the alveolar borders. In the North Carolina specimen this height is 32 mm.; in the Sable Island specimen in the U. S. National Museum, 30 mm.; in the Ungava Bay specimen, about 22 mm. Nor does the distance between the sockets for the incisors in the fossil from North Carolina agree with that dimension in the two specimens from Long Branch.

Despite the differences shown in the measurements in the table given above, the writer must conclude that there are not as yet sufficient reasons for regarding the Pleistocene walrus of the Atlantic coast as specifically different from the existing form.

Dr. Albert Reid Ledoux, mining engineer, of New York City, when a young man bathing at low tide at Long Branch, found a skull of a walrus. This was given to Professor John S. Newberry and is now probably at either Columbia University or the American Museum of Natural History. At the same time and at the same spot was a heel-bone of Megatherium, now in the American Museum (p. 31). It is very improbable that these two animals lived there at the same time.

According to recent publications of the Geological Survey of New Jersey (Salisbury, Report for 1897, p. 19, pl. I; Lewis and Kümmel, Bull. No. 14, p. 120, with Geologic Map of New Jersey, 1910–1912), Long Branch is situated on the Cape May formation. This is regarded by the geologists just quoted as corresponding in age, in great part at least, to the Wisconsin stage. When this deposit was laid down, the New Jersey coast was depressed from 35 to 50 feet below its present level. It seems very probable that at that time the walrus was living there and that the skulls found have been washed out of this deposit by the waves during storms. Nevertheless, the finding of Megatherium at Long Branch shows that there are deposits present which belong probably to early Pleistocene.

Dr. H. B. Kümmel, State Geologist of New Jersey, has informed the writer that a strip 0.25 to 0.75 mile back from the ocean in the region about Long Branch probably belongs to the Recent time. He states that one would be safe in concluding that the skulls of the walrus were found in deposits not older than the Cape May and that they may have occurred in more recent beds. Against the view that the walruses found along this coast lived there during the Recent period is their well-fossilized condition.

14. Ocean Grove, Monmouth County.—In 1910, after a storm, a part of a skull of a walrus was found on the beach at Ocean Grove, New Jersey. This is still in the possession of the finder, Mr. W. S. Hidden, who furnished the writer with photographs of the specimen. It consists of the front of the skull extending back to the bases of the zygomatic arches, and containing portions of both tusks and most of the teeth. There is no likelihood that this specimen belonged to any other species than Odobenus rosmarus, and it was probably washed out of the same deposits as those which furnished the specimen found at Long Branch.

VIRGINIA.

15. Accomac County.—In the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, volume II, 1828, page 271, Messrs. Mitchill, Smith, and Cooper made a report on a fossil walrus skull found along the Virginia coast somewhere in Accomac County. Only the anterior half of the skull was secured. According to this report, portions of the tusks were preserved, but were much mutilated. There were present also 4 of the grinding teeth. The skull was described as being remarkably hard and heavy and the tusks were almost agatized. The sutures of the skull had mostly closed up; hence the animal was evidently an old one. The specimen bore the marks of having been in salt water, and was said to have been found on the beach.

This is the specimen which DeKay, in 1842 (Zool. of N. Y., pt. I, p. 56, plate XIX, fig. 1), made the type of his Trichechus virginianus. Newberry, in 1873 (Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, p. 71), identified the specimen as belonging to the existing Atlantic species. Cope (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XIV, 1874, p. 17) does not mention the presence of tusks. He supposed that there was, at that part of the coast, glacial drift, out of which the skull had been washed. There are, however, no such deposits in that region. This specimen was placed in the collection of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, but according to Rhoads, was afterward destroyed in a fire.

On examination of G. B. Shattuck’s work on the Pleistocene of Maryland (Maryland Geol. Surv., Pliocene and Pleistocene volume, p. 95, plate I), it seems that the coast of Virginia in Accomac County is occupied by the Talbot formation. This, according to his theory, corresponds, at least the part nearest the coast, with the Cape May formation of New Jersey. Hence we might conclude that the walrus skull in question had become buried, probably during the Wisconsin glacial stage. The present writer regards the principal part of the Talbot terrace as being much older.

Messrs. W. B. Clark and B. L. Miller (Virginia Geol. Surv. Bull., No. IV, p. 187) recognize the presence of the Talbot formation in Accomac County, where it seems to reach a thickness of 100 feet; but the authors add that part of this may belong to earlier Pleistocene formations.

NORTH CAROLINA.

16. Kitty Hawk, Currituck County.—In the Marsh collection of fossils belonging to Yale University is a part of a skull found somewhere near Kitty Hawk. No particulars regarding the exact place of discovery accompany the specimen. It has already been described on page 27; and, while there are some differences between it and the recent skulls used for comparison, it is not believed that a distinct species is indicated.

According to L. W. Stephenson’s map of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina (North Carolina Geol. and Econom. Surv., vol. III, plate XIII), the coast at Kitty Hawk and for about 50 miles back of this is occupied by the Pamlico formation. This corresponds to the upper part of the Talbot of Maryland, and it, or part of it, may have been deposited at the close of the Pleistocene. So far as the present writer knows, there is nothing to show the character of the climate then prevailing. As this Pamlico nowhere rises more than 25 feet above sea-level, and as the thickness is usually only from 15 to 20 feet, it is possible that the walrus skull found at Kitty Hawk had been unearthed by the waves from the Chowan formation or some still earlier deposit.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

17. Charleston.—In 1876 Leidy announced (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1876, p. 80) that a complete tusk of a walrus had been found in the Ashley River, near Charleston. This tusk Leidy described and figured in 1877 (Jour. Phila. Acad., vol. VIII, fig. 6). It had evidently been dredged from the river in collecting phosphate rock, as have been most of the fossils of that region. The tusk was 13 inches long. Near the base it measured 3.62 inches and transversely 1.75 inches. Leidy especially noticed the shortness of the tusk as compared with the diameter, but concluded that the tusk might, during the life of the individual, have been broken off and worn obliquely at the end.

In the collection of the Charleston Museum are some fragments of tusks of a species of walrus, probably O. rosmarus. One of these, No. 1028, furnishes 184 mm. of the distal end. The width at the fracture is 60 mm., the thickness 29 mm. The distal end is worn off somewhat obliquely, but not so much as in the tusk figured by Leidy; also, the tusk appears to have been less curved than the one which he described. The original length can not be determined.

Another fragment, No. 1029, was given to the Charleston Museum by Major E. Willis and was no doubt found in the region about Charleston. This gentleman has sent a fossil horse-tooth and a part of a sirenian to the U. S. National Museum from Wando River. The fragment is short, but belonged to a large tusk, its long diameter being 81 mm., the shorter one 51 mm. It was therefore a larger tusk and one whose thickness was relatively greater than that of the imperfect specimen found at Long Branch and figured by Leidy.

Mr. Earle Sloan’s collection at the Charleston Museum has two other fragments of tusks. One, No. 13497, is 113 mm. long, 60 mm. wide, and 25 mm. thick; the other, No. 13296, is 140 mm. long, 60 mm. wide, and 31 mm. thick.

Considering that all of the remains of the walrus found about Charleston have been picked out of great quantities of phosphate rock collected for commercial purposes, and that no records of the exact locality where obtained have been kept, it is impossible to determine their exact geological age. It is to be supposed that this animal inhabited the region about Charleston at the time it frequented the coasts of North Carolina and New Jersey. This appears to have been during the Wisconsin stage; but it is possible that the walrus extended its range far southward during more than one of the glacial stages. All of the specimens appear to be thoroughly fossilized.