THE

PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ROMANS

HAROLD WHETSTONE JOHNSTON

PREFACE

In preparing this book I have had in mind the needs of three classes of students.

It is intended in the first place for seniors in high schools and freshmen in colleges, and is meant to give such an account of the Private Life of the Romans in the later Republic and earlier Empire as will enable them to understand the countless references to it in the Latin texts which they read in the class-room. It is hoped that the book contains all that they will need for this purpose and nothing that is beyond their comprehension.

It is intended in the second place for more advanced college students who may be taking lectures on the subjects of which it treats. The work of both teacher and student will be made less irksome and more effective if the student is aided in the taking of notes by even so general a knowledge of the subject (previously announced to the class) as is here given. This I know from actual experience with my own classes.

In the third place it is intended for readers and students of Roman history, who are engaged chiefly with important political and constitutional questions, and often feel the need of a simple and compact description of domestic life, to give more reality to the shadowy forms whose public careers they are following. Such students will find the Index especially useful.

The book is written as far as possible in English: that is, no great knowledge of Latin is presumed on the part of the reader. I have tried not to crowd the text with Latin words, even when they are immediately explained, and those given will usually be found worth remembering. Quotations from Latin authors are very few, and the references to their works, fewer still, are made to well-known passages only.

To every chapter are prefixed references to the standard secondary authorities in English and German. Primary sources are not indicated: they would be above the heads of the less advanced students, and to the more advanced the lecturer will prefer to indicate the sources on which his views are based. It is certain, however, that all these sources are indicated in the authorities named, and the teacher himself may occasionally find the references helpful.

The illustrations are numerous and are intended to illustrate. Many others are referred to in the text, which limited space kept me from using, and I hope that Schreiber's Atlas, at least, if not Baumeister's Denkmaeler, may be within the reach of students in class-room or library.

It goes without saying that there must be many errors in a book like this, although I have done my best to make it accurate. When these errors are due to relaxed attention or to ignorance, I shall be grateful to the person who will point them out. When they are due to mistaken judgment, the teacher will find in the references, I hope, sufficient authorities to convince his pupils that he is right and I am wrong.

    THE INDIANA UNIVERSITY,
            February, 1903.

INTRODUCTION.
    Scope of the Book §1
    Public and Private Antiquities §2
    Antiquities and History §4
    Antiquities and Philology §6
    Sources §9
    Reference Books §13
    Systematic Treatises §14
    Encyclopedic Works §15
    Other Books §16

I. THE FAMILY.
    The Household §17
    The Splitting Up of a House §19
    Other Meanings of Familia §21
    Agnātī and Cognātī §23
    Adfīnēs §26
    The Family Cult §27
    Adoption §30
    The Patria Potestās §31
    Limitations §32
    Extinction of the Potestās §34
    Manus §35
    Dominica Potestās §37

II. THE NAME.
    The Triple Name §38
    The Praenōmen §41
    The Nōmen §46
    The Cognōmen §48
    Additional Names §51
    Confusion of Names §55
    Names of Women §57
    Names of Slaves §58
    Names of Freedmen §59
    Naturalized Citizens §60

III. MARRIAGE AND THE POSITION OF WOMEN.
    Early Forms of Marriage §61
    Iūs Cōnūbiī §64
    Nūptiae Iūstae §67
    Betrothals §70
    The Dowry §72
    Essential Forms §73
    The Wedding Day §75
    The Wedding Garments §76
    The Ceremony §79
    The Wedding Feast §85
    The Bridal Procession §86
    The Position of Women §90

IV. CHILDREN AND EDUCATION.
    Legal Status §94
    Susceptiō §95
    Diēs Lūstricus §97
    The Bulla §99
    Nurses §100
    Playthings §102
    Pets and Games §103
    Home Training §104
    Schools §108
    Subjects Taught in Elementary Schools §110
    Grammar Schools §112
    Schools of Rhetoric §115
    Travel §116
    Apprenticeship §117
    Remarks on the Schools §119
    The Teacher §121
    Schooldays and Holidays §122
    The Paedagōgus §123
    Discipline §124
    End of Childhood §125
    The Līberalia §127

V. DEPENDENTS: SLAVES AND CLIENTS. HOSPITES.
    Growth of Slavery §129
    Numbers of Slaves §131
    Sources of Supply §134
    Sales of Slaves §139
    Prices of Slaves §140
    Public and Private Slaves §141
    Private Slaves §142
    Industrial Employment §143
    The Familia Rūstica §145
    Farm Slaves §146
    The Vīlīcus §148
    The Familia Urbāna §149
    Legal Status of Slaves §156
    The Treatment of Slaves §158
    Food and Dress §160
    The Pecūlium §162
    Punishments §166
    Manumission §175
    The Clients §176
    The Old Clients §177
    Mutual Obligations §179
    The New Clients §181
    Duties and Rewards §182
    The Hospitēs §183
    Hospitium §184
    Obligations of Hospitium §185

VI. THE HOUSE AND ITS FURNITURE.
    Domus §186
    The Development of the House §188
    The Vestibulum §194
    The Ōstium §195
    The Ātrium §196
    The Change in the Ātrium §197
    The Ālae §200
    The Tablīnum §201
    The Peristyle §202
    Private Rooms §203
    The House of Pansa §208
    The Walls §210
    Pariēs Caementīcius §211
    Wall Facings §212
    Floors and Ceilings §213
    Roofs §214
    The Doors §215
    The Windows §217
    Heating §218
    Water Supply §219
    Decoration §220
    Furniture §222
    Principal Articles §223
    The Couches §224
    The Chairs §225
    Tables §227
    The Lamps §228
    Chests and Cabinets §230
    Other Articles §232
    The Street §233

VII. DRESS AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.
    Indūtus: The Subligaculum §235
    The Tunic §236
    Amictus: The Toga §240
    Form and Arrangement §241
    Kinds of Togas §246
    The Lacerna §247
    The Paenula §248
    Other Wraps §249
    Footgear: The Soleae §250
    The Calceī §251
    Coverings for the Head §252
    The Hair and Beard §253
    Jewelry §255
    Dress of Women §257
    The Tunica Interior §258
    The Stola §259
    The Palla §261
    Shoes and Slippers §262
    Dressing of the Hair §263
    Accessories §266
    Jewelry §267
    Dress of the Children and Slaves §268
    Materials §269
    Colors §270
    Manufacture §271

VIII. FOOD AND MEALS.
    Natural Conditions §272
    Fruits §274
    Garden Produce §275
    Meats §277
    Fowl and Game §279
    Fish §280
    Cereals §282
    Preparation of the Grain §283
    Breadmaking §287
    The Olive §289
    Olive Oil §291
    Grapes §293
    Viticulture §294
    Vineyards §295
    Wine Making §296
    Beverages §298
    Style of Living §299
    Hours for Meals §301
    Breakfast and Luncheon §302
    The Formal Meal §303
    The Dining Couch §304
    Places of Honor §305
    Other Furniture §307
    Courses §308
    Bills of Fare §309
    Serving the Dinner §310
    The Comissātiō §312
    The Banquets of the Rich §315

IX. AMUSEMENTS; BATHS.
    General §316
    Sports of the Campus §317
    Games of Ball §318
    Games of Chance §319
    Knuckle-bones §320
    Dice §321
    Public and Private Games §322
    Dramatic Performances §323
    Staging the Play §324
    The Early Theater §325
    The Later Theater §326
    Roman Circuses §328
    Plan of the Circus §330
    The Arena §332
    The Barriers §333
    The Spīna and Mētae §335
    The Seats §337
    Furnishing the Races §339
    The Teams §340
    The Drivers §341
    Famous Aurīgae §342
    Other Shows of the Circus §343
    Gladiatorial Combats §344
    Popularity of the Combats §346
    Sources of Supply §347
    Schools for Gladiators §349
    Places of Exhibition §351
    Amphitheaters at Rome §352
    The Amphitheater at Pompeii §353
    The Coliseum §356
    Styles of Fighting §359
    Weapons and Armor §360
    Announcement of the Shows §361
    The Fight Itself §362
    The Rewards §363
    Other Shows in the Amphitheater §364
    The Daily Bath §365
    Essentials for the Bath §366
    Heating the Bath §368
    The Caldārium §369
    The Frīgidārium and Ūnctōrium §370
    A Private Bathhouse §371
    The Public Baths §372
    Management §373
    Hours Opened §374
    Accommodations for Women §375
    Thermae §376
    Baths of Diocletian §378

X. TRAVEL AND CORRESPONDENCE. BOOKS.
    In General §379
    By Water §380
    By Land §381
    The Vehicles §382
    Carriages §383
    The Rēda and Cisium §384
    The Roads §385
    Construction §387
    The Inns §388
    Speed §389
    Sending Letters §390
    Writing the Letters §391
    Sealing and Opening the Letters §392
    Books §393
    Manufacture of Paper §394
    Pens and Ink §395
    Making the Roll §396
    Size of the Rolls §398
    Multiplication of Books §399
    Commercial Publication §400
    Rapidity and Cost of Publication §401
    Libraries §402

XI. SOURCES OF INCOME AND MEANS OF LIVING. THE ROMAN'S DAY.
    In General §403
    Careers of the Nobles §404
    Agriculture §405
    Political Office §406
    The Law §407
    The Army §408
    Careers of the Equites §409
    The Soldiers §410
    The Proletariate §411
    Professions and Trades §412
    Business and Commerce §413
    The Civil Service §414
    The Roman's Day §415
    Hours of the Day §417

XII. BURIAL-PLACES AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
    Importance of Burial §419
    Interment and Cremation §420
    Places of Burial §421
    The Tombs §422
    The Potter's Field §423
    Plan of Tombs and Grounds §425
    Exterior of the Tombs §427
    The Columbāria §428
    Burial Societies §430
    Funeral Ceremonies §432
    At the House §433
    The Funeral Procession §434
    The Funeral Oration §435
    At the Tomb §436
    After Ceremonies §437
    Memorial Festivals §438