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The pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria

Chapter 56: 52. A Drinking-Horn in which a peculiarly formed Siphon is fixed.
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A systematic practical handbook of machines and demonstrations that uses air, steam, heat, and water to produce mechanical effects. The text gives clear descriptions, construction details, and diagrams for siphons, valves, pumps, fountains, jets, self‑acting mechanisms, and ritual or theatrical contrivances driven by pressure and temperature changes. Explanations focus on the mechanical principles behind pneumatic and hydraulic behaviors and on ways to control flow and timing, with numbered propositions that pair instructional steps with illustrative figures for building and operating each apparatus.

52. A Drinking-Horn in which a peculiarly formed Siphon is fixed.

The construction of a drinking-horn such that, if a cover of glass be placed upon it, while a discharge is going on from the vessel, the liquid shall ascend into the glass cover and be thrown back. A B C (fig. 52), is a drinking-horn, closed by the covering D E; and from D E extend two tubes, F G, H K, one of them, H K, leading into the interior of the vessel, the other, F G, leading outside. A glass cover, M N, incloses this; and in the top, D E, outside the glass vessel, is an aperture, X, through which water may be poured. When the horn is filled through this aperture, the tube H K will be filled at the same time, and as the water is poured in it will ascend into the glass vessel so as to be carried outside through the tube F G. Thus we shall have the arrangement of a bent siphon, of which H K is the smaller leg and F G the greater, so that it will attract the liquid in the horn as it ascends into the cover; it will also attract the air contained in the cover, which is lighter than the liquid, and the water will appear to be thrown back into the void space left by the air and to descend by its own weight; for this upward motion is contrary to its nature.