290 More information than in the scanty accounts of Victor and Eutropius is supplied as to this war by the inscribed stones, C. I. L. viii. 2615, 8836, 9045, 9047. According to these the Quinquegentiani may be followed out from Gallienus to Diocletian. The beginning is made by the Baquates who, designated as Transtagnenses, must have dwelt beyond the Shott. Four “kings” combine for an expedition. The most dreaded opponent is Faraxen with his gentiles Fraxinenses. Towns like Mileu in Numidia not far from Cirta and Auzia in the Caesariensis are attacked, and the citizens must in good part defend themselves against the enemy. After the end of the war Maximian constructs great magazines in Thubusuctu not far from Saldae. These fragmentary accounts give in some measure an insight into the relations of the time.
291 Apart from the coins this is proved also by the inscriptions. According to the comparison, for which I am indebted to Herr Euting, the great mass of the old Punic inscriptions, that is, those written probably before the destruction of Carthage, falls to Carthage itself (about 2500), the rest to Hadrumetum (9), Thugga (the famous Phoenico-Berber one), Cirta (5), Iol-Caesarea (1). The new Punic occur most numerously in and around Carthage (30), and generally they are found not unfrequently in the proconsular province, also in Great Leptis (5) and on the islands of Girba (1) and Cossura (1); in Numidia, in and near Calama (23), and in Cirta (15); in Mauretania hitherto only in Portus Magnus (2).
292 The coining in Africa ceases in the main after Tiberius, and thereafter, since African inscriptions from the first century after Christ are before us only in very small numbers, for a considerable period documents fail us. The coins of Babba in the Tingitana, going from Claudius down to Galba, have exclusively Latin legends; but the town was a colony. The Latin-Punic inscriptions of Great Leptis, C. I. L. viii. 7, and of Naraggara, C. I. L. viii. 4636, may doubtless belong to the time after Tiberius, but as bilingual tell rather for the view that, when they were set up, the Phoenician language was already degraded.
293 From the expression in the epitome of Victor, that the emperor Severus was Latinis litteris sufficienter instructus, Graecis sermonibus eruditus, Punica eloquentia promptior, quippe genitus apud Leptim, we may not infer a Punic course of rhetoric in the Tripolis of that time; the late and inferior author has possibly given a scholastic version of the well-known notice.
294 On the statement of the younger Arnobius, writing about 460 (ad Psalm. 104, p. 481 Migne: Cham vero secundus filius Noe a Rhinocoruris usque Gadira habens linguas sermone Punico a parte Garamantum, Latino a parte boreae, barbarico a parte meridiani, Aethiopum et Aegyptiorum ac barbaris interioribus vario sermone numero viginti duabus linguis in patriis trecentis nonaginta et quattuor), no reliance is to be placed, still less upon the nonsense of Procopius, de bello Vand. ii. 10, as to the Phoenician inscription and language in Tigisis. Authorities of this sort were hardly able to distinguish Berber and Punic.
295 In a single place on the Little Syrtis the Phoenician may still have been spoken in the eleventh century (Movers, Phön. ii. 2, 478).
296 More clearly than by the Latin inscriptions found in Africa, which begin too late to illustrate the state of things before the second century A.D., this is shown by the four contracts of patronatus from the time of Tiberius, quoted in next note, concluded by two small places of the proconsular province Apisa maius and Siagu, and two others nowhere else mentioned, probably adjacent, Themetra and Thimiligi; according to which the statement of Strabo (xvii. 3, 15, p. 833) that at the beginning of the last war the Carthaginian territory numbered 300 towns, appears not at all incredible. In each of those four smaller places there were sufetes; even where the old and new Punic inscriptions name magistrates, there are regularly two sufetes. That these are comparatively frequent in the proconsular province, and elsewhere can only be pointed out in Calama, serves to show how much more strongly the Phoenician urban organisation was developed in the former.
297 The contracts of patronatus from the time of Caesar (C. I. L. viii. 10525), of Augustus (ib. 68 comp. 69), and Tiberius (C. I. L. v. 4919–4922), concluded by the senatus populusque of African communities (civitates) of peregrine rights with Romans of rank, appear to have been entered into quite after the Roman fashion by the common council, which represents and binds the community.
298 On the coin undoubtedly struck under Caesar (Müller Num. de l’Afr. ii. 149) with Kar(thago) Veneris and Aristo Mutumbal Ricoce suf(etes), the first two names are probably to be taken together as a Graeco-Phoenician double name, such as elsewhere is not rare (comp. C. I. L. v. 4922: agente Celere Imilchonis Gulalsae filio sufete). Since on the one hand sufetes cannot be assigned to a Roman colony, and on the other hand the conducting of such a colony to Carthage itself is well attested, Caesar himself must either have subsequently changed the form of founding the city, or the founding of the colony must have been carried into effect by the triumvirate as a posthumous ordinance of the dictator (as is hinted by Appian, Pun. 136). We may compare the fact that Curubis stands in the earlier time of Caesar under sufetes (C. I. L. viii. 10525), in the year 709 U.C. as a Caesarian colony under duoviri (ib. 977); yet the case is different, since this town did not, like Carthage, owe its existence to Caesar.
299 For Africa and Numidia Pliny (H. N., v. 4, 29 f.) numbers in all 516 communities, among which are 6 colonies, 15 communities of Roman burgesses, 2 Latin towns (for the oppidum stipendiarium must, according to the position which is given to it, have been also of Italian rights), the rest either Phoenician towns (oppida), among which were 30 free, or else Libyan tribes (non civitates tantum, sed pleraeque etiam nationes iure dici possunt). Whether these figures are to be referred to Vespasian’s time or to an earlier, is not ascertained; in any case they are not free from errors, for, besides the six colonies specially adduced, six are wanting (Assuras, Carpi, Clupea, Curubi, Hippo Diarrhytos, Neapolis), which are referable, partly with certainty partly with probability, to Caesar or Augustus.
300 Pliny, v. 1, 2, says indeed only of Zulil or rather Zili regum dicioni exempta et iura in Baeticam petere iussa, and this might be connected with the transfer of this community to Baetica as Iulia Traducta (Strabo, iii. 1, 8, p. 140). But probably Pliny gives this notice in the case of Zili alone, just because this is the first colony laid out beyond the imperial frontier which he names. The burgess of a Roman colony cannot possibly have had his forum of justice before the king of Mauretania.
301 Frontinus in the well-known passage, p. 53 Lachm., respecting processes between the urban communities and private persons, or, as it may be, the emperor, appears not to presuppose state-districts de iure independent and of a similar nature with urban territories—such as are incompatible with Roman law—but a de facto refractory attitude of the great land-owner towards the community which makes him liable, e.g. for the furnishing of recruits or compulsory services, basing itself on the allegation that the piece of land made liable is not within the bounds of the community requiring the service.
302 The technical designation gens comes into prominence particularly in the fixed title of the praefectus gentis Musulamiorum, etc.; but, as this is the lowest category of the independent commonwealth, the word is usually avoided in dedications (comp. C. I. L. viii. p. 1100) and civitas put instead, a designation, which, like the oppidum of Pliny foreign to the technical language (p. 331, note), includes in it all communities of non-Italian or Greek organisation. The nature of the gens is described by the paraphrase (C. I. L. viii. 68) alternating with civitas Gurzensis (ib. 69): senatus populusque civitatium stipendiariorum pago Gurzenses, that is, the “elders and community of the clans of tributary people in the village of Gurza.”
303 When the designation princeps (C. I. L. viii. p. 1102) is not merely enunciative but an official title, it appears throughout in communities which are neither themselves urban communities nor parts of such, and with special frequency in the case of the gentes. We may compare the “eleven first” (comp. Eph. epigr. v. n. 302, 521, 533) with the seniores to be met with here and there. An evidence in support of both positions is given in the inscription C. I. L. viii. 7041: Florus Labaeonis f. princeps et undecimprimus gentis Saboidum. Recently at Bu Jelîda, a little westward of the great road between Carthage and Theveste, in a valley of the Jebel Rihan, and so in a quite civilised region, there have been found the remains of a Berber village, which calls itself on a monument of the time of Pius (still unprinted) gens Bacchuiana, and is under “eleven elders”; the names of gods (Saturno Achaiaei [?] Aug[usio]), like the names of men (Candidus Braisamonis fil.), are half local, half Latin. In Calama the dating after the two sufetes and the princeps (C. I. L. viii. 5306, comp. 5369) is remarkable; it appears that this probably Libyan community was first under a chief, and then obtained sufetes without the chief being dropped. It may readily be understood that our monuments do not give much information upon the gentes and their organisation; in this field doubtless little was written on stone. Even the Libyan inscriptions belong, at least as regards the majority, to towns in part or wholly inhabited by Berbers; the bilingual inscriptions found at Tenelium (C. I. L. viii. p. 514), in Numidia westward from Bona in the Sheffia plain, the same place that has furnished till now most of the Berber stone inscriptions, show indeed in their Latin part Libyan names, e.g. Chinidial Misicir f. and Naddhsen Cotuzanis f., both from the clan (tribu) of the Misiciri or Misictri; but one of these people, who has served in the Roman army and has acquired the Roman franchise, names himself in the Latin text in civitate sua Tenelio flamen perpetuus, according to which this place seems to have been organised like a town. If, therefore, success should ever attend the attempt to read and decipher the Berber inscriptions with certainty, they would hardly give us sufficient information as to the internal organisation of the Berber tribes.
304 That the Gaetulian purple is to be referred to Juba is stated by Pliny, H. N. vi. 31, 201: paucas (Mauretaniae insulas) constat esse ex adverso Autololum a Iuba repertas, in quibus Gaetulicam purpuram tinguere instituerat; by these insulae purpurariae (ib. 203) can only be meant Madeira. In fact the oldest mention of this purple is that in Horace, Ep. ii. 2, 181. Proofs are wanting as to the later duration of this manufacture, and, as the Roman rule did not extend to these islands, it is not probable, although from the sagum purpurium of the tariff of Zarai (C. I. L. viii. 4508) we may infer Mauretanian manufactures of purple.
305 The tariff of Zarai set up at the Numidian customs-frontier towards Mauretania (C. I. L. viii. 4508) from the year 202 gives a clear picture of the Mauretanian exports. Wine, figs, dates, sponges, are not wanting; but slaves, cattle of all sorts, woollen stuffs (vestis Afra), and leather wares play the chief part. The Description of the earth also from the time of Constantius says, c. 60, that Mauretania vestem et mancipia negotiatur.
306 According to an epitaph found in Mactaris in the Byzacene (Eph. epigr. v. n. 279), a man of free birth there, after having been actively engaged in bringing in the harvests far around in Africa, first throughout twelve years as an ordinary reaper and then for another eleven as a foreman, purchased for himself with the savings of his pay a town and a country house, and became in his turn a member of council and burgomaster. His poetical epitaph shows, if not culture, at least pretensions to it. A development of life of this sort was in the Roman imperial period doubtless not so rare as it at first may seem, but probably occurred in Africa more frequently than elsewhere.
307 How far our Latin texts of the Bible are to be referred to several translations originally different, or whether, as Lachmann assumed, the different recensions have proceeded from one and the same translation as a basis by means of manifold revision with the aid of the originals, are questions which can scarcely be definitely decided—for the present at least—in favour of either one or the other view. But that both Italians and Africans took part in this work—whether of translation or of correction—is proved by the famous words of Augustine, de doctr. Christ. ii. 15, 22, in ipsis autem interpretationibus Itala ceteris praeferatur, nam est verborum tenacior cum perspicuitate sententiae, over which great authorities have been perplexed, but certainly without reason. Bentley’s proposal, approved afresh of late (by Corssen, Jahrb. für protestant. Theol. vii. p. 507 f.), to change Itala into illa and nam into quae, is inadmissible alike philologically and in substance. For the twofold change is destitute of all external probability, and besides nam is protected by the copyist Isidorus, Etym. vi. 4, 2. The further objection that linguistic usage would require Italica, is not borne out (e.g. Sidonius and Iordanes as well as the inscriptions of later times, C. I. L. x. p. 1146, write Italus by turns with Italicus), and the designation of a single translation as the most trustworthy on the whole is quite consistent with the advice to consult as many as possible; whereas by the change proposed an intelligent remark is converted into a meaningless commonplace. It is true that the Christian Church in Rome in the first three centuries made use throughout of the Greek language, and that we may not seek there for the Itali who took part in the Latin Bible. But that in Italy outside of Rome, especially in Upper Italy, the knowledge of Greek was not much more diffused than in Africa, is most clearly shown by the names of freedmen; and it is just to the non-Roman Italy that the designation used by Augustine points; while we may perhaps also call to mind the fact that Augustine was gained for Christianity by Ambrosius in Milan. The attempt to identify the traces of the recension called by Augustine Itala in such remains as have survived of Bible translations before Jerome’s, will at all events hardly ever be successful; but still less will it admit of being proved that Africans only worked at the pre-Hieronymian Latin Bible texts. That they originated largely, perhaps for the most part, in Africa has certainly great probability. The contrast to the one Itala can only in reason have been several Afrae; and the vulgar Latin, in which these texts are all of them written, is in full agreement with the vulgar Latin, as it was demonstrably spoken in Africa. At the same time we must doubtless not overlook the fact that we know the vulgar Latin in general principally from African sources, and that the proof of the restriction of any individual linguistic phenomenon to Africa is as necessary as it is for the most part unadduced. There existed side by side as well vulgarisms in general use as African provincialisms (comp. Eph. epigr. iv. p. 520, as to the cognomina in -osus); but that forms like glorificare, nudificare, justificare, belong to the second category, is by no means proved from the fact that we first meet with them in Africa, since analogous documents to those which we possess, e.g. for Carthage in the case of Tertullian, are wanting to us as regards Capua and Milan.
308 The arguments of Mr. B. W. Henderson (English Hist. Review, 1903, 1–23) for a different advance seem to me to be based on a misconception of some of the evidence. Thus, there is no tile of Leg. ix. at Leicester, nor any trace yet noted of Leg. ii. Aug. at Cirencester or Gloucester.
INDEX
- Abdagaeses, ii. 44.
- Abgarus, of Edessa, ii. 46 (under Claudius), 68 (under Trajan), 78 (under Severus)
- Abrinca, rivulet, i. 119 n.
- Achaeans, diet, i. 264.
-
Achaemenids, dynasty, ii. 2, 3, 10;
- “seven houses,” 6.
-
Achaia, province, i. 255 f. n.;
- under the emperors, 260.
- Acraephia, inscription, i. 265 n., 273 n. Actiads, i. 296 n.
- Actian games, i. 296 n.
-
Adane, ii. 288 f.;
- destroyed, 293 f. n.
- Adiabene, ii. 68, 78 n., 88. Adiabenicus, ii. 78 n.
- Adminius, i. 174.
- Adrianopolis, i. 307.
- Adulis, ii. 280, 281, 282, 296.
- Aedemon, ii. 313.
- Aegium, diet of, ii. 264 n.
- Aeizanas, ii. 284 n.
- Aelana, ii. 288.
- Aemilianus, Marcus Aemilius, i. 241.
- Aemilianus, Egyptian tyrant, ii. 251.
-
Aethiopia and Aethiopians, ii. 275–278;
- traffic, 278.
- Afer, ii. 304 n.
-
Africa, North, ii. 303;
- Berber stock, 303–305;
- Phoenician immigration, 306;
- government of republic, 306 f.;
- Caesar’s policy, 307 f.;
- extent of Roman rule, 308 f.;
- no strict frontier, 309;
- province of, 310;
- two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.;
- physical conformation, 314;
- Africano-Numidian territory, 316 f.;
- war against Tacfarinas and later conflicts, 317–320;
- Roman civilisation in Mauretania, 320 f.;
- continuance of Berber language, 325 f.;
- of Phoenician, 326 f.;
- coinage, 327 n.;
- Latin language, 329;
- Phoenician urban organisation, 329;
- transformed into Italian, 331;
- number of towns, 331 n.;
- Italian colonists, 332;
- large landed estates, 333 f.;
- husbandry, 336;
- corn supplied to Rome, 337;
- oil and wine, 337 f.;
- manufactures and commerce, 338 f.;
- prosperity, 339;
- roads, 339 f.;
- introduction of camels, 340;
- character and culture of people, 340 f.;
- scholasticism, 342;
- Christian literature, 343–345;
- Latin Scriptures, 343 f. n.
-
Agonistic institutes, i. 289 n.
- Agonothesia, i. 347 n., 348 n.
- Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, i. 182–184, 194.
-
Agrippa;
- see Herod Agrippa.
-
Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, in command on the Danube, i. 22;
- transference of Ubii, 25;
- combats in Gaul, 80.
- Agrippa, Marcus Fonteius, i. 218.
- Agrippina (Cologne), i. 119.
-
Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius, expedition to Elbe, i. 31;
- dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, 34.
- Ahuramazda, ii. 10 f., 84.
-
Alamanni, war with, i. 161 f., 163;
- raids, 166 f.
- Alani, ii. 62 n., 64, 73, 74 n.
- Albani, ii. 72 f.
- Alexander the Great, basing his empire on towns, not on tribes, ii. 120
- Alexander II. of Egypt, testament, ii. 232.
-
Alexander, son of Cleopatra, ii. 24, 25, 26;
- installed king of Armenia, 33.
- Alexander Severus, purchases peace in Germany, i. 162;
- Alexander of Abonoteichos, i. 350. Alexander, Tiberius Julius, ii. 168, 204, 242 n., 246 n.
-
Alexandria, in Egypt, under the Palmyrenes, ii. 107, 108 n., 250;
- number and position of Jews, 165 n., 200 n., 267;
- Jew-hunt, 192, 193 n.;
- deputations to Gaius, 193 f.;
- “Greek city,” 235 f.;
- chief priest of, 238;
- exemptions and privileges, 240 n.;
- libraries, 246, 271;
- chief officials, 248 n.;
- distribution of corn, 251 n.;
- Italian settlement in, 257;
- mariners’ guilds, 257 n.;
- comparison with Antioch, 262;
- Alexandrian Fronde, 263;
- nicknames, 263;
- tumults frequent and serious, 264 n., 265;
- worship, 265 f., 266 n.;
- old cultus retaining its hold, 267;
- learned world, 267 f.;
- physicians and quacks, 268;
- scholar-life, 269 f.;
- Museum, 271 f., 272;
- labours of erudition, 271 f.;
- “jointure” of Greek science, 273;
- camp in suburb of Nicopolis, 274.
- Alexandria, in Troas, i. 326 f.
- Alexandropolis, ii. 15.
-
Aliso, fortress, i. 34 f., 36;
- defence by Caedicius, 48.
- Allegorical interpretation, Jewish, ii. 168 f.
- Allobroges, i. 87, 88 n., 91.
-
Alps, subjugation, i. 15;
- military districts, 17 f.;
- roads and colonies, 19.
- Amasia, i. 331.
- Amâzigh, ii. 303
- Ambubaia, ii. 133.
- Amida, ii. 115.
- Amisus, i. 331 f.
- Amphictiony remodelled by Augustus, i. 254 n., 255 n.
- Amsivarii, i. 124.
- Amyntas, i. 335 n.; ii. 24, 37.
- Ananias, ii. 102 f.
- Ancyra, i. 341 n., 342 n.
- Anthedon, ii. 210.
- Antigonea, ii. 127 n.
- Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus, ii. 175–178.
- Antinoopolis, ii. 236, 237 n., 297 n.
-
Antioch, earthquake at, ii. 68;
- capture by the Persians (260), 101, 132, and by Aurelian, 109;
- creation of monarchic policy, 127;
- capital of Syria, 127;
- Daphne, 128;
- water supply, and lighted streets, 129 n.;
- poverty of intellectual interests, 130;
- paucity of inscriptions, 132;
- exhibitions and games, 132;
- races, 132 n.;
- immorality, 133;
- dissolute cultus, 134;
- fondness for ridicule, 134 f.;
- support of pretenders, 134;
- reception of, and capture by Nushirvan, 135;
- Jew-hunt at, 219.
- Antioch in Pisidia, i. 336 f.
-
Antiochus of Commagene, ii. 49, 53;
- tomb of, 125;
- his buildings at Athens, i. 278.
- Antiochus Epiphanes, ii. 196.
- Antipater the Idumaean, ii. 174–177.
-
Antoninus Pius: wall from Forth to Clyde, i. 187 n.;
- conflicts in Britain under, 188 n.
-
Antonius, Marcus, ii. 22 f.;
- position in 38 B.C., 23 f.;
- his army, 24;
- his aims, 24 f.;
- children by Cleopatra, 26 n.;
- preparations for Parthian war, 26 f.;
- temperament, 27;
- Parthian war, 27 f.;
- resistance in Atropatene, 29;
- retreat, 30, 31;
- last years in the East, 32;
- dismisses Octavia seeking reconciliation, 33;
- punishes those blamed for his miscarriage, 33;
- attempt on Palmyra, 93;
- government in Alexandria, 232.
- Apamea in Phrygia, i. 327.
- Apamea in Syria, ii. 136, 141.
- Aper, Marcus, i. 113.
- Apharban, ii. 114.
- Apion, ii. 193, 194 n.
- Apocalypse of John: conception of Roman and Parthian empires as standing side by side, ii. 1 n.;
- Apollinaris, Gaius Sulpicius, ii. 342.
- Apollo, Actian, i. 295 f.
- Apollonia, i. 201 f., 299.
- Apollonius of Tyana, i. 350.
- Appian, historian, ii. 221 f., 223.
- Appuleius of Madaura, ii. 341, 342.
- Appuleius, Pseudo-, Dialogue of the gods quoted, ii. 266 n.
- Apri, i. 306.
- Apronius, Lucius, i. 125.
- Apulum, i. 228.
- Aquae Sextiae, i. 78, 81.
- Aquileia, i. 197 f., 231, 233.
- Aquincum, i. 228;
- contra-Aquincum, 249.
-
Aquitania, wars, i. 64, 80;
- coins, 79 n.;
- province, 88;
- cantons of, 96.
- Arabia, ii. 13;
- Arachosia, ii. 13, 15.
- Aradus, ii. 138 n.
- Aramaic language, ii. 164.
- Arbela, ii. 4, 88.
- Archaism, Greek, i. 282 n.
- Archelaus of Cappadocia, ii. 41.
- Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, ii. 183 f.
- Architecture, Syrian, ii. 156 f.
- Ardashir (Artaxares), ii. 81 n., 83 n., 84, 85, 89 n., 91.
-
Arelate, i. 86, 89;
- amphitheatre, 106.
- Aretas, ii. 148 n., 149 f. n., 150 f.
- Argentoratum, i. 119, 147, 159.
- Ariarathes of Cappadocia, ii. 33.
- Ariobarzanes, ii. 38, 39.
- Aristobulus, of Chalcis, ii. 49.
- Aristobulus, prince of Judaea, ii. 175 f.
- Aristotle’s recommendation to Alexander, ii. 241.
- Armenia, ii. 6, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40 f.;
-
Arminius, i. 43;
- defeat of Varus, 46 f.;
- combats with Germanicus, 54;
- attack on Maroboduus, 60 f.;
- desertion of Inguiomerus, 61;
- civil war and end, 62.
- Arnobius, ii. 345.
- Arrianus, Flavius, ii., 20 n., 73 n.
- Arsaces, founder of Parthian dynasty, ii., 3, 4, 6.
- Arsaces, son of Artabanus, ii. 42.
- Arsacids and their rule, ii. 3- 12 el. Arsamosata, ii. 56, 59.
- Arsinoe, ii. 280, 291 f.
-
Art, constructive, in Gaul, i. 115;
- in Syria, ii. 156 f.
- Artabanus (III.), king of the Parthians, ii. 40–45.
- Artabanus (IV.), ii. 87 f.
- Artageira, ii. 40.
- Artavazdes of Armenia, ii. 28–33.
- Artavazdes of Atropatene, ii. 28, 29, 32.
-
Artaxares;
- see Ardashir
- Artaxata, ii. 48, 53 f., 75.
- Artaxes, ii. 33–38.
- Artaxias of Armenia, ii. 42 f.
- Asander, i. 312, 313 n.
- Ascalon, ii. 212.
-
Asia Minor: natives and colonists, i. 320;
- Hellenism, 321 f.;
- formation of new centres, 322;
- provinces of, 323;
- territories added to empire, 323 f.;
- senatorial and imperial government, 323 f.;
- changes in boundaries of provinces and vassal-states, 324 n.;
- municipal vanity, 328 n.;
- honorary Hellenism, 344;
- leagues of Hellenism, 343, 344 n.;
- representatives, 344 n.;
- land-diets and land festivals, 344 f.;
- provincial priests and Asiarchs, 345 f.;
- superintendence of emperor-worship, 348;
- system of religion, 350;
- public safety, 350;
- occupying force, 350 f.;
- justice in, 352 n.;
- constitution of towns, 352 f.;
- clubs, 353;
- free autonomous communities, 354;
- urban life, 354 f.;
- prosperity, 354 f.;
- defects of municipal administration, 357;
- roads, 358 n.;
- trade, 359 f.;
- commerce, 360;
- supplies teachers and physicians to Italy, 361, 365;
- literary activity, 362;
- instruction, 362;
- sophistic system, 362–366.
-
Asia, Roman: extent of province, i. 325;
- coast-towns, 325 f.;
- inland townships, 326 f.;
- position under Romans, 327;
- urban rivalries, 329 f.;
- legions in, ii. 63.
- Asiarchs, i. 345–347 n.
- Asklepios, i. 350.
- Asoka, ii. 13, 14 n.
- Astarte, ii. 331.
- Astingi, i. 237.
- Astures, i. 65, 71.
- Asturica Augusta, i. 66.
-
Athens: privileged position, i. 254, 258;
- administration, 276 f.;
- possessions, 277;
- Hadrian’s grants, 277 f.;
- street-riots, 279;
- state of the language, 281, 282 n.
- Atropatene, ii. 6, 19, 28 f., 33 f., 38.
- Attalia, i. 334.
- Augusta Emerita, i. 64 n.
- Augusta Praetoria (Aosta), i. 19 f.
- Augusta Vindelicorum, i. 19, 20, 154, 196 f.
- Augustamnica, ii., 298.
- Augustan History, falsification as to Postumus, i. 164 n.
- Augustodunum, seat of Gallic studies, i. 112 f.
- Augustinus, Aurelius, picture of Carthage, ii. 341;
-
Augustus, the Emperor: expedition against Alpine tribes, i. 16;
- monument to, above Monaco, 17;
- roads or colonies in Alps, 19 f.;
- visit to Germany, 26;
- German policy and motives for changing it, 56–59;
- visits Spain, 64;
- organisation of towns there, 68 f.;
- organisation of the three Gauls, 84 f.;
- restricted franchise of Gauls, 98;
- altar at Lugudunum, 94;
- altar for Germanic cantons, 35, 97, 118;
- discharge of Batavian guards, 121;
- Rhine and Danube, 148;
- projects as to Britain not carried out, 172;
- reasons for and against its occupation, 172;
- conviction of its necessity, 173 f.;
- arrangements on the Danubian frontier, 195 f.;
- Illyricum subdued, 201;
- settlement of veterans in Dalmatia, 202;
- his Amphictiony, 254 f.;
- dealings with Greece, 261;
- treatment of Athens, 277;
- insurrection at, 279;
- foundation and privileges of Nicopolis, 294 f.;
- colonies in Macedonia, 301;
- pacification of Cilicia and Pisidia, 335 f.;
- diets and festivals for, in Asia Minor, 345;
- cancels debtors’ claims there, 357;
- decorum of, ii. 26 n.;
- first arrangements in East, 34 f.;
- policy open to him, 36;
- inadequate measures, 36 f.;
- in Syria (20 B.C.), 37 f.;
- mission of Gaius to East, 39;
- Nicolaus Damascenus on his youth, 168;
- treatment of the Jews, 171 f.;
- dealing with Herod’s testament, 182, 184;
- attitude towards Jewish worship, 187;
- annexation of Egypt, 232 f., 239;
- Egyptian titles, 244;
- policy as to south-western Arabia, 290;
- expedition of Gallus, 290 f.;
- of Gaius, 293;
- repression of piracy in Red Sea, 298;
- colonisation in Mauretania, 333;
- death, i. 50.
-
Aurelianus, defeats the Juthungi, i. 166;
- combats with the Goths on Danube, 248 f.;
- against the Palmyrenes, ii. 108 f.;
- battle of Hemesa, 109 n., 110 n.;
- destruction of Palmyra, 111 n.
- Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Germany under, i. 160;
- Aures, ii. 317, 318, 320.
- Ausonius, i. 109, 113, 114 n.
- Autonomy, idea of, ii. 120.
- Autricum, i. 91.
- Auzia, ii. 319, 325.
- Aventicum, i. 129.
- Avesta, ii. 10.
- Axidares, ii. 66 n.
- Axomis, kingdom of, ii. 281 n.;
- Azania, ii. 289.
- Bactra, ii. 14, 15 n., 18.
- Bactro-Indian empire, ii. 14, 16 n.
-
Baetica, i. 67;
- towns with burgess-rights, 68;
- exemption from levy, 73;
- Moors in, ii. 324.
- Bagradas, ii. 336.
- Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, ii. 315 n.
- Ballomarius, i. 230 n.
- Bâmanghati, coins found at, ii. 301 n.
- Baquates, ii. 324, 325 n.
- Bar-Kokheba, Simon, ii. 224 n.
- Barley-wine, i. 108 n.
- Barsemias of Hatra, ii. 78.
- Barygaza, ii. 16 n., 300.
- Basil of Caesarea, i. 333.
- Bassus, Caecilius, ii. 21 f.
- Bassus, Publius Ventidius, ii. 23, 27.
- Bastarnae, i. 12, 217, 238.
-
Batanaea, ii. 144;
- see Haurân
-
Batavi, i. 26, 43, 97 n.;
- settlements and privileges, 120;
- rising of Batavian auxiliaries, 129 f.;
- Civilis, 130;
- progress of the movement, 130 f.;
- its consequences, 143 f.;
- later attitude, 145.
- Bato, the Dalmatian, i. 39, 41.
- Bato, the Pannonian, i. 39–42.
- Beads, glass, ii. 255.
- Beer, i. 108.
- Belatucadrus (Mars), i. 193.
-
Belgica, i. 85;
- division of command, 118 n.
- Belus, ii. 266.
- Berbers, ii. 302 f.;
- Berenice, sister of Agrippa II., ii. 219.
- Berenice, Trogodytic, ii. 280, 284 n., 286, 288, 297.
- Beroe, i. 240.
- Berytus, ii. 121;
- Bescera, ii. 319.
- Bessi, i. 12, 209 n.
- Bether, ii. 225.
- Betriacum, i. 130, 143.
- Biriparach, ii. 80.
-
Bithynia, i. 323, 324, 330;
- Greek settlements in, 330 f.;
- Hellenism of, 330 f.;
- place in literature, 331;
- Gothic raids, 245.
- Bithyniarch, i. 346.
- Blaesus, Quintus Junius, ii. 318.
- Blemyes, ii. 250 n., 277 n., 278.
- Bocchus, ii. 309, 310, 311 n.
- Boeotian league, i. 259, 265.
- Bogud, ii. 308 f., 310, 311 n.
- Borani, i. 243, 245.
-
Bosporan kingdom, i. 242;
- Greek towns of, 244, 312;
- kings, 314 n.;
- extent of, 314 f.;
- coins, 317 n., 318;
- titles, 316 n.;
- military position, 316 f.;
- court, 318;
- trade and commerce, 319.
- Bostra, ii. 95;
- Boudicca, i. 179, 181.
- Boule, the, in Egyptian cities, ii. 236 n.
- Bracara, i. 16.
- Breuci, i. 23.
- Brigantes, i. 178, 181, 182, 188.
- Brigetio, i. 228.
-
Britain, Caesar’s expedition, i. 170;
- designs of Augustus, 171;
- reasons for and against occupation, 172 f.;
- conviction of its necessity, 173 f.;
- occasion for the war, 174;
- arrangements for occupation, 174 n.;
- its course, 175 f.;
- Roman towns, 176 f.;
- resistance in West Britain, 177 f.;
- national insurrection, 179 f.;
- subjugation of the West, 180 f.;
- of the North, 182;
- Caledonia abandoned, 184;
- grounds for this policy, 184 f.;
- diversities of race, 185;
- fortifying of northern frontier, 186 f.;
- wars in second and third centuries, 188 f.;
- Roman fleet, 189;
- garrison and administration, 190;
- taxation and levy, 190 f.;
- communal organisation, 191;
- prosperity, 192;
- roads, 192;
- Roman manners and culture, 193;
- country houses, 194;
- scholastic training, 194.
- Brixia, i. 191.
- Bructeri, i. 36, 51, 133, 145.
- Burdigala, i. 113.
- Burebista, i. 10, 216, 220, 309 f.
- Burgundiones, i. 167.
- Buri, i. 221, 224.
- Burnum, i. 203.
- Burrus, ii. 206.
- Busiris, ii. 251.
- Buthrotum, i. 295.
- Byzacene, ii. 336.
- Byzantium, i. 246, 292, 305, 306 n., 308.
- Cabinet-secretary, imperial, ii. 272 f.
- Cadusians, ii. 88 n.
-
Caecina, Aulus, governor of Moesia, i. 40 f.;
- march to the Ems, and retreat, 52 f.
- Caedicius, Lucius, defence of Aliso, i. 48.
-
Caesar, Gaius Julius, measures for Dalmatian war, i. 7 f.;
- Romanising of southern Gaul, 86;
- policy as to cantons of Gaul, 92 f.;
- Britannic expedition and aims, 170;
- project of crossing Euphrates, ii. 22;
- arrangements as to Judaea, 175 f.;
- African policy, 307 f.;
- Italian colonists in Africa, 332.
- Caesar, Gaius, mission to East, ii. 38 f.;
- Caesaraugusta, i. 68.
- Caesarea in Cappadocia, i. 332; ii. 101 f.
- Caesarea (Iol), province of, ii. 313, 314, 321.
- Caesarea Paneas, ii. 65, 147, 151.
- Caesarea Stratonis, ii. 182, 186 f.;
- Caesarion, ii. 25 n., 26 n.
- Caesian Forest, i. 124.
- Calama, ii. 319 n., 329 n., 335 n.
- Calceus Herculis, ii. 319.
-
Caledonia abandoned, i. 184;
- probable grounds for this policy, 184 f.;
- under Severus, 189.
- Caligula, Gaius Caesar, incapable of serious plans, i. 172;
-
Callaecia, Roman, i. 63 f.;
- separated from Lusitania, 65.
- Callistus, ii. 102 n., 103.
- Calybe, i. 303, 305 n.
- Camalodunum, i. 170, 171, 175, 176, 180, 192 f.
- Camels in Africa, ii. 340.
- Camunni, i. 15 f.
- Canabae, i. 168.
- Canal, Egyptian, ii. 279, 280, 297 f.
- Canatha, ii. 147;
- Candace, ii. 275 n., 276, 277.
- Cane, ii. 296.
- Canius Rufus, i. 76.
- Cannenefates, i. 36, 97 n., 121, 126 f., 131, 139, 141.
-
Canopus, ii. 258 n.;
- decree of, 260.
- Cantabri, i. 65, 66, 67.
-
Cantonal system of Spain, i. 71, 72 n.;
- of Gaul, 90 f.;
- influence of, 94;
- cantons represented in diet, 95 n., 96 n.;
- in Britain, 191.
- Cappadocia, i. 323, 324;
- Caracalla, Severus Antoninus, campaign against Alamanni, i. 162;
- Caratacus, i. 175 f., 178.
- Caravans, Palmyrene, ii. 98 n.
- Carên, ii. 6, 46, 84.
- Carnuntum, i. 23, 198, 206.
- Carnutes, i. 91.
- Carpi, i. 238 f.
- Carrhae, ii. 21, 22, 23, 77, 114.
- Carteia, i. 68.
- Carthage, ii. 307, 330, 331, 341.
- Carthage, New, i. 68.
- Cartimandus, i. 182 f.
-
Carus, Marcus Aurelius, Persian war, ii. 112 f.;
- death, 113.
- Caspian gates, ii. 62 n.
- Cassius, Avidius, ii. 75 n., 262.
- Cassivellannus, i. 170.
- Castra Regina, i. 197.
- Cattigara, ii. 302.
- Catualda, i. 61, 215.
- Caucasian tribes, ii. 35, 36, 61, 68, 72 n., 73, 91 n.
- Cavalry recruited mainly from Gaul, i. 107.
-
Celtic inscriptions, i. 100 n.;
- divinities, 104 f.;
- language;
- see Gaul
- Cenomani, i. 91.
- Census of Gaul, i. 84.
- Cerialis, Quintus Petillius, i. 140 f., 142, 180, 183.
- Cernunnos, i. 104.
- Chaeremon, ii. 259, 273 n.
- Chaeronea in the civil wars, i. 267.
- Chalcedon, i. 245.
- Chalcidian peninsula, i. 300.
- Chandragupta, ii. 13.
- Charax Spasinu, ii. 68, 98 n.
- Charibael, ii. 294 n.
- Chariomerus, i. 146.
- Chastisement, corporal, in Egypt, ii. 240 n.
- Chatramotitis, ii. 286, 290, 295.
-
Chatti, i. 27, 28, 29, 51, 133;
- take the lead, 149;
- Chattan wars, 150 n.;
- under Domitian, 151 n., 158;
- under Marcus, 161, 197, 230 f.
-
Chauci, i. 28, 29;
- renewed rising, 36, 43;
- settlements and attitude, 121;
- revolt, 125.
- Chemi, ii. 251.
- Chemmis, ii. 235.
-
Cherusci, i. 27, 28, 29;
- rising, 36;
- under Arminius, 43, 52, 60;
- later position, 146.
- China, embassy to, ii. 302.
- Chosroes, ii. 66.
- Chosroes Nushirvan, ii. 135.
- Chrestus, ii. 199 n.
- Christianity in Syria, ii. 126;
- Chrysogonus, i. 245.
- Cidamus, ii. 316.
-
Cilicia, i. 323, 324;
- piracy in, 334;
- becomes province, 334.
- Cimbri, i. 37.
- Cinithii, ii. 317.
- Circesium, ii. 91, 95 n.
- Circumcision, ii. 224;
- Cirta, ii. 310, 311 n., 319, 332, 342.
-
Civilis, i. 130 f.;
- siege of Vetera, 133 f.;
- capitulation of Romans, 138;
- last struggles, 141 f.
- Classieus, Julius, i. 137 f., 139.
-
Claudius I., emperor, a true Gaul, i. 98;
- cancels restriction of Gallic franchise, 99;
- rising of Chauci, 125;
- directs withdrawal from right-bank of Rhine, 125;
- occupation of Britain, 172, 175 f.;
- Jazyges under, 216;
- re-establishes old arrangement in Greece, 276;
- policy of Claudius in the East, ii. 45;
- death, 49;
- policy towards the Jews, 199 f.;
- directs his works to be read publicly, 271.
-
Claudius Gothicus, Gothic victories of, i. 247 f.;
- renewed fortifying of Danubian frontier, 248.
- Cleopatra, ii. 25 n., 27, 178 f.
- Clitae, i. 336.
- Clubs, i. 353, 354 n., 356.
- Cnidus, appeal to the Emperor from, 352 n.
- Cogidumnus, i. 176.
- Colonate, i. 237.
- Columella, i. 76.
- Column of Trajan, i. 124 f.
- Commagene, ii. 19;
-
Commodus, conflicts in Britain under, i. 188;
- frontier-regulation in Dacia, 228;
- character, 236;
- peace with Marcomani, 236.
- Concordia, coemeterium of, ii. 140.
- Coptic, ii. 244.
- Coptos, ii. 251, 280, 288, 297 n.
- Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, reduces Frisians, i. 125;
- Corduba in Latin literature, i. 75.
-
Corinth, treatment of, i. 257;
- Caesar’s atonement, 260 f.
-
Corn drawn from Egypt, ii. 239 f.
- Correctores, i. 279 f.
- Corycus, epitaphs of Christians at, i. 359 n., 361 n.
- Costoboci, i. 242.
- Cottius of Segusio, i. 16, 18.
- Cotys, i. 210 n.
- Cragus-Sidyma, i. 355 f.
- Cremna, i. 335, 337, 338.
- Crete, i. 323, 324, 343.
- Ctesiphon, ii. 3, 8, 28, 77, 79, 83, 113.
- Cugerni, i. 33, 124 n.
- Cunobelinus, i. 171 n., 174, 175.
- Cyprian, ii. 345.
- Cyprus, i. 323, 324, 343;
- Cyrene, i. 323 f.;
- Cyzicus, i. 330, 348.
- Dabel, ii. 149 n., 151.
-
Daci and Dacia: preparations for Dacian war, i. 10;
- internal troubles, 11;
- raid to Apollonia, 13;
- war of Lentulus, 42;
- Dacian language, 208;
- Daci under Tiberius, 217;
- war under Domitian, 219;
- chronology of it, 220 n.;
- war under Trajan, 221 f.;
- second war, 222 f.;
- Dacia an advanced position, 228 f.;
- loss of Dacia, 241.
- Daesitiatae, i. 38 f., 41.
-
Dalmatia, war, i. 8 f.;
- towns with Roman franchise, 10;
- Dalmato-Pannonian rising, 38 f.;
- Italian civilisation, 201;
- ports, 202;
- state of interior, 203;
- prosperity under Diocletian, 203 f.
- Damascus, environs of, ii. 144;
- Danava, ii. 95, 153.
-
Danube, region of, i. 21 f.;
- boundary of empire, 23, 195 f.;
- fleet, 205;
- army, 218 f.;
- military position after Trajan, 225;
- primacy of Danubian armies, 250.
- Daphne, ii. 109;
- Dardani, i. 9, 12, 299.
- Decapolis, ii. 146 n.
- Decebalus, i. 220 f., 223.
- Decianus, i. 76.
- Decianus Catus, i. 180.
-
Decius Traianus proclaimed emperor, i. 240;
- conflicts with Goths and relief of Nicopolis, 240;
- death, 241.
-
Declamations in Gaul, i. 114
- Decumates (agri), i. 152 n., 196 f.
- Deiotarus, i. 339 f.
- Dellius, ii. 32 n.
- Delminium, i. 203.
-
Delos, i. 258, 269;
- Delian inscriptions, ii. 257 f.
- Dentheletae, i. 12.
- Deultus, i. 307.
- Deva, camp of, i. 178, 193.
- Dexippus, i. 239 n., 241 n., 243 n., 246 n., 247 n., 281.
- Diegis, i. 221.
-
Dio of Prusa, i. 268 f., 274, 293 n., 366 f.;
- address to Rhodians, i. 270 f.
- Diocletianus: favour for Dalmatia and Salonae, i. 203 f.;
- Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, ii. 250 n.
- Dionysius, cabinet secretary, ii. 273 n.
-
Dionysos, Thracian shrine of, i. 14, 24;
- Thracian god, 209.
- Dioscorides, island of, ii. 289, 296.
- Dioscurias, i. 242.
- Dmer, ii. 149, 153.
- Dodecaschoinos, ii. 274 n., 277 n., 278 n.
- Dodona, i. 297 n.
- Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, ii. 318.
-
Domitianus: careful administration, i. 108;
- restricts number of vines, 108 f.;
- wars with the Chatti, 150 f.;
- construction of the “Flavian altars,” 153;
- Dacian war, 219 f.;
- defeated by Marcomani, 221;
- gives urban rights to Philippopolis, 307.
- Domitius Afer, Gnaeus, i. 111.
- Double names in Egypt, ii. 244.
- Drobetae, bridge at, i. 222.
-
Druids and Druidism in Gaul, i. 104 f.;
- prohibited by Tiberius and Claudius, 105;
- schools of priests, 112;
- in Anglesey, 185.
- Druidesses, i. 106.
-
Drusus, Nero Claudius: victory over Raeti, i. 16, 17;
- sent to the Rhine, 22;
- German war, 26 f.;
- expedition to North Sea, 28;
- death of, 29 f.;
- character, 26, 30;
- German tribes subdued, 123 f.
- Dubnovellaunus, i. 171 n.
- Durocortorum, i. 89, 90.
- Durostorum, i. 227, 309.
-
Dusaris, ii. 153;
- Dusaria, 153 n.
- Dyarchy not applied in Egypt, ii. 233.
- Dyme, letter of governor to, i. 237 n., 260 n.
- Dynamis, i. 313.
- Dyrrachium, i. 201, 299, 301.
- Earthquakes in Asia Minor, i. 358.
- Eburacum, i. 183, 186, 193, 194.
- Ecbatana, ii. 4, 28.
- Edessa, ii. 68 f., 76, 77, 79, 100, 102, 125 n.
-
Education in Gaul, i. 112 f.;
- in Asia Minor, 362 f.;
- in Africa, ii. 341 f.
-
Egypt: annexation, ii. 232 f.;
- exclusively an imperial possession, 233 f.;
- twofold nationality, 234;
- land-districts and Greek cities, 235 f.;
- coinage, 237 n.;
- absence of land-diet, 238;
- government of Lagids, 238 f.;
- imperial administration financially, 239 f.;
- revenues, 239 f.;
- privileged position of Hellenes, 240 f.;
- personal privileges in Roman period, 242;
- native language, 243;
- titles of Augustus in, 244 n.;
- abolition of resident court, 244 f.;
- officials, general and local, 246–248;
- insurrections, 249;
- in the Palmyrene period (ii. 107 f.), 249 f.;
- revolt under Diocletian, 251;
- opposition emperors, 251;
- agriculture, 251;
- granary of Rome, 252 f.;
- revenue from imperial domains, 253 n., 254;
- trades, 254;
- linen, 254;
- papyrus, 255;
- building materials, 256;
- navigation of Mediterranean, 257 f.;
- population, 258;
- manners, 258 f.;
- religious customs, 259 f.;
- sorcery, 261;
- other abuses connected with the cultus, 261;
- revolt of the “Herdsmen,” 261 f.;
- Alexandria, 262–273;
- strength of occupying army, 273 f.;
- recruited from camp-children, 274;
- task of the troops, 274;
- east coast and general commerce, 278 f.;
- canal, 279 f.;
- sea-route to India, 279;
- eastern ports, 280;
- relations with west coast of Arabia, 284 f.;
- land-routes and harbours, 297;
- piracy repressed, 298;
- active traffic to the east, 298 f.
- Eirenarchs, i. 351 n., 353.
- Elagabalus, origin of name, ii. 123.
- Elateia, i. 242.
- Eleazar, ii. 207, 208, 214, 215.
- Eleazar of Modein, ii. 224 n.
- Elegeia, battle of, ii. 74.
- Elentherolacones, i. 260.
-
Elis, i. 261;
- flax of, 292.
- Elymais, ii. 7.
- Emmaus, ii. 212 f., 218.
- Emona, i. 10, 20, 198, 206.
- Ephesus, i. 329, 360, 361.
-
Epictetus, i. 273
- Epidaphne, a blunder of Tacitus, ii. 128 n.
-
Epirus, i. 294 f.;
- northern, i. 297.
- Equestrian offices in Egypt, ii. 233 n., 242 n., 246, 247, 249.
- Eratosthenes, ii. 241 n.
- Esus, i. 104.
- Ethnarch of the Jews in Alexandria, ii. 193 n.
- Euergetes, title of, ii. 238.
- Eumolpidae, i. 281.
- Eupatorids, i. 314.
- Euphorion, librarian to Antiochus the Great, ii. 130.
- Euphrates, frontier of the, ii. 1;
- Europus, battle at, ii. 76.
-
Eurycles, i. 283
- Exegetes in Alexandria, ii. 248 n.
- Eziongeber, ii. 288 n.
- Ezra, ii. 161.
- Fadus, Cuspius, ii. 204.
- Faustinopolis, i. 333.
- Favorinus, polymath, i. 110 f.
-
Felix, Antonius, ii. 202, 204
- Filosofi locus, ii. 342.
- Firmus in Egypt, ii. 111 n.
-
Flaccus, Avillius, ii. 192 n., 193
- "Flavian altars," i. 153 n.
- Floras, Gessius, ii. 206.
- Forath, ii. 98 n.
- Forum Julii, i. 86.
- Frankincense routes, ii. 286 n., 288 n., 299.
-
Franks, i. 163, 165, 167;
- settled on Black Sea, 250.
- Frisians, i. 27, 28, 43, 97 n., 121, 124, 126 n., 129, 131, 145.
- Frontinus, Sextus Julius, i. 181.
- Fronto, Marcus Claudius, i. 234.
- Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, ii. 342.
- Furtius, i. 233 f.
- Fuscus, Arellius, i. 365.
- Fuscus, Cornelius, i. 220.
- Gabinius, Aulus, ii. 174 f., 232.
-
Gades, i. 68, 74 f.;
- Gaditanian songs, 75.
- Gaetulians, ii. 304, 322 n., 323 f.
-
Galatia, i. 323 f., 336, 338 f.;
- Galatian kingdom, 339 f.;
- province, 340;
- inhabitants, 340;
- former cantons, 341;
- language under the Romans, 341 f.;
- Galatians as soldiers, 342;
- garrison of, 350.
-
Galatarchs, i. 344 n.;
- Julian’s letter to, 349 n.
- Galba, i. 130; ii. 198 n., 213.
- Galenus of Pergamus, i. 366.
- Gallicus, Gaius Rutilius, ii. 64 n.
-
Gallienus, energetic action in Germany, i. 163;
- victory over pirates at Thrace, 246;
- character, 247;
- murder, 247;
- recognition of Odaenathus, ii. 103 f.
-
Gallus, Gaius Aelius, expedition of, ii. 290 f.;
- Strabo’s account of it, 291 n.
- Gallus, Gaius Cestius, ii. 209 f.
- Gallus, Trebonianus, i. 240 f.
- Ganna, i. 146.
- Gannascus, i. 125.
- Garamantes, ii. 309, 315, 318.
-
Gaul, administrative partition of, i. 33 n.;
- acquisition of Southern, 78;
- later conflicts in three Gauls, 79 f.;
- Celtic rising under Tiberius, 80;
- gradual pacification, 81;
- rising after Nero’s death, 82, 136 f.;
- Romanising policy, 82 f.;
- organisation of the three Gauls, 84 f.;
- law and justice, 85;
- Romanising of Southern province, 88 f.;
- cantonal organisation, 90 f.;
- influence of cantonal constitution, 92;
- smaller client-unions, 92 n.;
- diet, 94;
- altar and priest, 94;
- composition of the diets, 95 f.;
- officials, 94 n., 95 n.;
- restricted Roman franchise, 98 f.;
- Latin rights conferred on individual communities, 99;
- Celtic language, 99 f.;
- evidences of its continued use, 101;
- Romanising stronger in Eastern Gaul, 102;
- land measurement, 102;
- religion, 103;
- economic condition, 106;
- culture of vine, 108;
- network of roads, 109;
- Hellenism in South Gaul, 110;
- Latin literature in Southern province, 111;
- literature in imperial Gaul, 112;
- constructive and plastic art, 114;
- extent of the three Gauls, 117;
- attempt to establish a Gallic empire, 137–141.
- Gaza, ii. 210.
- Gedrosia, ii. 13.
- Gelduba, camp at, i. 144 f.
- Geneva, i. 91
- Gens and civitas, ii. 334 n.
- Georgius, murder of, ii. 265.
- Gerba, ii. 338.
- Germanicus, associated with Tiberius, i. 41;
-
Germany and Germans: Rhine-boundary, i. 25 f.;
- war of Drusus, 26 f.;
- Roman camps and base, 31 f.;
- organisation of province, 35;
- altar for Germanic cantons, 35, 118;
- rising under Arminius, 42 f.;
- character of Romano-German conflict, 49;
- abolition of command-in-chief on the Rhine, 55;
- Elbe frontier and its abandonment, 56–59;
- Germans against Germans, 60;
- original province, 117;
- Upper and Lower, 118 f.;
- strength of the armies, 119 n.;
- right bank of Rhine abandoned, 125 f.;
- position after fall of Nero, 127;
- consequences of Batavian war, 143 f.;
- later attitude of Romano-Germans on left bank, 144 f.;
- free Germans there, 145;
- Upper Germany, 147 f.;
- Limes, 154–160;
- distribution of troops, 156 n., 159 n.;
- under Marcus, 160;
- later wars, 161–167;
- Romanising of, 167;
- towns arising out of encampments, 168;
- Germanising of the Roman state, its beginnings and progress, 168 f.;
- picture of, by Tacitus, 169.
- Gerusia, i. 353, 354 n.
- Geta, Gnaeus Hosidius, ii. 323.
- Getae, language of, i. 208.
- Gibbon, i. 6.
- Gindarus, battle of, ii. 23.
- Gladiatorial games, latest in Greece, i. 272.
-
Glass of Sidon, ii. 137;
- glass-wares, 255.
- Gods, Iberian, i. 75;
- Gondopharus, ii. 15, 16 n.
-
Gordianus, “conqueror of Goths,” i. 239;
- Persian wars of, ii. 91.
- Gordiou Kome, i. 330.
- Gorneae, ii. 48 n.
- Gotarzes, ii. 7 n., 12 n., 46, 47.
-
Goths: migrations, i. 238;
- Gothic wars, 239;
- under Decius, 240 f.;
- invasions of Macedonia and Thrace, 240;
- maritime expeditions, 243 f.;
- victories of Claudius, 247 f.;
- character of these wars, 248.
- Graupian Mount, battle of, 183 f., 190.
- Great-king, ii. 7.
-
Greece: Hellas and Rome, i. 253;
- towns under republic, 256;
- city-leagues broken up, 256 f.;
- revived, 259;
- freed communities and colonies, 258–261;
- decay of, 261;
- decrease of population, 268;
- statements of Plutarch, Dio, and Strabo, 268 f.;
- tone of feeling, 270 f.;
- good old manners, 271 f.;
- parallel between Roman and Athenian life, 273;
- misrule of provincial administration, 275;
- misrule in towns, 276;
- clinging to memories of past, 280;
- religion, 280;
- worship of pedigrees, 280 f.;
- language--archaism and barbarism, 281 f.;
- great families, 283 f.;
- career of state-offices, 284 f.;
- personal service of the emperor, 285;
- municipal administration, 285;
- Plutarch on its duties, 286;
- games, universal interest in, 287–290;
- municipal ambition, its honours and toils, 290 f.;
- trade and commerce, 292 f.;
- roads, 294;
- piratic invasions, i. 245 f.;
- description of Greece from the time of Constantius, i. 293 n.
- Greek islands, places of punishment, i. 343.
- Gregorius Nazianzenus, i. 333.
- Hadrianoi, i. 328.
-
Hadrianus: Hadrian’s wall, i. 186;
- disaster at Eburacum, 188 n.;
- Panhellenism at Athens, 266;
- grants to Athens, 277 f.;
- his Novae Athenae, 278;
- Olympieion, 278;
- evacuates Assyria and Mesopotamia, and restores Armenia as vassal-state, ii. 71, 72;
- Jewish rising under, 223 f.;
- lays out Antinoopolis, 236;
- gives exceptional right of coining, 237;
- alleged letter to Servianus, 256 n.; “Hadrian’s road” in Egypt, 297 n.
- Haedui, i. 80, 99.
- Hairanes, Septimius, ii. 97 n.
- Harmozika, ii. 64.
- Hasmonaeans, ii. 161.
- Hatra, ii. 69, 78, 79, 89.
- Haurân, red soil, ii. 144;
- Hebron, ii. 213.
- Hecatompylos, ii. 4.
- Heliopolis, ii. 121, 123.
- Helladarch, i. 255, 265 n., 344 n.
- Hellenism and Panhellenism, i. 252 f.
-
Helvetii, i. 27, 92, 93, 99, 117, 119, 128;
- “Helvetian desert,” 152.
-
Hemesa, ii. 103, 106, 109 f.;
- oil-presses near, 136 n.
-
Heraclea (Chersonesus), i. 305, 312;
- coins of, 315 n.
- Hercules in Gaul, i. 106.
- Hermogenes of Smyrna, i. 366 n.
- Hermunduri, i. 31, 38, 150 f., 158, 214 f.
-
Herod the Great, ii. 176 f.;
- confirmed by Antonius as tetrarch, 177;
- king of Judaea, 178;
- under Augustus, 179;
- government in relation to the Romans, 179 f.;
- in relation to the Jews, 180;
- character and aims, 180 f.;
- energy of his rule, 182;
- extent of his dominions, 182;
- partition of his kingdom, 183;
- revenues of, 187 n.;
- territory beyond the Jordan, ii. 146 f.;
- represses brigandage, 147.
- Herod Agrippa I., ii. 49, 191, 194 f., 200.
- Herod Agrippa II., ii. 152, 171, 173 n., 181, 183, 207, 208, 209, 219.
- Herod Antipas, ii. 150.
- Herod of Chalcis, ii. 201.
- Herodes Atticus, i. 281, 282, 283 n., 284.
- Herodians, ii. 218.
- Heroonpolis, ii. 261.
- Heruli, i. 246 f.
- Hiera Sycaminos, ii. 276 n.
- Hieronymus, i. 101.
- Hilary of Poitiers, opinion of his countrymen, i. 83.
- Hippalus, ii. 299.
- Hippo, ii. 310, 319, 328, 339.
- Homerites, ii. 286 f.;
- Homonadenses, i. 335 f.
- Hordeonius Flaccus, i. 132.
- Hyginus, i. 75.
- Hypatia, murder of, ii. 265.
- Hyrcanus, ii. 174, 175 n., 177, 179.
- Iapydes, i. 9.
- Iazyges, i. 216, 220, 230, 234.
-
Iberians, range and language, i. 69;
- Romanising, 69 f.;
- north of Pyrenees, 79;
- coinage, 79 n.
- Iceni, i. 179.
- Iconium, i. 336 f.
- Idiologus, ii. 247 n.
- Idumaea, ii. 213, 214.
- Igel column, i. 115 f.
- Igilgili, ii. 324.
-
Illyrian stock, i. 199 f.;
- range and character, 199 f.;
- admixture of Celtic elements, 200 f.
-
Illyricum, relation to Moesia, i. 14 n.;
- erection and extent of province, 20 f.;
- rising in, 39;
- administrative sub-division, 195, 201;
- excellence of Illyrian soldiers, 250 f.;
- Illyrian emperors, 251.
- India, commercial intercourse with, ii. 300 f.
- Indus, region of, ii. 13 f.
- Inguiomerus, i. 52, 60, 61.
- Insubres, i. 91.
- Iol (Caesarea), ii. 311, 321.
- Iran, empire of: Iranian stocks and rule, ii. 1 f.;
- Irenaeus, i. 101.
- Isauria, i. 334 f., 337.
- Isca, camp of, i. 178, 193.
- Isidorus (leader of “herdsmen”), ii. 262.
- Isidorus, geographer, ii. 39.
- Isis, i. 280; ii. 266.
- Istachr; see Persepolis
- Isthmus of Corinth, piercing of, i. 294.
- Istria, i. 200.
- Istros, i. 239.
- Istropolis, i. 13
- Itala version of Bible, by whom prepared, ii. 343 n.
- Italica, i. 67.
- Italicus, i. 146.
-
Italy, northern frontier of, i. 7 f.;
- ceases to be military, 251.
- Ivernia, i. 178, 182, 184.
- Izates of Adiabene, ii. 46, 167.
- Jahve, ii. 160, 161, 169.
- Jamblichus, ii. 76 n., 123 n., 131.
- Jannaeus Alexander, ii. 162.
- Jerusalem, standing garrison, ii. 186;
-
Jews: Jewish traffic, ii. 141 f.;
- Pariah position in Rome, 142 f.;
- Diaspora, 142, 162 f.;
- at Alexandria, 162 n., 163;
- at Antioch, 163;
- in Asia Minor, 163 n.;
- Greek language compulsory, 163 f.;
- retention of nationality, 164 f.;
- self-governing community in Alexandria, 165;
- extent of the Diaspora, 166 f.;
- proselytism, 166 f.;
- Hellenising tendencies, 167;
- Jewish-Alexandrian philosophy, 168;
- Neo-Judaism, 168 f.;
- fellowship of, as a body, 169 f.;
- Philo, 170;
- Roman government and Judaism, 171 f.;
- policy of Augustus, 171 f.;
- of Tiberius, 172;
- treatment in the West, 172;
- and in the East, 173 f.;
- treatment by Gaius, 191 f.;
- Jew-hunt at Alexandria, 192 f.;
- statue of emperor in the Temple, 194 f.;
- impression produced by the attempt, 195;
- hatred of emperor-worship depicted in the Apocalypse, 196–198 n.;
- treatment by Claudius, 199 f.;
- preparations for the insurrection, 201 f.;
- high-priestly rule, 202;
- Zealots, 203 f.;
- outbreak in Caesarea, 205 f.;
- and in Jerusalem, 206 f.;
- struggle of parties, 208 f.;
- extension of the war, 209;
- war of Vespasian, 210 f.;
- forces, 211 n.;
- first and second campaigns, 213;
- Titus against Jerusalem, 213;
- task of assailants, 214 f.;
- destruction of Jerusalem, 215;
- breaking up of Jewish central power, 216;
- central worship set aside, 216 f.;
- tribute transferred to Capitoline Jupiter, 217 f.;
- territory becomes domain-land, 218 n.;
- further treatment, 219 f.;
- consequences of catastrophe, 220;
- Palestinian Jews, 220 f.;
- rising under Trajan, 221;
- under Hadrian, 223, 225 n.;
- position in second and third centuries, 225 f.;
- toleration of worship, 226;
- corporative unions, 226 f.;
- patriarchs, 227 n.;
- exemptions from, and obligations to, public services, 227, 228 n.;
- circumcision prohibited, 228 n.;
- altered position of Jews and altered character of Judaism in the imperial period, 229, 230.
- John of Gischala, ii. 214.
- Joppa, ii. 175 n., 176.
- Josephus, on cave-towns of Haurân, ii. 147;
- Jotapata, ii. 212.
- Juba I., ii. 308.
- Juba II., ii. 312, 313, 338 n.;
-
Judaea: distinction between Jewish land and Jewish people, ii. 160;
- priestly rule under Seleucids, 160 f.;
- kingdom of Hasmonaeans, 161;
- Pharisees and Sadducees, 161;
- under the republic, 174;
- Caesar’s arrangements, 175 f.;
- freedom from dues, 175 n.;
- Parthians in Judaea, 177 f.;
- under Herod, 180–182;
- under Archelaus, 183 f.;
- Roman province, 184, 185 n.;
- provincial organisation, 186;
- military force in, 186;
- tribute, 186 f.;
- native authorities, 187;
- deference to Jewish scruples, 189 f.;
- the Jewish opposition, 190 f.
- See also Jews
- Judaism; see Jews and Judaea
- Judas, the Galilean, ii. 195, 198.
- Jugurtha, war with, ii. 307.
- Julianus defeats Dacians at Tapae, i. 220.
-
Julianus, Emperor, epigram on barley-wine, i. 108;
- reply to “beard-mockers” of Antioch, ii. 135.
- Julii, tomb of, at S. Remy, i. 115
- Juridicus, ii. 247 n.
- Jurisprudence, studied at Berytus, ii. 130.
- Juthungi, i. 161, 166.
- Kainepolis, ii. 75 n.
- Kanata and Canatha, ii. 146 n.
- Kanerku, ii. 16, 17 n.
- Kerykes, i. 246, 281.
- King of kings, ii. 11.
- Labeo, Claudius, i. 136.
- Labienus, Quintus, ii. 22, 23.
- Lachares, i. 283.
- Lactantius, ii. 345.
- Lactora, i. 97 n.
- Laetus, ii. 79.
- Lagids, government of, ii. 238;
- Lambaesis, ii. 319.
- Lancia, i. 66.
- Langobardi, i. 35, 37, 146, 230.
- Laodicea, i. 327, 360 ii. 130.
- Larisa, i. 298.
- Latifundia, ii. 334.
- Latin version of Bible, ii. 343 n.
- Latobici in Carniola, i. 200.
- Latro, Marcus Porcius, i. 76.
- Lauriacum, i. 198.
-
Leagues of Greek cities, i. 259, 264 n.;
- diets, 264 f.
- Lentulus, Gnaeus, Dacian war, i. 42.
- Leptis, Great, ii. 316, 326, 327, 328.
- Leuce Come, ii. 148, 280, 285, 288, 291.
- Leuga, i. 103.
- Lex Julia II., i. 10.
- Libanius, description of Antioch, ii. 129 n.
- Library of Alexandria, ii. 271 f.
- Libyans, ii. 304, 317.
- Licinianus, Valerius, i. 76
-
Limes, meaning of, i. 122 n.;
- Limes Germaniae, 122 f.;
- Upper Germanic, 154 f.;
- Raetiae, 155 f.;
- construction of, 156, 197;
- object and effect of these structures, i. 157–160.
- Lindum, i. 182.
-
Linen, Syrian, ii. 137, 138;
- Egyptian, 254 n.
-
Lingones, i. 102, 139, 140;
- testament of man of rank among, i. 107.
- Logistae, i. 353.
- Lollius, Marcus, defeat of, i. 26.
- Londinium, i. 177, 180, 192.
- Longinus (Pseudo-), on the Sublime, ii. 168, 231.
- Lucanus, i. 76.
- Lucian of Commagene, ii. 131;
- Lugii, i. 37, 215, 220.
- Lugudunum, i. 87–90.
-
Lusitania, i. 63, 64;
- towns with burgess-rights in, 68.
- Lutetia described by Julian, i. 109.
-
Lycia, i. 323 f., 333;
- Lycian cities-league, 333.
- Lydius, robber-chief, i. 337.
- Lysimachia, i. 303, 322 n.
- Macedonia, frontier of, i. 11 f.;
- Machaerus, ii. 215.
- Macrianus, Fulvius, ii. 102 n., 103.
- Macrinus, ii. 88.
- Mactaris, ii. 339 n.
- Madaura, ii. 341.
- Madeira, dyeworks at, ii. 323, 338 n.
- Maeates, i. 189.
- Magians, ii. 10, 84.
- Magnesia on Maeander, i. 325, 329.
- Malchus, ii. 151.
- Mamaea, ii. 90.
- Marble quarries, i. 292.
- Marcianopolis, i. 308, 310.
-
Marcomani, i. 27;
- retire to Bohemia, 29;
- isolated, 31;
- under Maroboduus, 37, 60 f.;
- under Roman clientship, 214 f.;
- war under Marcus Aurelius, 229 f.;
- invasion of Italy, 231;
- pestilence, 231;
- progress of war, 232;
- submission of Quadi, 233;
- terms of, 234;
- second war, 235;
- results, 235 f.;
- conclusion of peace by Commodus, 236.
- Mareades, ii. 101 n.
- Margiane (Merv), ii. 18.
- Mariaba, ii. 287 n., 292, 295.
- Mariamne, ii. 177, 181.
- Mariccus, i. 129.
- Marmarica, ii. 315.
- Marnus, temple of, ii. 133.
- Maroboduus, i. 37, 43, 48, 60 f.
- Marsi, i. 51.
- Martialis, Valerius, i. 76.
- Mascula, ii. 319.
- Massada, ii. 215.
- Massilia, i. 78, 79, 86, 110.
- Massinissa, ii. 305, 309.
- Mattiaci, i. 33, 133, 149 n.
- Mauretania, Roman dependency, ii. 308;
- Mauri, ii. 304.
- Maximianus, Galerius, ii. 114.
-
Maximinus, expedition into heart of Germany, i. 162;
- Mesopotamia falls to Ardashir, ii. 91.
- Maximus, Terentius, ii. 65.
- Mazices, ii. 303, 324.
- Media, ii. 4, 6, 10.
- Mediolanum, i. 91.
- Mediomatrici, i. 141.
- Megasthenes sent to India, ii. 130.
- Megistanes, ii. 5 f.
- Meherdates, ii. 46.
- Mela, Pomponius, i. 76.
- Menahim, ii. 208.
- Menecrates, physician, i. 366 n.
- Menippus of Gadara, ii. 131.
- Meroe, ii. 275, 277.
- Mesembria, i. 305.
- Mesene, ii. 68.
-
Mesopotamia ceded to Parthians, ii. 21;
- Vologasus in, 55;
- occupied by Trajan, 68;
- revolt of Seleucia and siege, 68 f.;
- Roman province, 68, 70 f.;
- evacuated by Hadrian, 72;
- again Roman province under Severus, 79;
- battle of Nisibis, 88;
- falls to Ardashir, 91;
- reconquered by Gordian, 91;
- but ceded by Philippus, 92;
- struggle under Valerian, 100;
- action of Odaenathus, 104;
- once more Roman under Carus, 113 n.;
- invaded by Narseh, but recovered by Diocletian, 113–115.
- Messalla, Marcus Valerius, vanquishes the Aquitanians, i. 80.
- Minaeans, ii. 285 n., 286 n., 290, 295.
- Minnagara, ii. 15, 16 n.
- Minucius, Felix, ii. 345.
- Mithra, worship of, ii. 126.
- Mithradates I., ii. 4, 5.
- Mithradates, brother of Pharasmanes, ii. 43, 45, 46 n., 47.
- Mithradates of Pergamus, i. 313, 340.
-
Moesia, i. 12;
- subjugation by Crassus, 13, 212;
- relation to Illyricum, 14 n.;
- province, 22;
- Latin civilisation of, 213;
- legionary camps, 213 n., 218, 227;
- Greek towns in lower, 308 f.;
- mints in, 308 n.
- Mogontiacum, i. 32, 49, 118, 149, 168.
- Mona, i. 178, 179, 180, 182.
- Monachism cradled in Egypt, ii. 267.
- Monaeses, ii. 24, 26, 28, 29, 31.
- Monobazus of Adiabene, ii. 54.
- Montanus, Votienus, i. 111.
-
Months, Persian names of, ii. 85 n.;
- Palmyrene, 96 n.
- Morini, i. 80.
- Mosaic pavements in Britain, i. 194.
- Moselle valley, i. 115 f.
- Museum of Alexandria, president of the, ii. 248 n.;
- Musulamii, ii. 317, 318, 319 n.
- Muza, ii. 289, 296, 299 n.
- Muziris, ii. 301.
- Myos Hormos, ii. 280, 288, 297, 298.
- Nabata, ii. 275, 281, 282 n.
- Nabataea: language and writing, ii. 146;
- Naissus, i. 248.
- Namara, stronghold of, ii. 153, 157.
- Napoca, i. 228.
- Narbo, i. 78 f., 86.
- Narcissus, i. 175.
- Naristae, i. 237.
- Narona, i. 202.
- Narseh, ii. 114 n.
- Nasamones, ii. 316.
- Nattabutes, ii. 319 n.
- Naucratis, ii. 235 n., 236 n.
- Nauplia, i. 293.
- Nauportus, i. 8, 198.
- Neapolis, Flavia, ii. 218.
- Necho, ii. 278.
- Neckar, region of the, i. 152 f.
- Negrin, oasis of, ii. 320.
- Neith, sanctuary of, ii. 260.
- Nelcynda, ii. 301.
-
Nemausus, i. 87;
- temples, 106;
- coins, 110.
- Neocorate, i. 346 f.
- Neoi, i. 353.
- Neo-Judaism, ii. 269.
- Neo-Platonism, ii. 126, 209.
- Neo-Pythagoreanism, ii. 269.
- Nero, report of Aelianus as to Moesia, i. 217;
- Nicaea, i. 245, 329.
- Nicanor, Julius, buys back Salamis, i. 278.
- Nicephorium, ii. 76, 94, 114.
- Nicetes of Smyrna, i. 365.
- Nicolaus of Damascus, ii. 167 f.
-
Nicomedia, i. 245, 329, 345;
- Dio’s address to, 330 n.
- Nicopolis, Epirot, i. 254, 295 f.
- Nicopolis on Haemus, i. 240, 307.
- Nicopolis, suburb of Alexandria, ii. 274.
- Niger, Pescennius, ii. 77, 78 n., 118.
-
Nile: Nile-flood, ii. 252, 253;
- Nile-route for commerce, 278.
- Nisibis, ii. 68 f., 76, 78 n., 79, 115;
- Nomes, constitution and distinctive features of, ii. 235 f.;
- Nonnus, epic of, ii. 268.
- Noreia, i. 198.
-
Noricum, province of, i. 18, 196;
- Italising of, 197 f.;
- military arrangements, 198;
- townships, 199.
- Novae, i. 227.
- Novaesium, i. 132–136, 141, 142.
- Novempopulana, i. 197.
- Noviodunum, i. 87 n.
- Noviomagus, i. 119, 120.
- Nubians, ii. 275, 278.
- Numidians, ii. 304;
- Obodas, ii. 150, 290.
- Octavia, ii. 27, 32.
- Odaenathus, Septimius, ii. 97 n.
- Odaenathus, king of Palmyra, ii. 103 n.;
- Odessus, i. 13, 315.
- Odrysae, i. 11, 209 f., 304, 306 n.
- Oea, ii. 316, 327.
- Oescus, i. 214, 309.
- Ogmius, i. 104.
- Olbia, i. 239, 242, 305, 310 n., 311.
- Olympic games, i. 288 f.
- Ombites, ii. 261, 262.
- Onias, temple of, closed, ii. 217.
- Ordovici, i. 178, 182.
- Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23 f., 43.
- Orontes valley, ii. 134, 141.
- Osicerda, coin of, i. 70.
- Osiris worship, ii. 266 n.
- Osrhoene, ii. 88.
- Otho, defeat of, i. 128.
- Oxus, ii. 83.
- Pacorus I., son of Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23.
- Pacorus, Parthian king in time of Trajan, ii. 65 n.
- Paetus, Lucius Caesennius, ii. 56 f.;
- Pahlavi language, ii. 11, 12 n., 85.
- Palikars, i. 207.
- Palma, Aulus Cornelius, ii. 152.
-
Palmyra, ii. 92 f.;
- predatory expedition of Antonius, 93;
- military independence, 93, 94 n.;
- distinctive position, 93 f.;
- administrative independence, 95 f.;
- language, 95 f.;
- votive inscriptions, 96 n.;
- magistrates, 96 f.;
- “Headman,” 97;
- official titles, 97 n.;
- customs-district, 97 n.;
- commercial position, 98;
- under Odaenathus, 103 f.;
- under Zenobia, 106–110;
- destruction, 111 f.;
- chronology, 111 n.
-
Pamphylia, i. 324;
- coast towns, 333 f.;
- earlier rulers, 334;
- assigned to governor of its own, 336.
-
Panhellenism, i. 252 f.;
- Panhellenes, 265;
- Panhellenion of Hadrian, 266 n.;
- letters of recommendation, 267 n.;
- Olympia, 288 f.
-
Pannonia, province, i. 22;
- first Pannonian war, 22 f.;
- Dalmatio-Pannonian rising, 38 f.;
- military arrangements, 204 f.;
- urban development, 206 f.;
- camps advanced, 219;
- prosperity, 229.
- Panopeus, i. 290.
- Panopolis, ii. 235.
- Panticapaeum, i. 305, 312, 313, 315 n., 316 f., 318, 319.
- Papak, ii. 87 n.
- Papyrus, ii. 255 n.
- Paraetonium, ii. 235 n.
- Paropanisus, ii. 14.
- Parthamaspates, ii. 69.
-
Parthia and Parthians, rule of, ii. 2 f.;
- Parthians Scythian, 3;
- regal office, 5;
- Megistanes, 5, 6 n.;
- satraps, 6;
- as vassals, 7;
- Greek towns, 8;
- counterpart to Roman empire, 9;
- language, 11 f.;
- coinage, 12;
- extent of empire, 12 f.;
- wars between Parthians and Scythians, 18;
- Romano-Parthian frontier-region, 19;
- during the civil wars, 21;
- at Philippi, 22;
- in Syria and Asia Minor, 22;
- [Judaea, 177 f.];
- seizure of Armenia, 45 n.;
- occupation of Armenia, 47 f.;
- war under Nero, 55 f.;
- the East under the Flavians, 61 f.;
- coinage of pretenders, 65 n.;
- war under Trajan, 65 f.;
- his oriental policy, 70 f.;
- reaction under Hadrian and Pius, 71 f.;
- war under Marcus and Verus, 74 f.;
- wars under Severus, 77 f.;
- wars of Severus Antoninus, 87;
- beginning of Sassanid dynasty, 80 f., 89;
- Partho-Indian empire, ii. 15 f., 17 n.
- Parthini, i. 9.
- Parthomasiris, ii. 66 n., 67.
- Patrae, i. 260 f., 292 f., 297.
- Patriarchs of Jews, ii. 227 n.
- Patrocles, Admiral, exploring Caspian, ii. 130
- Patronatus, contracts of, ii. 329 n., 330 n.
- Paul at Damascus, chronology of, ii. 149 n.
- Paullinus, Gaius Suetonius, i. 179 f., 181, 182; ii. 313, 323.
- Pedigrees, i. 287 f.
-
Pentapolis, Pontic, i. 308 f.;
- coinage of, 309.
- Pergamus, i. 326, 329, 345, 350.
- Persepolis (Istachr), ii. 83.
-
Persian empire, extent of, ii. 1 f.;
- see Sassanids
- Persis, viceroys of, how named, ii. 5 n.;
- Pertinax, Helvius, i. 233.
- Petra, client-state of Nabat, ii. 65;
- Petronius, Gaius, governor of Egypt, ii. 276.
- Petronius, Publius, governor of Syria, ii. 194.
- Pessinus, i. 341, 342 n.
- Phanagoria, i. 315, 319.
- Pharasmanes (I.), ii. 43, 47, 53.
- Pharasmanes (II.), ii. 73.
- Pharisees, ii. 161, 183, 188, 208.
- Pharnaces, i. 312, 339.
- Pharnapates, ii. 23.
- Pharsalus, i. 298 n.
- Phasael, ii. 177 f.
- Philadelphia (in Lydia), i. 360.
- Philadelphia (in Syria), ii. 146.
- Philae, ii. 276, 278.
- Philhellenism of the Romans, i. 276 f.
- Philippi, i. 301, 303.
- Philippopolis, i. 211, 232, 260, 304, 307.
-
Philippus, Marcus Julius, proclaimed emperor, ii. 91 f.;
- cession of Euphrates frontier, 92.
- Philo, Neo-Judaism, ii. 170;
- Phraataces, ii. 39.
- Phraates, ii. 24, 28 f., 34, 37, 38.
-
Phrygia, Great, i. 325;
- language, i. 328;
- coins and inscriptions, 328.
- Phylarchs, ii. 154, 158 n.
- Picti, i. 189.
-
Piracy in Black Sea, i. 242 f.;
- expeditions to Asia Minor and Greece, 245 f.;
- in Pisidia, 334 f.;
- in Red Sea, ii. 298.
- Piraeus, i. 278, 293.
- Pirustae, i. 41.
-
Pisidia, independence, i. 334;
- subdued by Augustus, 335;
- Pisidian colonies, 336;
- brigandage in, 351.
- Piso, Lucius, Thracian war, i. 24 f.
- Pityus, i. 242, 243 f.
- Pius, Cestius, i. 365.
- Plataeae, i. 266 n., 267 n.
- Plautius, Aulus, i. 175, 177.
- Plotinus, ii. 126.
-
Plutarch, knowledge of Latin, i. 272;
- account of his countrymen, 272;
- on population of Greece, 268;
- character of, 274 f.;
- view of municipal duties, 286, 290.
- Poetovio, i. 18, 23, 205, 206.
- Polemon, i. 313; ii. 24, 35.
- Polis and Nomos, ii. 237.
- Politarchs, i. 300 n.
- Pollio, Coelius, ii. 48.
- Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius, i. 233.
- Pompeiopolis, ii. 102.
-
Pontus, province organised by Pompeius, i. 331 f.;
- annexation of kingdom of, ii. 61.
- Poppaea Sabina, ii. 167.
- Porphyrius, ii. 126.
- Portus, mariners’ guild at, ii. 257 n.
- Posidonius of Apamea, quoted, ii. 133.
-
Postumus, Marcus Cassianius Latinius, proclaimed emperor in Gaul, i. 164;
- takes Cologne, 165;
- falsifications of the Imperial Biographies in his case, 164 n.
- Potaissa, i. 228.
- Praaspa, ii. 29.
- Praefectus, ii. 233 n., 246, 247 n.
- Prasutagus, i. 176.
- Premis, ii. 276.
- Priests in Asia Minor, i. 348.
-
Princeps: position as to Egypt, ii. 233 f.;
- princeps et undecim primus, 335 n.
- Priscus, Statius, ii. 75.
- Priscus, governor of Macedonia, i. 240.
- Proaeresios, ii. 268 n.
- Probus, opens vine-culture to provincials, i. 109;
- Provincia, alleged use of term, ii. 233 n.
- Prucheion, ii. 250, 251.
- Pselchis, ii. 276.
- Pseudo-Nero, ii. 62, 64 f.
- Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, son of Antonius, ii. 25.
- Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, ii. 280.
- Ptolemaeus, king of Mauretania, ii. 312 f.
- Ptolemais, “Greek” city in Egypt, ii. 235, 236.
- Ptolemais “for the Chase,” on Red Sea, ii. 280.
- Ptolemies, court of the, ii. 245 f.
- Punic inscriptions, ii. 326 n.
- Punt, ii. 285 n.
- Purple dyeworks, Syrian, ii. 137.
- Puteoli, called little Delos, ii. 139 n.
- Quadi, i. 214, 229, 230, 233, 234, 237.
- Quadratus, Ummidius, ii. 48 f., 202.
- Quarries, Egyptian, ii. 256.
- Quietus, Fulvius, ii. 103.
- Quietus, Lusius, i. 222; ii. 69, 223, 322 n.
- Quinquegentiani, ii. 325 n.
- Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius, i. 77.
- Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, i. 336; ii. 136, 188, 315.
-
Raetia, affinity of Raeti, i. 196;
- subjugation, 16, 17;
- organisation, 17 f.;
- war in Raetia, 161;
- late civilisation, 196;
- military arrangements, 197;
- Raetian limes, 197.
- Ratiaria, i. 214.
- Religion in Spain, i. 75;
- Resaina, battle at, ii. 91, 95.
- Rhadamistus, ii. 47 f.
- Rhagae, ii. 4, 28.
- Rhandeia, capitulation of, ii. 56, 57 f.
- Rhapta, ii. 289.
-
Rhetoric, professors of, at Treves, i. 89 n.;
- professorship of Greek, at Rome, ii. 272.
- Rhetors in Alexandria, ii. 264 n.
-
Rhine, boundary, i. 25;
- camps on left bank, 31 f.;
- positions on right bank, 33 f.;
- canal to Zuider-Zee, 28, 34;
- dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, 34;
- Rhine-army as bearing on Gaul, 81;
- Rhine fleet, 119;
- army of Lower Rhine, 147 n.
- Rhodians, Dio’s address to, i. 270 f., 285.
- Rhoemetalces, i. 40, 209 f.
- Riff in Morocco, ii. 321, 324.
- Roads in Spain, i. 74;
-
Roman empire, character of its history as compared with that of the republic, i. 3 f.;
- value of authorities for it, 4;
- nature of task assigned to it, 4 f.;
- object and limits of the present work, 4–6;
- its divisions, 6;
- northern frontier of, 7 f.
- Roxolani, i. 217, 238.
- Sabaeans, ii. 158, 286, 290.
- Sabinus, Julius, i. 137, 139.
- Sabinus, Oppius, i. 220.
- Sacae, ii. 14;
- Sacrovir, Julius, rising of, i. 80 f.
- Sadducees, ii. 161.
- Sagalassus, i. 337.
- Salabus, ii. 323.
-
Salassi, i. 15;
- extirpated by Augustus, 19.
- Salice (Ceylon), ii. 301.
- Salonae, i. 202, 204, 232.
- Samaria, ii. 187.
- Samaritans, ii. 160.
- Sanabarus, ii. 16 n.
-
Sapor, ii. 91;
- title and policy of conquest, 99 f.
- Sapphar, ii. 295.
- Saracens, ii. 158 f.
-
Sarapis, ii. 265, 266 n., 268;
- festival of, ii. 258 n.
- Sardes, i. 327, 330.
- Sarmatae, ii. 43.
- Sarmizegetusa, i. 221, 228.
-
Sassanids, ii. 3 f.;
- official historiography, 3 n.;
- legend of, 81, 85 f.;
- dynasty of Persis, 81;
- extent of Sassanid kingdom, 82;
- distinction between Sassanid and Arsacid kingdoms, 82 n.;
- official titles of ruler, 83 n.;
- church and priesthood, 84 f.;
- languages of the country under, 85 f.;
- new Persians and Romans, 86;
- strike gold pieces, 86 f.;
- chronology, 89 n.;
- East forfeited to Persians, 101.
- Satraps, ii. 6.
- Saturninus, Gaius Sentius, i. 38.
- Saturninus, Lucius Antonius, i. 150.
- Sauromates, i. 311, 314 n., 317 n.
- Savaria, i. 205, 206.
- Saxa, Decidius, ii. 22.
- Saxons, i. 60 f., 167.
- Scapula, Publius Ostorius, i. 178.
- Scarbantia, i. 206.
- Scaurus, Marcus, expedition against Nabataeans, ii. 149 f.
- Scironian cliffs, i. 294.
- Scodra, i. 200.
- Scordisci, i. 200 f., 300.
- Scoti, i. 189.
- Scythians, i. 239, 242, 243 n., 311;
- Segestes, i. 43, 46, 51, 62.
- Segusiavi, i. 88 n., 92 n.
- Sejanus, ii. 172 n., 173.
- Seleucia (in western Cilicia), i. 334.
- Seleucia Siderus (in Pisidia), i. 336, 337.
- Seleucia (in Syria), ii. 127 n., 128.
- Seleucia (on the Tigris), ii. 8, 11, 43, 44, 45, 68, 77, 79, 85, 113, 127.
- Seleucids, ii. 3 al. Seleucus, saying of, ii. 245.
- Selga, i. 337, 359
- "Seminumidians and Semigaetulians," ii. 341.
- Semnones, i. 146, 161.
- Senate and senators excluded from Egypt, ii. 233 n.
- Seneca, M. Annaeus and L. Annaeus, i. 76.
- Septuagint, ii. 164.
- Sequani, i. 80, 99, 139.
- Seres, i. 302.
- Servianus, letter (of Hadrian?) to, ii. 256 n.
- Severianus, ii. 74.
-
Severus, Alexander;
- see Alexander Severus
-
Severus Antoninus;
- see Caracalla
- Severus, Septimius, Wall of Severus, i. 187 n.;
- Severus, Sextus Julius, ii. 224 f.
- Sicca, ii. 332.
- Sido, i. 216, 229.
-
Silk, Chinese, ii. 302;
- silk of Berytus, ii. 137 f.
- Silures, i. 177 f., 179, 181.
- Silvanus Aelianus, Tiberius Plautius, i. 217.
- Simon, son of Gioras, ii. 214.
- Singidunum, i. 213, 228.
- Sinnaces, ii. 44.
- Sinope, i. 331 f.
- Siraci, i. 316 n., 317, 319.
- Siscia, i. 9, 205.
- Sittius, Publius, ii. 311 n., 332.
- Skipetars, i. 199.
-
Slaves, treatment of, in Greece, i. 273;
- traffic in, through Galatia, ii. 360?
-
Smyrna, i. 325 f., 329, 346, 354;
- Jews at, ii. 163 n.
- Sohaemus of Hemesa, ii. 49.
- Sohaemus, king of Armenia, ii. 75 n., 126.
- Sophene, ii. 115.
-
Sophists, addresses of, i. 363 f.;
- Asia Minor takes the lead in, 365.
- Sostra, dam at, ii. 102.
-
Spain, conclusion of its conquest, i. 63 f.;
- visit of Augustus to organise, 64;
- triumphs over, 63 n., 64;
- warfare in north of Spain, 64 f.;
- military organisation and distribution of legions, 65 n., 66;
- incursions of Moors, 67;
- introduction of Italian municipal law, 67;
- diffusion of Roman language, 70;
- cantons, 71;
- broken up, 72;
- levy, 73;
- traffic and roads, 73 f.;
- religious rites, 75;
- Spaniards in Latin literature, 75–77.
- Sparta, treatment of, i. 259 f.
- Statianus, Oppius, ii. 29.
- Statues, honorary, i. 291 n.
- Stobi, i. 301.
- Successianus, i. 244.
- Suebi, i. 60 f., 206, 214, 216, 220.
- Sufetes, ii. 329, 330 n.
-
Sugambri, i. 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 124;
- probably=Cugerni, 124 n.
- Sulis, i. 177, 194.
- Surên, ii. 6, 84.
- Syene, ii. 256, 280.
- Syllaeos, ii. 291 n.
- Symmachus, i. 113.
-
Synhedrion of Jerusalem, constitution and jurisdiction, ii. 187 f.;
- disappears, 217.
- Synnada, i. 326
- Synoekismos, i. 295 f.
-
Syria, conquest of, ii. 116;
- boundaries of territory, 117;
- provincial government, and its changes, 117 f.;
- partition into Coele-Syria and Syro-Phoenicia, 118;
- troops and quarters of legions, 63 n., 118 n.;
- inferiority in discipline, 66 n., 119 f.;
- Hellenising of, 120 f.;
- Syria=New Macedonia, 121;
- continuance of native language, 121 f.;
- Macedonian native and Greek names, 121 f.;
- worship, 123;
- later Syriac literature, 124 n.;
- Syro-Hellenic mixed culture, 125;
- minor Syrian authorship, 130 f.;
- epigram and feuilleton, 130 f.;
- culture of soil, 133 f.;
- wines of, 137;
- manufactures, 137;
- commerce, 137 f.;
- ship-captains, 138 n.;
- Syrian factories abroad, 138 f.;
- Syrian merchants in the West, 139 n.;
- Syro-Christian Diaspora, 140 n.;
- wealth of Syrian traders, 140;
- country houses in valley of Orontes, 141;
- military arrangements after 63 A.D., 210 n.
- Syria, Eastern, conditions of culture in, ii. 144 f.;
- Syrtis, Great, ii. 306, 316.
- Tacapae, ii. 314.
- Tacfarinas, ii. 313, 314, 317, 318.
-
Tacitus, dialogue on oratory, i. 113;
- picture of the Germans, 169;
- narrative of war in Britain criticised, 181 n.
- Tadmor, ii. 92 n.
- Talmud, beginnings of, ii. 219, 231.
- Tanais, i. 315 n., 319.
- Tarraco, i. 64.
- Tarraconensis, towns in the, i. 68.
- Tarsus, ii. 101, 122.
- Taunus, i. 33, 148.
- Tava (Tay), i. 183, 186.
- Tavium, i. 341, 342 n.
- Taxila, ii. 14 n.
- Teachers and salaries at Teos, i. 362.
- Teimâ, description of, ii. 285 n.
-
Temple-tribute, Jewish, ii. 169, 173;
- temple-screen, tablets of warning on, 189 n.
- Tencteri, i. 26, 27, 124, 133, 139 f.
- Tenelium, ii. 335.
- Teos, decree as to instruction, i. 362.
- Tertullian, ii. 342, 345.
- Tetrarch, title of, ii. 177 n.
- Tetricus submits to Aurelian, i. 166.
- Teutoburg forest, i. 53, 55.
- Thaema, ii. 148 n.
- Thagaste, ii. 341.
- Thamugadi, ii. 319.
- Themistius, i. 342.
- Theocracy, Mosaic, ii. 160.
- Thessalonica, i. 300 f., 302.
-
Thessaly, i. 297 f.;
- diet in Larisa, 298.
- Theudas, ii. 204.
- Theudosia, i. 315.
- Theveste, ii. 317, 320, 339.
-
Thrace: dynasts and tribes, i. 13 f.;
- vassal-princes, 14;
- war of Piso, 24 f., 210;
- Thracian stock, 207 f.;
- language, 208;
- worship, 209;
- principate, 209 f.;
- province, 210 f.;
- rising under Tiberius, 211;
- garrison and roads, 212 f.;
- Hellenism and Romanism in, 212 f.;
- Hellenism imported, 302, 304;
- Philip and Alexander, 303;
- Lysimachus, 303;
- empire of Tylis, 303;
- later Macedonian rulers, 304;
- Roman province, 304 f.;
- Greek towns in, 305;
- strategies of, 306 n.;
- townships receiving civic rights from Trajan, 307;
- “Thracian shore,” i. 212.
- Thubursicum, ii. 336.
- Thubusuctu, ii. 325 n.
- Tiberias, ii. 183.
-
Tiberius, assists Drusus in Raetia, i. 16, 17;
- first Pannonian war, 22 f., 205;
- German war, 30 f.;
- resigns command on Rhine, 35;
- reconciliation with Augustus, 36;
- resumes command, 36;
- further campaigns in Germany, 36 f.;
- expedition to North Sea, 37;
- campaign against Maroboduus, 37 f.;
- return to Illyricum, 40 f.;
- again on Rhine after defeat of Varus, 48 f.;
- recall of Germanicus, 55;
- German policy, 55;
- motives for changing it, 56–59;
- Gallic rising under, 80;
- Frisian rising, 124;
- road-making in Dalmatia, 203;
- procures recognition for Vannius, 215;
- Dacians under, 217;
- takes Greece into his own power, 276;
- small number of statues, 291 f.;
- leads force into Armenia, ii. 37 f.;
- again commissioned to the East, but declines, 39;
- mission of Germanicus to the East, 40 f.;
- Artabanus and Tiberius, 40 f.;
- mission of Vitellius, 42 f.;
- movement against Aretas, 151;
- treatment of the Jews, 172;
- attitude towards Jewish customs, 189, 190;
- war against Tacfarinas, 317 f.
- Tigranes, brother of Artaxias, invested with Armenia by Tiberius, ii. 37, 38.
- Tigranes, installed in Armenia by Corbulo, ii. 54 f.
- Tigranocerta, ii. 45, 54.
- Tigris, boundary of, ii. 71, 115 n.
- Timagenes, ii. 106.
- Timarchides, Claudius, i. 283 n.
- Timesitheus, Furius, ii. 91.
- Tingi, i. 67; ii. 310 f., 312 f., 314, 321, 331. Tiridates, proclaimed king of Parthia under Augustus, ii. 34, 35, 37.
- Tiridates set up as king of Parthia in opposition to Artabanus, under Tiberius, and superseded, ii. 44.
- Tiridates I., king of Armenia, brother of Vologasus I., ii. 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60 [and ii. 11]
- Tiridates II., king of Armenia under Caracalla, ii. 87.
- Tiridates, king of Armenia under Sapor, ii. 99.
- Titus, against Jerusalem, ii. 213 f.;
- Togodumnus, i. 175 f.
- Tombstones, Gallic, i. 116.
-
Tomis, i. 13, 227 n., 305, 308;
- Ovid’s description of, 309;
- Mariners’ guild, 310 n.
- Town-districts in Egypt, ii. 235 f.
-
Trachonitis, ii. 144;
- see Haurân
-
Trajanus, M. Ulpius: military road from Mentz towards Offenburg, i. 153;
- settlements in Upper Germany, 160;
- mission thither, 160 n.;
- Dacian war, 221 f.;
- second Dacian war, 222 f.;
- column in Rome, 224 f.;
- confers civic rights on Thracian townships, 309;
- Parthian war, ii. 65 f.;
- death, 69 f.;
- triumph accorded after death, 70;
- Oriental policy, 70 f.;
- erects province of Arabia, 143;
- Jewish rising under, 221 f.;
- enlargement of Egyptian canal, 297 f.
- Transport-ship, Egyptian, ii. 256, 257 n.
- Trapezus, i. 245, 332; ii. 35, 53.
- Trebellianus Rufus, Titus, i. 211.
- Treveri, i. 80, 93, 94, 102, 136, 137, 139, 140.
-
Treves, primacy in Belgica, i. 89;
- subsequently capital of Gaul, 89;
- receives Italian rights, 99.
- Triballi, i. 12.
- Triboci, i. 117, 140, 147.
- Trinovantes, i. 170, 171 n., 180.
- Tripolis, ii. 314 f.
- Trismegistus, Hermes, ii. 261, 266 n., 268.
- Troesmis, i. 227.
- Trogodytes, ii. 280, 286.
- Trogus Pompeius, historian of Hellenic type, i. 110.
- Trumpilini, i. 15.
- Tungri, i. 133, 136.
- Turan, ii. 12, 17, 45.
- Turbo, Quintus Marcius, ii. 223.
- Tyana, i. 333; ii. 109.
- Tylis, empire of, i. 303.
- Tyra, i. 226, 239, 242, 244, 305, 310.
- Tyrian factories in Italy, ii. 138 n.
-
Ubii, i. 25, 35, 97, 98 f., 102, 117, 118, 119, 134, 136;
- Roman town of, 168.
- Ulpia Noviomagus, i. 168.
- Ulpia Traiana, i. 168.
- Universe, anonymous treatise on, ii. 168.
- Usipes, i. 26, 27, 51, 124, 133, 150.
- Utica, ii. 331.
- Vaballathus, ii. 106 n., 108.
- Valerianus, Publius Licinius, conquers Aemilianus, i. 241;
- Vangio, i. 215, 229.
- Vannius, i. 215, 216.
- Vardanes, ii. 45, 46.
-
Varus, Publius Quintilius, character, i. 44;
- defeat and death, 45–47;
- locality of the disaster, 47 n.;
- governor of Syria, ii. 184.
- Vascones, i. 66.
- Vatinius, Publius, i. 89.
- Veleda, i. 140, 142, 145.
- Veneti, i. 200.
- Verulamium, i. 179, 180, 193.
-
Verus, Lucius, character of, i. 232 f.;
- in the East, ii. 75.
- Verus, Martius, ii. 75.
-
Vespasianus: municipal organisation in Spain, i. 69, 73;
- proclaimed as emperor, 128;
- instigation of Civilis, 130 f.;
- consequences of Batavian war, 143 f.;
- takes possession of “Helvetian desert,” 152;
- pushes forward camps on the Danube, 219;
- Eastern arrangements, ii. 62 f.;
- Jewish war, 210 f.;
- possessing himself of Rome through corn-fleet, 252;
- nicknamed the “sardine-dealer” and “six-farthing-man,” 263.
- Vestinus, L. Julius, ii. 273 n.
- Vetera (Castra), i. 32, 49, 118, 133, 138.
-
Via Augusta in Spain, i. 74;
- in Gaul, 109 f.
- Via Claudian, i. 20.
- Via Egnatia, i. 302.
- Victorinus, Gaius Aufidius, i. 230.
- Vienna, i. 87, 88 n., 91.
- Viminacium, i. 212, 213, 228, 241.
- Vindelici, i. 16, 17, 196.
- Vindex, rising of, i. 82, 127, 128 f.
- Vindex, Marcus Macrinius, i. 234.
- Vindobona, i. 206.
- Vindonissa, i. 18, 119, 140, 159.
-
Vine-culture in Gaul, i. 108 f.;
- restricted by Domitian, 108;
- on Moselle, 109.
- Viroconium, camp of, i. 178, 182.
- Vitellius, Lucius, i. 128, 129, 130; ii. 42, 43, 44, 213.
- Vocula, Villius, i. 132, 134–136, 137, 138.
- Volcae, i. 86 f., 93.
- Vologasias, ii. 47, 65, 98 n.
- Vologasus I., ii. 47, 49, 52, 54 f., 57, 62, 63, 64, 65 n.
- Vologasus IV., ii. 74.
- Vologasus V., ii. 77 f.
- Vonones, ii. 40, 41.
- Vorodes, Septimius, ii. 104 n.
- Weaving in Asia Minor, i. 360.
- Wines, Gallic, i. 109.
- Xenophon, of Cos, physician, i. 361 n.
- Zabdas, ii. 105 n., 107, 109.
- Zaitha, ii. 92.
- Zarai, tariff of, ii. 338 n.
- Zealots, ii. 191, 203 f., 207, 208.
- Zenobia, government of, ii. 106 f.;
- Zenodorus, of Abila, ii. 147.
- Zimises, ii. 322 n.
- Zoelae, i. 73 n.
- Zoskales, ii. 283.
- Zula, ii. 280.