The reformation in Poland

INDEX

Adjustment of religious differences, proposed project of 1555, 49-50.
Agriculture, revival of, 108-116.
Background of Polish Reformation,
independent attitude
of Polish princes, 9-11,
of clergy, 11-13,
of people, 13;
influence of humanism, 13-14;
character of Polish clergy, 14-15.
Batory, Stephen, religious tolerance of, 79-80.
Bible, Polish, different translations and editions of, 72.
Bohemian Brethren,
in Poland, 27-28, 41-42;
union with Calvinists of Little Poland, 48;
joint synod of the two in 1557 and proposed union with Lutherans, 56.
Budny, Simon, Arian reformer and writer, 72, 73.
Calvinism in Poland, 33-34, 39, 42;
need of better church organization of, 43;
growth of, 53.
Casimir the Great, attitude toward church, 10.
Causes of Polish Reformation,
political, constitutional liberties of Polish nobility, 101-105,
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134,
problem of “execution of laws,” 134-137;
social, Renaissance, 64-66,
art of printing, 66-73,
education, influence of foreign universities, 73-78,
religious tolerance, 78-82,
aristocratic character of Polish, Reformation, 82-83;
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134;
economic, wealth of Polish church, 83-100, 121-124,
revival of commerce and agriculture after Peace of Thorn (1466), 105-116,
problem of national defense, 116-124,
payment of tithes, 124-126.
Church, opposition of nobility to, political, 101-105;
economic, 105-116.
Clergy, Polish, moral character of, 14-15;
right to participate in royal elections questioned, 57-58;
taxation of, 60-61;
materialistic character of, 97-99.
Commerce, Polish, change in, and its significance, 105-108.
Confederation, of Korczyn (1438), 18;
of Warsaw (1573), 62, 80-81.
Conflict between Polish nobility and clergy, basis, constitutional liberties of Polish nobility, 101-105;
causes,
revival of Polish commerce and agriculture, 105-116,
problem of defense, 116-124,
quarrels over payment of tithes, 124-126,
opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 126-134,
demand for execution of laws, 134-137.
Consensus Sandomiriensis, 62-63.
Council of Constance, 16.
Court clergy, affected by the Reformation, 39-40.
Court, royal, affected by the Reformation, 30, 36.
Czechowic, Martin, Arian reformer and writer, 73.
Defense, problem of, 57, 60;
more acute after agricultural revival, 116 ff.;
insistence on the clergy’s participation in public, 118-121;
confiscation of ecclesiastical property for public, proposed, 122.
Demesne estates, enlargement of, by extension of cultivation, 108;
by expropriation of village mayorships, 108-109;
by incorporation of vacant peasant leaseholds, 109-110.
Ecclesiastical estates,
location and productivity, 92-93;
proximity to royal lands and its significance, 93-94.
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction,
protest against and demand for abolition of, 45;
suspended for a year, 45, 46;
suspension of, continued, 50, 57;
demand for abolition of, in all matters, 58-59;
abolished, 60-61, 126-132, 134.
Economic basis of ecclesiastical revolt of Polish nobility,
commercial changes, 105-107;
industrial changes, 107 ff.
Economic causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.
Edicts,
of Wieluń (1424), 17, of 1433, 18;
of Thorn (1520), 24;
of Duke Janusz of Mazovia (1525), 26-27;
of Cracow (1523), 28,
of 1554, 32,
of 1544, 37;
due to growth of Reformation, 29;
protest against their issuance, 59-60.
Execution of Laws, 54, 56, 57, 113, 134-137.
Farming by tenant peasants, not profitable in the 16th century, 114-115.
Glebae adscripti, Polish peasants become, 115.
Goniądz, Peter, reformer and writer, 73.
Humanism, 13-14, 64-66.
Hussitism, 16-19.
Independence,
of Polish princes, 9-11;
of clergy, 11-13;
of people, 13.
Investiture, right of, 10-11.
James of Paradyż, scholar and advocate of religious reform, 19, 20.
Krowicki, Martin, Arian reformer and writer, 48, 47, 73.
Krzyżak, Felix, Calvinistic reformer,
accepted the Reformation, 39;
fled to Great Poland, 46;
returned to Little Poland, 46;
appointed as superintendent of Calvinistic churches, 43;
invited Bohemian Brethren to unite with Calvinists of Little Poland, 48.
Landownership,
regarded as a special privilege of the Polish nobility, 110;
townspeople excluded from, and from high church offices, 110-113;
enlarged by purchases, 114.
Łaski, John, most distinguished Polish reformer, 38, 53, 56, 64, 65.
Legacies, of Polish ecclesiastical princes, 91-92.
Liberties, constitutional, of Polish nobility, 101-105.
Lismanini, Francis, a leader in Polish religious reform, 30, 39, 40, 41, 42, 53, 81.
Lutheranism,
in Danzig, 21-24;
in other West Prussian cities, 24-25;
in East Prussia, 25-26;
in Great Poland, 27-28;
in Little Poland, 28-30.
Mandate of Sigismund I on the starostas, 37, 38.
Matthew of Cracow, scholar and advocate of religious reform, 19-20.
Mayors of ecclesiastical villages, 56, 57, 60, 116 ff. See also Defense.
Meetings, secret, in Cracow, 39-40.
Modrzewski, Andrew Frycz, distinguished humanist and advocate of reform, 64, 65-66.
National Synod, 13, 50-51, 56-57.
Nobility, opposition to church,
political, 101-105;
economic, 105-116.
Ochino, Bernard, taking refuge in Poland, 81.
Oleśnicki, Cardinal Zbigniew, 17, 18.
Order to the starostas of 1546, 38.
Orzechowski, Stanislaus, 43, 44-45.
Ostrorog, John, 14, 64-65.
Political causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.
Pope Pius IV, reforms which he was asked to sanction, 50-51.
Prażmowski, Andrew, his preaching of Calvinistic doctrines in Posen, 42.
Pre-Reformation reform movements, influence,
of Waldensians, 15-16;
of Wyclif’s teaching, 16;
of Hussitism, 16-19;
of loyal sons of the church at home, 19-21.
Printers, Cracow, 66-70.
Printing, as a cause of Polish Reformation, 66-73.
Privileges, clerical, presented “ad judicum,” 60.
Protestantism, strength of, by 1569, 61-63.
Racovian Catechism, 73.
Radziwill, Nicholas, the Black,
an intimate of Sigismund Augustus, 41;
Lippomano tried to influence, 51-52;
founded a press at Brześć Litewski from which issued the Radziwill Bible, 71.
Renaissance. See Humanism.
Reformation, spread of, in Poland,
early beginnings and struggles, 21-33;
growing aggressiveness, 33-40;
triumph and dominance, 40-68;
in Danzig, 21-24;
in West Prussia, 24-26;
in East Prussia, 26;
in Mazovia, 26-27;
in Great Poland, 27-28;
in Little Poland, 28 ff.;
topic of general discussion, 34;
a class movement, 82-83, 132-134.
Rey, Nicholas, father of Polish literature, 37.
Roman clergy, affected by the Reformation, 38-39, 42, 43.
Samuel, Andrew, 37, 38-39, 40.
Seklucjan, John, 27, 37, 39, 40, 72.
Sigismund I, 11, 23, 27, 37, 40;
his tolerance, 38, 78-79.
Sigismund II, Augustus, 12;
Calvin’s Commentary on the Mass dedicated to, 34;
religious attitude of, 40-41;
tolerance of, 79.
Social causes of Polish Reformation. See Causes.
Social classes, affected by Reformation, 82-83; 101.
Stankar, Francis, his defection from Rome, 43-44;
his flight to Great Poland and return, 46.
Status of peasants, changed by legislation, 115-116.
Sozzino, Lelio, 81;
Faustus, 81.
Synodical decrees, 30-32, 34;
futility of, 32, 35-36.
Taxation of clerical property,
by Casimir the Great, 10;
insisted upon by nobility for purposes of defense, 123-124.
Tithes and tithing, opposition to, 59, 61, 97-98, 124-126.
Tolerance, religious, as cause of Polish Reformation, 78-82.
Treaty of Thorn (1466), its effect on Polish commerce and agriculture, 106 ff.
Uchański, James, 12, 39, 55, 56-57, 59.
Universities, foreign, influence of, 73-78.
Vatican, concerned about Poland, 51.
Vernacular, appeal to the masses through literature in, 36-37.
Waldensians, influence of, on Poland, 15-16.
Wealth of Polish church, landed,
in Great Poland, 84;
in Little Poland, 84-85;
in Mazovia, 85;
in Podlasie, 85-86;
in Volhynia, 86;
in Red Russia, 86-87;
in Ukraina, 87;
compared with that of the crown and of the nobility, 87-91;
minimum total estimates of, 94-96;
other sources of income, 96-97;
its influence on Polish nobility, 97-100;
proposed confiscation of, 100.
Wyclif, influence of his teaching in Poland, 16.
Zalaszowska, Catherine, execution of, 33.

The reformation in Poland

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