§ 128. Thesmothetae: the six archons who did not hold the special offices of archon eponymus, polemarch, or king archon.
Aeschines went, &c. To have refused to be present would really have been to make a political demonstration against Thebes, which would have had perilous results. Aeschines defends himself on the ground that in his view the Peace was no disadvantage to Athens, so that he might well join in the honours paid to the Gods.
§ 129. Metroon. The temple of the Great Mother (Cybele), which was the Athenian record-office.
the name of Aeschines: i.e. its removal from the list of ambassadors.
§ 131. in their interest. If the words are not corrupt, the meaning is probably 'in the interest of Philip and the Thebans'; or possibly, 'in reference to these matters.'
§ 136. as his informant. The text is possibly corrupt, though as it stands it might perhaps bear the meaning given, if [Greek: hyparchei] were understood with [Greek: autos]. Others (with or without emendation) take the sense to be 'to manage his business … just as he would manage it in person '.
§ 137. For Timagoras see § 31 n.
§ 144. summon Philip's envoys: i.e. in order to report the decision of the Assembly, and so close the matter.
§ 147. ask him whether, &c. The argument seems to be this 'if Aeschines was the ambassador of a city which had been victorious against Philip, the latter would naturally wish to buy easy terms of peace; and Aeschines might undertake to procure such terms, without committing a particularly heinous offence, since he would only be getting some advantage for himself out of the general good fortune of his country. But to secure advantages for himself at his country's expense, when his country was already suffering disaster, would be far worse. And as Aeschines complains that the generals had incurred disaster, he convicts himself of the worse offence.'
§ 148. The Tilphossaeum was apparently a mountain near Lake Copais in Boeotia. The town which Strabo calls Tilphusium may have been on the mountain. Neones, or Neon, was a Phocian village; Hedyleion, a mountain in Boeotia.
§ 149. Ah! he will say, &c. Either the words are interpolated, or there is a lacuna. The objection is nowhere refuted.
§ 156. Doriscus, &c. The places mentioned did not really belong to Athens, but to Cersobleptes, who was being assisted by Athenian troops, so that, strictly speaking, Philip was within his rights; and in fact (according to Aeschines), Cersobleptes and the Sacred Mountain were taken by Philip the day before the Athenians and their allies swore to the Peace at Athens.
§ 162. Eucleides had been sent to protest against Philip's attack upon Cersobleptes in 346 (see vol. i, p. 122). Philip replied that he had not yet been officially informed by the Athenian ambassadors of the conclusion of the Peace, and was therefore not yet bound by it.
§ 166. procure their ransom: i.e. from the various Macedonians who had captured them, or to whom they had been given or sold.
§ 176. committed to writing, &c. Formal evidence (as distinct from the mere assertions of a speaker) was written down, and the witness was asked to swear to it. A witness who was called upon might swear that he had no knowledge of the matter in question ([Greek: exomnysthai]). By writing down his evidence and swearing to it, Demosthenes took the risk of prosecution for perjury.
§ 180. might be proved in countless ways: or 'would need a speech of infinite length '. But as [Greek: kai] and not [Greek: de] follows, I slightly prefer the former rendering. (The latter is supported by the Third Philippic, § 60, but there the next clause is connected by [Greek: de].)
Ergophilus was heavily fined in 362 (see Speech against Aristocrates, § 104); Cephisodotus in 358 (ibid. § 167, and Aeschines against Ctesiphon, § 52); Timomachus went into exile in 360 to escape condemnation (against Aristocrates, § 115, &c.). Ergocles was perhaps the friend of Thrasybulas (see Lysias, Orations xxviii, xxix), and may have been condemned for his conduct in Thrace, as well as for malversation at Halicarnassus. Dionysius is unknown.
§ 187. has got beyond, &c.: an ironical way of saying that he has so much overdone his application to himself of the title of (prospective) 'benefactor' of Athens, that another word (e.g. 'deceiver') would be more appropriate. The word [Greek: psychrhon] is (at least by Greek literary critics) applied to strong expressions out of place, and here also, probably, of an exaggerated phrase which falls flat. This is perhaps the best interpretation of a very difficult passage.
§ 191. For Timagoras, see § 31 n. Tharrex and Smicythus are unknown. Adeimantus was one of the generals at Aegospotami, the only Athenian prisoner spared by Lysander, and on that account suspected of treason by the Athenians, and prosecuted by Conon (called 'the elder', to distinguish him from his grandson, who was a contemporary of Demosthenes).
§ 194. guest-friend. The term ([Greek: xenos]) was applied to the relationship (more formal than that of simple friendship) between citizens of different states, who were bound together by ties of hospitality and mutual goodwill.
§ 196. the Thirty: i.e. the 'Thirty Tyrants' who ruled Athens (with the support of Sparta) for a few months in 403. See n. on § 277.
§ 198. Aeschines warmly denies this story. He says that Demosthenes tried to bribe Aristophanes of Olynthus to swear that it was true, and that the woman was his own wife. He adds that the jury, on an appeal from Eubulus, refused to let Demosthenes complete the story.
§ 199. initiations: see Speech on Crown, §§ 259 ff., with notes.
§ 200. played the rogue. The scholiast says that clerks were sometimes bribed to alter the laws and decrees which they read to the Court; and a magistrates' clerk had doubtless plenty of opportunities for conniving at petty frauds.
§ 204. should not have been sworn to. This is out of chronological order as it stands, and emendations have been proposed, but unnecessarily.
§ 209. would not have him for your representative: in the question about Athenian rights at Delos. See Introduction to the Speech.
§ 213. I have no further time, &c.: lit. 'no one will pour water for me' into the water-clock, by which all trials were regulated.
§ 221. consider, &c. There is an anacoluthon in the Greek, which may be literally translated, 'Consider, if, where I who am absolutely guiltless was afraid of being ruined by them—what ought these men themselves, the actual criminals, to suffer?'
§ 222. get money out of you: i.e. to be bought off.
§ 230. choregus and trierarch: see Introd. to Speech on Naval Boards, and n. on Philippic I. § 36.
§ 231. all was well ([Greek: eupenespai]). The reading is almost certainly wrong. Weil rightly demands some word contrasting with [Greek: agnoein] ('did not understand his country') in the corresponding clause.
§ 237. vase-cases: i.e. boxes to contain bottles of oil or perfume for toilet use.
§ 245. the cock-pit. That this is the meaning seems to be proved by the words of Aeschines (against Timarchus, § 53); otherwise the natural translation would be 'to the bird-market'. Cocks were no doubt sold in the bird-market; but Aeschines refers directly to cock-fighting, not to the purchase of the birds.
§ 246. hack-writers: lit. 'speech-writers,' who composed speeches for litigants, and no doubt padded them out with quotations from poets, as well as with rhetorical commonplaces. Demosthenes taunts Aeschines particularly with ransacking unfamiliar plays, instead of those he knew well.
§ 249. reared up… greatness: or possibly, 'reared up all these sons of hers.'
Hero-Physician. See Speech on the Crown, § 129 n.
Round Chamber, in the Prytaneum or Town Hall (see § 31 n.).
§ 252. at the risk of his own life. He tried to avoid the risk by feigning madness. Salamis was in the hands of the Megareans, and the Athenians had become so weary of their unsuccessful attempts to recover it, that they decreed the penalty of death upon any one who proposed to make a fresh attempt. The verses, however, which are quoted in the text, are probably derived not from the poem which Solon composed for this purpose, but from another of his political poems.
§ 255. with a cap on your head. Plutarch (Solon 82 c) says that 'Solon burst into the market-place suddenly, with a cap on his head'. The cap was intended to suggest that he had just returned from Salamis, since it was the custom to wear a cap only when on a journey, or in case of illness (of. Plato, Republic, iii. 406_d_). There may possibly be an allusion also to Aeschines' own alleged sickness (§ 136 above), but this is very doubtful. The words more probably mean, 'however closely you copy Solon' (as you copied his attitude in speaking), 'when you run about declaiming against me.'
§ 257. accepted the challenge. At the examination before the Board of Auditors (Logistae) the question was almost certainly put, whether any one present wished to challenge the report of the ambassador under examination.
§ 259. claim ([Greek: axioumenoi]): or, 'are thought worthy'; but the first sense is much better in the parallel passage in § 295, and this 'middle' use seems to be sufficiently attested, though the active voice is used in the same sense in § 338.
§ 260. paramount position: i.e. among the tribes of North Greece (Magnetes, Perrhaebi, &c.).
§ 264. concluded the war, &c. In 383 B.C. In fact, however, they only obtained peace by joining the Spartan alliance.
§ 271. Arthmius: see Philippic III. § 42 (and note).
§ 273. Callias, in 444 B.C. Cf. Speech for the Rhodians, § 29. The Chelidonian Islands lay off the south coast of Lycia, the Cyanean rocks at the northern mouth of the Bosporus.
§ 277. Epicrates was sent as ambassador to Persia early in the fourth century, and received large presents. According to Plutarch he escaped condemnation; but he may have been tried more than once. The comic poets make fun of his long beard.
who brought the people back from the Peiraeus. Thrasybulus occupied the Peiraeus in 403, secured the expulsion of the Thirty Tyrants from Athens, and restored the democracy.
§ 278. the decree: i.e. the decree by which Epicrates and his colleagues were condemned.
§ 279. for this is the splendid thing: cf. § 120 n.
§ 280. exiled and punished. We should perhaps (with Weil) read [Greek: _e] ('or') for [Greek: kai] ('and').
descendant of Harmodius: i.e. Proxenus, who had been only recently condemned, and is therefore not named.
§ 281. another priestess. According to the scholiast, the reference is to Ninus, a priestess of Sabazios, who was prosecuted by Menecles for making love-potions for young men. The connexion of this offence with the meetings of the initiated is left to be understood.
§ 282. the burden undertaken. Such burdens as the duties of choregus, trierarch, &c., might be voluntarily undertaken, as they were by Demosthenes (see n. on Philippic I. § 36).
§ 287. Cyrebion, or 'Light-as-Chaff', was the nickname of Epicrates, Aeschines' brother-in-law (not the Epicrates of § 277). as a reveller, no doubt in some Dionysiac revel, in which it was not considered decent to take part without a mask. (The original purpose of masks, however, was not to conceal one's identity from motives of shame, though Demosthenes suggests it as a motive here.)
were water flowing upstream. A half-proverbial expression implying that the world was being turned upside-down, when such a person could prosecute for such offences.
§ 290. Hegesilaus was one of the generals sent to Euboea to help
Plutarchus; cf. Speech on the Peace, § 5 n. He was accused of abetting
Plutarchus in the deception which he practised upon Athens. For
Thrasybulus, cf. § 277.
the primary question: i.e. of the guilt or innocence of the defendant. If he was pronounced guilty, the question of sentence (or damages) had to be argued and decided separately.
§ 295. claim to be: cf. n. on § 259.
churning the butter ([Greek: etyrheue]): i.e. concocting the plot. (For the metaphor cf. Aristophanes, Knights 479.)
§ 299. Zeus and Dione. These names show that the oracles referred to were probably given at Dodona.
§ 303. oath of the young soldiers. When the young Athenian came of age, he received a shield and spear in the temple of Aglaurus, and swore to defend his country and to uphold its constitution (cf. Lycurgus, Against Leocrates, § 76).
§ 314. keeping step with Pythocles, who was a tall man, while Aeschines was short.
§ 326. Drymus and Panactum were on the border between Boeotia and Attica. Nothing else is known of the expedition.
§ 332. Chares. See nn. on Philippic I. §§ 24, 46; Olynthiac II. § 28, and Introductions.
§ 333. of one of whom, &c.: i.e. of Philip (see § 111 ff., and Introd. to Speech on the Peace).
§ 342. Euthycrates. See Introd. to Olynthiacs.
ON THE CHERSONESE
§ 9. The argument is, 'if Philip is not committing hostilities so long as he keeps away from Attica, Diopeithes is not doing so, so long as he keeps away from Macedonia, and only operates in Thrace.'
drive the vessels, &c. See Speech on the Peace, § 25 n.
§ 14. passing the time: i.e. until a convenient season for an attack arrives.
those who are on the spot: i.e. in Thrace, and who had doubtless sent messages to Athens. Others think that the words mean 'those who are here from Thrace'.
Etesian winds. See First Philippic, § 31 n.
infatuation: i.e. hostility to Athens.
§ 16. punish the settlers: i.e. those who were sent with Diopeithes and demanded admission to Cardia.
§ 18. Chalcis, in Euboea (see Introd.).
§ 21. keep our hands … revenues: a reference to the distributions of Festival-Money (see Third Olynthiac, with Introduction and notes).
contributions of the allies. This interpretation seems on the whole better warranted than 'contributions promised to Diopeithes'.
§ 24. I consent to any penalty: lit. *'I assess my own penalty at anything'—a metaphor from the practice of the law-courts, which allowed a convicted prisoner to propose an alternative penalty to that suggested by the prosecutor.
Erythraeans: Erythrae was on the coast of Asia Minor, opposite Chios.
§ 25. benevolences: the same word as was used of the forced contributions levied by English kings.
§ 27. surrendering: i.e. to his soldiers, to be plundered (if the phrase is meant to convey anything but a vague accusation).
§ 28. wax-tablet: i.e. a summons.
so many ships. The critics of Diopeithes must have proposed the sending of a definite force to control him.
§ 29. a dispatch-boat: lit. 'the Paralus'. This ship, and the Salaminia, were the two vessels regularly employed on public errands.
spitefulness: i.e. towards Diopeithes.
§ 30. Chares: see references in n. on Speech on Embassy, § 332.
Aristophon. The reference may be to his conduct as general in the early days of the war with Philip about Amphipolis. His activity as a statesman began as far back as 403, and he was one of the most influential politicians in Athens from about 361 to 354.
§ 31. losing something: sc. a scapegoat whom you could punish.
§ 40. Euthycrates, &c. See Introd. to Olynthiacs.
§ 44. wretched hamlets ([Greek: kak_on]): lit. 'evils' or 'miseries'; but the word is possibly corrupt. (The original reading may possibly have been [Greek: kalyb_on].) According to the scholiast, Drongilum and Cabyle are near Amphipolis and the Strymon; but others assign different localities to them. Masteira is quite unknown.
§ 45. pit of destruction ([Greek: barhathrh_o]). This was literally the pit into which the bodies of condemned criminals were thrown at Athens.
silos: underground store-houses for grain, such as were found in Ceos not many years ago, and may still be in use.
§ 46. irremediable ([Greek: an_ekeston]). The reading of two good manuscripts [Greek: aneikaston] (otherwise only known as a late Greek word) may be correct. If so, it may mean 'unparalleled', or 'inexplicable'.
§ 57. The meaning is, that by denouncing those who propose active measures now, they are preparing the way in order to prosecute them so soon as you find the war burdensome; whereas they should themselves be prosecuted for letting things go as far as they have gone.
§ 59. Oreus. See Introd.
Pheraeans, in 344. See Introd. to Second Philippic; and cf. Third Philippic, § 12.
compromise. Slavery seems to be ironically regarded as a compromise between activity and quiescence.
§ 63. robbed of at an earlier period. The sense must either be this, or else 'all that you have lost in open war '. In either case emendation is required.
§ 70. trierarch and choregus. Demosthenes was choregus in 348, and trierarch in 363, 359, and 357.
§ 74. Timotheus: in 358, when Athens liberated Euboea from the Thebans. Cf. First Philippic, § 17, First Olynthiac, § 8. The effect of Timotheus' speech was such that the expedition started within three days. (Speech against Androtion, § 14.)
§ 75. best counsel that he can. The text is probably corrupt; but this was probably the sense of the original.
THE THIRD PHILIPPIC
§ 2. actively at work: the reference is to Diopeithes (see Speech on Chersonese, § 57).
§§ 4, 5. Passages are repeated from the Speech on the Chersonese, § 4, and First Philippic, § 2.
§ 8. not to defraud us: i.e. by making statements which he is not prepared to act upon.
§ 11. as though visiting his allies. This is not true, though envoys from the Phocians, as from most other Greek states of importance, were in Philip's camp. With the whole passage, cf. Speech on Embassy, §§ 20 ff.
§ 12. Pherae. See Speech on Chersonese, § 59 n. For Oreus see Introd. to Speech on Chersonese, and § 33 and 59 ff. of this Speech.
§ 15. Serrhium, &c. See Introd. to Speech on Peace.
he had sworn to a Peace. This is untrue; see Speech on Embassy, § 156, where it is part of the charge against Aeschines' party, that they had enabled Philip to take these places before he had sworn to the Peace.
§16. religion: with special reference here to the sanctity of the oath.
into the Chersonese: i.e. to help Cardia. The claim of Athens to Cardia was not good, and it appears from the Speech of Hegesippus against Halonnesus, § 2, that the Athenians had recognized the independence of the town.
§ 18. if anything should happen: e.g. the outbreak of open war, or (more probably) a defeat.
§ 23. seventy-three years: i.e. 476-404 B. c.
thirty years save one: i.e. 404-376 B.C. (in the latter year Chabrias defeated the Spartans off Naxos).
battle of Leucira: in 371 B.C.
§ 24. disturb the established order: i.e. by establishing oligarchical governments in place of democracy.
§ 26. in the Thracian region: strictly, in Chalcidice and the neighbourhood. See Introd. to Olynthiacs.
robbed their very cities of their governments. This is preferable to the (grammatically) equally possible rendering, 'robbed them of their constitutions and their cities,' as it suits the facts better. Philip seems to have substituted tetrarchies for separate city-states. (See Speech on Chersonese, §26, and Second Philippic, § 22 n.)
§ 27. Ambracia. See Introd. to Speech on Chersonese. Elis: Introd. to Speech on Embassy. Megara: Speech on Embassy, §§ 294, 295.
§ 32. Pythian games. See Introd. to Speech on Peace. In 342 Philip sent a deputy to preside in his name.
§§ 33, 34. See Introd. to Speech on Chersonese. Echinus was a Theban colony in Thessaly, on the north coast of the Malian Gulf.
§ 42. Arthmius, &c. (cf. Speech on Embassy, §271). Zeleia was in the Troad, near Cyzicus. Arthmius was apparently proxenus of Athens at Zeleia, and as such had probably certain rights at Athens, of which the decree deprived him; so that Demosthenes' remarks at the beginning of §44 are slightly misleading.
§ 46. At the end of this section two versions are imperfectly blended, and it does not appear what were the contents of the document. Some suppose that the insertion 'He reads from the document' is an early conjectural interpolation.
§ 49. because be leads, &c. Philip did, in fact, bring the Macedonian heavy infantry to great perfection for the purposes of a pitched battle, though the decisive action was generally that of the cavalry. But the other troops which Demosthenes names would enable him to execute rapid movements with success. The use of light-armed troops had already been developed by the Athenian general, Iphicrates.
§ 50. with such advantages: lit. 'under these conditions' (not 'to crown all', nor 'at the head of these troops').
§ 52. Contrast Speech on Naval Boards, Section 9.
§§ 57 ff. See Introd. to Speech on Embassy.
§ 59. Euphraeus had been a disciple of Plato, and an adviser of Perdiccas, Philip's elder brother. It was he who recommended Perdiccas to entrust the government of part of Macedonia to Philip, whom he afterwards so strongly opposed.
§ 72. embassies. See Introd. to Speech on Chersonese.
ON THE CROWN
§ 1. to take counsel, &c. Aeschines had asked the jury to refuse Demosthenes a hearing, or at least to require him to follow the same order of treatment as himself.
§ 3. unpleasant. Many render [Greek: duocheres] 'inauspicious', 'ill-omened'; but as we do not know exactly what was in Demosthenes' mind, it is better not to give the word a meaning which it does not bear elsewhere. It may, however, mean 'vexatious'.
§ 11. knave as you are, &c. The assonance of the original might perhaps be partly reproduced by rendering 'evil-minded as you are, it was yet a very simple-minded idea that your mind conceived', &c.
§ 12. it does not enable the State: lit. 'it is not possible for the State.' The point is that the prosecution of Ctesiphon, while expressing the malice of Aeschines towards Demosthenes, does not enable the State to punish Demosthenes himself for his alleged offences, since any penalty inflicted would fall on Ctesiphon.
§ 13. to debar another, &c. This probably refers to the attempt to deprive Demosthenes of a hearing, not (as some have thought) to the attempt to get so heavy a fine inflicted upon Ctesiphon that he would be unable to pay it, and would therefore lose his rights as a citizen.
§ 17. ascribed to me, &c. Aeschines was anxious, in view of the existing state of feeling at Athens, to disown his part in connexion with the Peace of Philocrates; while Demosthenes undoubtedly assisted Philocrates in the earlier of the negotiations and discussions which led to the Peace.
appropriate. 'The recapitulation of the history is not a mere argumentative necessity, but has a moral fitness also; in fact, the whole defence of Demosthenes resolves itself into a proof that he only acted in the spirit of Athenian history' (Simcox).
§ 18. When the Phocian war bad broken out: i.e. in 356-5. Demosthenes made his first speech in the Assembly in 354.
those who detested the Spartans: i.e. the Messenians and Arcadians.
those who had previously governed, &c.: e.g. the oligarchies which had governed with the help of Sparta in Phlius and Mantinea, and were overthrown after the battle of Leuctra.
§ 19. would be forced, &c. This is a misrepresentation, since Philip and the Thebans had been in alliance for some time, and Thebes had no such grounds for apprehending evil from Philip, as would make her apply to Athens.
§ 21. Aristodemus, &c. See Introd. to Speech on the Peace. As a matter of fact, Demosthenes acted with Philocrates at least down to the return of the First Embassy, and himself proposed to crown Aristodemus for his services (Aeschines, On the Embassy, §§ 15-17).
§ 23. the Hellenes bad all, &c. It is not easy to reconcile this passage with § 16 of the Speech on the Embassy, from which it appears that representatives of other states were present in Athens; but these so-called envoys may have been private visitors, and in any case there was no real hope of uniting Greece against Philip.
§ 24. Eurybatus is said to have been sent as an envoy by Croesus to Cyrus, and to have turned traitor. The name came to be proverbial.
§ 27. those strongholds. See Introd. to Speech on the Peace.
§ 28. But they would have watched, &c. The passage has been taken in several ways: (1) 'They would have had to watch,' &c., and this would have been discreditable to Athens; (2) 'They would have watched,' &c., i.e. they would not have been excluded, as you desired, in any case; (3) 'But, you say, they would have paid two obols apiece,' and the city would have gained this. The sentence which follows favours (3), but perhaps (2) is best. The petty interests of the city would include (from the point of view assumed by Aeschines) the abstention from showing civility to the enemy's envoys. The two-obol (threepenny) seats were the cheapest.
§ 30. three whole months. In fact the ambassadors were only absent from Athens about ten weeks altogether.
equally well. The reading ([Greek: homoios]) is probably wrong; but if it is right, this must be the meaning.
§ 32. as you did before, in 352. See Introd. to First Philippic.
§ 36. decree of Callisthenes. This ordered the bringing in of effects from the country. See Speech on Embassy, §§ 86, 125.
§ 41. property in Boeotia. See Speech on Embassy, § 145.
§ 43. their hopes: sc. of the humiliation of Thebes.
and gladly: i.e. they were glad to be free from a danger which (though remotely) threatened themselves, as the next sentence explains. I can see no good reason for taking the participle [Greek: polemoumenoi] as concessive ('although they also,' &c.).
§ 48. For Lasthenes see Introd. to Olynthiacs. Timolaus probably contrived the surrender of Thebes after the battle of Chaeroneia. Eudicus is unknown. Simus invoked Philip's aid against the tyrants at Pherae in 352 (see Introd, to First Philippic). Aristratus was tyrant of Sicyon, and made alliance with Philip in 338. For Perillus, see Speech on Embassy, Section 295.
§ 50. stale dregs: strictly the remains, and especially the wine left in the cups, from the previous night's feast; here the long-admitted responsibility of Aeschines for the Peace of 346.
§ 63. Dolopes: a small tribe living to the south-west of Thessaly.
§ 65. free constitutions. This refers especially to the Thessalians, who had been placed under tetrarchies (see Philippic III. § 26).
§ 70. Aristophon. See Speech on Chersonese, § 30 n. Diopeithes is perhaps Diopeithes of Sphettus (mentioned by Hypereides, Speech against Euxenippus, § 39), not the general sent by Athens to the Chersonese.
§ 71. For the events mentioned in this section, see Introd. to Speech on the Embassy.
§ 72. Mysian booty. A proverbial expression derived from the helpless condition of Mysia (according to legend) in the absence of its king, Telephus.
§ 79. to the Peloponnese, in 344 (see Introd. to Second Philippic): to Euboea in 343-2 (see Introd. to Speech on Embassy); to Oreus, &c., in 341 (see Introd. to this Speech).
§ 82. as their patron, i.e. as consul (or official patron) of Oreus in Athens. See n. on Speech for Rhodians, § 15. civil rights. See vol. i, p. 52.
§ 83. this was already the second proclamation: i.e. the proclamation in accordance with the decree of Aristonicus. It is indeed just possible that the reference is to the proposal of Ctesiphon, 'for this is now the second proclamation,' &c. If so, we should have to assume that the proclamation under the decree of Demomeles in 338 was prevented by the disaster of Chaeroneia. But the first sentence of § 120 is against this (see Goodwin's edition ad loc.).
§ 94. inconsiderate conduct: i.e. in joining the revolt of the Athenian allies in 356.
§ 96. when the Spartans, &c. The section refers to the events of 395.
Deceleian War: i.e. the last part of the Peloponnesian War (413-404 B.C.), when Deceleia (in Attica) was occupied by the Spartans.
§ 99. Thebans… Euboea: in 358 or 357. See Speech for Megalopolitans, § 14 n.
§ 100. Oropus. See Speech for Megalopolitans, Section 11 n.
I was one. Demosthenes was, in fact, co-trierarch with Philinus (Speech against Meidias, § 161).
§ 102. See Speech on Naval Boards (with Introd. and notes), and n. on Olynthiac II, § 29.
obtaining exemption. The undertaking of the trierarchy conferred exemption from other burdens for the year, and (conversely) no one responsible for another public burden need be trierarch. The leaders of the Taxation Boards referred to in § 103 are probably not (as generally supposed) the richest men in the Naval Boards [Footnote: They may indeed have been so, but it was in virtue of their function as leading members of the Hundred Boards (for collecting the war tax) that they were grouped together as the Three Hundred.] (responsible for trierarchy), but those in the Hundred Boards responsible for the war tax. In each of these Boards there was a leader, a 'second', and a 'third', and these, all together, are almost certainly identical with the 'Three Hundred' responsible for advancing the sum due. When these were already advancing the war tax, they became exempt from trierarchy, and their poorer colleagues in the Naval Boards (to which of course they also belonged) had to bear the burden without them. But under Demosthenes' law the trierarchic payment was required from all alike, in strict proportion to their valuation as entered for the purposes of the war tax; and the Three Hundred (the leaders, seconds, and thirds) were no longer exempted. (This explains their anxiety to get the law shelved.) Even in years when they were not exempt, before Demosthenes' law was passed, they only paid a very small share in proportion to their wealth, since all the members of each Naval Board paid the same sum. It appears, however, that (though the Three Hundred as such cannot be shown to have had any office in connexion with the trierarchy) the richer men in the Naval Boards arranged the contracts for the work of equipment, and that when they had contracted that the work should be done (e.g.) for a talent, they sometimes recovered the whole talent from their poorer colleagues. (Speech against Meidias, § 155.)
§ 103. lie under sworn notice, &c. ([Greek: en hupomosia]). One who intended to indict the proposer of a law for illegality had probably to give sworn notice of his intention, and the suggestion made to Demosthenes was that when such notice had been given, he should let the law drop.
§ 105. the decree, &c.: i.e. either a decree suspending the law until the indictment should be heard, or one ordering the trial on the indictment to be held.
§ 107. no trierarch, &c. A trierarch who thought the burden too heavy for him could appeal against it by laying a branch on the altar in the Pnyx, or by taking sanctuary in the Temple of Artemis at Munychia. A dilatory or recalcitrant trierarch could be arrested by order of the ten commissioners ([Greek: apostuleis]) who constituted a sort of Admiralty Board.
§ 111. the laws, &c. The laws alleged to have been violated were copied out, and accompanied the indictment. With regard to the laws in the present case, see Goodwin's edition, pp. 313-6.
§ 114. Nausides was sent to oppose Philip at Thermopylae in 352 (see Introd. to First Philippic). Diotimus had a command at sea in 338, and his surrender was demanded by Alexander in 335, as was also that of Charidernus (see n. on Olynthiac III, § 5), who had now been a regular Athenian general for many years, and had been sent to assist Byzantium in 340 (see Speech against Aristocrates, passim).
§ 121. hellebore: supposed in antiquity to cure madness.
§ 122. reveller on a cart, e.g. on the second day of the Anthesteria, when masked revellers rode in wagons and assailed the bystanders with abusive language. Such ceremonial abuse was perhaps originally supposed to have power to avert evil, and occurs in primitive ritual all over the world.
§ 125. the statutable limit. There was a limit of time (differing according to the alleged offence) after which no action could be brought. Demosthenes could not now be prosecuted for any of the offences with which Aeschines charged him.
§ 127. Aeacus, &c.: the judges of the dead in Hades, according to popular legend.
scandal-monger. The Greek word ([Greek: spermologos]) is used primarily of a small bird that pecks up seeds, and hence of a person who picks up petty gossip. (In Acts xvii. 18 it is the word which is applied to St. Paul, and translated 'this babbler'.)
an old band in the market-place: i.e. a rogue. A clerk would perhaps often be found in the offices about the market-place; or the reference may be to the market-place as a centre of gossip.
O Earth, &c. Demosthenes quotes from the peroration of Aeschines' speech.
§ 129. The stories which Demosthenes retails in these sections deal with a time which must have been forty or fifty years before the date of this speech, and probably contain little truth, beyond the facts that Aeschines' father was a schoolmaster (not a slave), and was assisted by Aeschines himself; and that his mother was priestess of a 'thiasos' or voluntary association of worshippers of Dionysus-Sabazios, among whose ceremonies was doubtless one symbolizing a marriage or mystical union between the god and his worshippers. (Whether the form of 'sacred marriage' which was originally intended to promote the fertility of the ground by 'sympathetic magic' entered into the ritual of Sabazios is doubtful.) Such a rite, though probably in fact quite innocent, gave rise to suspicions, of which Demosthenes takes full advantage; and the fact that well-known courtesans (such as Phryne and perhaps Ninus) sometimes organized such 'mysteries' would lend colour to the suspicions.
Hero of the Lancet ([Greek: to kalamit_e aer_oi]). The interpretation is very uncertain (see Goodwin, pp. 339 ff.); and, according as [Greek: kalamos] is taken in the sense of 'lancet', 'splints', or 'bow', editors render the phrase 'hero of the lancet', 'hero of the splints', 'archer-hero' (identified by some with Toxaris, the Scythian physician, whose arrival in Athens in Solon's time is described in Lucian's [Greek: Skuth_es ae Proxenos]). That the Hero was a physician is shown by the Speech on the Embassy, § 249.
§ 130. for they were not like, &c. ([Greek: ouge gar h_onetuchen _en, all ois hu daemos kataratai]). The meaning is quite uncertain. The most likely interpretations are: (1) that given in the text, [Greek: a bebioken] being understood as the subject of [Greek: _en], and [Greek: _on etuchen] as = [Greek: tout_on a etuchen], i.e. 'not belonging to the class of acts which were such as chance made them,' but acts of a quite definite kind, viz. the kind which the People curses (through the mouth of the herald at each meeting of the Assembly); (2) 'for he was not of ordinary parents, but of such as the People curses'; the subject of [Greek: _en] being Aeschines. But there is the difficulty that, with this subject for [Greek: _en, _on etuchen] can only represent [Greek: tout_on _on etuchen _on], whereas the sense required is [Greek: tout_on oi etuchon], or (the regular idiom) [Greek: t_on tuchunt_on]; and the sense is not so good, for the context [Greek: opse gar]) shows that the clause ought to refer to the acts of Aeschines about which he is going to speak, not to his parentage, which the orator has done with.
Glaucothea. Her real name is said to have been Glaucis. Glaucothea was the name of a sea-nymph. The change of the father's name Tromes ('Trembler') to Atrometus ('Dauntless') would also betoken a rise in the world.
Empusa, or 'The Foul Phantom': a female demon capable of assuming any shape. Obscene ideas were sometimes associated with her.
§ 132. For Antiphon, see Introd. to Speech on the Embassy.
struck off the list: at the revision of the lists in 346. (Each deme revised the list of its own members, subject to an appeal to the courts.)
without a decree: i.e. a decree authorizing a domiciliary visit.
§ 134. when … you elected him. See Introd. to Speech on the Embassy.
from the altar: a peculiarly solemn form of voting; it is mentioned in the Speech against Macartatus, § 14.
§ 136. when Philip sent, &c. See Introd. to Speech on the Embassy.
§ 137. The ostensible purpose of Anaxinus' visit was to make purchases for Olympias, Philip's wife. Aeschines states that Anaxinus had once been Demosthenes' own host at Oreus.
§ 141. paternal deity: as father of Ion, the legendary ancestor of the Ionians, and so of the Athenians.
§ 143. and of one, &c. I have followed the general consensus of recent editors; but I do not feel at all sure that the antecedent of [Greek: us] is not [Greek: polemos]. In that case we should translate, 'which led to Philip's coming to Elateia and being chosen commander of the Amphictyons, and which overthrew,' &c.
§ 146. nature of the resources, &c.: i.e. especially the possession by Athens of a strong fleet.
§ 148. representatives on the Council. The Amphictyonic Council was composed of two representatives (Hieromnemones) from each of twelve primitive tribes, of which the Thessalians, the Boeotians, the Ionians (one of whose members was appointed by Athens), and the Dorians (one member appointed by Sparta) were the chief, while some of the tribes were now very obscure. There were also present delegates (Pylagori) from various towns. These were not members of the Council, and had no vote, but might speak. Athens sent three such delegates to each meeting. (See Goodwin, pp. 338, 339.)
§ 150. make the circuit, or 'beat the bounds'. The actual proceedings (according to Aeschines' account, summarized in the Introd. to this Speech) were much more violent.
It was clearly impossible, &c. The argument is unconvincing. Aeschines may have known of the intention of the Locrians without their having served a formal summons.
§ 158. one man: i.e. Philip.
§ 169. the Prytanes: the acting Committee of the Council.
set fire to the wicker-work: i.e. probably the hurdles, &c., of which the booths were partly composed. Probably a bonfire was a well-understood form of summons to an Assembly called in an emergency.
the draft-resolution. See Introd., vol. i, p. 18.
on the hill-side: i.e. on the Pnyx, the meeting-place of the Assembly.
§ 171. the Three Hundred. See n. on § 102.
§ 176. philippize. The word was coined during the wars with Philip, on the analogy of 'medize'—the term used of the action of the traitors who supported the invading Persians (Medes) early in the fifth century.
§ 177. to Eleusis, which was on the most convenient (though not the shortest) route for an army marching to Thebes.
§ 180. Battalus: a nickname given to Demosthenes by his nurse on account of the impediment in his speech from which he suffered in early days, or of his general delicacy. Aeschines had tried to fix an obscene interpretation upon it.
Creon. See Speech on the Embassy, § 247.
at Collytus: i.e. at the Rural Dionysia held in that deme.
§ 189. any one: lit. 'any one who chooses,' i.e. to call him to account. The expression ([Greek: ho boulomenos]) is apparently half technical, as applied to a self-appointed prosecutor. (Cf. Aristophanes, Plutus 908 and 918.)
§ 194. the general: i.e. at Chaeroneia.
§ 195. Philip employed. Most editors say 'Aeschines employed'. But this would require [Greek: outos] not [Greek: ekeinos], and § 218 also supports the interpretation here given.
§ 198. treasured up, &c. The suggestion seems to be that Aeschines foresaw the disasters, but concealed his knowledge, 'storing them up' in order to make a reputation out of them later.
§ 204. to leave their land, &c.: i.e. at the time of Xerxes' invasion in 480, when the Athenians abandoned the city and trusted to the 'wooden walls' of their ships.
§ 208. On this magnificent passage, see the treatise On the Sublime, chaps, xvi, xvii.
§ 209. poring pedant: lit. 'one who stoops over writings'. Here used perhaps with reference to Aeschines' having 'worked up' allusions to the past for the purpose of his Speech, while he remained blind to the great issues of the present. Many editors think that the reference is to his earlier occupation as a schoolmaster or a clerk; but this is perhaps less suitable to the context.
§ 210. staff…ticket. The colour of the staff indicated the court in which the juror was to sit; the ticket was exchanged for his pay at the end of the day.
§ 214. a very deluge. He is thinking, no doubt, of the disaster at Chaeroneia and the destruction of Thebes.
§ 215. while their infantry, &c. The Theban forces when prepared for action would naturally camp outside the walls (see Olynth. I, § 27, where Demosthenes similarly thinks of the Athenian army encamping outside Athens). But although they were thus encamped outside, and had left their wives and children unguarded within, they allowed the Athenian soldiers to enter the city freely.
§ 216. the river: probably the Cephisus. Both battles are otherwise unknown. If one of them was in winter, it must have taken place not long after the capture of Elateia, and several months before the battle of Chaeroneia.
§ 219. somewhere to lay the blame: or possibly, 'some opportunity of recovering himself,' or 'some place of retreat'. But the interpretation given (which is that of Harpocration) is supported by the use of [Greek: anenenkein] in § 224.
§ 227. counters all disappear. The calculation was made by taking away, for each item of debt or expenditure, so many counters from the total representing the sum originally possessed. When the frame (or abacus) containing the counters was left clear, it meant that there was no surplus. (The right reading, however, may be [Greek: an kathair_osin], 'if the counters are decisive,' or [Greek: han kathair_osin], 'whatever the counters prove, you concede.')
§ 231. cancel them out ([Greek: antanelein]): strictly, to strike each out of the account in view of something on the opposite side (i.e. in view of the alternative which you would have proposed).
§ 234. collected in advance: i.e. Athens had been anticipating her income.
§ 238. if you refer, &c. Aeschines had accused Demosthenes of saddling Athens with two-thirds of the expense of the war, and Thebes with only one-third.
three hundred, &c. See Speech on Naval Boards, § 29 n.
§ 243. customary offerings, made at the tomb on the third and ninth days after the death.
§ 249. Philocrates: not Philocrates of Hagnus, the proposer of the Peace of 346, but an Eleusinian. For Diondas, see § 222. The others are unknown.
§ 251. Cephalus. Cf. § 219. He was an orator and statesman of the early part of the fourth century. (The best account of him is in Beloch, Attische Politik, p. 117.)
§ 258. the attendants' room. The 'attendants' are those who escorted the boys to and from school—generally slaves.
§ 259. the books, &c. Cf. § 129 and notes. The books probably contained the formulae of initiation, or the hymns which were chanted by some Dionysiac societies. The service described here is probably that of the combined worship of Dionysus-Sabazios and the Great Mother (Cybele).
dressing, &c. The candidate for initiation was clothed in a fawn-skin, and was 'purified' by being smeared with clay (while sitting down, with head covered) and rubbed clean with bran, and after the initiation was supposed to enter upon a new and higher life. It is possible that the veiling and disguising with clay originally signified a death to the old life, such as is the ruling idea in many initiations of a primitive type. (Cf. Aristophanes, travesty of an initiation-ceremony in the Clouds 256.)
§ 260. fennel and white poplar. These were credited with magical and protective properties.
Euoe, Saboe: the cry to Sabazios. One is tempted to render it by 'Glory! Hallelujah!' In fact, the Dionysiac 'thiasoi', or some of them, had many features, good as well as bad, in common with the Salvation Army. The cry 'Euoe, Saboe' is of Thracian origin; 'Hyes Attes' is Phrygian. The serpents, the ivy, and the winnowing-fan figured in more than one variety of Dionysiac service. It is not certain that for 'ivy-bearer' ([Greek: kittophorhos]) we should not read 'chest-bearer' ([Greek: kistophoros]) used with reference to the receptacle containing sacred objects, of which we hear elsewhere in connexion with similar rites.
§ 261. fellow-parishioners; lit. 'members of your deme'. Each deme kept the register of citizens belonging to it. Enrolment was possible at the age of 18 years, and had to be confirmed by the Council. (See Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, chap. xiii.)
§ 262. collecting figs, &c. Two interpretations are possible: (1) that the spectators in derision threw fruit—probably not of the best—at Aeschines on the stage, and he gathered it up, as a fruiterer collects fruit from various growers, and lived on it; or (2) that while he was a strolling player, Aeschines used to rob orchards. Of these (1) seems by far the better in the context.
§ 267. I leave the abysm, &c. The opening of Euripides' Hecuba. The line next quoted is unknown. 'Evil in evil wise' ([Greek: kakon kak_os]) is found in a line of Lynceus, a fourth-century tragedian.
§ 282. denied this intimacy with him: or possibly (with the scholiast), 'declined this office.'
§ 284. the tambourine-player. Such instruments were used in orgiastic rites.
§ 285. Hegemon and Pythocles were members of the Macedonian party, who were put to death in 317 by order of the Assembly. (See Speech on Embassy, §§ 215, 314.)
§ 287. same libation: i.e. the same banquet. The libation preceded the drinking. To 'go beneath the same roof' with a polluted person was supposed to involve contamination.
in the revel. Cf. Speech on the Embassy, § 128. The reference, however, is here more particularly to Philip's revels after the battle of Chaeroneia, in which, Demosthenes suggests, the Athenian envoys took part.
§ 289. The genuineness of the epitaph is doubtful. Line 2 is singularly untrue. The text is almost certainly corrupt in places (e.g. ll. 3 and 10).
their lives, &c. As the text stands, [Greek: aret_es] and [Greek: deimatos] must be governed by [Greek: brab_e,], 'made Hades the judge of their valour or their cowardice.' But this leaves [Greek: ouk esa_osan psuchas] as a quasiparenthesis, very difficult to accept in so simple and at the same time so finished a form of composition as the epigram. There are many emendations.
'Tis God's, &c. The line, [Greek: m_eden hamartein esti the_on kai panta katorhthoun], is taken from Simonides' epitaph on the heroes of Marathon. The sense of the couplet is plain from § 290; but [Greek: en biot_e] in l. 10 is possibly corrupt.
§ 300. the confederacy, i.e. Athens, Thebes, and their allies at Chaeroneia.
§ 301. our neighbours, especially Megara and Corinth.
§ 308. the inactivity which you, &c.: i.e. abstention from taking a prominent part in public life.
§ 309. opening of ports: i.e. to Athenian commerce.
§ 311. What pecuniary assistance, &c. Demosthenes is thinking of his own services in ransoming prisoners, &c. Some editors translate, 'What public financial aid have you ever given to rich or poor?' i.e. 'When have you ever dispensed State funds in such a way as to benefit any one?' It is impossible to decide with certainty between the two alternatives; but the meanings of [Greek: politik_e] ('citizen-like', 'such as one would expect from a good fellow-citizen') and [Greek: koin_e], which I assume, seem to be supported by §§ 13 and 268 respectively.
§ 312. leaders of the Naval Boards. See Introd. to Speech on Naval Boards.
damaging attack, &c. This probably refers to modifications introduced on Aeschines' proposal into Demosthenes' Trierarchic Law of 340, not at the time of its enactment, but after some experience of its working. (See Aeschines, 'Against Ctesiphon,' § 222.)
§ 313. Theocrines was a tragic actor, who was attacked in the pseudo-Demosthenic Speech 'Against Theocrines'. Harpocration's description of him as a 'sycophant', or dishonest informer, may be merely an inference from the Speech.
§ 318. your brother. See Speech on the Embassy, §§ 237, 249. It is not known which brother is here referred to.
§ 319. Philammon was a recent Olympic victor in the boxing match; Glaucus, a celebrated boxer early in the fifth century.
§ 320. owner of a stud. To keep horses was a sign of great wealth in Athens.
INDEX
Abdera, i.
Abydos, ii.
Acarnania, Acarnanians, ii.
Achaeans, ii.
Acropolis, i.; ii.
Adeimantus, i.
Admiralty Board ([Greek: apostoleis]), ii.
Aeacus, ii.
Aegina, ii.
Aeschines, i.; ii.
Aetolia, Aetolians, ii.
Agapaeus, ii.
Aglaurus, temple of, i.; ii.
Agyrrhius, i.
Alcidamas, i.
Alenadae, i.
Alexander (480 B.C.), i.; ii.
Alexander the Great, ii.
Amadocus, i.
Ambassadors, duties of, i.
Ambracia, ii.
Amphictyonic Council,
its constitution and functions, i.; ii.
from 346-343 B.C., i.; ii.
and the Amphissean War, ii.
Demosthenes at the, ii.
Amphipolis, i.; ii.
Amphissa, Amphissean War:
see Amphictyonic Council.
Anaximenes, i.
Anaxinus, ii.
Androtion, i.
Anemoetas, ii.
Antalcidas: see Peace.
Anthemus, i.
Antipater, i.
Antiphon, i.; ii.
Aphobetus, i.
Apollodorus, i.
Apollonia, ii.
Apollonides,
of Cardia, i.
of Olynthus, ii.
Apollophanes, i.
Arcadia, Arcadians, i.; ii.
(See also Megalopolis.)
Areopagus,
Council of, i.; ii.
Argaeus, i.
Argives, Argos, i.; ii.
Ariobarzanes, i.; ii.
Aristaechmus, ii.
Aristides, i.
Aristocrates, i.
Aristodemus, i.; ii.
Aristoleos, ii.
Aristonicus, ii.
Aristophanes, ii.
Aristophon, i.; ii.
Aristotle, i.
Aristratus,
of Naxos, ii.
of Sicyon, ii.
Arrhidaeus, i.
Artabazus, i.; ii.
Artaxerxes, i.; ii.
(See also Persia.)
Artemisia, i.; ii.
Artemisium, ii.
Arthmius, i.; ii.
Arybbas, i.; ii.
Asiatic Greeks, i.; ii.
Assembly, the Athenian,
its functions, character, and defects, i.; ii.
debates in, i.; ii.
(See also Athenian People.)
Athenian People,
their indifference and procrastination, i.; ii.
their incalculability, i.
their traditions and traditional policy, i.; ii.
(See also Assembly, Democracy.)
Atrestidas, i.
Atrometus, i.; ii.
Auditors, Board of (Logistae), i.; ii.
Automedon, ii.
Balance of Power, principle of, i.
Battalus, ii.
Boedromia, i.; ii.
Boeotia, i.; ii.
(See also Thebes.)
Boeotian War, ii.
Brougham, Lord; Preface; i.
Byzantium, i; ii.
Cabyle, ii.
Callias
(Author of Peace), i.
(_See also _Peace.)
(of Chalcis), ii.
(public slave), i.
Callisthenes, i.; ii.
Callistratus, i.; ii.
Cardia, Cardians, i.; ii.
Caria, Prince of, i.
(See also Artemisia, Mausolus.)
Ceos, ii.
Cephalus, ii.
Cephisodotus, i.; ii.
Cephisophon, ii.
Cercidas, ii.
Cersobleptes, i.; ii.
Chabrias, i.; ii.
Chaeroneia, battle of, ii.
Chalcedon, i.; ii.
Chalcidic League, i.; ii.
Chalcis, ii.
Chares, i.; ii.
Charidemus, i.; ii.
Chelidonian Islands, ii.
Chersonese, i.; ii.
(See also Cardia.)
Chios, i.; ii.
Cineas, ii.
Cirrha, Cirrhaean plain, ii.
Clearchus, i.; ii.
Cleitarchus, i.; ii.
Cleophon, i.
Cleotimus, ii.
Collytus, ii.
Conon, i.
Corcyra, i.; ii.
Corinth, Corinthians, i.; ii.
Corn-supply, &c. (Athenian), i.; ii.
Coroneia, i.; ii.
Corsia, i.
Cos, i.; ii.
Cottyphus, ii.
Council,
of Areopagus.
(See Areopagus.)
of Five Hundred, i.; ii.
Crenides, i.
Creon, i.; ii.
Cresphontes, ii.
Ctesiphon
(negotiator of Peace), i.; ii.
(indicted by Eubulus), i.
(proposer of Crown), ii.
Curse, public, i.; ii.
Cyanean Rocks, ii.
Cyprothemis, i.
Cyrebion, i.; ii.
Cyrsilus, ii.
Cyrus, i.; ii.
Daochus, ii.
Dardani, i.
Deceleian War, ii.
Deinarchus, ii.
Delos, i.; ii.
Delphi, temple at, i.; ii.
Demades, i.; ii.
Demaretus, ii.
Democracy,
and Oligarchy, i.
and Tyranny, i.; ii.
(See also Athenian People.)
Demomeles, ii.
Demosthenes (General), i.; ii.
Dercylus, i.
Diodorus, i.
Dion, ii.
Diondas, ii.
Dionysia, i.; ii.
Dionysius (General), i.; ii.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i.
Dionysus, ii.
Diopeithes
(General), ii.
(of Sphettus?), ii.
Diophantus, i.; ii.
Diotimus, ii.
Disunion of the Hellenes, i.; ii.
Dium, i.
Dodona, oracle of, ii.
Dolopes, ii.
Dorians of Parnassus, ii.
Doriscus, i.; ii.
Drongilum, ii.
Drymus, i.
Echinus, ii.
Egypt, i; ii.
Elateia, i.; ii.
Election by lot, i.
Eleusis, ii.
Elis, i.; ii.
Elpias, ii.
Embassies to Peloponnesian States, ii.
Embassy,
the First, i.
the Second, i.; ii.
(See also Peace of Philocrates.)
the Third, i.; ii.
Empusa, ii.
Ephialtes, ii.
Epichares, ii.
Epicrates, i.; ii.
(See also Cyrebion).
Epirus, ii.
Eretria, i.; ii.
Ergiske, ii.
Ergocles, i.; ii.
Ergophilus, i.; ii.
Erythraeans, ii.
Etesian Winds, i.; ii.
Euboea, Euboeans, i.; ii.
Eubulus, i.; ii.
Eucleides, i.; ii.
Eudicus, ii.
Euphraeus, ii.
Eurybatus, ii.
Eurylochus, i.
Euripides, i.
Euthycles, i.
Euthycrates, i.; ii.
Execcstus, i.
Festival Fund, i.; ii.
Financial System (Athenian), i.; ii.
(See also Military System, Naval System.)
Fortifications,
Commissioner of, ii.
of Athens, ii.
Fortune, i.; ii.
Funeral Oration, after Chaeroneia, ii.
Geraestus, i.; ii.
Getae, ii.
Glaucothea, i.; ii.
Glaucus, ii.
Gods,
and crime, i.
and perjury, i.
command issues of events, ii.
protect Athens, i.; ii.
Guest-friendship, ii.
Haliartus, i.; ii.
Halonnesus, ii.
Halus, i.
Harmodius, i.
Hedyleum, i.; ii.
Hegemon, ii.
Hegesilaus, i.; ii.
Hegesippus, i.; ii.
Hellespont, i.; ii.
(See also Chersonese, Thrace.)
Heracles, sacrifice to, i.; ii.
Heraeon Teichos, i.; ii.
Hero of the Lancet (Hero-Physician), i.; ii.
Hierax, i.
Hieronymus, i.
Hipparchus, ii.
Hipponicus, ii.
Hypereides, i.; ii.
Iatrocles, i.
Illyria, Illyrians, i.; ii.
Imbros, i.; ii.
Iphicrates, i.; ii.
Isaeus, i.
Ischander, i.
Isocrates, i.; ii.
Lacedaemon, Lacedaemonians.
(See Sparta, Spartans.)
Lampsacus, i.; ii.
Lasthenes, i.; ii.
Larissa, i.; ii.
Law-Courts, supremacy of, i.; ii.
(See also Trials.)
Legislative Commission, i.; ii.
Lemnos, i.; ii.
Leon, i.; ii.
Leptines, i.
Leucas, ii.
Leuctra, battle of, i.; ii.
Locrians, i.; ii.
(See also Amphissa.)
Logistae.
(See Auditors.)
Longinus, i.
Lycophron, i.
Lycurgus, ii.
Macedonian Empire, i.
Magnesia, i.; ii.
Mantineia,
battle of, i.; ii.
oligarchy in, ii.
Marathon, i.; ii.
battle of, i.; ii.
Mardonius, ii.
Maroneia, i.
Masteira, ii.
Mausolus, i.
Mecyberna, i.
Megalopolis, i.; ii.
(See also Arcadia.)
Megara, Megareans, i.; ii.
Meidias, ii.
Melantus, ii.
Menecles, ii.
Menelaus, i.; ii.
Menippus, ii.
Mercenaries, i.; ii.
Messene, Messenians, i.; ii.
Methone, i.; ii.
Metroon, i.; ii.
Military System (Athenian), i.; ii.
(See also Mercenaries, Naval System.)
Miltiades, i.
Mnaseas, ii.
Moerocles, i.
Molon, i.
Molossi, ii.
Molossus, ii.
Minos, ii.
Mother, the Great, ii.
Mountain, Sacred, i.; ii.
Munychia, ii.
Murder, Law of, ii.
Myrtenum, ii.
Myrtis, ii.
'Mysian booty,' ii.
Mysteries, the, ii.
Mytilene, i.
Naval Boards, i.; ii.
Naval System (Athenian), i.; ii.
(See also Financial System, Military System.)
Naupactus, ii.
Nausicles, ii.
Neapolis, i.
Neoptolemus, i.; ii.
(another?), ii.
Neon, ii.
Neones, i.; ii.
Nicaea, i.; ii.
Nicias
(General), i.
(another), i.
Ninus, ii.
Oenomaus, ii.
Oligarchy, i.; ii.
Olympian games, i.
Olympias, ii.
Olynthus, Olynthians, i.; ii.
Onomarchus, i.
Orators,
corrupt and disloyal, i.; ii.
and Speech on the Crown, passim.
(See also Traitors.)
difficulties and risks of, i.; ii.
duties of, i.; ii.
past and present Athenian, i.; ii.
position of, in Athens, i.; ii.
recriminations of, i.; ii.
seeking popularity, i.; ii.
Orchomenus, i.; ii.
Oreus, i.; ii.
Orontas, i.; ii.
Oropus, i.; ii.
Paeonians, i.; ii.
Pagasae, i.
Pammenes, i.
Panactum, i.; ii.
Panathenaea, i.; ii.
Pangaeus, Mount, i.
Parmenio, i.
Peace
of Antalcidas, i.; ii.
of Callias, i.; ii.
of Demades, ii.
of Philocrates, i.; ii.
Peitholaus, i.
Peiraeus, i.; ii.
Pella, i.; ii.
Pelopidas, ii.
Peparethus, ii.
Periander, Law of, i.
Perdiccas, ii.
Pericles, i.
Perillus, i.; ii.
Perinthus, i.; ii.
Persia, Persian King, i.; ii.
Phalaecus, i.; ii.
Pharsalus, i.
Pherae, Pheraeans, i.; ii.
Philammon, ii.
Philiadas, ii.
Philinus, ii.
Philip,
his advantages over Athens, i.; ii.
his army, ii.
his character, i.; ii.
his policy, i.; ii.
Philippi, i.
Philippopolis, ii.
Philo, i.; ii.
Philochares, i.
Philocrates
(author of Peace), i.; ii.
(another), ii.
Philonicus, i.
Philistides, ii.
Phlius, Phliasians, i.; ii.
Phocians, Phocis, i.; ii.
Phocion, i.; ii.
Phormio, ii.
Phryne, ii.
Phrynon, i.
Phyle, i.
Pirates, &c., ii.
Pittalacus, i.
Plataeae, i.; ii.
(battle of), ii.
Plutarchus, i.; ii.
Pnyx, ii.
Polyeuctus, ii.
Polystratus, i.; ii.
Porthmus, i.; ii.
Poteidaea, i.; ii.
Prisoners, ransom of, i.; ii.
Proconnesus, ii.
Proedroi, ii.
Prophets, i.; ii.
Proxenus, i.; ii.
Prytanes, i.; ii.
Ptoeodorus, i.; ii.
Pydna, i.; ii.
Pythian Games, i.; ii.
Pythocles, i.; ii.
Python, i.; ii.
Rhadamanthus, ii.
Rhodes, Rhodians, i.; ii.
River, battle by the, ii.
Round Chamber, i.; ii.
Sabazios.
(See Dionysus.)
Sacred War, i.
(See also Amphissean War.)
Salamis, Salaminians, i.; ii.
battle of, i.; ii.
Samos, i.; ii.
Satyrus, i.
Schools (Athenian), i.; ii.
Sciathus, i.; ii.
Scyros, i.
Scythia, ii.
Selymbria, i.; ii.
Serrhium, i.; ii.
Sicyon, ii.
Sigeum, i.; ii.
Simonides, ii.
Simus, ii.
Simylus, ii.
Smicythus, i.; ii.
Socrates
(of Oreus), ii.
(actor), ii.
Solon, i.; ii.
Sophocles, i.
Sosicles, ii.
Sosistratus, ii.
Sparta, Spartans, i.; ii.
Stageira, i.
Symmories.
(See Naval Boards.)
Tamynae, ii.
Tanagra, ii.
Taurosthenes, ii.
Taxation.
(See Financial System.)
Teledamus, ii.
Tenedos, ii.
Tetrarchies, ii.
Tharrex, i.; ii.
Thasos, i.
Thebans, Thebes, i.; ii.
Themison, ii.
Themistocles, i.; ii.
Theocrines, ii.
Theodoras
(actor), i.
(of Oropus), ii.
Theogeiton, ii.
Theopompus, ii.
Theoric Fund.
(See Festival Fund.)
Thermopylae, i.; ii.
Theseus, temple of, ii.
Thesmothetae, i.; ii.
Thessalians, Thessaly, i.; ii.
(See also Magnesia, Pagasae, Pharsalus, Pherae.)
Thirty Tyrants, the, i.; ii.
Thoas, ii.
Thrace, Thracians, i.; ii.
(See also Cersobleptes, Chersonese, Hellespont.)
Thrason, ii.
Thrasybulus, i.; ii.
Thrasydaeus, ii.
Thrasylochus, ii.
Thucydides, i.
Tigranes, i.
Tilphossaeum, i; ii.
173.
Timagoras, i.; ii.
Timarchus, i.; ii.
Timocrates, i.
Timolaus, ii.
Timomachus, i.
Timotheus, i.; ii.
Torone, i.; ii.
Torture, i.; ii.
Traitors, i.; ii.
(See also Orators, corruption of.)
Trials, Athenian (character and
procedure), i.
(See also Law-Courts.)
Triballi, i.; ii.
Tricaranum, i.; ii.
Trierarchy.
(See Naval Boards Naval System.)
Triphylia, i.; ii.
Tromes, ii.