INDEX.
A.
Abies communis, effect of killing or injuring the leading shoot, 187
— pectinata, effect of killing or injuring the leading shoot, 187
—, affected by Æcidium elatinum, 188
Abronia umbellata, its single, developed cotyledon, 78
—, rudimentary cotyledon, 95
—, rupture of the seed coats, 105
Abutilon Darwinii, sleep of leaves and not of cotyledons, 314
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 323
Acacia Farnesiana, state of plant when awake and asleep, 381, 382
—, appearance at night, 395
—, nyctitropic movements of pinnae, 402
—, the axes of the ellipses, 404
— lophantha, character of first leaf, 415
— retinoides, circumnutation of young phyllode, 236
Acanthosicyos horrida, nocturnal movement of cotyledon 304
Acanthus candelabrum, inequality in the two first leaves, 79
—, petioles not arched, 553
— latifolius, variability in first leaves 79
— mollis, seedling, manner of breaking through the ground, 78, 79
—, circumnutation of young leaf, 249, 269
— spinosus, 79
—, movement of leaves, 249
Adenanthera pavonia, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 374
Æcidium elatinum, effect on the lateral branches of the silver fir, 188
Æsculus hippocastanum, movements of radicle, 28, 29
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 172–174
Albizzia lophantha, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 383
—, of pinnae, 402
Allium cepa, conical protuberance on arched cotyledon, 59
—, circumnutation of basal half of arched cotyledon, 60
—, mode of breaking through ground, 87
—, straightening process, 101
— porrum, movements of flower-stems, 226
Alopecurus pratensis, joints affected by apogeotropism, 503
Aloysia citriodora, circumnutation of stem, 210
Amaranthus, sleep of leaves, 387
— caudatus, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307
Amorpha fruticosa, sleep of leaflets, 354
Ampelopsis tricuspidata, hyponastic movement of hooked tips, 272–275
Amphicarpoea monoica, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaves,
365
—, effect of sunshine on leaflets, 445
—, geotropic movements of, 520
Anoda Wrightii, sleep of cotyledons, 302, 312
—, of leaves, 324
—, downward movement of cotyledons, 444
Apheliotropism, or negative heliotropism, 5, 419, 432
Apios graveolens, heliotropic movements of hypocotyl, 422–424
— tuberosa, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 368
Apium graveolens, sleep of cotyledons, 305
—, petroselinum, sleep of cotyledons, 304
Apogeotropic movements effected by joints or pulvini, 502
Apogeotropism, 5, 494; retarded by heliotropism, 501; concluding remarks
on, 507
Arachis hypogoea, circumnutation of gynophore, 225
—, effects of radiation on leaves, 289, 296
—, movements of leaves, 357
— rate of movement, 404
—, circumnutation of vertically dependent young gynophores, 519
—, downward movement of the same, 519
Arching of various organs, importance of, to seedling plants, 87, 88;
emergence of hypocotyls or epicotyls in the form of an, 553
Asparagus officinalis, circumnutation of plumules, 60–62.
—, effect of lateral light, 484
Asplenium trichomanes, movement in the fruiting fronds, 257, n.
Astragalus uliginosus, movement of leaflets, 355
Avena sativa, movement of cotyledons, 65, 66.
—, sensitiveness of tip of radicle to moist air, 183
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of cotyledon, 421, 422
—, sensitiveness of cotyledon to a lateral light, 477
—, young sheath-like cotyledons strongly apogeotropic, 499
Avena sativa, movements of oldish cotyledons, 499, 500
Averrhoa bilimbi, leaf asleep, 330
—, angular movements when going to sleep, 331–335
—, leaflets exposed to bright sunshine, 447
Azalea Indica, circumnutation of stem, 208
B.
Bary, de, on the effect of the Æcidium on the silver fir, 188
Batalin, Prof., on the nyctitropic movements of leaves, 283; on the sleep
of leaves of Sida napoea, 322; on Polygonum aviculare, 387; on the effect
of sunshine on leaflets of Oxalis acetosella, 447
Bauhinia, nyctitropic movements, 373
—, movements of petioles of young seedlings, 401
—, appearance of young plants at night, 402
Beta vulgaris, circumnutation of hypocotyl of seedlings, 52
—, movements of cotyledons, 52, 53
—, effect of light, 124
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307
—, heliotropic movements of, 420
—, transmitted effect of light on hypocotyl, 482
—, apogeotropic movement of hypocotyl, 496
Bignonia capreolata, apheliotropic movement of tendrils, 432, 450
Bouché on Melaleuca ericaefolia, 383
Brassica napus, circumnutation of flower-stems, 226
Brassica oleracea, circumnutation of seedling, 10
—, of radicle, 11
—, geotropic movement of radicle, 11
—, movement of buried and arched hypocotyl, 13, 14, 15
—, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledons, 16, 17, 18
—, of hypocotyl in darkness, 19
—, of a cotyledon with hypocotyl secured to a stick, 19, 20
—, rate of movement, 20
—, ellipses described by hypocotyls when erect, 105
—, movements of cotyledons, 115
—, — of stem, 202
—, — of leaves at night, 229, 230
—, sleep of cotyledons, 301
—, circumnutation of hypocotyl of seedling plant, 425
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of hypocotyls, 426
—, effect of lateral light on hypocotyls, 479–482
—, apogeotropic movement of hypocotyls, 500, 501
Brassica rapa, movements of leaves, 230
Brongniart, A., on the sleep of Strephium floribundum, 391
Bruce, Dr., on the sleep of leaves in Averrhoa, 330
Bryophyllum (vel Calanchoe) calycinum, movement of leaves, 237
C.
Camellia Japonica, circumnutation of leaf, 231, 232
Candolle, A. de, on Trapa natans, 95; on sensitiveness of cotyledons, 127
Canna Warscewiczii, circumnutation of plumules, 58, 59
—, of leaf, 252
Cannabis sativa, movements of leaves, 250
—, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307
Cannabis sativa, sinking of the young leaves at night, 444
Cassia, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 369
Cassia Barclayana, nocturnal movement of leaves, 372
—, slight movement of leaflets, 401
— calliantha, uninjured by exposure at night, 289, n.
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 371
— circumnutating movement of leaves, 372
— corymbosa, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 369
— floribunda, use of sleep movements, 289
—, effect of radiation on the leaves at night, 294
—, circumnutating and nyctitropic movement of a terminal leaflet, 372, 373
—, movements of young and older leaves, 400
— florida, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
— glauca, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
— laevigata, effect of radiation on leaves, 289, n.
— mimosoides, movement of cotyledons. 116
—, sensitiveness of, 126
—, sleep of, 308
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 372
—, effect of bright sunshine on cotyledons, 446
— neglecta, movements of, 117
—, effect of light, 124
—, sensitiveness of cotyledons, 126
— nodosa, non-sensitive cotyledons, 126
—, do not rise at night, 308
— pubescens, non-sensitive cotyledons, 126
Cassia pubescens, uninjured by exposure at night, 293
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 371
—, circumnutating movement of leaves, 372
—, nyctitropic movement of petioles, 400
—, diameter of plant at night, 402
— sp. (?) movement of cotyledons, 116
— tora, circumnutation of cotyledons and hypocotyls, 34, 35, 109, 308
—, effect of light, 124, 125
—, sensitiveness to contact, 125
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of hypocotyl, 431
—, hypocotyl of seedling slightly heliotropic, 454
—, apogeotropic movement of old hypocotyl, 497
—, movement of hypocotyl of young seedling, 510
Caustic (nitrate of silver), effect of, on radicle of bean, 150, 156; on
the common pea, 160.
Cells, table of the measurement of, in the pulvini of Oxalis corniculata,
120; changes in, 547
Centrosema, 365
Ceratophyllum demersum, movements of stem, 211
Cereus Landbeckii, its rudimentary cotyledons, 97
— speciossimus, circumnutation of stem, 206, 207
Cerinthe major, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 49
—, of cotyledons, 49
—, ellipses described by hypocotyls when erect, 107
— effect of darkness, 124
Chatin, M., on Pinus Nordmanniana, 389
Chenopodium album, sleep of leaves but not of cotyledons, 314, 319
Chenopodium album, movement of leaves, 387
Chlorophyll injured by bright light, 446
Ciesielski, on the sensitiveness of the tip of the radicles, 4, 523
Circumnutation, meaning explained, 1; modified, 263–279; and heliotropism,
relation between, 435; of paramount importance to every plant, 547
Cissus discolor, circumnutation of leaf, 233
Citrus aurantium, circumnutation of epicotyl, 28
—, unequal cotyledons, 95
Clianthus Dampieri, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297
Cobœa scandens, circumnutation of, 270
Cohn, on the water secreted by Lathraea squamaria, 86, n.; on the movement
of leaflets of Oxalis, 447
Colutea arborea, nocturnal movement of leaflets, 355
Coniferæ, circumnutation of, 211
Coronilla rosea, leaflets asleep, 355
Corylus avellana, circumnutation of young shoot, emitted from the epicotyl,
55, 56
—, arched epicotyl, 77
Cotyledon umbilicus, circumnutation of stolons, 219, 220
Cotyledons, rudimentary, 94–98; circumnutation of, 109–112; nocturnal
movements, 111, 112; pulvini or joints of, 112–122; disturbed periodic
movements by light, 123; sensitiveness of, to contact, 125; nyctitropic
movements of, 283, 297; list of cotyledons which rise or sink at night,
300; concluding remarks on their movements, 311
Crambe maritima, circumnutation of leaves, 228, 229
Crinum Capense, shape of leaves, 253
—, circumnutation of, 254
Crotolaria (sp.?), sleep of leaves, 340
Cryptogams, circumnutation of, 257–259
Cucumis dudaim, movement of cotyledons, 43, 44
—, sleep of cotyledons, 304
Cucurbita aurantia, movement of hypocotyl, 42
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 304
—, ovifera, geotropic movement of radicle, 38, 39
—, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 39
—, of straight and vertical hypocotyl, 40
—, movements of cotyledons, 41, 42, 115, 124
—, position of radicle, 89
—, rupture of the seed-coats, 102
—, circumnutation of hypocotyl when erect, 107, 108
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 169–171
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 304
—, not affected by apogeotropism, 509
—, tips cauterised transversely, 537
Curvature of the radicle, 193
Cycas pectinata, circumnutation of young leaf, whilst emerging from the
ground, 58
—, first leaf arched, 78
—, circumnutation of terminal leaflets, 252
Cyclamen Persicum, movement of cotyledon, 46
—, undeveloped cotyledons, 78, 96
—, circumnutation of peduncle, 225
—, —, of leaf, 246, 247
—, downward apheliotropic movement of a flower-peduncle, 433–435
Cyclamen Persicum, burying of the pods, 433
Cyperus alternifolius, circumnutation of stem, 212
—, movement of stem, 509
Cytisus fragrans, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 37
—, sleep of leaves, 344, 397
—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 494–496
+
D.
Dahlia, circumnutation of young leaves, 244–246
Dalea alopecuroides, leaflets depressed at night, 354
Darkness, effect of, on the movement of leaves, 407
Darlingtonia Californica, its leaves or pitchers apheliotropic, 450, n.
Darwin, Charles, on Maurandia semperflorens, 225; on the Swedish turnip,
230, n.; movements of climbing plants, 266, 271; the heliotropic movement
of the tendrils of Bignonia capreolata, 433; revolution of climbing plants,
451; on the curling of a tendril, 570
—, Erasmus, on the peduncles of Cyclamens, 433
—, Francis, on the radicle of Sinapis alba, 486; on Hygroscopic seeds,
489, n.
Datura stramonium, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298
Delpino, on cotyledons of Chaerophyllum and Corydalis, 96, n.
Delphinium nudicaule, mode of breaking through the ground, 80
—, confluent petioles of two cotyledons, 553
Desmodium gyrans, movement of leaflets, 257, n.
—, position of leaves at night, 285
—, sleep of leaves, not of cotyledons, 314
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves, 358–360
—, movement of lateral leaflets, 361
—, jerking of leaflets, 362
— nyctitropic movement of petioles, 400, 401
—, diameter of plant at night, 402
—, lateral movement of leaves, 404
—, zigzag movement of apex of leaf, 405
—, shape of lateral leaflet, 416
—, vespertilionis, 364, n.
Deutzia gracilis, circumnutation of stem, 205
Diageotropism, 5; or transverse-geotropism, 520
Diaheliotropism, 5; or Transversal-Heliotropismus of Frank, 419; influenced
by epinasty, 439; by weight and apogeotropism, 440
Dianthus caryophyllus, 230
—, circumnutation of young leaf, 231, 269
Dicotyledons, circumnutation widely spread among, 68
Dionoea, oscillatory movements of leaves, 261, 271
Dionoea muscipula, circumnutation of young expanding leaf, 239, 240
—, closure of the lobes and circumnutation of a full-grown leaf, 241
—, oscillations of, 242–244
Diurnal sleep, 419
Drosera Capensis, structure of first-formed leaves, 414
— rotundifolia, movement of young leaf, 237, 238
—, of the tentacles, 239
—, sensitiveness of tentacles, 261
—, shape of leaves, 414
—, leaves not heliotropic, 450
—, leaves circumnutate largely, 454
—, sensitiveness of 570
Duchartre on Trephrosia cariboea, 354; on the nyctitropic movement of the
Cassia, 369
Duval-Jouve, on the movements of Bryophyllum calycinum, 237; of the narrow
leaves of the Gramineæ, 413
Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, on the leaves of Crotolaria, 340; on Cassia
floribunda, 369, n., on the absorbent hairs on the buried flower-heads of
Trifolium subterraneum, 517
E.
Echeveria stolonifera, circumnutation of leaf, 237
Echinocactus viridescens, its rudimentary cotyledons, 97
Echinocystis lobata, movements of tendrils, 266
—, apogeotropism of tendrils, 510
Elfving, F., on the rhizomes of Sparganium ramosum, 189; on the
diageotropic movement in the rhizomes of some plants, 521
Elymus arenareus, leaves closed during the day, 413
Embryology of leaves, 414
Engelmann, Dr., on the Quercus virens, 85
Epinasty, 5, 267
Epicotyl, or plumule, 5; manner of breaking through the ground, 77; emerges
from the ground under the form of an arch, 553
Erythrina caffra, sleep of leaves, 367
— corallodendron, movement of terminal leaflet, 367
— crista-galli, effect of temperature on sleep of leaves, 318
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of terminal leaflets, 367
Eucalyptus resinifera, circumnutation of leaves, 244
Euphorbia jacquineaeflora, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 388
F.
Flahault, M., on the rupture of seed-coats, 102–104, 106
Flower-stems, circumnutation of, 223–226
Fragaria Rosacea, circumnutation of stolon, 214–218
Frank, Dr. A. B., the terms Heliotropism and Geotropism, first used by him,
5, n.; radicles acted on by geotropism, 70, n.; on the stolons of Fragaria,
215; periodic and nyctitropic movements of leaves, 284; on the root-leaves
of plants kept in darkness, 443; on pulvini, 485; on natural selection in
connection with geotropism, heliotropism, etc., 570
—, on Transversal-Heliotropismus, 419
Fuchsia, circumnutation of stem, 205, 206
G.
Gazania ringens, circumnutation of stem, 208 Genera containing sleeping
plants, 320, 321
Geotropism, 5; effect of, on the primary radicle, 196; the reverse of
apogeotropism, 512: effect on the tips of radicles, 543
Geranium cinereum, 304
— Endressii, 304
— Ibericum, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298
— Richardsoni, 304
— rotundifolium, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 304, 312
— subcaulescens, 304
Germinating seed, history of a, 548
Githago segetum, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 21, 108
—, burying of hypocotyl, 109
—, seedlings feebly illuminated, 124, 128
—, sleep of cotyledon, 302
—, — leaves 321
Glaucium luteum, circumnutation of young leaves, 228
Gleditschia, sleep of leaves, 368
Glycine hispida, vertical sinking of leaflets, 366
Glycyrrhiza, leaflets depressed at night, 355
Godlewski, Emil, on the turgescence of the cells, 485
Gooseberry, effect of radiation, 284
Gossypium (var. Nankin cotton), circumnutation of hypocotyl, 22
—, movement of cotyledon, 22, 23
—, sleep of leaves, 324
—, arboreum (?), sleep of cotyledons, 303
—, Braziliense, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324
—, sleep of cotyledons, 303
— herbaceum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 168
—, radicles cauterised transversely, 537
— maritimum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324
Gravitation, movements excited by, 567
Gray, Asa, on Delphinium nudicaule, 80; on Megarrhiza Californica, 81; on
the movements in the fruiting fronds of Aesplenium trichomanes, 257; on the
Amphicarpoea monoica, 520; on the Ipomœa Jalappa, 557
Grease, effect of, on radicles and their tips, 182, 185
Gressner, Dr. H., on the cotyledons of Cyclamen Persicum, 46, 77; on
hypocotyl of the same, 96
Gymnosperms, 389
H.
Haberlandt, Dr., on the protuberance on the hypocotyl of Allium, 59; the
importance of the arch to seedling plants, 87; sub-aërial and subterranean
cotyledons, 110, n.; the arched hypocotyl, 554
Haematoxylon Campechianum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368, 369
Hedera helix, circumnutation of stem, 207
Hedysarum coronarium, nocturnal movements of leaves, 356
Helianthemum prostratum, geotropic movement of flower-heads, 518
Helianthus annuus, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 45
—, arching of hypocotyl, 90
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 305
Heliotropism, 5; uses of, 449; a modified form of circumnutation, 490
Helleborus niger, mode of breaking through the ground, 86
Hensen, Prof., on roots in worm-burrows, 72
Henslow, Rev. G., on the cotyledons of Phalaris Canariensis, 62
Hofmeister, on the curious movement of Spirogyra, 3, 259, n.; of the leaves
of Pistia stratiotes, 255; of cotyledons at night, 297; of petals, 414
— and Batalin on the movements of the cabbage, 229
Hooker, Sir J., on the effect of light on the pitchers of Sarracenia, 450
Hypocotyl, 5; manner of breaking through the ground, 77; emerges under the
form of an arch, 553
Hypocotyls and Epicotyls, circumnutation and other movements when arched,
98; power of straightening themselves, 100; rupture of the seed-coats,
102–106; illustration of, 106; circumnutation when erect, 107; when in
dark, 108
Hyponasty, 6, 267
I.
Iberis umbellata, movement of stem, 202.
Illumination, effect of, on the sleep of leaves, 398
Imatophyllum vel Clivia (sp.?), movement of leaves, 255
Indigofera tinctoria, leaflets depressed at night, 354
Inheritance in plants, 407, 491
Insectivorous and climbing plants not heliotropic, 450; influence of light
on, 488
Ipomœa bona nox, arching of hypocotyl, 90
—, nocturnal position of cotyledons, 306, 312
— coerulea vel Pharbitis nil, circumnutation of seedlings, 47
—, movement of cotyledons, 47–49, 109
—, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 305
—, sleep of leaves, 386
—, sensitiveness to light, 451
—, the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453
— coccinea, position of cotyledons at night, 306, 312
— leptophylla, mode of breaking through the ground, 83, 84
—, arching of the petioles of the cotyledons, 90
—, difference in sensitiveness to gravitation in different parts, 509
—, extraordinary manner of germination, 557
Ipomœa pandurata, manner of germination, 84, 557
— purpurea (vel Pharbitis hispida), nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 305,
312
—, sleep of leaves, 386
—, sensitiveness to light, 451
—, the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453
Iris pseudo-acorus, circumnutation of leaves, 253
Irmisch, on cotyledons of Ranunculus Ficaria, 96
Ivy, its stems heliotropic, 451
K.
Kerner on the bending down of peduncles, 414
Klinostat, the, an instrument devised by Sachs to eliminate geotropism, 93
Kraus, Dr. Carl, on the underground shoots of Triticum repens, 189; on
Cannabis sativa, 250, 307, 312; on the movements of leaves, 318
L.
Lactuca scariola, sleep of cotyledons, 305
Lagenaria vulgaris, circumnutation of seedlings, 42
—, of cotyledons, 43
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 304
Lathraea squamaria, mode of breaking through the ground, 85
—, quantity of water secreted, 85, 86, n.
Lathyrus nissolia, circumnutation of stem of young seedling, 33
—, ellipses described by, 107, 108
Leaves, circumnutation of, 226–262; dicotyledons, 226–252; monocotyledons,
252–257; nyctitropism of, 280; their temperature affected by their position
at night, 294; nyctitropic or sleep movements, 315, 394; periodicity of
their movements inherited, 407; embryology of, 414; so-called diurnal
sleep, 445
Leguminosae, sleep of cotyledons, 308; sleeping species, 340
Le Maout and Decaisne, 67
Lepidium sativum, sleep of cotyledons, 302
Light, movements excited by 418, 563; influence on most vegetable tissues,
486; acts on plant as on the nervous system of animals, 487
Lilium auratum, circumnutation of stem, 212
—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 498, 499
Linnæus, ‘Somnus Plantarum’, 280; on plants sleeping, 320; on the leaves
of Sida abutilon, 324; on Œnothera mollissima, 383
Linum Berendieri, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298
— usitatissimum, circumnutation of stem, 203
Lolium perenne, joints affected by apogeotropism, 502
Lonicera brachypoda, hooking of the tip, 272
—, sensitiveness to light, 453
Loomis, Mr., on the movements in the fruiting fronds of Asplenium
trichomanes, 257
Lotus aristata, effect of radiation on leaves, 292
— Creticus, leaves awake and asleep, 354
— Gebelii, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 308
—, leaflets provided with pulvini, 353
— Jacobæus, movements of cotyledons, 35, 109
—, pulvini of, 115
Lotus Jacobæus, movements at night, 116, 121, 124
—, development of pulvini, 122
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308, 313
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 353
— major, sleep of leaves, 353
— perigrinus, movement of leaflets, 353
Lunularia vulgaris, circumnutation of fronds, 258
Lupinus, 340
— albifrons, sleep of leaves, 344
— Hartwegii, sleep of leaves, 341
— luteus, circumnutation of cotyledons, 38, 110
—, effect of darkness, 124
Lupinus, position of leaves when asleep, 341
—, different positions of leaves at night, 343
—, varied movements of leaves and leaflets, 395
— Menziesii, sleep of leaves, 343
— mutabilis, sleep of leaves, 343
— nanus, sleep of leaves, 343
— pilosus, sleep of leaves, 340, 341
— polyphyllus, sleep of leaves, 343
— pubescens, sleep of leaves by day and night, 342
—, position of petioles at night, 343
—, movements of petioles, 401
— speciosus, circumnutation of leaves, 236
Lynch, Mr. R., on Pachira aquatica, 95, n.; sleep movements of Averrhoa,
330
M.
Maranta arundinacea, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 389–391
—, after much agitation do not sleep, 319
Marsilia quadrifoliata, effect of radiation at night, 292
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 392–394
—, rate of movement, 404
Martins, on radiation at night, 284, n.
Masters, Dr. Maxwell, on the leading shoots of the Coniferæ, 211
Maurandia semperflorens, circumnutation of peduncle, 225
Medicago maculata, nocturnal position of leaves, 345
— marina, leaves awake and asleep, 344
Meehan, Mr., on the effect of an Æcidium on Portulaca oleracea, 189
Megarrhiza Californica, mode of breaking through the ground, 81
—, germination described by Asa Gray, 82
—, singular manner of germination, 83, 556
Melaleuca ericaefolia, sleep of leaves, 383
Melilotus, sleep of leaves, 345
— alba, sleep of leaves, 347
— coerulea, sleep of leaves, 347
— dentata, effect of radiation at night, 295
— elegans, sleep of leaves, 347
— gracilis, sleep of leaves, 347
— infesta, sleep of leaves, 347
— Italica, leaves exposed at night, 291
—, sleep of leaves, 347
— macrorrhiza, leaves exposed at night, 292
—, sleep of leaves, 347
— messanensis, sleep of leaves on full-grown and young plants, 348, 416
— officinalis, effect of exposure of leaves at night, 290, 296
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 346, 347
—, circumnutation of leaves, 348
—, movement of petioles, 401
Melilotus parviflora, sleep of leaves, 347
— Petitpierreana, leaves exposed at night, 291, 296
—, sleep of leaves, 347
— secundiflora, sleep of leaves, 347
— suaveolens, leaves exposed at night, 291
—, sleep of leaves, 347
— sulcata, sleep of leaves, 347
— Taurica, leaves exposed at night, 291
—, sleep of leaves, 347, 415
Methods of observation, 6
Mimosa albida, cotyledons vertical at night, 116
—, not sensitive to contact, 127
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
—, rudimentary leaflets, 364
—, nyctitropic movements of leaves, 379, 380
—, circumnutation of the main petiole of young leaf, 381
—, torsion, or rotation of leaves and leaflets, 400
—, first true leaf, 416
—, effect of bright sunshine on basal leaflets, 445
— marginata, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 381
— pudica, movement of cotyledons, 105
—, rupture of the seed-coats, 105
—, circumnutation of cotyledons, 109
—, pulvini of, 113, 115
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 116
—, hardly sensitive to contact, 127
—, effect of exposure at night, 293
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of main petiole, 374–378
—, of leaflets, 378
Mimosa albida, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of pinnae, 402
—, number of ellipses described in given time, 406
—, effect of bright sunshine on leaflets, 446
Mirabilis jalapa and longiflora, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 387
Mohl, on heliotropism in tendrils, stems, and twining plants, 451
Momentum-like movement, the accumulated effects of apogeotropism, 508
Monocotyledons, sleep of leaves, 389
Monotropa hypopitys, mode of breaking through the ground, 86
Morren, on the movements of stamens of Sparmannia and Cereus, 226
Müller, Fritz, on Cassia tora, 34; on the circumnutation of Linum
usitatissimum, 203; movements of the flower-stems of an Alisma, 226
Mutisia clematis, movement of leaves, 246
—, leaves not heliotropic, 451
N.
Natural selection in connection with geotropism, heliotropism, etc., 570
Nephrodium molle, circumnutation of very young frond, 66
—, of older frond, 257
—, slight movement of fronds, 509
Neptunia oleracea, sensitiveness to contact, 128
—, nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 374
—, of pinnae, 402
Nicotiana glauca, sleep of leaves, 385, 386
—, circumnutation of leaves, 386
Nobbe, on the rupture of the seed-coats in a seedling of Martynia, 105
Nolana prostrata, movement of seedlings in the dark, 50
—, circumnutation of seedling, 108
Nyctitropic movement of leaves, 560
Nyctitropism, or sleep of leaves, 281; in connection with radiation, 286;
object gained by it, 413
O.
Observation, methods of, 6
Œnothera mollissima, sleep of leaves, 383
Opuntia basilaris, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 44
—, thickening of the hypocotyl, 96
—, circumnutation of hypocotyl when erect, 107
—, burying of, 109
Orange, seedling, circumnutation of, 510
Orchis pyramidalis, complex movement of pollinia, 489
Oxalis acetosella, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224
—, effects of exposure to radiation at night, 287, 288, 296
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement in full-grown leaf, 326
—, circumnutation of leaflet when asleep, 327
—, rate of circumnutation of leaflets, 404
—, effect of sunshine on leaflets, 447
—, circumnutation of peduncle, 506
Oxalis acetosella, seed-capsules, only occasionally buried, 518
— articulata, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307
— (Biophytum) sensitiva, rapidity of movement of cotyledons during the
day, 26
—, pulvinus of, 113
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 116, 118
— bupleurifolia, circumnutation of foliaceous petiole, 328
—, nyctitropic movement of terminal leaflet, 329
— carnosa, circumnutation of flower-stem, 223
—, epinastic movements of flower-stem, 504
—, effect of exposure at night, 288, 296
—, movements of the flower-peduncles due to apogeotropism and other
forces, 503–506
— corniculata (var. cuprea), movements of cotyledons, 26
—, rising of cotyledons, 116
—, rudimentary pulvini of cotyledons, 119
—, development of pulvinus, 122
—, effect of dull light, 124
—, experiments on leaves at night, 288
— floribunda, pulvinus of cotyledons, 114
—, nocturnal movement, 118, 307, 313
— fragrans, sleep of leaves, 324
— Ortegesii, circumnutation of flower-stems, 224
—, sleep of large leaves, 327
—, diameter of plant at night, 402
—, large leaflets affected by bright sunshine, 447
— Plumierii, sleep of leaves, 327
— purpurea, exposure of leaflets at night, 293
— rosea, circumnutation of cotyledons, 23, 24
Oxalis rosea, pulvinus of, 113
—, movement of cotyledons at night, 117, 118, 307
—, effect of dull light, 124
—, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127
— sensitiva, movement of cotyledons, 109, 127, 128
—, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307, 312
—, sleep of leaves, 327
— tropoeoloides, movement of cotyledons at night, 118, 120
— Valdiviana, conjoint circumnutation of cotyledons and hypocotyl, 25
—, cotyledons rising vertically at night, 114, 115, 117, 118
—, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 307, 312
—, sleep of leaves and not of cotyledons, 315
—, movements of leaves, 327
P.
Pachira aquatica, unequal cotyledons, 95, n.
Pancratium littorale, movement of leaves, 255
Paraheliotropism, or diurnal sleep of leaves, 445
Passiflora gracilis, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves,
383, 384
—, apogeotropic movement of tendrils, 510
—, sensitiveness of tendrils, 550
Pelargonium zonale, circumnutation of stem, 203
—, and downward movement of young leaf, 232, 233, 269
Petioles, the rising of beneficial to plant at night, 402
Petunia violacea, downward movement and circumnutation of very young leaf,
248, 249, 269.
Pfeffer, Prof., on the turgescence of the cells, 2; on pulvini of leaves,
113, 117; sleep movements of leaves, 280, 283, 284; nocturnal rising of
leaves of Malva, 324; movements of leaflets in Desmodium gyrans, 358; on
Phyllanthus Niruri, 388; influence of a pulvinus on leaves, 396; periodic
movements of sleeping leaves, 407, 408; movements of petals, 414; effect of
bright sunshine on leaflets of Robinia, 445; effect of light on parts
provided with pulvini, 363
Phalaris Canariensis, movements of old seedlings, 62
—, circumnutation of cotyledons, 63, 64, 108
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of cotyledon towards a dim
lateral light, 427
—, sensitiveness of cotyledon to light, 455
—, effect of exclusion of light from tips of cotyledons, 456
—, manner of bending towards light, 457
—, effects of painting with Indian ink, 467
—, transmitted effects of light, 469
—, lateral illumination of tip, 470
—, apogeotropic movement of the sheath-like cotyledons, 497
—, change from a straight upward apogeotropic course to circumnutation,
499
—, apogeotropic movement of cotyledons, 500
Phaseolus Hernandesii, nocturnal movement of leaves and leaflets, 368
—, caracalla, 93
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368
—, effect of bright sunshine on leaflets, 446
Phaseolus multiflorus, movement of radicles, 29
—, of young radicle, 72
—, of hypocotyl, 91, 93
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 163–167
—, to moist air, 181
—, cauterisation and grease on the tips, 535
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368
—, nyctitropic movement of the first unifoliate leaves, 397
— Roxburghii, effect of bright sunshine on first leaves, 445
—, vulgaris, 93
—, sleep of leaves, 318
—, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 368
Phyllanthus Niruri, sleep of leaflets, 388
— linoides, sleep of leaves, 387
Pilocereus Houlletii, rudimentary cotyledons, 97
Pimelia spectabilis, sleep of leaves, 387
Pincers, wooden, through which the radicle of a bean was allowed to grow,
75
Pinus austriaca, circumnutation of leaves, 251, 252
— Nordmanniana, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 389
— pinaster, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 56
—, movement of two opposite cotyledons, 57
—, circumnutation of young leaf, 250, 251
—, epinastic downward movement of young leaf, 270
Pistia stratiotes, movement of leaves, 255
Pisum sativum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 158
—, tips of radicles cauterised transversely, 534
Plants, sensitiveness to light, 449; hygroscopic movements of, 489
Plants, climbing, circumnutation of, 264; movements of, 559
—, mature, circumnutation of, 201–214
Pliny on the sleep-movements of plants, 280
Plumbago Capensis, circumnutation of stem, 208, 209
Poinciana Gilliesii, sleep of leaves, 368
Polygonum aviculare, leaves vertical at night, 387
— convolvulus, sinking of the leaves at night, 318
Pontederia (sp.?), circumnutation of leaves, 256
Porlieria hygrometrica, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of petiole
of leaf, 335, 336
—, effect of watering, 336–338
—, leaflets closed during the day, 413
Portulaca oleracea, effect of Æcidium on, 189
Primula Sinensis, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 45,
46
Pringsheim on the injury to chlorophyll, 446
Prosopis, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 374
Psoralea acaulis, nocturnal movements of leaflets, 354
Pteris aquilina, rachis of, 86
Pulvini, or joints; of cotyledons, 112–122; influence of, on the movements
of cotyledons, 313; effect on nyctitropic movements, 396
Q.
Quercus (American sp.), circumnutation of young stem, 53, 54
— robur, movement of radicles, 54, 55
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 174–176
Quercus virens, manner of germination, 85, 557
R.
Radiation at night, effect of, on leaves, 284–286
Radicles, manner in which they penetrate the ground, 69–77; circumnutation
of 69; experiments with split sticks, 74; with wooden pincers, 75;
sensitiveness of apex to contact and other irritants, 129; of Vicia faba,
132–158; various experiments, 135–140; summary of results, 143–151; power
of an irritant on, compared with geotropism, 151–154; sensitiveness of tip
to moist air, 180; with greased tips, 185; effect of killing or injuring
the primary radicle, 187–191; curvature of, 193; affected by moisture, 198;
tip alone sensitive to geotropism, 540; protrusion and circumnutation in a
germinating seed, 548; tip highly sensitive, 550; the tip acts like the
brain of one of the lower animals, 573
—, secondary, sensitiveness of the tips in the bean, 154; become
vertically geotropic, 186–191
Ramey on the movements of the cotyledons of Mimosa pudica, and Clianthus
Dampieri at night, 297
Ranunculus Ficaria, mode of breaking through the ground, 86, 90
—, single cotyledon, 96
—, effect of lateral light, 484
Raphanus sativa, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 171
—, sleep of cotyledons, 301
Rattan, Mr., on the germination of the seeds of Megarrhiza Californica, 82
Relation between circumnutation and heliotropism, 435
Reseda odorata, hypocotyl of seedling slightly heliotropic, 454
Reversion, due to mutilation, 190
Rhipsalis cassytha, rudimentary cotyledons, 97
Ricinus Borboniensis, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 53
Robinia, effect of bright sunshine on its leaves, 445
— pseudo-acacia, leaflets vertical at night, 355
Rodier, M., on the movements of Ceratophyllum demersum, 211
Royer, Ch., on the sleep-movements of plants, 281, n.; on the sleep of
leaves, 318; the leaves of Medicago maculata, 345; on Wistaria Sinensis,
354
Rubus idæus (hybrid) circumnutation of stem, 205
—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 498
Ruiz and Pavon, on Porlieria hygrometrica, 336
S.
SACHS on “revolving nutation,” 1; intimate connection between turgescence
and growth, 2, n.; cotyledon of the onion, 59; adaptation of root-hairs,
69; the movement of the radicle, 70, 72, 73; movement in the hypocotyls of
the bean, etc., 91; sensitiveness of radicles, 131, 145, 198;
sensitiveness of the primary radicle in the bean, 155; in the common pea,
156; effect of moist air, 180; of killing or injuring the primary radicle,
186, 187; circumnutation of flower-stems, 225; epinasty, 268; movements of
leaflets of Trifolium incarnatum, 350; action of light in modifying the
periodic movements of leaves, 418; on geotropism and heliotropism, 436,
n.; on Tropaeolum majus, 453; on the hypocotyls slightly heliotropic, and
stems strongly apheliotropic of the ivy, 453; heliotropism of radicles,
482; experiments on tips of radicles of bean, 523, 524; curvature of the
hypocotyl, 555; resemblance between plants and animals, 571
Sarracenia purpurea, circumnutation of young pitcher, 227
Saxifraga sarmentosa, circumn utation of an inclined stolon, 218
Schrankia aculeata, nyctitropic movement of the pinnae, 381, 403
— uncinata, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 381
Securigera coronilla, nocturnal movements of leaflets, 352
Seed-capsules, burying of, 513
Seed-coats, rupture of, 102–106
Seedling plants, circumnutating movements of, 10
Selaginella, circumnutation of 258
— Kraussii (?), circumnutation of young plant, 66
Sida napoea, depression of leaves at night, 322
—, no pulvinus, 322
— retusa, vertical rising of leaves, 322
— rhombifolia, sleep of cotyledons, 308
—, sleep of leaves, 314
—, vertical rising of leaves, 322
—, no pulvinus, 322
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaf of young plant, 322
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 397
Siegesbeckia orientalis, sleep of leaves, 319, 384
Sinapis alba, hypocotyl bending towards the light, 461
—, transmitted effect of light on radicles, 482, 483, 567
—, growth of radicles in darkness, 486
Sinapis nigra, sleep of cotyledons, 301
Smilax aspera, tendrils apheliotropic, 451
Smithia Pfundii, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127
—, hyponastic movement of the curved summit of the stem, 274–276
—, cotyledons not sleeping at night, 308
—, vertical movement of leaves, 356
— sensitiva, sensitiveness of cotyledons to contact, 126
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
Sophora chrysophylla, leaflets rise at night, 368
Solanum dulcamara, circumnutating stems, 266
— lycopersicum, movement of hypocotyl, 50
—, of cotyledons, 50
—, effect of darkness, 124
—, rising of cotyledons at night, 306
—, heliotropic movements of hypocotyl, 421
—, effect of an intermittent light, 457
—, rapid heliotropism, 461
— palinacanthum, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 51, 100
—, of cotyledon, 51
—, ellipses described by hypocotyl when erect, 107
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 306
Sparganium ramosum, rhizomes of, 189
Sphaerophysa salsola, rising of leaflets, 355
Spirogyra princeps, movements of, 259, n.
Stahl, Dr., on the effect of Æcidium on shoot, 189; on the influence of
light on swarm-spores, 488, n.
Stapelia sarpedon, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 46, 47
—, minute cotyledons, 97
Stellaria media, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297
Stems, circumnutation of, 201–214
Stolons, or Runners, circumnutation of, 214–222, 558
Strasburger, on the effect of light on spores of Haematococcus, 455, n.;
the influence of light on the swarm-spores, 488.
Strawberry, stolons of the, circumnutate, but not affected by moderate
light, 454
Strephium floribundum, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves,
391, 392
T.
Tamarindus Indica, nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 374
Transversal–heliotropismus (of Frank) or diaheliotropism, 438
Trapa natans, unequal cotyledons, 95, n.
Tecoma radicans, stems apheliotropic, 451
Tephrosia caribaea, 354
Terminology, 5
Thalia dealbata, sleep of leaves, 389
—, lateral movement of leaves, 404
Trichosanthes anguina, action of the peg on the radicle, 104
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 304
Trifolium, position of terminal leaflets at night, 282
— globosum, with hairs protecting the seed-bearing flowers, 517
— glomeratum, movement of cotyledons, 309
— incarnatum, movement of cotyledons, 309
— Pannonicum, shape of first true leaf, 350, 415
Trifolium pratense, leaves exposed at night, 293
— repens, circumnutation of flower-stem, 225
—, circumnutating and epinastic movements of flower-stem, 276–279
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 349
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of terminal leaflets, 352, 353
—, sleep movements, 349
— resupinatum, no pulvini to cotyledons, 118
—, circumnutation of stem, 204
—, effect of exposure at night, 295
—, cotyledons not rising at night, 118, 309
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of terminal leaflets, 351, 352
— strictum, movements of cotyledons at night, 116, 118
—, nocturnal and diurnal movements of cotyledons, 309–311, 313
—, movement of the left-hand cotyledon, 316
— subterraneum, movement of flower-heads, 71
—, of cotyledons at night, 116, 118, 309
—, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224, 225
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaves, 350
—, number of ellipses in 24 hours, 405
—, burying its flower-heads, 513, 514
—, downward movement of peduncle, 515
—, circumnutating movement of peduncle, 516
Trigonella Cretica, sleep of leaves, 345
Triticum repens, underground shoots of, become apogeotropic, 189
Triticum vulgare, sensitiveness of tips of radicle to moist air, 184
Tropaeolum majus (?), sensitiveness of apex of radicle to contact, 167
—, circumnutation of stem, 204
—, influence of illumination on nyctitropic movements, 338–340, 344
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of epicotyl of a young
seedling, 428, 429
—, of an old internode towards a lateral light, 430
—, stems of very young plants highly heliotropic, of old plants slightly
apheliotropic, 453
—, effect of lateral light, 484
— minus (?), circumnutation of buried and arched epicotyl, 27
U.
Ulex, or gorse, first-formed leaf of, 415
Uraria lagopus, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 365
V.
Vaucher, on the burying of the flower-heads of Trifolium subterraneum, 513;
on the protection of seeds, 517
Verbena melindres (?), circumnutation of stem, 210
—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 495
Vicia faba, circumnutation of radicle, 29, 30
—, of epicotyl, 31–33
—, curvature of hypocotyl, 92
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 132–134
—, of the tips of secondary radicles, 154
—, of the primary radicle above the apex, 155–158
—, various experiments, 135–143
—, summary of results, 143–151
—, power of an irritant on, compared with that of geotropism, 151–154
Vicia faba, circumnutation of leaves, 233–235
—, circumnutation of terminal leaflet, 235
—, effect of apogeotropism, 444
—, effect of amputating the tips of radicles, 523
—, regeneration of tips, 526
—, short exposure to geotropic action, 527
—, effects of amputating the tips obliquely, 528
—, of cauterising the tips, 529
—, of grease on the tips, 534
Vines, Mr., on cell growth, 3
Vries, De, on turgescence, 2; on epinasty and hyponasty, 6, 267, 268; the
protection of hypocotyls during winter, 557; stolons apheliotropic, 108;
the nyctitropic movement of leaves, 283; the position of leaves influenced
by epinasty, their own weight and apogeotropism, 440; apogeotropism in
petioles and midribs, 443; the stolons of strawberries, 454; the joints or
pulvini of the Gramineæ, 502
W.
Watering, effect of, on Porlieria hygrometrica, 336–338
Wells, ‘Essay on Dew,’ 284, n.
Wiesner, Prof., on the circumnutation of the hypocotyl, 99, 100; on the
hooked tip of climbing stems, 272; observations on the effect of bright
sunshine on chlorophyll in leaves, 446; the effects of an intermittent
light, 457; on aërial roots, 486; on special adaptations, 490
Wigandia, movement of leaves, 248
Williamson, Prof., on leaves of Drosera Capensis, 414
Wilson, Mr. A. S., on the movements of Swedish turnip leaves, 230, 298
Winkler on the protection of seedlings, 108
Wistaria Sinensis, leaflets depressed at night, 354
—, circumnutation with lateral light, 452
Z.
Zea mays, circumnutation of cotyledon, 64
Zea mays, geotropic movement of radicles, 65
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle to contact, 177–179
—, secondary radicles, 179
—, heliotropic movements of seedling, 64, 421
—, tips of radicles cauterised, 539
Zukal, on the movements of Spirulina, 259, n.
Abies communis, effect of killing or injuring the leading shoot, 187
— pectinata, effect of killing or injuring the leading shoot, 187
—, affected by Æcidium elatinum, 188
Abronia umbellata, its single, developed cotyledon, 78
—, rudimentary cotyledon, 95
—, rupture of the seed coats, 105
Abutilon Darwinii, sleep of leaves and not of cotyledons, 314
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 323
Acacia Farnesiana, state of plant when awake and asleep, 381, 382
—, appearance at night, 395
—, nyctitropic movements of pinnae, 402
—, the axes of the ellipses, 404
— lophantha, character of first leaf, 415
— retinoides, circumnutation of young phyllode, 236
Acanthosicyos horrida, nocturnal movement of cotyledon 304
Acanthus candelabrum, inequality in the two first leaves, 79
—, petioles not arched, 553
— latifolius, variability in first leaves 79
— mollis, seedling, manner of breaking through the ground, 78, 79
—, circumnutation of young leaf, 249, 269
— spinosus, 79
—, movement of leaves, 249
Adenanthera pavonia, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 374
Æcidium elatinum, effect on the lateral branches of the silver fir, 188
Æsculus hippocastanum, movements of radicle, 28, 29
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 172–174
Albizzia lophantha, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 383
—, of pinnae, 402
Allium cepa, conical protuberance on arched cotyledon, 59
—, circumnutation of basal half of arched cotyledon, 60
—, mode of breaking through ground, 87
—, straightening process, 101
— porrum, movements of flower-stems, 226
Alopecurus pratensis, joints affected by apogeotropism, 503
Aloysia citriodora, circumnutation of stem, 210
Amaranthus, sleep of leaves, 387
— caudatus, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307
Amorpha fruticosa, sleep of leaflets, 354
Ampelopsis tricuspidata, hyponastic movement of hooked tips, 272–275
Amphicarpoea monoica, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaves,
365
—, effect of sunshine on leaflets, 445
—, geotropic movements of, 520
Anoda Wrightii, sleep of cotyledons, 302, 312
—, of leaves, 324
—, downward movement of cotyledons, 444
Apheliotropism, or negative heliotropism, 5, 419, 432
Apios graveolens, heliotropic movements of hypocotyl, 422–424
— tuberosa, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 368
Apium graveolens, sleep of cotyledons, 305
—, petroselinum, sleep of cotyledons, 304
Apogeotropic movements effected by joints or pulvini, 502
Apogeotropism, 5, 494; retarded by heliotropism, 501; concluding remarks
on, 507
Arachis hypogoea, circumnutation of gynophore, 225
—, effects of radiation on leaves, 289, 296
—, movements of leaves, 357
— rate of movement, 404
—, circumnutation of vertically dependent young gynophores, 519
—, downward movement of the same, 519
Arching of various organs, importance of, to seedling plants, 87, 88;
emergence of hypocotyls or epicotyls in the form of an, 553
Asparagus officinalis, circumnutation of plumules, 60–62.
—, effect of lateral light, 484
Asplenium trichomanes, movement in the fruiting fronds, 257, n.
Astragalus uliginosus, movement of leaflets, 355
Avena sativa, movement of cotyledons, 65, 66.
—, sensitiveness of tip of radicle to moist air, 183
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of cotyledon, 421, 422
—, sensitiveness of cotyledon to a lateral light, 477
—, young sheath-like cotyledons strongly apogeotropic, 499
Avena sativa, movements of oldish cotyledons, 499, 500
Averrhoa bilimbi, leaf asleep, 330
—, angular movements when going to sleep, 331–335
—, leaflets exposed to bright sunshine, 447
Azalea Indica, circumnutation of stem, 208
B.
Bary, de, on the effect of the Æcidium on the silver fir, 188
Batalin, Prof., on the nyctitropic movements of leaves, 283; on the sleep
of leaves of Sida napoea, 322; on Polygonum aviculare, 387; on the effect
of sunshine on leaflets of Oxalis acetosella, 447
Bauhinia, nyctitropic movements, 373
—, movements of petioles of young seedlings, 401
—, appearance of young plants at night, 402
Beta vulgaris, circumnutation of hypocotyl of seedlings, 52
—, movements of cotyledons, 52, 53
—, effect of light, 124
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307
—, heliotropic movements of, 420
—, transmitted effect of light on hypocotyl, 482
—, apogeotropic movement of hypocotyl, 496
Bignonia capreolata, apheliotropic movement of tendrils, 432, 450
Bouché on Melaleuca ericaefolia, 383
Brassica napus, circumnutation of flower-stems, 226
Brassica oleracea, circumnutation of seedling, 10
—, of radicle, 11
—, geotropic movement of radicle, 11
—, movement of buried and arched hypocotyl, 13, 14, 15
—, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledons, 16, 17, 18
—, of hypocotyl in darkness, 19
—, of a cotyledon with hypocotyl secured to a stick, 19, 20
—, rate of movement, 20
—, ellipses described by hypocotyls when erect, 105
—, movements of cotyledons, 115
—, — of stem, 202
—, — of leaves at night, 229, 230
—, sleep of cotyledons, 301
—, circumnutation of hypocotyl of seedling plant, 425
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of hypocotyls, 426
—, effect of lateral light on hypocotyls, 479–482
—, apogeotropic movement of hypocotyls, 500, 501
Brassica rapa, movements of leaves, 230
Brongniart, A., on the sleep of Strephium floribundum, 391
Bruce, Dr., on the sleep of leaves in Averrhoa, 330
Bryophyllum (vel Calanchoe) calycinum, movement of leaves, 237
C.
Camellia Japonica, circumnutation of leaf, 231, 232
Candolle, A. de, on Trapa natans, 95; on sensitiveness of cotyledons, 127
Canna Warscewiczii, circumnutation of plumules, 58, 59
—, of leaf, 252
Cannabis sativa, movements of leaves, 250
—, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307
Cannabis sativa, sinking of the young leaves at night, 444
Cassia, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 369
Cassia Barclayana, nocturnal movement of leaves, 372
—, slight movement of leaflets, 401
— calliantha, uninjured by exposure at night, 289, n.
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 371
— circumnutating movement of leaves, 372
— corymbosa, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 369
— floribunda, use of sleep movements, 289
—, effect of radiation on the leaves at night, 294
—, circumnutating and nyctitropic movement of a terminal leaflet, 372, 373
—, movements of young and older leaves, 400
— florida, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
— glauca, cotyledons sensitive to contact, 126
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
— laevigata, effect of radiation on leaves, 289, n.
— mimosoides, movement of cotyledons. 116
—, sensitiveness of, 126
—, sleep of, 308
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 372
—, effect of bright sunshine on cotyledons, 446
— neglecta, movements of, 117
—, effect of light, 124
—, sensitiveness of cotyledons, 126
— nodosa, non-sensitive cotyledons, 126
—, do not rise at night, 308
— pubescens, non-sensitive cotyledons, 126
Cassia pubescens, uninjured by exposure at night, 293
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 371
—, circumnutating movement of leaves, 372
—, nyctitropic movement of petioles, 400
—, diameter of plant at night, 402
— sp. (?) movement of cotyledons, 116
— tora, circumnutation of cotyledons and hypocotyls, 34, 35, 109, 308
—, effect of light, 124, 125
—, sensitiveness to contact, 125
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of hypocotyl, 431
—, hypocotyl of seedling slightly heliotropic, 454
—, apogeotropic movement of old hypocotyl, 497
—, movement of hypocotyl of young seedling, 510
Caustic (nitrate of silver), effect of, on radicle of bean, 150, 156; on
the common pea, 160.
Cells, table of the measurement of, in the pulvini of Oxalis corniculata,
120; changes in, 547
Centrosema, 365
Ceratophyllum demersum, movements of stem, 211
Cereus Landbeckii, its rudimentary cotyledons, 97
— speciossimus, circumnutation of stem, 206, 207
Cerinthe major, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 49
—, of cotyledons, 49
—, ellipses described by hypocotyls when erect, 107
— effect of darkness, 124
Chatin, M., on Pinus Nordmanniana, 389
Chenopodium album, sleep of leaves but not of cotyledons, 314, 319
Chenopodium album, movement of leaves, 387
Chlorophyll injured by bright light, 446
Ciesielski, on the sensitiveness of the tip of the radicles, 4, 523
Circumnutation, meaning explained, 1; modified, 263–279; and heliotropism,
relation between, 435; of paramount importance to every plant, 547
Cissus discolor, circumnutation of leaf, 233
Citrus aurantium, circumnutation of epicotyl, 28
—, unequal cotyledons, 95
Clianthus Dampieri, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297
Cobœa scandens, circumnutation of, 270
Cohn, on the water secreted by Lathraea squamaria, 86, n.; on the movement
of leaflets of Oxalis, 447
Colutea arborea, nocturnal movement of leaflets, 355
Coniferæ, circumnutation of, 211
Coronilla rosea, leaflets asleep, 355
Corylus avellana, circumnutation of young shoot, emitted from the epicotyl,
55, 56
—, arched epicotyl, 77
Cotyledon umbilicus, circumnutation of stolons, 219, 220
Cotyledons, rudimentary, 94–98; circumnutation of, 109–112; nocturnal
movements, 111, 112; pulvini or joints of, 112–122; disturbed periodic
movements by light, 123; sensitiveness of, to contact, 125; nyctitropic
movements of, 283, 297; list of cotyledons which rise or sink at night,
300; concluding remarks on their movements, 311
Crambe maritima, circumnutation of leaves, 228, 229
Crinum Capense, shape of leaves, 253
—, circumnutation of, 254
Crotolaria (sp.?), sleep of leaves, 340
Cryptogams, circumnutation of, 257–259
Cucumis dudaim, movement of cotyledons, 43, 44
—, sleep of cotyledons, 304
Cucurbita aurantia, movement of hypocotyl, 42
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 304
—, ovifera, geotropic movement of radicle, 38, 39
—, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 39
—, of straight and vertical hypocotyl, 40
—, movements of cotyledons, 41, 42, 115, 124
—, position of radicle, 89
—, rupture of the seed-coats, 102
—, circumnutation of hypocotyl when erect, 107, 108
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 169–171
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 304
—, not affected by apogeotropism, 509
—, tips cauterised transversely, 537
Curvature of the radicle, 193
Cycas pectinata, circumnutation of young leaf, whilst emerging from the
ground, 58
—, first leaf arched, 78
—, circumnutation of terminal leaflets, 252
Cyclamen Persicum, movement of cotyledon, 46
—, undeveloped cotyledons, 78, 96
—, circumnutation of peduncle, 225
—, —, of leaf, 246, 247
—, downward apheliotropic movement of a flower-peduncle, 433–435
Cyclamen Persicum, burying of the pods, 433
Cyperus alternifolius, circumnutation of stem, 212
—, movement of stem, 509
Cytisus fragrans, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 37
—, sleep of leaves, 344, 397
—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 494–496
+
D.
Dahlia, circumnutation of young leaves, 244–246
Dalea alopecuroides, leaflets depressed at night, 354
Darkness, effect of, on the movement of leaves, 407
Darlingtonia Californica, its leaves or pitchers apheliotropic, 450, n.
Darwin, Charles, on Maurandia semperflorens, 225; on the Swedish turnip,
230, n.; movements of climbing plants, 266, 271; the heliotropic movement
of the tendrils of Bignonia capreolata, 433; revolution of climbing plants,
451; on the curling of a tendril, 570
—, Erasmus, on the peduncles of Cyclamens, 433
—, Francis, on the radicle of Sinapis alba, 486; on Hygroscopic seeds,
489, n.
Datura stramonium, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298
Delpino, on cotyledons of Chaerophyllum and Corydalis, 96, n.
Delphinium nudicaule, mode of breaking through the ground, 80
—, confluent petioles of two cotyledons, 553
Desmodium gyrans, movement of leaflets, 257, n.
—, position of leaves at night, 285
—, sleep of leaves, not of cotyledons, 314
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves, 358–360
—, movement of lateral leaflets, 361
—, jerking of leaflets, 362
— nyctitropic movement of petioles, 400, 401
—, diameter of plant at night, 402
—, lateral movement of leaves, 404
—, zigzag movement of apex of leaf, 405
—, shape of lateral leaflet, 416
—, vespertilionis, 364, n.
Deutzia gracilis, circumnutation of stem, 205
Diageotropism, 5; or transverse-geotropism, 520
Diaheliotropism, 5; or Transversal-Heliotropismus of Frank, 419; influenced
by epinasty, 439; by weight and apogeotropism, 440
Dianthus caryophyllus, 230
—, circumnutation of young leaf, 231, 269
Dicotyledons, circumnutation widely spread among, 68
Dionoea, oscillatory movements of leaves, 261, 271
Dionoea muscipula, circumnutation of young expanding leaf, 239, 240
—, closure of the lobes and circumnutation of a full-grown leaf, 241
—, oscillations of, 242–244
Diurnal sleep, 419
Drosera Capensis, structure of first-formed leaves, 414
— rotundifolia, movement of young leaf, 237, 238
—, of the tentacles, 239
—, sensitiveness of tentacles, 261
—, shape of leaves, 414
—, leaves not heliotropic, 450
—, leaves circumnutate largely, 454
—, sensitiveness of 570
Duchartre on Trephrosia cariboea, 354; on the nyctitropic movement of the
Cassia, 369
Duval-Jouve, on the movements of Bryophyllum calycinum, 237; of the narrow
leaves of the Gramineæ, 413
Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, on the leaves of Crotolaria, 340; on Cassia
floribunda, 369, n., on the absorbent hairs on the buried flower-heads of
Trifolium subterraneum, 517
E.
Echeveria stolonifera, circumnutation of leaf, 237
Echinocactus viridescens, its rudimentary cotyledons, 97
Echinocystis lobata, movements of tendrils, 266
—, apogeotropism of tendrils, 510
Elfving, F., on the rhizomes of Sparganium ramosum, 189; on the
diageotropic movement in the rhizomes of some plants, 521
Elymus arenareus, leaves closed during the day, 413
Embryology of leaves, 414
Engelmann, Dr., on the Quercus virens, 85
Epinasty, 5, 267
Epicotyl, or plumule, 5; manner of breaking through the ground, 77; emerges
from the ground under the form of an arch, 553
Erythrina caffra, sleep of leaves, 367
— corallodendron, movement of terminal leaflet, 367
— crista-galli, effect of temperature on sleep of leaves, 318
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of terminal leaflets, 367
Eucalyptus resinifera, circumnutation of leaves, 244
Euphorbia jacquineaeflora, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 388
F.
Flahault, M., on the rupture of seed-coats, 102–104, 106
Flower-stems, circumnutation of, 223–226
Fragaria Rosacea, circumnutation of stolon, 214–218
Frank, Dr. A. B., the terms Heliotropism and Geotropism, first used by him,
5, n.; radicles acted on by geotropism, 70, n.; on the stolons of Fragaria,
215; periodic and nyctitropic movements of leaves, 284; on the root-leaves
of plants kept in darkness, 443; on pulvini, 485; on natural selection in
connection with geotropism, heliotropism, etc., 570
—, on Transversal-Heliotropismus, 419
Fuchsia, circumnutation of stem, 205, 206
G.
Gazania ringens, circumnutation of stem, 208 Genera containing sleeping
plants, 320, 321
Geotropism, 5; effect of, on the primary radicle, 196; the reverse of
apogeotropism, 512: effect on the tips of radicles, 543
Geranium cinereum, 304
— Endressii, 304
— Ibericum, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298
— Richardsoni, 304
— rotundifolium, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 304, 312
— subcaulescens, 304
Germinating seed, history of a, 548
Githago segetum, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 21, 108
—, burying of hypocotyl, 109
—, seedlings feebly illuminated, 124, 128
—, sleep of cotyledon, 302
—, — leaves 321
Glaucium luteum, circumnutation of young leaves, 228
Gleditschia, sleep of leaves, 368
Glycine hispida, vertical sinking of leaflets, 366
Glycyrrhiza, leaflets depressed at night, 355
Godlewski, Emil, on the turgescence of the cells, 485
Gooseberry, effect of radiation, 284
Gossypium (var. Nankin cotton), circumnutation of hypocotyl, 22
—, movement of cotyledon, 22, 23
—, sleep of leaves, 324
—, arboreum (?), sleep of cotyledons, 303
—, Braziliense, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324
—, sleep of cotyledons, 303
— herbaceum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 168
—, radicles cauterised transversely, 537
— maritimum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 324
Gravitation, movements excited by, 567
Gray, Asa, on Delphinium nudicaule, 80; on Megarrhiza Californica, 81; on
the movements in the fruiting fronds of Aesplenium trichomanes, 257; on the
Amphicarpoea monoica, 520; on the Ipomœa Jalappa, 557
Grease, effect of, on radicles and their tips, 182, 185
Gressner, Dr. H., on the cotyledons of Cyclamen Persicum, 46, 77; on
hypocotyl of the same, 96
Gymnosperms, 389
H.
Haberlandt, Dr., on the protuberance on the hypocotyl of Allium, 59; the
importance of the arch to seedling plants, 87; sub-aërial and subterranean
cotyledons, 110, n.; the arched hypocotyl, 554
Haematoxylon Campechianum, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368, 369
Hedera helix, circumnutation of stem, 207
Hedysarum coronarium, nocturnal movements of leaves, 356
Helianthemum prostratum, geotropic movement of flower-heads, 518
Helianthus annuus, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 45
—, arching of hypocotyl, 90
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 305
Heliotropism, 5; uses of, 449; a modified form of circumnutation, 490
Helleborus niger, mode of breaking through the ground, 86
Hensen, Prof., on roots in worm-burrows, 72
Henslow, Rev. G., on the cotyledons of Phalaris Canariensis, 62
Hofmeister, on the curious movement of Spirogyra, 3, 259, n.; of the leaves
of Pistia stratiotes, 255; of cotyledons at night, 297; of petals, 414
— and Batalin on the movements of the cabbage, 229
Hooker, Sir J., on the effect of light on the pitchers of Sarracenia, 450
Hypocotyl, 5; manner of breaking through the ground, 77; emerges under the
form of an arch, 553
Hypocotyls and Epicotyls, circumnutation and other movements when arched,
98; power of straightening themselves, 100; rupture of the seed-coats,
102–106; illustration of, 106; circumnutation when erect, 107; when in
dark, 108
Hyponasty, 6, 267
I.
Iberis umbellata, movement of stem, 202.
Illumination, effect of, on the sleep of leaves, 398
Imatophyllum vel Clivia (sp.?), movement of leaves, 255
Indigofera tinctoria, leaflets depressed at night, 354
Inheritance in plants, 407, 491
Insectivorous and climbing plants not heliotropic, 450; influence of light
on, 488
Ipomœa bona nox, arching of hypocotyl, 90
—, nocturnal position of cotyledons, 306, 312
— coerulea vel Pharbitis nil, circumnutation of seedlings, 47
—, movement of cotyledons, 47–49, 109
—, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 305
—, sleep of leaves, 386
—, sensitiveness to light, 451
—, the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453
— coccinea, position of cotyledons at night, 306, 312
— leptophylla, mode of breaking through the ground, 83, 84
—, arching of the petioles of the cotyledons, 90
—, difference in sensitiveness to gravitation in different parts, 509
—, extraordinary manner of germination, 557
Ipomœa pandurata, manner of germination, 84, 557
— purpurea (vel Pharbitis hispida), nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 305,
312
—, sleep of leaves, 386
—, sensitiveness to light, 451
—, the hypocotyledonous stems heliotropic, 453
Iris pseudo-acorus, circumnutation of leaves, 253
Irmisch, on cotyledons of Ranunculus Ficaria, 96
Ivy, its stems heliotropic, 451
K.
Kerner on the bending down of peduncles, 414
Klinostat, the, an instrument devised by Sachs to eliminate geotropism, 93
Kraus, Dr. Carl, on the underground shoots of Triticum repens, 189; on
Cannabis sativa, 250, 307, 312; on the movements of leaves, 318
L.
Lactuca scariola, sleep of cotyledons, 305
Lagenaria vulgaris, circumnutation of seedlings, 42
—, of cotyledons, 43
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 304
Lathraea squamaria, mode of breaking through the ground, 85
—, quantity of water secreted, 85, 86, n.
Lathyrus nissolia, circumnutation of stem of young seedling, 33
—, ellipses described by, 107, 108
Leaves, circumnutation of, 226–262; dicotyledons, 226–252; monocotyledons,
252–257; nyctitropism of, 280; their temperature affected by their position
at night, 294; nyctitropic or sleep movements, 315, 394; periodicity of
their movements inherited, 407; embryology of, 414; so-called diurnal
sleep, 445
Leguminosae, sleep of cotyledons, 308; sleeping species, 340
Le Maout and Decaisne, 67
Lepidium sativum, sleep of cotyledons, 302
Light, movements excited by 418, 563; influence on most vegetable tissues,
486; acts on plant as on the nervous system of animals, 487
Lilium auratum, circumnutation of stem, 212
—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 498, 499
Linnæus, ‘Somnus Plantarum’, 280; on plants sleeping, 320; on the leaves
of Sida abutilon, 324; on Œnothera mollissima, 383
Linum Berendieri, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 298
— usitatissimum, circumnutation of stem, 203
Lolium perenne, joints affected by apogeotropism, 502
Lonicera brachypoda, hooking of the tip, 272
—, sensitiveness to light, 453
Loomis, Mr., on the movements in the fruiting fronds of Asplenium
trichomanes, 257
Lotus aristata, effect of radiation on leaves, 292
— Creticus, leaves awake and asleep, 354
— Gebelii, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 308
—, leaflets provided with pulvini, 353
— Jacobæus, movements of cotyledons, 35, 109
—, pulvini of, 115
Lotus Jacobæus, movements at night, 116, 121, 124
—, development of pulvini, 122
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308, 313
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 353
— major, sleep of leaves, 353
— perigrinus, movement of leaflets, 353
Lunularia vulgaris, circumnutation of fronds, 258
Lupinus, 340
— albifrons, sleep of leaves, 344
— Hartwegii, sleep of leaves, 341
— luteus, circumnutation of cotyledons, 38, 110
—, effect of darkness, 124
Lupinus, position of leaves when asleep, 341
—, different positions of leaves at night, 343
—, varied movements of leaves and leaflets, 395
— Menziesii, sleep of leaves, 343
— mutabilis, sleep of leaves, 343
— nanus, sleep of leaves, 343
— pilosus, sleep of leaves, 340, 341
— polyphyllus, sleep of leaves, 343
— pubescens, sleep of leaves by day and night, 342
—, position of petioles at night, 343
—, movements of petioles, 401
— speciosus, circumnutation of leaves, 236
Lynch, Mr. R., on Pachira aquatica, 95, n.; sleep movements of Averrhoa,
330
M.
Maranta arundinacea, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 389–391
—, after much agitation do not sleep, 319
Marsilia quadrifoliata, effect of radiation at night, 292
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 392–394
—, rate of movement, 404
Martins, on radiation at night, 284, n.
Masters, Dr. Maxwell, on the leading shoots of the Coniferæ, 211
Maurandia semperflorens, circumnutation of peduncle, 225
Medicago maculata, nocturnal position of leaves, 345
— marina, leaves awake and asleep, 344
Meehan, Mr., on the effect of an Æcidium on Portulaca oleracea, 189
Megarrhiza Californica, mode of breaking through the ground, 81
—, germination described by Asa Gray, 82
—, singular manner of germination, 83, 556
Melaleuca ericaefolia, sleep of leaves, 383
Melilotus, sleep of leaves, 345
— alba, sleep of leaves, 347
— coerulea, sleep of leaves, 347
— dentata, effect of radiation at night, 295
— elegans, sleep of leaves, 347
— gracilis, sleep of leaves, 347
— infesta, sleep of leaves, 347
— Italica, leaves exposed at night, 291
—, sleep of leaves, 347
— macrorrhiza, leaves exposed at night, 292
—, sleep of leaves, 347
— messanensis, sleep of leaves on full-grown and young plants, 348, 416
— officinalis, effect of exposure of leaves at night, 290, 296
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 346, 347
—, circumnutation of leaves, 348
—, movement of petioles, 401
Melilotus parviflora, sleep of leaves, 347
— Petitpierreana, leaves exposed at night, 291, 296
—, sleep of leaves, 347
— secundiflora, sleep of leaves, 347
— suaveolens, leaves exposed at night, 291
—, sleep of leaves, 347
— sulcata, sleep of leaves, 347
— Taurica, leaves exposed at night, 291
—, sleep of leaves, 347, 415
Methods of observation, 6
Mimosa albida, cotyledons vertical at night, 116
—, not sensitive to contact, 127
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
—, rudimentary leaflets, 364
—, nyctitropic movements of leaves, 379, 380
—, circumnutation of the main petiole of young leaf, 381
—, torsion, or rotation of leaves and leaflets, 400
—, first true leaf, 416
—, effect of bright sunshine on basal leaflets, 445
— marginata, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 381
— pudica, movement of cotyledons, 105
—, rupture of the seed-coats, 105
—, circumnutation of cotyledons, 109
—, pulvini of, 113, 115
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 116
—, hardly sensitive to contact, 127
—, effect of exposure at night, 293
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of main petiole, 374–378
—, of leaflets, 378
Mimosa albida, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of pinnae, 402
—, number of ellipses described in given time, 406
—, effect of bright sunshine on leaflets, 446
Mirabilis jalapa and longiflora, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 387
Mohl, on heliotropism in tendrils, stems, and twining plants, 451
Momentum-like movement, the accumulated effects of apogeotropism, 508
Monocotyledons, sleep of leaves, 389
Monotropa hypopitys, mode of breaking through the ground, 86
Morren, on the movements of stamens of Sparmannia and Cereus, 226
Müller, Fritz, on Cassia tora, 34; on the circumnutation of Linum
usitatissimum, 203; movements of the flower-stems of an Alisma, 226
Mutisia clematis, movement of leaves, 246
—, leaves not heliotropic, 451
N.
Natural selection in connection with geotropism, heliotropism, etc., 570
Nephrodium molle, circumnutation of very young frond, 66
—, of older frond, 257
—, slight movement of fronds, 509
Neptunia oleracea, sensitiveness to contact, 128
—, nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 374
—, of pinnae, 402
Nicotiana glauca, sleep of leaves, 385, 386
—, circumnutation of leaves, 386
Nobbe, on the rupture of the seed-coats in a seedling of Martynia, 105
Nolana prostrata, movement of seedlings in the dark, 50
—, circumnutation of seedling, 108
Nyctitropic movement of leaves, 560
Nyctitropism, or sleep of leaves, 281; in connection with radiation, 286;
object gained by it, 413
O.
Observation, methods of, 6
Œnothera mollissima, sleep of leaves, 383
Opuntia basilaris, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 44
—, thickening of the hypocotyl, 96
—, circumnutation of hypocotyl when erect, 107
—, burying of, 109
Orange, seedling, circumnutation of, 510
Orchis pyramidalis, complex movement of pollinia, 489
Oxalis acetosella, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224
—, effects of exposure to radiation at night, 287, 288, 296
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement in full-grown leaf, 326
—, circumnutation of leaflet when asleep, 327
—, rate of circumnutation of leaflets, 404
—, effect of sunshine on leaflets, 447
—, circumnutation of peduncle, 506
Oxalis acetosella, seed-capsules, only occasionally buried, 518
— articulata, nocturnal movements of cotyledons, 307
— (Biophytum) sensitiva, rapidity of movement of cotyledons during the
day, 26
—, pulvinus of, 113
—, cotyledons vertical at night, 116, 118
— bupleurifolia, circumnutation of foliaceous petiole, 328
—, nyctitropic movement of terminal leaflet, 329
— carnosa, circumnutation of flower-stem, 223
—, epinastic movements of flower-stem, 504
—, effect of exposure at night, 288, 296
—, movements of the flower-peduncles due to apogeotropism and other
forces, 503–506
— corniculata (var. cuprea), movements of cotyledons, 26
—, rising of cotyledons, 116
—, rudimentary pulvini of cotyledons, 119
—, development of pulvinus, 122
—, effect of dull light, 124
—, experiments on leaves at night, 288
— floribunda, pulvinus of cotyledons, 114
—, nocturnal movement, 118, 307, 313
— fragrans, sleep of leaves, 324
— Ortegesii, circumnutation of flower-stems, 224
—, sleep of large leaves, 327
—, diameter of plant at night, 402
—, large leaflets affected by bright sunshine, 447
— Plumierii, sleep of leaves, 327
— purpurea, exposure of leaflets at night, 293
— rosea, circumnutation of cotyledons, 23, 24
Oxalis rosea, pulvinus of, 113
—, movement of cotyledons at night, 117, 118, 307
—, effect of dull light, 124
—, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127
— sensitiva, movement of cotyledons, 109, 127, 128
—, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 307, 312
—, sleep of leaves, 327
— tropoeoloides, movement of cotyledons at night, 118, 120
— Valdiviana, conjoint circumnutation of cotyledons and hypocotyl, 25
—, cotyledons rising vertically at night, 114, 115, 117, 118
—, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledon, 307, 312
—, sleep of leaves and not of cotyledons, 315
—, movements of leaves, 327
P.
Pachira aquatica, unequal cotyledons, 95, n.
Pancratium littorale, movement of leaves, 255
Paraheliotropism, or diurnal sleep of leaves, 445
Passiflora gracilis, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves,
383, 384
—, apogeotropic movement of tendrils, 510
—, sensitiveness of tendrils, 550
Pelargonium zonale, circumnutation of stem, 203
—, and downward movement of young leaf, 232, 233, 269
Petioles, the rising of beneficial to plant at night, 402
Petunia violacea, downward movement and circumnutation of very young leaf,
248, 249, 269.
Pfeffer, Prof., on the turgescence of the cells, 2; on pulvini of leaves,
113, 117; sleep movements of leaves, 280, 283, 284; nocturnal rising of
leaves of Malva, 324; movements of leaflets in Desmodium gyrans, 358; on
Phyllanthus Niruri, 388; influence of a pulvinus on leaves, 396; periodic
movements of sleeping leaves, 407, 408; movements of petals, 414; effect of
bright sunshine on leaflets of Robinia, 445; effect of light on parts
provided with pulvini, 363
Phalaris Canariensis, movements of old seedlings, 62
—, circumnutation of cotyledons, 63, 64, 108
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of cotyledon towards a dim
lateral light, 427
—, sensitiveness of cotyledon to light, 455
—, effect of exclusion of light from tips of cotyledons, 456
—, manner of bending towards light, 457
—, effects of painting with Indian ink, 467
—, transmitted effects of light, 469
—, lateral illumination of tip, 470
—, apogeotropic movement of the sheath-like cotyledons, 497
—, change from a straight upward apogeotropic course to circumnutation,
499
—, apogeotropic movement of cotyledons, 500
Phaseolus Hernandesii, nocturnal movement of leaves and leaflets, 368
—, caracalla, 93
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368
—, effect of bright sunshine on leaflets, 446
Phaseolus multiflorus, movement of radicles, 29
—, of young radicle, 72
—, of hypocotyl, 91, 93
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 163–167
—, to moist air, 181
—, cauterisation and grease on the tips, 535
—, nocturnal movement of leaves, 368
—, nyctitropic movement of the first unifoliate leaves, 397
— Roxburghii, effect of bright sunshine on first leaves, 445
—, vulgaris, 93
—, sleep of leaves, 318
—, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 368
Phyllanthus Niruri, sleep of leaflets, 388
— linoides, sleep of leaves, 387
Pilocereus Houlletii, rudimentary cotyledons, 97
Pimelia spectabilis, sleep of leaves, 387
Pincers, wooden, through which the radicle of a bean was allowed to grow,
75
Pinus austriaca, circumnutation of leaves, 251, 252
— Nordmanniana, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 389
— pinaster, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 56
—, movement of two opposite cotyledons, 57
—, circumnutation of young leaf, 250, 251
—, epinastic downward movement of young leaf, 270
Pistia stratiotes, movement of leaves, 255
Pisum sativum, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 158
—, tips of radicles cauterised transversely, 534
Plants, sensitiveness to light, 449; hygroscopic movements of, 489
Plants, climbing, circumnutation of, 264; movements of, 559
—, mature, circumnutation of, 201–214
Pliny on the sleep-movements of plants, 280
Plumbago Capensis, circumnutation of stem, 208, 209
Poinciana Gilliesii, sleep of leaves, 368
Polygonum aviculare, leaves vertical at night, 387
— convolvulus, sinking of the leaves at night, 318
Pontederia (sp.?), circumnutation of leaves, 256
Porlieria hygrometrica, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of petiole
of leaf, 335, 336
—, effect of watering, 336–338
—, leaflets closed during the day, 413
Portulaca oleracea, effect of Æcidium on, 189
Primula Sinensis, conjoint circumnutation of hypocotyl and cotyledon, 45,
46
Pringsheim on the injury to chlorophyll, 446
Prosopis, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 374
Psoralea acaulis, nocturnal movements of leaflets, 354
Pteris aquilina, rachis of, 86
Pulvini, or joints; of cotyledons, 112–122; influence of, on the movements
of cotyledons, 313; effect on nyctitropic movements, 396
Q.
Quercus (American sp.), circumnutation of young stem, 53, 54
— robur, movement of radicles, 54, 55
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 174–176
Quercus virens, manner of germination, 85, 557
R.
Radiation at night, effect of, on leaves, 284–286
Radicles, manner in which they penetrate the ground, 69–77; circumnutation
of 69; experiments with split sticks, 74; with wooden pincers, 75;
sensitiveness of apex to contact and other irritants, 129; of Vicia faba,
132–158; various experiments, 135–140; summary of results, 143–151; power
of an irritant on, compared with geotropism, 151–154; sensitiveness of tip
to moist air, 180; with greased tips, 185; effect of killing or injuring
the primary radicle, 187–191; curvature of, 193; affected by moisture, 198;
tip alone sensitive to geotropism, 540; protrusion and circumnutation in a
germinating seed, 548; tip highly sensitive, 550; the tip acts like the
brain of one of the lower animals, 573
—, secondary, sensitiveness of the tips in the bean, 154; become
vertically geotropic, 186–191
Ramey on the movements of the cotyledons of Mimosa pudica, and Clianthus
Dampieri at night, 297
Ranunculus Ficaria, mode of breaking through the ground, 86, 90
—, single cotyledon, 96
—, effect of lateral light, 484
Raphanus sativa, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 171
—, sleep of cotyledons, 301
Rattan, Mr., on the germination of the seeds of Megarrhiza Californica, 82
Relation between circumnutation and heliotropism, 435
Reseda odorata, hypocotyl of seedling slightly heliotropic, 454
Reversion, due to mutilation, 190
Rhipsalis cassytha, rudimentary cotyledons, 97
Ricinus Borboniensis, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 53
Robinia, effect of bright sunshine on its leaves, 445
— pseudo-acacia, leaflets vertical at night, 355
Rodier, M., on the movements of Ceratophyllum demersum, 211
Royer, Ch., on the sleep-movements of plants, 281, n.; on the sleep of
leaves, 318; the leaves of Medicago maculata, 345; on Wistaria Sinensis,
354
Rubus idæus (hybrid) circumnutation of stem, 205
—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 498
Ruiz and Pavon, on Porlieria hygrometrica, 336
S.
SACHS on “revolving nutation,” 1; intimate connection between turgescence
and growth, 2, n.; cotyledon of the onion, 59; adaptation of root-hairs,
69; the movement of the radicle, 70, 72, 73; movement in the hypocotyls of
the bean, etc., 91; sensitiveness of radicles, 131, 145, 198;
sensitiveness of the primary radicle in the bean, 155; in the common pea,
156; effect of moist air, 180; of killing or injuring the primary radicle,
186, 187; circumnutation of flower-stems, 225; epinasty, 268; movements of
leaflets of Trifolium incarnatum, 350; action of light in modifying the
periodic movements of leaves, 418; on geotropism and heliotropism, 436,
n.; on Tropaeolum majus, 453; on the hypocotyls slightly heliotropic, and
stems strongly apheliotropic of the ivy, 453; heliotropism of radicles,
482; experiments on tips of radicles of bean, 523, 524; curvature of the
hypocotyl, 555; resemblance between plants and animals, 571
Sarracenia purpurea, circumnutation of young pitcher, 227
Saxifraga sarmentosa, circumn utation of an inclined stolon, 218
Schrankia aculeata, nyctitropic movement of the pinnae, 381, 403
— uncinata, nyctitropic movements of leaflets, 381
Securigera coronilla, nocturnal movements of leaflets, 352
Seed-capsules, burying of, 513
Seed-coats, rupture of, 102–106
Seedling plants, circumnutating movements of, 10
Selaginella, circumnutation of 258
— Kraussii (?), circumnutation of young plant, 66
Sida napoea, depression of leaves at night, 322
—, no pulvinus, 322
— retusa, vertical rising of leaves, 322
— rhombifolia, sleep of cotyledons, 308
—, sleep of leaves, 314
—, vertical rising of leaves, 322
—, no pulvinus, 322
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaf of young plant, 322
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 397
Siegesbeckia orientalis, sleep of leaves, 319, 384
Sinapis alba, hypocotyl bending towards the light, 461
—, transmitted effect of light on radicles, 482, 483, 567
—, growth of radicles in darkness, 486
Sinapis nigra, sleep of cotyledons, 301
Smilax aspera, tendrils apheliotropic, 451
Smithia Pfundii, non-sensitive cotyledons, 127
—, hyponastic movement of the curved summit of the stem, 274–276
—, cotyledons not sleeping at night, 308
—, vertical movement of leaves, 356
— sensitiva, sensitiveness of cotyledons to contact, 126
—, sleep of cotyledons, 308
Sophora chrysophylla, leaflets rise at night, 368
Solanum dulcamara, circumnutating stems, 266
— lycopersicum, movement of hypocotyl, 50
—, of cotyledons, 50
—, effect of darkness, 124
—, rising of cotyledons at night, 306
—, heliotropic movements of hypocotyl, 421
—, effect of an intermittent light, 457
—, rapid heliotropism, 461
— palinacanthum, circumnutation of arched hypocotyl, 51, 100
—, of cotyledon, 51
—, ellipses described by hypocotyl when erect, 107
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 306
Sparganium ramosum, rhizomes of, 189
Sphaerophysa salsola, rising of leaflets, 355
Spirogyra princeps, movements of, 259, n.
Stahl, Dr., on the effect of Æcidium on shoot, 189; on the influence of
light on swarm-spores, 488, n.
Stapelia sarpedon, circumnutation of hypocotyl, 46, 47
—, minute cotyledons, 97
Stellaria media, nocturnal movement of leaves, 297
Stems, circumnutation of, 201–214
Stolons, or Runners, circumnutation of, 214–222, 558
Strasburger, on the effect of light on spores of Haematococcus, 455, n.;
the influence of light on the swarm-spores, 488.
Strawberry, stolons of the, circumnutate, but not affected by moderate
light, 454
Strephium floribundum, circumnutation and nyctitropic movement of leaves,
391, 392
T.
Tamarindus Indica, nyctitropic movement of leaflets, 374
Transversal–heliotropismus (of Frank) or diaheliotropism, 438
Trapa natans, unequal cotyledons, 95, n.
Tecoma radicans, stems apheliotropic, 451
Tephrosia caribaea, 354
Terminology, 5
Thalia dealbata, sleep of leaves, 389
—, lateral movement of leaves, 404
Trichosanthes anguina, action of the peg on the radicle, 104
—, nocturnal movement of cotyledons, 304
Trifolium, position of terminal leaflets at night, 282
— globosum, with hairs protecting the seed-bearing flowers, 517
— glomeratum, movement of cotyledons, 309
— incarnatum, movement of cotyledons, 309
— Pannonicum, shape of first true leaf, 350, 415
Trifolium pratense, leaves exposed at night, 293
— repens, circumnutation of flower-stem, 225
—, circumnutating and epinastic movements of flower-stem, 276–279
—, nyctitropic movement of leaves, 349
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of terminal leaflets, 352, 353
—, sleep movements, 349
— resupinatum, no pulvini to cotyledons, 118
—, circumnutation of stem, 204
—, effect of exposure at night, 295
—, cotyledons not rising at night, 118, 309
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of terminal leaflets, 351, 352
— strictum, movements of cotyledons at night, 116, 118
—, nocturnal and diurnal movements of cotyledons, 309–311, 313
—, movement of the left-hand cotyledon, 316
— subterraneum, movement of flower-heads, 71
—, of cotyledons at night, 116, 118, 309
—, circumnutation of flower-stem, 224, 225
—, circumnutation and nyctitropic movements of leaves, 350
—, number of ellipses in 24 hours, 405
—, burying its flower-heads, 513, 514
—, downward movement of peduncle, 515
—, circumnutating movement of peduncle, 516
Trigonella Cretica, sleep of leaves, 345
Triticum repens, underground shoots of, become apogeotropic, 189
Triticum vulgare, sensitiveness of tips of radicle to moist air, 184
Tropaeolum majus (?), sensitiveness of apex of radicle to contact, 167
—, circumnutation of stem, 204
—, influence of illumination on nyctitropic movements, 338–340, 344
—, heliotropic movement and circumnutation of epicotyl of a young
seedling, 428, 429
—, of an old internode towards a lateral light, 430
—, stems of very young plants highly heliotropic, of old plants slightly
apheliotropic, 453
—, effect of lateral light, 484
— minus (?), circumnutation of buried and arched epicotyl, 27
U.
Ulex, or gorse, first-formed leaf of, 415
Uraria lagopus, vertical sinking of leaflets at night, 365
V.
Vaucher, on the burying of the flower-heads of Trifolium subterraneum, 513;
on the protection of seeds, 517
Verbena melindres (?), circumnutation of stem, 210
—, apogeotropic movement of stem, 495
Vicia faba, circumnutation of radicle, 29, 30
—, of epicotyl, 31–33
—, curvature of hypocotyl, 92
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle, 132–134
—, of the tips of secondary radicles, 154
—, of the primary radicle above the apex, 155–158
—, various experiments, 135–143
—, summary of results, 143–151
—, power of an irritant on, compared with that of geotropism, 151–154
Vicia faba, circumnutation of leaves, 233–235
—, circumnutation of terminal leaflet, 235
—, effect of apogeotropism, 444
—, effect of amputating the tips of radicles, 523
—, regeneration of tips, 526
—, short exposure to geotropic action, 527
—, effects of amputating the tips obliquely, 528
—, of cauterising the tips, 529
—, of grease on the tips, 534
Vines, Mr., on cell growth, 3
Vries, De, on turgescence, 2; on epinasty and hyponasty, 6, 267, 268; the
protection of hypocotyls during winter, 557; stolons apheliotropic, 108;
the nyctitropic movement of leaves, 283; the position of leaves influenced
by epinasty, their own weight and apogeotropism, 440; apogeotropism in
petioles and midribs, 443; the stolons of strawberries, 454; the joints or
pulvini of the Gramineæ, 502
W.
Watering, effect of, on Porlieria hygrometrica, 336–338
Wells, ‘Essay on Dew,’ 284, n.
Wiesner, Prof., on the circumnutation of the hypocotyl, 99, 100; on the
hooked tip of climbing stems, 272; observations on the effect of bright
sunshine on chlorophyll in leaves, 446; the effects of an intermittent
light, 457; on aërial roots, 486; on special adaptations, 490
Wigandia, movement of leaves, 248
Williamson, Prof., on leaves of Drosera Capensis, 414
Wilson, Mr. A. S., on the movements of Swedish turnip leaves, 230, 298
Winkler on the protection of seedlings, 108
Wistaria Sinensis, leaflets depressed at night, 354
—, circumnutation with lateral light, 452
Z.
Zea mays, circumnutation of cotyledon, 64
Zea mays, geotropic movement of radicles, 65
—, sensitiveness of apex of radicle to contact, 177–179
—, secondary radicles, 179
—, heliotropic movements of seedling, 64, 421
—, tips of radicles cauterised, 539
Zukal, on the movements of Spirulina, 259, n.