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Title: The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography

Author: Joseph Deniker

Release date: September 12, 2014 [eBook #46848]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RACES OF MAN: AN OUTLINE OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY ***

Original Book Cover

THE CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE SERIES.

EDITED BY HAVELOCK ELLIS.

THE RACES OF MAN.

Naga of Manipur in gala costume, with caudiform appendage.
(Phot. lent by Miss Godden.)

THE RACES OF MAN:
AN OUTLINE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
AND ETHNOGRAPHY

J. DENIKER, Sc.D. (PARIS),

Chief Librarian of the Museum of Natural History, Paris; Honorary Fellow of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain; Corresponding Member of the Italian Anthropological, Netherland Geographical, and Moscow Natural Science Societies, etc.

WITH 176 ILLUSTRATIONS AND 2 MAPS.

LONDON
WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED
PATERNOSTER SQUARE
1900

PREFACE.

My object in the present work has been to give in a condensed form the essential facts of the twin sciences of anthropology and ethnography. The very nature of such an undertaking condemns the author to be brief, and at the same time somewhat dogmatic; inevitable gaps occur, and numerous inequalities in the treatment. To obviate, partly at least, such defects, I have endeavoured not merely to present the actual facts of the subject, but also to summarise, with as much fidelity as possible, the explanations of these facts, in so far as such may be educed from theories among which there is often sufficient perplexity of choice. In many cases I have ventured, however, to give my personal opinion on different questions, as, for instance, on the signification of the laryngeal sacs among anthropoid apes, on many questions of anthropometry in general, on the classing of “states of civilisation,” on fixed and transportable habitations, on the classification of races, on the races of Europe, on the Palæ-American race, etc.

My book is designed for all those who desire to obtain rapidly a general notion of ethnographic and anthropological sciences, or to understand the foundations of these sciences. Thus technical terms are explained and annotated in such a manner that they may be understood by all.

Those who may wish for further details on special points will be able to take advantage of the numerous bibliographical notes, at the foot of the pages, in which I have sought to group according to plan the most important or accessible works. I believe that even professional anthropologists will be able to consult my work profitably. They will find condensed in it information which is scattered over a vast crowd of notes and memoirs in all languages. I trust also that they may appreciate the Appendices, as well as the lists in the text itself, in which are collected from the best sources some hundreds of figures relating to the chief dimensions of the human body.

The illustrations which complete and elucidate the text have been selected with very great care. With two or three exceptions, the “types” of the different peoples are photographs of well-authenticated subjects, often such as have been observed and measured by competent authorities, or by myself.

I attach too much importance to the systematic illustration of anthropological works not to fail to express here my sincere indebtedness to the institutions and individuals who have been good enough to lend me blocks and photographs. I have thus to thank the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, the Anthropological Society and the Anthropological School of Paris, the India Museum, the Museum of Natural History of Paris, the Smithsonian Institution of Washington, Dr. Beddoe, Prince Roland Bonaparte, M. Chantre, Drs. Collignon and Delisle, Herr Ehrenreich and his editors Fr. Vieweg & Sons, Professor Haddon, Dr. Lapicque, Mr. Otis Mason, Dr. Sören Hansen, MM. S. Sommier, P. and F. Sarasin and their editor Herr C. Kreidel of Wiesbaden, Dr. Ten Kate, Mr. Thurston, Miss Godden, Miss Werner, and Messrs. Harper & Bros.

I desire also to thank in this place Dr. Collignon, Mr. Havelock Ellis, and M. Salomon Reinach, for the trouble they have taken in revising the proofs of certain parts of my work.

J. DENIKER.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.
PAGE
ETHNIC GROUPS AND ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES	1
Difficulties in applying to Man the terms of zoological nomenclature—Criterion of species—Terms to give to the “Somatological Units” constituting the genus Homo—Monogenesis and Polygenesis—The “Ethnic Groups” are constituted by the different combinations of the “Somatological Units” or “Races”—Somatic characters and ethnic characters.
CHAPTER I.
SOMATIC CHARACTERS	12
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS OF MAN AND APES.—Monkeys and anthropoid apes—Erect attitude—Curvature of the spine—Brain—Skull—Teeth—Other characters—Differences less accentuated in the fœtus and the young than in the adult.
DISTINCTIVE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF HUMAN RACES.—Stature: Individual limits—Dwarfs and giants—Average stature of different populations—Influence of environment—Differences according to sex—Reconstitution from the long bones—Teguments: Skin—Hair of head and body—Four principal types—Microscopic structure—Correlation between the hair of the head and the pilosity of the body—Pigmentation: Colouring of the skin, the eyes, and the hair—Changes in the pigment.
CHAPTER II.
1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS (continued)	53
Cranium or Skull: Cranial measurements—Orbits and orbital index—Nasal bone and nasal index—Prognathism—Head of the living subject: Cephalic index—Face—Eyes—Nose and nasal index in the living subject—Lips—Trunk and Limbs: The Skeleton—Pelvis and its indices—Shoulder blade—Thoracic limb—Abdominal limb—Proportions of the body in the living subject—Trunk and neck—Curve of the back—Steatopygy—Various Organs: Genital organs—Brain—Its weight—Convolutions—The neuron—Its importance from the psychical point of view.
CHAPTER III.
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS	105
Functions of nutrition and assimilation: Digestion, alimentation, growth, temperature of the body, etc.—Respiration and circulation: Pulse, composition of the blood, etc.—Special odour—Functions of communication: Expression of the emotions, acuteness of the senses, etc.—Functions of reproduction: Menstruation, menopause, increase in the number of conceptions according to season, etc.—Influence of environment: Acclimatation—Cosmopolitanism of the genus Homo and the races of mankind—Cross-breeding.
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS.—Difficulties of studying them—Immunities—Nervous diseases of uncivilised peoples.
CHAPTER IV.
ETHNIC CHARACTERS	123
Various stages of social groups and essential characters of human societies: Progress.—Conditions of Progress: Innovating initiative, and tradition—Classification of “states of civilisation.”
I.—LINGUISTIC CHARACTERS.—Methods of exchanging ideas within a short distance—Gesture and speech—Divisions of language according to structure—Jargons—Communications at a relatively remote distance: optic and acoustic signals—Transmission of ideas at any distance and time whatever—Handwriting—Mnemotechnic objects—Pictography—Ideography—Alphabets—Direction of the lines of handwriting.
CHAPTER V.
II. SOCIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS	144
1. MATERIAL LIFE: Alimentation: Geophagy—Anthropophagy—Preparation of foods—Fire—Pottery—Grinding of corn—Stimulants and Narcotics—Habitation: Two primitive types of dwellings—Permanent dwelling (hut)—Removable dwelling (tent)—Difference of origin of the materials employed in the two types—Villages—Furniture—Heating and lighting—Clothing: Nakedness and Modesty—Ornament precedes dress—Head-dress—Ethnic mutilations—Tattooing—Girdle, necklace, and garland the origin of all dress—Manufacture of garments—Spinning and weaving—Means of Existence: tools of primitive industry—Hunting—Fishing—Agriculture—Domestication and rearing of animals.
CHAPTER VI.
II. SOCIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS (continued)	197
2. PSYCHIC LIFE: Games and Recreations—Their importance—Games of children and adults—Sports and public spectacles—Masks—Fine Arts—Graphic arts—Ornamentation—Drawing—Sculpture—Dancing—Its importance among uncultured peoples—Pantomime and dramatic art—Vocal and instrumental music—Instruments of music—Poetry—Religion—Animism—Its two elements: belief in the soul, and belief in spirits—Fetichism—Polytheism—Rites and ceremonies—Priesthood—International religions—Myths—Science—Art of counting—Geometry—Calculation of time—Clocks and calendars—Geography and cartography—Medicine and surgery.
CHAPTER VII.
SOCIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS (continued)	229
3. FAMILY LIFE.—Relations of the two sexes before marriage—Marriage and family—Theory of promiscuity—Group marriage—Exogamy and endogamy—Matriarchate—Degrees of relationship and filiation—Polyandry—Levirate—Polygamy and monogamy—Patriarchate—Rape and purchase of the bride—Duration of conjugal union—Children—Birth—Nurture—Name of the child and of adults—Initiation, circumcision, etc.—Old men and their fate—Funereal rites—Mourning.
4. SOCIAL LIFE.—(a) Home life of a people—Economic organisation—The forms of property depend on production—Common property and family property—Village community—Individual property—Social organisation—Totemism—Clan rule—Family rule—Territorial rule—Caste and class rule—Democratic rule—Social morals—Right and justice—Taboo—Retaliation, vendetta, and ordeals—Secret societies—Extra legal judges—Formulæ of politeness—(b) International life of peoples—Absence of sympathetic relations—Hostile relations—War—Arms of offence—Bow and arrows—Arms of defence—Neutral relations—Commerce—Money—Cowry—Transports and means of communication—Primitive vehicles—Navigation.
CHAPTER VIII.
CLASSIFICATION OF RACES AND PEOPLES	280
Criticism of anthropological classification—Frequent confusion of the classing of races and of peoples—The determining of races can be based only on somatic characters—For the classing of peoples, on the contrary, it is necessary to take into account ethnic characters (linguistic and sociological), and above all geographical distribution—Classification of races proposed by the author—Succinct characterisation of the twenty-nine races which are therein mentioned—Classification of ethnic groups adopted in this work.
CHAPTER IX.
RACES AND PEOPLES OF EUROPE	299
Problem of European ethnogeny—I. ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF EUROPE—Prehistoric races—Quaternary period—Glacial and interglacial periods—Quaternary skulls—Spy and Chancelade races or types—Races of the neolithic period—Races of the age of metals—Aryan question—Position of the problem—Migration of European peoples in the historic period—II. EUROPEAN RACES OF THE PRESENT DAY—Characteristics of the six principal races and the four secondary races—III. PRESENT PEOPLES OF EUROPE—A. Aryan peoples: Latins, Germans, Slavs, Letto-Lithuanians, Celts, Illyro-Hellenes—B. Anaryan peoples: Basques, Finns, etc.—C. Caucasian peoples: Lesgians, Georgians, etc.
CHAPTER X.
RACES AND PEOPLES OF ASIA	359
ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF ASIA.—Prehistoric times—Pithecanthropus erectus (Dub.)—Ages of stone and metals.—PRESENT INHABITANTS OF ASIA.—Races of Asia—I. Peoples of Northern Asia—Yeniseian, Palæasiatic and Tunguse groups.—II. Peoples of Central Asia—Turkish, Mongolian, and Thibetan groups—Peoples of the south-west of Thibet and of South China (Lolo, Miao-tsé, Lu-tsé, etc.).—III. Peoples of Eastern Asia—Chinese, Coreans, and Japanese.—IV. Peoples of Indo-China—Aborigines, Mois, Kuis, Siam, Naga, etc.—More recent mixed populations: Annamese, Cambodians, Thai, etc.—V. Peoples of India—Castes—Dravidians and Kolarians—Indo-Aryans and unclassified populations—VI. Peoples of Anterior Asia—Iranians and Semites.
CHAPTER XI.
RACES AND PEOPLES OF AFRICA	426
ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF AFRICA.—Succession of races on the “dark continent”—PRESENT INHABITANTS OF AFRICA—I. Arabo-Berber or Semito-Hamite Group: Populations of Mediterranean Africa and Egypt—II. Ethiopian or Kushito-Hamite Group: Bejas, Gallas, Abyssinians, etc.—III. Fulah-Zandeh Group: The Zandeh, Masai, Niam-Niam populations of the Ubangi-Shari, etc., Fulbé or Fulahs—IV. Nigritian Group: Nilotic Negroes or Negroes of eastern Sudan—Negroes of central Sudan—Negroes of western Sudan and the Senegal—Negroes of the coast or Guinean Negroes, Kru, Agni, Tshi, Vei, Yoruba, etc.-V. Negrillo Group: Differences of the Pygmies and the Bushmen—VI. Bantu Group: Western Bantus of French, German, Portuguese, and Belgian equatorial Africa—Eastern Bantus of German, English, and Portuguese equatorial Africa—Southern Bantus: Zulus, etc.—VII. Hottentot-Bushman Group: The Namans and the Sans—VIII. Populations of Madagascar: Hovas, Malagasi, Sakalavas.
CHAPTER XII.
RACES AND PEOPLES OF OCEANIA	474
The Stone Age in Oceania—I. Australians: Uniformity of the Australian race—Language and manners and customs of the Australians—Extinct Tasmanians—II. Populations of the Asiatic or Malay Archipelago: Papuan and Negrito elements in the Archipelago—Indonesians and Malays of Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, etc.—III. Melanesians: Papuans of New Guinea—Melanesians properly so called of the Salomon and Admiralty Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, etc.—IV. Polynesians: Polynesians properly so called of Samoa, Tahiti, and Sandwich Islands, New Zealand, etc.—Micronesians of the Caroline and Marianne Islands, etc.—Peopling of the Pacific Islands and of the Indian Ocean.
CHAPTER XIII.
RACES AND PEOPLES OF AMERICA	507
The four ethnic elements of the New World—Origin of the Americans—ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF AMERICA—Problem of palæolithic man in the United States—Palæolithic man in Mexico and South America—Lagoa Santa race; Sambaquis and Paraderos—Problem of the Mound-Builders and Cliff-Dwellers—Ancient civilisation of Mexico and Peru—Present American Races—American languages.
PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA—I. Eskimo—II. Indians of Canada and United States: a. Arctic—Athapascan group; b. Antarctic—Algonquian-Iroquois, Chata-Muskhogi, and Siouan groups; c. Pacific—North-west Indians, Oregon-California and Pueblo groups—III. Indians of Mexico and Central America: a. Sonoran-Aztecs; b. Central Americans (Mayas, Isthmians, etc.)—Half-breeds in Mexico and the Antilles.
PEOPLES OF SOUTH AMERICA—I. Andeans: Chibcha, Quechua, and other linguistic families; the Araucans—II. Amazonians: Carib, Arawak, Miranha, and Panos families; unclassed tribes—III. Indians of East Brazil and the Central Region: Ges linguistic family; unclassed tribes (Puri, Karaya, Bororo, etc.); Tupi-Guarani family—IV. South Argentine: Chaco and Pampas Indians, etc.; Patagonians, Fuegians.
APPENDIX	577
INDEX OF AUTHORS	597
INDEX OF SUBJECTS	604

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.	PAGE
Naga of Manipur in gala costume	Frontispiece
1. Skull of gorilla	16
2. Skull of man	17
3. Microscopic section of skin and of hair	34
4. Mohave Indians of Arizona	35
5, 6. Pure Veddah of Dangala Mountains of Ceylon	38
7. Toda woman (India)	38
8. Kurumba man of Nilgiri Hills	42
9. Agni Negro of Krinjabo, Western Africa	42
10. Dolichocephalic skull of an islander of Torres Straits	56
11. Brachycephalic skull of a Ladin of Pufels (Tyrol)	56
12, 13. Skull of ancient Egyptian exhumed at Thebes	60, 62
14, 15. Jenny, Australian woman of Queensland	65
16. Japanese officer (old style)	69
17. Two men, Nagas of Manipur	71
18. Eye of a young Kalmuk girl of Astrakhan	78
19. Welsh type of Montgomeryshire	78
20. Kalmuk of Astrakhan	81
21. Jew of Algiers	82
22. Persian Hadjemi	83
23. A, Skull with Inca bone; B, Malar bone divided in two; C, Superior part of femur, etc.	88
24. Hottentot woman of Griqualand	94
25. Brain with indication of the three “centres of projection” and the three “centres of association”	103
26. Dakota Indian gesture language	129
27. Writing by notches of the Laotians	134
28. Coloured prehistoric pebbles of the grotto of Mas-d’Azil (Ariège)	137
29. Journal of the voyage of an Eskimo of Alaska	137
30. Petition of Chippeway Indians to the President of the United States	140
31. Various signs of symbolic pictography	141
32. Paternoster in Mexican hieroglyphics	141
33. Ancient Chinese hieroglyphics	142
34. Method of fire-making by rubbing	149
35. Do. do. sawing	151
36. Do. do. twirling	151
37. Bark vessel, used by Iroquois Indians	154
38. Type of Iroquois earthen vessel	154
39. Making of pottery without wheel	155
40. Primitive harvest	155
41. Hemispherical hut in straw of Zulu-Kafirs	161
42. Hut and granary of the Ovampos (S. Africa)	163
43. Summer tent of Tunguse-Manegres	163
44. “Gher” or tent of the Kalmuks of Astrakhan	167
45. Hexagonal house of non-roving Altaians	167
46. Kraal, or Kafir village, with defensive enclosure	168
47. Zulu girl, with head-dress, necklace, belt, and chastity apron	170
48. Ufhtaradeka, typical Fuegian with mantle	173
49. Ainu woman, tattooed round the lips	174
50, 51. Foot of Chinese woman artificially deformed	175
52. Native of the Department of Haute-Garonne	177
53. Dancing costume of natives of Murray Islands	178
54. Method of making stone tools by percussion	184
55. Method of flaking stone by pressure	186
56. Knife of chipped flint of the Hupa Indians	187
57. Kalmuk turning lathe with alternating rotatory movement	188
58. Principle of tackle utilised by Eskimo, landing a walrus	190
59. Dance of Australians during the Corroboree	199
60. Anthropomorph ornamental design of the Papuans of New Guinea	201
61, 62. Zoomorph ornamental designs on a club and a spatula	202
63. Conventional representation of an alligator	204
64. Ornamental motive derived from the preceding design	204
65. Ornamental designs of the Karayas	204
66. Bushman painting, representing the battle going in favour of the Bechuana	206
67. Symbolic adzes of Mangaia Island	207
68. “Sansa” or “Zimba,” a musical box of the Negroes	211
69. “Marimba,” the Negro xylophone	212
70. Bushman playing on the “gora”	213
71. Detail of construction of the “gora”	214
72. Eskimo geographical map	226
73. Chipped flint dagger of the Californian Indians	256
74. Axe of the Banyai (Matabeleland)	259
75. Missile arms of the Australians	260
76. Throwing-stick of the Papuans of German New Guinea	261
77. Different methods of arrow release	264
78. Australian shield in wood	267
79. Indonesian shields	267
80. Shield of Zulu-Kafirs	267
81. Money of uncivilised peoples	273
82. Method of tree-climbing in India	275
83. Malayo-Polynesian canoe with outrigger	279
84. Chellean flint implement, Saint-Acheul (Somme)	302
85. Quaternary art (Magdalenian period)	306
86. Spy skull, first quaternary race	313
87. Chancelade skull, second quaternary race	313
88. Islander of Lewis (Hebrides)	319
89, 90. Norwegian of South Osterdalen	322
91. Young Sussex farmer	325
92. Englishwoman of Plymouth	329
93. Fisher people of Island of Aran (Ireland)	330
94. Young woman of Arles	331
95, 96. Pure type of Highlander (clan Chattan)	332, 333
97. Anglian type, common in north and north-east of England	336
98. Frenchman of Ouroux (Morvan)	337
99, 100. Dolichocephalic Frenchmen of Dordogne	337
101. Englishman (Gloucestershire)	340
102, 103. Russian carpenter, district of Pokrovsk	342, 343
104, 105. Russian woman, district of Veréïa	346, 347
106. Cheremiss of Ural Mountains	349
107, 108. Kundrof Tatar (Turkoman) of Astrakhan	352
109. Georgian Imer of Kutais	355
110, 111. Chechen of Daghestan	356, 357
112. Skull of the Pithecanthropus erectus (Dab.)	361
113. Calvaria of Pithecanthropus, seen from above 361	362
114. Polished stone axe found in Cambodia	363
115, 116. Tunguse hunter (Siberia) with ski and staff	367, 370
117. Ainu of Yezo (Japan) with crown of shavings	371
118. Educated Chinaman of Manchu origin	383
119. Leao-yu-chow, Chinese woman	385
120. Young Japanese women taking tea	388
121. Tong King artisan of Son-tai	389
122. Khamti of Lower Burma, Assam frontier	393
123. Black Sakai of Gunong-Inas (Perak, Malay Pen.)	396
124. Negrito chief of Middle Andaman	398
125. Gurkha of the Kus or Khas tribe, Nepal	403
126. Group of Paniyan men and children of Malabar	404
127. Young Irula girl	406
128. Santal of the Bhagalpur Hills	407
129. An old Toda man of Nilgiri Hills	412
130. Group of Todas of Nilgiri Hills	415
131, 132. Singhalese of Candy, Ceylon	416
133. Tutti, Veddah woman of the village of Kolonggala	418
134. Natives of Mekran (Baluchistan)	421
135. Arts and crafts among the Kafirs	430
136. Tunisian Berber, Oasis type	433
137. Trarza Moor of the Senegal	434
138. Hamran Beja of Daghil tribe	437
139. Yoro Combo, fairly pure Fulah of Kayor (Futa Jallon)	442
140. Bonna M’Bané, Mandingan-Sossé	447
141. Catrai, Ganguela-Bantu	456
142. Swazi-Bantu woman and girl	466
143. N’Kon-yui, Bushman of the region of Lake Ngami	467
144. Hova of Tananarivo	472
145. Ambit, Sundanese of Java (Preanger prov.)	476
146. Natives of Livuliri (near Larantuka, Floris)	479
147, 148. Buri, a Solorian of Adanara Island	480, 481
149, 150. “Billy,” Queensland Australian	483, 485
151. Young Papuan woman of the Samarai people	492
152. Papuans of the Kerepunu tribe at Tamain-Hula (New Guinea)	496
153. Woman of the Fuala clan (New Caledonia)	497
154, 155. Tahitian woman of Papeete	502, 503
156. Tahitian of Papeete	504
157. West Greenland Eskimo	517
158, 159. Gahhigué-Vatake, a Dakota-Siouan Indian	521, 523
160. Woman of Wichita tribe, Pawnee Nation, Ind. Terr., U.S.	526
161. Christian Apache Indian	529
162. Young Creole woman of Martinique	538
163. Miztec Indian (Mexico)	539
164. Miztec women (Mexico)	541
165. Guaraunos chief, with his two wives	547
166. Guaraunos of the mouth of the Orinoco	549
167, 168. Kalina or Carib of Dutch Guiana	554, 555
169, 170. Miranha Indian of Rio Yapura	557, 559
171. Bakairi, Carib tribe of upper Xingu	562
172. Aramichaux Indian (Carib tribe of French Guiana)	566
173. Bororo woman (unclassified tribe of Matto Grosso)	568
174. Kamanakar Kipa, young Yahgan Fuegian girl	571
175. Tualanpintsis, Yahgan Fuegian, and his wife Ticoaeli	575
MAP 1. Europe in the first glacial period	303
„ 2. Approximate distribution of the races of Europe	327

The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography

About This Book

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography

THE RACES OF MAN: AN OUTLINE OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

THE RACES OF MAN:
AN OUTLINE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
AND ETHNOGRAPHY