The Reign of the Manuscript

INDEX

• Abbeys—centers of monasticism, 128, 155–157, 167. (See Monasticism.)
• Accadians—writing and literature of, 99, 100;
  
  • language of, 92, 136.
• "Accents"—absent in early Greek literature, 124.
  
• Achievements—two conspicuous, of last century, 94, 98–104.
  
• Alphabetic writing—origin of, 91, 92, 104, 105, 110, 111;
  
  • occasion for, 104–106;
  • earliest document in, 110;
  • Phœnician development, 105–107;
  • the undeciphered Cretan, 100, 105, 106–108;
  • cosmopolitan, 116.
• Alexandrian—manuscript ("A"), 64, 65;
  
  • number of columns to page, 64, 65;
  • depository of, 64;
  • Library and Museum, 127, 137–141.
• Alexandria—strategic location, 115, 137;
  
  • literary activity of, 123, 127, 133, 145.
• Antony—gift of, 137.
  
• Arabia—paper first made and used in, 73;
  
  • monasteries of, 149, 155;
  • schools and literature of, 152, 153, 155.
• Arabs—brought paper-making into Spain, 73;
  
  • originated modern system of notation, 126.
• Architecture—characteristic of an age, 118.
  
• Asceticism—origin and development of, 154.
  
• Assur-bani-pal—ancient king of Assyria, 135;
  
  • fostered literature and learning, 135, 136;
  • library of, 135, 136;
  • discoveries by Layard on library site, 136.
• Authorities quoted, cited, and referred to:
  
  • Americana, The, 74.
  • Appleton's New Practical, 72.
  • Author, an anonymous, 26.
  • Baikie, Mr. James, 100.
  • Bible, The, 22, 33, 34, 43, 61, 62, 80, 87, 109, 112, 121, 158.
  • Birt, 68.
  • Bishop, Wm. Frost, D.D., 91, 110.
  • Book Record, The, 32.
  • Bruce, Professor A. B., 41, 42.
  • Budge, Mr. Wallace, 85, 97.
  • Callimachus (Grammarian), 140.
  • Chambers' Encyclopedia, 72.
  • Champollion, Professor, 98.
  • Christ in the Gospels, 29.
  • Chrysostom, 141.
  • Clay, Professor Albert T., 100, 102.
  • Clodd, Professor Edward, 91.
  • Ctesias, 59.
  • D'Israeli, 26.
  • Dobschütz, Professor Ernest Von, 12, 25, 26, 38, 39, 53, 54, 62, 63, 120, 156.
  • Duruy, Professor Victor, 164.
  • Edwards, Miss Amelia B. (Egyptologist), 93.
  • Emerton, Professor, 163.
  • Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition), 12, 24, 75, 80, 84, 105, 106, 108, 113, 142, 153.
  • Eusebius (Ecclesiastical Historian), 52, 147, 148.
  • Euthalius, 124.
  • Evans, Dr. A. J. (Antiquarian), 106, 107, 108.
  • Gibbon (Historian), 37, 144.
  • Grammaticus, Joannes (Scholar), 143.
  • Grotefend, Dr., 103.
  • Guizot (Historian), 18.
  • Hallam (Historian), 16, 131, 162.
  • Harding, Professor S. B., 163.
  • Harper, Professor Robert F., 80.
  • Harkness, Mr. M. E., 93, 97.
  • Hastings' Bible Dictionary, 164.
  • Herodotus (Ancient Historian), 59, 139.
  • Hillis, Newell Dwight, D.D., 56.
  • Hilprecht, Professor Herman V., 134, 135.
  • Hugo (Cardinal), 122.
  • Huston, Professor C. W., 96.
  • Huxley, Professor, 90.
  • International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 17, 21, 22, 25, 27, 47, 48, 111.
  • Jerome, St. (Scholar), 124, 155.
  • Jewish Encyclopedia, 51, 59, 112.
  • Klein, Dr. (Traveler), 109.
  • Layard, Sir Henry, 104, 136.
  • Lecky, Mr. W. E. H., 161.
  • Macaulay, Lord, 150, 170.
  • Mahaffy, Professor J. P., 118, 119.
  • Milligan, Professor George, 66.
  • Munro and Sellery, Professors, 157, 161, 162.
  • Myers, Professor, 163, 169.
  • National Geographic Magazine, 100, 102, 108, 128.
  • Nelson's Encyclopedia, 105.
  • New York Daily, 54.
  • Nicholas V. (Pope), 169, 170.
  • North American Review, 144.
  • Petrarch (Biographer), 169.
  • Petrie, Professor, 79.
  • Plato, 23, 31.
  • Pliny, 69, 81.
  • Press dispatches, 57.
  • Prescott (Historian), 26, 78, 95.
  • Prideau, 50, 66, 67.
  • Putnam, Mr. George H., 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 30, 31, 68, 75, 78, 103, 104, 131, 140, 164, 165.
  • Rawlinson, Professor George, 136.
  • Richardson, Mr. E. C., 21, 22, 25, 27, 47, 48, 111.
  • Robertson, Rev. Frederick W., 40.
  • Roget, M. Emmanuel De, 92.
  • Sayce, Professor A. H., 27, 79, 101, 106, 109, 111, 136.
  • Smith, Mr. Goldwin, 168.
  • Stephens, Robert (Printer), 122.
  • Symonds, Professor, 169.
  • Taylor (Canon), 104.
  • Taylor, Dr. Isaac, 18, 71, 118, 148.
  • Tertullian (Church Father), 141.
  • Thalheimer (Historian), 74.
  • Thatcher and Schwill, Professors, 150, 155, 162.
  • Tischendorf, Professor, 64, 166.
  • Vincent, Dr. Marvin R., 38.
  • Walsh, Professor, 151, 152, 159.
  • World Almanac, 142.
  • Wright, Professor George F., 40, 41, 52, 53.
  • Wycliffe, John, 29, 30.
  • Young, Professor, 98, 99.
• Babylonia—inscribed temple walls, 100;
  
  • clay tablets of, 79, 134, 135, 136;
  • ancient syllabary script of, 105.
• Babylonian—expedition, 134;
  
  • explorations at Nippur, 134, 135;
  • "deluge" tablet, 134, 135.
• Benedictines—founding of Order, 150, 155;
  
  • civilizing and beneficent influences of, 162, 164.
• Bible—a divine-human book, 40–45;
  
  • for man, 18, 40;
  • collective volume, 140;
  • versions, 38, 39;
  • preëminent MSS of, 64, 65;
  • lost autographs, 44;
  • Septuagint Version, 141;
  • decorated and embellished copies, 52–54, 159;
  • cost of making, 29–32;
  • first printed ("Mazarin"), 14, 15;
  • Revised N. T., 28;
  • numerous manuscripts of, 37–39;
  • American Bible Society, 32;
  • permanency of, 18;
  • chapters and verses, 122, 125.
• Book—definition of, 19, 20;
  
  • evolution, 20, 21;
  • form of ancient, 63;
  • change from "roll" to "leaf" form, 63–64, 69;
  • "diptych," "triptych," "polyptych," 82;
  • "Book of the Dead," 84, 85, 93;
  • size of roll-book, 68, 69, 139, 140.
• Books—earliest, 21, 22, 59;
  
  • valuation of, 14, 29–32, 130;
  • making and commerce of, 127–132;
  • "reinforced" papyrus and paper, 69, 75;
  • embellishment of, 52–54;
  • cost of written and printed compared, 29–32;
  • enemies of, 48;
  • materials, 44 (see chapter XI);
  • rare, 52–54, 64, 65;
  • depositories of, 127, 128, 130–132, 148, 149;
  • repairing, 49, 69, 152;
  • new crusade for, 169.
• "Breathings"—of the Greek MSS, 124.
  
• British Museum—depository, 59, 64, 136.
  
• Champollion—and the Rosetta Stone, 98.
  
• Charlemagne—referred to, 149;
  
  • patron of schools and learning, 149;
  • scarcity of books at his time, 149, 150;
  • meager intellectual attainments of, 149, 150.
• Chinese—inventors of printing, 11, 12;
  
  • first paper-makers, 72;
  • ideographic writing of, 105, 117;
  • ancient library of, 81.
• Churches—relation to learning, 131, 132, 156;
  
  • libraries in, 148.
• Cleopatra—name on Rosetta Stone, 99;
  
  • Antony and, 137.
• Code—Hammurabi, 80, 110.
  
• "Colon"—punctuation mark, 124.
  
• Columns—in roll-book, 50, 61, 63, 64,
  
  • and age of MSS, 64, 65.
• "Comma"—punctuation mark, 121, 124.
  
• Constantine—founder of Constantinople, 146;
  
  • patron of Christianity, 147;
  • furthered the Bible, 147, 148, 158.
• Constantinople—secure and favored position, 146, 147;
  
  • center of literary and religious activity, 147–149, 164.
• Copyists—professional, 69, 127, 132, 138, 140, 147, 149 (see monks);
  
  • women, 128;
  • other, 128–130, 138;
  • wage of, 29, 32, 54;
  • concern for their work, 49–52;
  • dictation to, 157, 158, 165;
  • rules governing, 49–51;
  • repairing MSS, 49, 69;
  • artistic accomplishments of, 52–54;
  • paraphernalia of, 86, 88.
• Cnossos—Cretan palace of, 107;
  
  • "finds" in, 107, 108.
• Crete—recent discoveries in ancient, 100, 107, 108.
  
• Cuneiform—writing, 28, 99–104;
  
  • distinguished from hieroglyphic, 100;
  • made with stylus, 102;
  • hieroglyphic, origin of, 100;
  • great quantity of writing in, 102, 104, 134–136;
  • discoveries of Layard, 104, 136;
  • of Rawlinson, 136;
  • diminutive specimens, 136;
  • Dr. Grotefend's "guess," 103;
  • how read, 102;
  • incorruptible character of, 103, 104;
  • cylinders, 79;
  • "deluge" tablet, 134.
• "Dark Ages"—extent, 127, 129;
  
  • decline of learning and literature therein, 33, 129–132, 149–151;
  • emergence from, 150–152, 168, 169.
• "Demotic"—writing, distinguished from "hieratic," 70, 92, 98, 99;
  
  • on Rosetta Stone, 99.
• "Diptych"—defined, 82.
  
• Ephraem—monk, 63;
  
  • Manuscript ("C"), 63, 64, 65.
• "Gait"—of handwriting, 55;
  
  • of mind, 57.
• Greece—fountain source of literature, 138.
  
• Grotefend (Dr.)—and cuneiform inscription, 103.
  
• Gutenberg—place and time of birth, 12;
  
  • his invention and its significance, 12, 13;
  • first printed book, 14, 15;
  • first press, 13;
  • experimentations, 13, 14;
  • price paid for one copy, 14;
  • first edition printed, 30.
• Hammurabi—code of, 80;
  
  • inscription and purpose of, 80, 110.
• "Hand"—importance of, 47, 56, 57, 159;
  
  • changes in, 112–117;
  • provincial and national "hands," 115-117.
• Handwriting—unwritten literature, 20, 27, 28;
  
  • the two great stages of the classic, 113, 114;
  • slow and laborious process of, 27–29, 47;
  • two chief desiderata of written MSS, 46, 47;
  • costly, 29–32.
• Hebrew—language and literature, 109, 110, 122, 123.
  
• Herodotus—testimony to Persian archives, 59;
  
  • books of, 139.
• "Hieratic"—writing, defined, 92;
  
  • distinguished from "demotic," 70, 98.
• Hieroglyphic—writing, earliest mode of recording ideas, 20, 21, 28, 70, 91–99;
  
  • universal, 92, 107;
  • one of the tri-lingual inscriptions, 98;
  • two classes of, 94–97;
  • number of, 97.
• Homer—writings of long un-recorded, 24;
  
  • "books" of, 139, 140.
• "Ideographic"—writing, defined, 94, 95;
  
  • clumsy and imperfect, 97, 98;
  • limitations of, illustrated, 97, 98;
  • key to decipherment, 98, 99;
  • Cretan undeciphered, 107, 108.
• "India"—paper, quality, 76, 77;
  
  • tests of strength and durability, 77;
  • remarkable productions on, 76, 77;
  • ink, 86.
• Inks—importance and necessity of good, 47, 57, 83;
  
  • composition of ancient, 83, 84;
  • lost art, 86;
  • various kinds and colors, 84, 85, 86;
  • uses of colored, 85;
  • millenniums-old, 84;
  • tests of genuineness of written documents, 57;
  • printers', 14;
  • "royal," 86;
  • "India," 86.
• "Interrogation" (?)—punctuation mark, 124.
  
• Inventions—outgrowth of necessity, 40, 60, 62;
  
  • in printing, 11;
  • in paper, 72;
  • in the alphabet, 91, 92, 106, 107;
  • improvement and progress in, 16, 17, 62, 63;
  • in punctuation, 120, 121, 123, 125;
  • improvement in materials and arrangement of books, 62, 69, 70, 72–77, 81, 82.
• Jews—devotion to sacred books, 49;
  
  • rules governing copyists, 49, 50, 51;
  • Septuagint Version for, 141.
• Language—most distinguishing characteristic of mankind, 90;
  
  • earliest decipherable, 108–111;
  • first use of alphabetic writing, 105, 106;
  • the Gospel in many languages, 34–38, 41;
  • many and various versions, 38, 39.
• Leather—earliest material of portable books, 59;
  
  • Hebrew statutes written on, 59;
  • age of skin-rolls, 59;
  • royal archives of Persia on, 59;
  • Yemanite rolls, 59.
• Libraries—earliest at Nippur, 133–135;
  
  • contents of Nippur tablets, 134, 136;
  • "deluge" tablet, 134, 135;
  • at Assur-bani-pal, 103, 135;
  • scribes of, 135, 136;
  • the number of tablets therein, 135, 136;
  • size of tablets and of writing, 136;
  • magnifying lens found, 136;
  • contents of tablets, 134, 136, 137;
  • at Pergamos, 137;
  • number of rolls in, 137;
  • disposition of, 137, 145;
  • at Alexandria, 137, 138;
  • treasures of learning in, 127, 137, 138, 141;
  • preëminence of, 137, 138;
  • books of, 138;
  • how books secured, 135, 138, 140, 141;
  • scribes of, 127, 128, 136, 137, 138, 140;
  • number and size of books therein, 137–140;
  • varying fortunes of, 143–145;
  • irreparable loss, 145;
  • tradition of the destruction, 143, 144;
  • at Constantinople, 146–148;
  • fostered by the Emperor, 147–148;
  • successively wasted and renewed, 148, 152;
  • of monasteries, 131, 132, 148, 149, 151, 152;
  • of churches, 148;
  • at Paris, and elsewhere, 64, 94, 149, 151–153;
  • the Vatican, 64, 170;
  • British Museum, 59, 64, 80, 136;
  • how libraries perpetuated and replenished, 130, 135, 136–141, 147, 152, 157, 163;
  • number of books in leading modern, 142.
• Literature—how first perpetuated, 19, 22, 27, 28;
  
  • period of the MSS, 19;
  • materials of written MSS, 46–88;
  • punctuation and other devices of literature, 120–125;
  • stichometry, 123;
  • chapters and verses of the Bible, 120–124;
  • ideomatic use of language in, 123;
  • modern distinctions of, 120–125;
  • Aldus Manutius and modern punctuation, 125;
  • extended by Arabian conquests, 152, 153;
  • system of notation, 126.
• Manuscripts—form of book, 61–65;
  
  • period of, 19–33;
  • two desiderata for, 46, 47;
  • cost of, 29–36, 46, 54, 130;
  • enemies of, 48;
  • restoration of palimpsest, 63;
  • repairing old and damaged, 49, 130;
  • abundance of Bible and why, 33, 35–39;
  • preservation of, 47, 48, 130, 165, 167;
  • the preëminent "uncials": codex "א" (Sinaitic), 44, 64, 65, 147, 166;
  • codex "B" (Vatican), 44, 64, 65;
  • codex "A" (Alexandrian), 64, 65;
  • codex "C" (Ephraem), 63, 64, 65;
  • rare and embellished, 52–54, 93, 94, 159;
  • the Septuagint, 141.
• Materials—variety and changes in, 44, 47, 55–58, 79;
  
  • skin of animals, 59;
  • leather, 59, 60, 61;
  • parchment, 59;
  • vellum, 59, 61, 147;
  • papyrus, 57;
  • preparation of papyrus, 67, 68;
  • first form of books, 61, 62;
  • letter form, 62;
    
  • earliest known roll-books, 59;
  • commerce in, 31, 70, 71;
  • paper introduced in West, 73;
  • variety of substances used in paper-making, 72;
  • other materials displaced by paper, 75;
  • development of paper-making and printing-press, 75;
  • paper long made by hand, 75, 76;
  • "India" paper, 76, 77;
  • tablets of various kinds, 78–81, 101;
  • protected tablets, 81, 82 (see Tablets).
• Manutius—and system of punctuation, 125.
  
• "Mazarin"—Bible, first printed book, 14;
  
  • why so called, 14.
• Memory—phenomenal and reliable, 24–27.
  
• Middle Ages—referred to, 53, 63, 115, 116, 125, 163;
  
  • bounds of, 127, 129;
  • ignorance in, 130–132, 149, 150, 154;
  • period of emergence (renaissance), 168, 169.
• Minstrelsy—relation to history and literature, 22–26.
  
• Moabite Stone—referred to, 79;
  
  • discovered, described, and deciphered, 79, 108, 109;
  • age and importance, 109–111;
  • kinship with the Siloam Inscription, 111, 112.
• Monasteries—widely established, 148–152, 154–157, 159–168;
  
  • seats of book-making industry, 157–159;
  • depositories of books, 157–169;
  • relation to learning, 150, 151, 156, 157, 162–164;
  • extent and value of schools' instruction, 156, 160.
• Monasticism—origin of, 154, 155;
  
  • extent of, 150–152, 155;
  • weaknesses, 159, 160;
  • contributions to society, 156–165, 168.
• Monks—copyists, 132, 157, 158, 161–165;
  
  • civilizers, 162, 163, 164, 167;
  • promoted learning and letters, 161–164.
• Moors—relation to civilization in Europe, 73;
  
  • first paper-makers of Spain, 73.
• Museum—British, 59, 64, 80, 93, 104, 136;
  
  • Alexandrian, 137, 138, 145;
  • destruction of, 143, 145;
  • Berlin, 80.
• Nippur—antiquity of, 133;
  
  • results of explorations on site, 133–137.
• Notation—system, a development, 125, 126;
  
  • "cipher" of, 126.
• "Orders"—first, 150, 155 (see monasteries, monasticism, monks).
  
• Paintings—mural, at Washington, 20, 21;
  
  • on MSS, 52, 53, 54.
• Palæography—art and science of, 89, 90, 159;
  
  • development, 90, 92;
  • modern penmanship a questionable accomplishment, 90;
  • writing, crystalized speech, 90, 91;
  • three sources of written language:
  • (1) Hieroglyphics, 20, 21, 91–99;
  • (2) Cuneiform, 99–104;
  • (3) Alphabetic, 91, 92, 104–112;
  • classic writing a product, 112;
  • two stages of classic writing—"uncial," 113, 114;
  • "minuscule," 113, 114;
  • undeciphered script of ancient Cretans, 100, 108;
  • provincial and national "hands," 115-117;
  • the "ascent" of the Anglo-Saxon "hand," 115, 116;
  • changes in the direction of writing, 116, 117;
  • the "hand" a factor in determining age of writing, 117–119.
• "Palimpsests"—defined, 63;
  
  • examples, 63.
• Paper—origin of, 72, 73;
  
  • itinerary of progress in making, 72, 73;
  • substances used as "pulp" for, 72;
  • materials for making—cotton, 57, 73, 74;
  • linen, 58, 74;
  • flax and rags, 58, 74;
  • other substances, 72, 74, 78;
  • supercession of other materials by, 75, 76;
  • earliest documents on, 74;
  • "water marks" of, 55, 56;
  • long made by hand, 75;
  • interleaved and "reinforced," 69, 75;
  • improved methods of making, 74–76;
  • complement of the printing-press, 74, 75;
  • "India" paper and tests and examples of, 76, 79.
• Papyrus—source of, 66;
  
  • plant described, 67, 101;
  • preparation of, 67, 68;
  • cost, 31, 66;
  • general use of, 66, 70, 71;
  • period of use, 44, 70, 71;
  • commerce in, 70, 71;
  • exportation from Egypt forbidden, 60, 70, 71;
  • roll-books on, 68, 69;
  • "reinforced," 69;
  • subdivision of large rolls on, 139, 140;
  • fragile, 44, 48, 69, 103;
  • the oldest rolls on, 70, 84, 85;
  • the "Prisse" papyrus, 93.
• Parchment—from skins of animals, 59, 60, 62;
  
  • preparation of, 60;
  • best material, 60, 61;
  • scarcity and cost and "palimpsests," 63;
  • valuable MSS of Bible on, 52–54, 64, 65.
• Pergamos—parchment first made at, 60;
  
  • library of, 137, 145.
• Pens—for writing, 87;
  
  • "pen-knife," 87.
• Pentecost—relation of first to spread of Gospel, 34–36.
  
• "Period"—punctuation mark, 124.
  
• Phœnicians—developed ideographic alphabet, 105–107, 109, 110;
  
  • earliest traders and first to need a communicable language, 106;
  • alphabet and Philistines, 106.
• "Phonetic"—writing, described, 94–96.
  
• "Pointings"—a development, 122, 123, 124.
  
• "Polyptych"—described, 82.
  
• Printing—the invention of, 11–13;
  
  • reputed examples in China and Japan, 11, 12, 14;
  • Gutenberg the inventor, 13;
  • first types, 13;
  • original press and modern, 13, 28, 29, 30;
  • importance of, 16–18, 28, 29, 75;
  • typography witness to date of, 117, 118;
  • contrasted with oral tradition, 24, 25;
  • "proof correction" an aid to purity of literature, 17, 18.
• Punctuation—system developed, 120–125;
  
  • modern, 114, 120, 125;
  • indispensable to literature and commerce, 120–122;
  • system completed, 125.
• Ptolemaic (dynasty)—"Soter," 137;
  
  • "Philadelphus," 137, 138;
  • relation to Alexandrian Library, 137, 138;
  • "Epiphanes," 98, 99.
• Renaissance—time and importance of, 150–152, 168, 169.
  
• Revelation—progressive, 41, 42;
  
  • materials embodying, subject to exposure, 42–44.
• Revised Version—feat of N. T. publication, 28;
  
  • errors in, 17.
• Roll-book—earliest form in leather and papyrus, 59, 61, 68, 69;
  
  • antiquity of, 59, 70, 84;
  • size of, 68, 69, 83, 139, 140.
• Roman alphabet—ascendancy of and reasons for, 114, 115, 116.
  
• Rosetta Stone—referred to, 70, 79;
  
  • discovery of, 79, 94, 98;
  • described, 98, 99;
  • tri-lingual inscription on, 70, 98, 99;
  • key to decipherment, 99;
  • and Egyptian literature, 79, 99.
• Schools—of abbeys and monasteries, 151, 156, 157, 163, 164;
  
  • Arabian, 155.
• Scribes—professional, 127;
  
  • monks, 128, 157–159, 163, 164;
  • dignitaries and princes, 128;
  • slaves, 129, 130;
  • persons of sedentary habits, 129;
  • women, 128;
  • dictation to by reader, 157, 158;
  • beauty of work, 52–54, 159;
  • wages of, 29–32;
  • employed in libraries, 135, 138, 140, 145, 147.
• "Scriptorium"—of monasteries, 157, 158, 165.
  
• "Semicolon"—punctuation mark, 124.
  
• "Septuagint"—what and for whom, 141;
  
  • probable fate of original, 141;
  • compared with, 145.
• Siloam Inscription—place, date, and object, 111, 112;
  
  • discovery and significance of, 111, 112;
  • related to Moabite Stone, 112.
• Sinaitic Manuscript—referred to, 44;
  
  • when and by whom discovered, 166;
  • described, 61, 64, 65, 148;
  • where treasured, 64;
  • rank, 65.
• Speech—distinguishing characteristic of man, 90.
  
• St. Catharine—convent of, 64, 166, 167;
  
  • depository of Sinaitic MS for centuries, 166;
  • location and entrance, 167.
• "Stichometry"—species of early punctuation, 123, 124.
  
• Stylus—instrument used on clay, wax, etc., 81, 82, 87, 101, 102.
  
• Tablets—early, 28, 48;
  
  • the material of and preparation, 78, 79, 81, 101, 102;
  • size and form, 79, 135, 136;
  • number, 79, 104, 134, 135, 136;
  • Tel-el-Amarna, 79, 80;
  • Cnossos, 107;
  • character of writing on, 79, 80, 101–103, 136;
  • subjects treated, 79, 80, 134, 136, 137;
  • wood for, 81;
  • wax, 78, 81, 82;
  • envelopes for, 101;
  • protected, 82, 101;
  • "deluge," 134.
• Thirteenth century—referred to, 30, 39, 54, 159;
  
  • great, 151, 159, 168;
  • renaissance began in, 151;
  • libraries and universities founded during, 151, 152.
• "Tongues"—at Pentecost, 34;
  
  • object of the "gift," 34-36.
• Tradition—preceded written records, 22;
  
  • preserved and perpetuated literature, 21–27;
  • of the Alexandrian Library's destruction, 143, 144.
• "Triptych"—described, 82.
  
• Types—printing, 12;
  
  • composition of, 13, 14;
  • changes in, an aid in determining age of literature, 117, 118.
• "Uncial"—the earliest classic "hand," 113, 114;
  
  • the "hand" of the preëminent MSS of the Bible, 64, 65.
• Universities—when founded, 151;
  
  • expeditions of Pennsylvania University, 134.
• Vatican—manuscript referred to, 44, 53;
  
  • described, 64, 65;
  • on vellum, 52–54, 61;
  • depository of, 64;
  • Library, 64, 169, 170.
• Vellum—described, 61;
  
  • Bible MSS on, 52–54, 61.
• Versions—of the Bible, 35–39, 45;
  
  • Septuagint, 141.
• Volume—earliest form of books, 61–65, 68;
  
  • size of, 68, 69, 139;
  • first writing on one side of, 61, 138;
  • larger works divided, 139, 140;
  • roll-books designated by letters, 140.
• Wage—for scribe in time of Diocletian, 31.
  
• "Water marks"—impressed in fiber of paper, 55, 56;
  
  • old custom and test of genuineness of documents, 56, 57.
• Writing—materials used and changes in, 46–48, 50, 52–58, 60, 70, 71, 78;
  
  • instruments adaptable to, 87;
  • inks, 83–86;
  • art and science of, 89, 90;
  • modern neglect of the art, 90;
  • "crystalized" speech, 90, 91;
  • development of, 91, 92;
  • picture writing, 20, 91–98;
  • the three great "species" of, 92—
  • (1) Hieroglyphic, 91–99;
  • two classes of: "ideographic" and "phonetic," 94-96;
  • distinctions of "hieratic" and "demotic," 70, 94, 98, 99;
  • the Rosetta Stone the "key" to the early Egyptian writing, 94, 98, 99;
  • clumsy and uncertain, 97, 98;
  • (2) Cuneiform, 99–104;
  • Dr. Grotefend's decipherment of, 103;
  • tablets and cylinders, 79–82;
  • Tel-el-Amarna tablets and the Hammurabi monument, 79, 80;
  • (3) Alphabetic, 104–112;
  • origin of, 91, 92, 105, 106;
  • oldest deciphered, 108–110;
  • the undeciphered Minoan script, 108;
  • Moabite Stone and Siloam Inscription, 108–112;
  • Phœnician contribution to alphabetic literature, 105–108;
  • the pre-exilic of Palestine, 111;
  • classic writing, 112–117;
  • development of national and provincial "hands," 112-117;
  • "uncial" and "cursive" "hands," 113, 114;
  • Anglo-Saxon "hand," 115, 116;
  • changes in the direction of writing, 116, 117;
  • style of writing a verisimilitude of genuineness, 117–119;
  • determining age of composition, 118, 119;
  • compared and contrasted with printing, 27–32, 138.
• Young (Dr.)—labors in deciphering the Rosetta Stone and the Egyptian hieroglyphics, 98, 99.
  
• "Zero"—the cipher completing the system of notation, 126;
  
  • when and by whom added, 126.