The postal power of Congress: A study in constitutional expansion

INDEX

• Abolitionist literature. See Incendiary publications.
• Adams, John Quincy, 78.
• Administrative determination to exclude mail matter, conclusiveness of, 57 ff.
• Advertisements of intoxicating liquors, 146 ff.
• Amendments to Constitution giving Congress power to construct roads, 73.
• Anarchistic publications and the postoffice, 118.
• Antecedents of the postal power, 9–26.
• Appropriations for national and local purposes, 79.
• Arbitration of industrial disputes, 151.
• Articles of Confederation, 72, 76, 81.
• Bache, Richard, 15.
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 28.
• Bank Note Case, 169.
• Bankruptcy laws, uniformity of, 114.
• Banks, power of Congress to charter, 80.
• Barbour, J. S., 74.
• Beck, J. M., 169 n.
• Bilké, H. W., 108.
• Blackstone’s Commentaries, 100, 101.
• Blair, Postmaster General, 51 n.
• Bonaparte, Charles J., 118 ff.
• “Bonus Bill” for road construction, 66.
• Brewer, Justice, 177.
• Buchanan, James, 110–112.
• Calhoun, J. C, 67 ff., 106 ff., 136 ff.
• Canals, power of Congress to cut, 25;
• to aid by appropriation, 72.
• Carter, James C., 148.
• Clapp, Moses E., 35.
• Classification of mail matter, 29–30.
• Clay, Henry, 71 ff., 110.
• Cockburn, Lord, 50.
• Codification of postal laws, 60.
• Collectivist activities of post office, 33–36.
• Commercial power of Congress, 155, 160.
• Committee of the States, 20.
• “Commodities clause,” 170.
• Confederation, Articles of, postal clause in, 16;
• inadequacy of the power vested in Congress by, 20–22.
• Congress, power to establish postoffices, 26 ff.;
• to secure the mails and punish improper use, 36 ff.;
• to establish postroads, 61 ff.;
• to own and operate railroads, 150;
• to own and operate telegraphs and telephones, 156;
• to extend control through exclusions from the mails, 158 ff.
• Constitution, grant of postal power by, 23.
• “Constitutional American Postoffice,” 13.
• Constitutional Convention and postal power, 22–25;
• and power to cut canals, 25;
• and freedom of press, 98–100.
• Constitutional morality, 180.
• Constitutionality, of excluding obscene matter, 51;
• lottery tickets and advertisements, 52;
• fraudulent matter, 56;
• anarchistic publications, 120;
• of owning railroads, 150;
• of owning telegraphs and telephones, 156;
• of excluding libelous matter, 159;
• of attempting indirect control, 160 ff.
• Continental Congress, establishment of post by, 13.
• Copyright, publications violating, non-mailable, 48 n.
• Cotton futures, trading in, 164.
• Crimes against the mails, 36–56.
• Crimes in postoffices, 149 n.
• Crittenden, Attorney-General, 131.
• Crumpacker, E. D., 58 ff.
• Cumberland Road, 62 ff., 82.
• Cushing, Caleb, 140 ff.
• Dallas, Secretary, 83.
• Daniels, Justice, 90.
• Davis, John, 111.
• Dead Letter Office, 125.
• Dead letters, 16.
• Debs Cases, 46.
• Defamatory matter non-mailable, 50.
• Detention of mail, 131;
• by postal employee, 133.
• Dicey, A. V., 100.
• Dickey Case, 91.
• Due process of law, 126, 158 ff.
• Eminent domain, federal power of, 15, 63, 70, 87, 91–92, 155.
• Establish, meaning of, in postal clause, 81.
• Exclusions from mails, and freedom of press, 114;
• as denying due process of law, 178 ff.
• Expansion of postal facilities, 26–33.
• Extension of federal control over postroads, 150;
• through exclusions from the mails, 158 ff.
• Fairbanks, Richard, 11.
• Farrar, E. H., 154.
• Federal aid for national but not local purposes, 95.
• Federal control, extension of, through exclusion from the mails, 159;
• under taxing and commercial powers, 168–171.
• Federal incorporation of railroads, 152;
• of trading companies, 179.
• Federalist, The, 9, 10, 65.
• First Amendment to Constitution, 98 ff.
• Fourth Amendment to Constitution, 123 ff.
• Franking privileges, 14, 20.
• Franklin, Benjamin, 12–15, 23.
• Fraud orders, 56–60.
• Freedom of press, 98–123;
• meaning of constitutional guarantee, 100 ff.;
• abridged by preventing circulation, 103;
• and exclusions from mails, 158, 163.
• Freight trains on Sunday, 130.
• Freund, Ernst, 129 n., 159.
• Gallatin, Albert, 63 ff., 82.
• Gambling contracts, 163.
• Gerry, Elbridge, 98.
• Goddard, William, 13.
• Good roads, congressional aid for, 34, 80.
• Goodnow, F. J., 180.
• Gouverneur, Samuel L., 104, 138.
• Granger, Gideon, 27 n.
• Grote, George, 180.
• Hadley, Arthur T., 26.
• Hamilton, Alexander, 99.
• Heisler, R. C., 179.
• Holt, Postmaster General, 143.
• Incendiary publications, by northern abolitionists, 103 ff.;
• power of Congress to exclude from mails, 107 ff.;
• power of state to punish officials disseminating, 136 ff.
• Index Expurgatorius, postal, 39, 158;
• commercial, 170.
• Internal improvements, 28, 61.
• Interstate commerce, power of Congress over, 127;
• analogy to postal power, 128;
• power of states to exclude, 145;
• exclusion from, of articles made by children, 170 ff.
• Intoxicating liquors, excluded from mails, 40;
• interstate commerce in, and police power of the states, 127.
• Jackson, Andrew, 78 ff., 103.
• Jay, Chief Justice, 62.
• Jefferson, Thomas, 62 ff.
• Johnson, Justice, 81.
• Jones, Samuel, 25.
• Judicial review of fraud orders, 58 ff.
• Jurisdiction to try offence of depositing non-mailable matter, 53.
• Kendall, Amos, 104 ff., 137 ff.
• Kent, Chancellor, 42.
• Kenyon, Lord, 100.
• King, William R., 106.
• Lacey Game Act, 127 n.
• Lee, Richard Henry, 14.
• Letter carrier routes, in cities as postroads, 43, 93.
• Libelous publications, 159.
• Limitations on postal power, 97, 158.
• Lottery advertisements and freedom of press, 116.
• Lottery tickets, excluded from mails, 52, 146;
• in interstate commerce, 169, 174 ff.
• Lovelace, Francis, 12.
• McCray Case, 169.
• McLean, Justice, 89.
• Madison, James, 9, 62, 65 ff., 100.
• Mail matter relating to current business of carrier, 44.
• Mails, interference with, 10;
• safety of, 19;
• right of Congress to compel transportation by railroads, 29, 151;
• classification of, 30;
• what constitutes obstruction of, 46;
• exclusions from, 47 ff.;
• use of, to defraud, 56 ff.;
• exclusion from, to extend federal control, 158–180.
• Mala prohibita and mala in se, 54, 135, 148.
• Mann White Slave Act, 170.
• Marketing by parcel post, 34.
• Marshall, Chief Justice, 36, 81, 136 n., 153, 154, 169 n., 177.
• Marshall, Louis, 172 n.
• Maryland, Sunday observance in, 131.
• Mercury (Charleston), 104.
• Money orders, 31.
• Monroe, James, 27, 69;
• “Views on Internal Improvements,” 74 ff.
• Moon, J. A., 32.
• Morris, Gouverneur, 24.
• Morris, Thomas, 112.
• Municipal streets and postroads, 150.
• Neale, Thomas, 12.
• Nelson, E. C., 65, 77 n.
• Newlands, Senator, 161 n.
• Newspaper Publicity Law, 121 ff., 164, 175.
• Northern Pacific Railroad, 91.
• “Nullification by Indirection,” 169 ff.
• Obscene literature, in mails, 48, 146, 174;
• definition of, 49;
• in interstate commerce, 170.
• Obstruction of the mail, 45 ff.;
• what constitutes, 135.
• Ohio, admission as state and Cumberland Road compact, 63.
• Oleomargarine in interstate commerce and state laws, 127;
• federal tax on manufacture of, 168.
• Ordinance of 1782, 17–20, 36.
• Original packages, 146.
• Panama Canal Act, 161.
• Parcels post, 30, 34.
• Paterson, William, 22.
• Paterson’s plan for Constitution, 41.
• Penn, William, 12.
• Penrose, Boies, 51 n.
• Pinckney, C. C., 98.
• Pinckney’s plan, 22, 98.
• Police regulations by Congress concerning postoffice, 52.
• Postal clause, in Articles of Confederation, 16;
• discussion of, by constitutional convention, 22;
• in Constitution, 23;
• poor expression of, 25.
• Postal crimes, severely punished, 37;
• obstructing the mail, 37;
• private competition, 37;
• robbing the mail, 38;
• meticulous enumeration in federal criminal code, 39;
• articles excluded, 40;
• constitutionality of laws, 40 ff.
• Postal facilities, recognized function of state, 11;
• beginnings of, in America, 12;
• governmental monopoly of, 14;
• importance of, 26;
• in New Zealand, 33, 36;
• denial of, to objectionable stock exchanges, 162 ff.;
• to insurance companies, 164.
• Postal laws, codification of, 60.
• Postal monopoly, power of Congress to establish, 41.
• Postal power of Congress, antecedents of, 9–26;
• importance underestimated, 11;
• granted by Articles of Confederation, 16;
• by Constitution, 23;
• and freedom of press, 98, 163;
• limited by Fourth Amendment, 123;
• may not deny due process of law, 178;
• and police power of the states, 127 ff.;
• as a means of extending federal control, 158 ff.
• Postal savings banks, constitutionality of, 32.
• Postal telegraphs and telephones, 156–157.
• Postmaster general, office of, for America created, 12;
• Franklin appointed, 14;
• duties of, 18;
• salary increased, 28;
• made member of Cabinet, 28.
• Postoffice, American, extension of functions, 10;
• under Articles of Confederation, 17–22;
• temporary establishment by Congress, 26;
• expansion of power of Congress to establish, 26 ff.;
• collectivist activities, 33.
• Postoffice, British, service in colonies, 14.
• Postoffice employees, exemption from military duties, 15;
• punishment by state for performing federal duty, 136 ff.
• Postroads, power of Congress to establish, 10, 61 ff.;
• to appropriate for, but not construct, 72;
• power of states over, 84 ff.
• Power of states to delay carriage of mails, 131 ff.
• Presbyterian Church, 127.
• Press, freedom of, 54, 98 ff., 103, 158, 163.
• Preston, William C., 106.
• Princeton, robbery of mail at, 20.
• Prize fights, moving picture films of, 158.
• Publicity of corporate affairs, 161.
• Publishers granted special postal rates, 29.
• Pujo Money Trust Committee, 162, 172 ff.
• Questione Sociale, La, 118 ff.
• Railroads, federal incorporation of, 10, 94;
• subsidies to, for carrying mails, 28 ff.;
• in Alaska, 80;
• as postroutes, 92.
• Receipt of mail matter, power of state to forbid, 145 ff.
• Religious freedom, 159.
• Republican form of government, guarantee to state of, 144.
• Right to use the mails, 52, 112, 178 ff.
• Road construction and transportation of mails, 61 ff.
• Roosevelt, Theodore, 51 n., 118, 150.
• Rural free delivery, 34.
• Schofield, Henry, 101 n., 102, 117 n.
• Schroeder, Theodore, 51 n.
• Searches and seizures, unreasonable, 123 ff.
• Sealed letters and packages, not open to inspection, 124 ff.
• Second class privileges, 121, 164 ff.
• Secretary of agriculture, 34.
• Secretary of labor, 35.
• Sedition, power of Congress to punish, 103, 107;
• constitutionality of sedition act, 107.
• Semple, James, 85.
• Sherman, Roger, 23, 98.
• Sherman Act, 161.
• Southern Patriot (Charleston), 104.
• State bank notes, tax on, 168.
• State laws preventing circulation of incendiary matter, 104.
• States, consent of, for construction of postroads, 72, 82;
• authority of, over postroads, 96;
• power of, to interfere with the mails, 127 ff.
• Stock exchanges, incorporation of, 162 ff.
• Story, Joseph, 9, 10, 81 n., 99 n., 108.
• Sunday mails, 128 ff.
• Sunday observance laws, 130.
• Taft, President, 165 n.
• Taney, Chief Justice, 88, 91, 134.
• Tappan, Arthur, 104.
• Taxation for purposes of regulation, 168.
• Taxing power of Congress, 160.
• Taylor, Hannis, 55, 97.
• Telegraphs, federal ownership of systems, 10, 156.
• Telephones, federal ownership of, 10, 156.
• Tolls, right of state to charge mail carriers, 136 ff.
• Tonnage duties, 61.
• Tucker, John Randolph, 108, 142.
• Unemployment bureaus and the postoffice, 35.
• Unmailable matter, 47 ff.;
• large packages, 47;
• articles likely to damage mail, 47;
• intoxicants, 48;
• obscene matter, 48;
• showing defamatory language, 50;
• lottery tickets, 52;
• fraudulent matter, 56.
• Untermyer, Samuel, 172 n.
• Use of mails as crime against state, 146 ff.
• Use of mails as privilege or right, 173.
• Van Buren, Martin, 74.
• Von Holst, H. E., 75, 95, 97.
• Wakeman, T. B., 51 n.
• Washington, George, 62.
• Webb-Kenyon Act, 113 n., 127 n., 146 n., 148.
• West Virginia prohibition law, 147.
• White, Chief Justice, 165.
• Wickersham, Geo. W., 44.
• Willoughby, W. W., 159, 170.
• Wilson, James, 23.
• Wilson, Secretary, 35.
• Wilson, Woodrow, 180.
• Wilson Act, 127 n.
• Wise, Governor, 142.
• Working on Sunday, state laws to punish, 130.
• Young, J. S., 62 n., 77 n.