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The Relations between the Laws of Babylonia and the Laws of the Hebrew Peoples / The Schweich Lectures cover

The Relations between the Laws of Babylonia and the Laws of the Hebrew Peoples / The Schweich Lectures

Chapter 20: NOTES
By C. H. W. Johns
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About This Book

The lectures trace an ancient Babylonian code and set it beside the legal traditions preserved in the Hebrew scriptures, using comparative method to expose shared Semitic traits, parallel provisions, and notable differences. The author inspects textual transmission and translation choices, consults contemporary legal documents, and treats individual clauses to show how Babylonian practice can illuminate aspects of Israelite legislation and clarify problematic passages. The work also outlines methodological cautions, offers indices and translations prepared for study, and considers the broader implications for how early legal systems developed and influenced one another.

Letters of the Neo-Babylonian period are numerous but not much published. R. C. Thompson published Late Babylonian Letters (London, Luzac & Co., 1906) with translations, &c. Fr. Martin gave Lettres néo-babyloniennes (Paris, Champion, 1909), and Trois lettres néo-babyloniennes in the Hilprecht Anniversary Volume, 1909. In the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, 1911, pp. 157-8, T. G. Pinches published Two late Babylonian Letters.

NOTES

[1] This, at any rate, is usually stated on the authority of the monkish chroniclers. J. R. Green in A Short History of the English People (London, Macmillan, 1875), p. 46, records that the Ten Commandments and a portion of the Law of Moses were prefixed to the code drawn up by Alfred and so became part of the law of the land. Whether this ancient tradition will survive modern criticism remains to be seen. The tradition at any rate continues to command widespread credence.

[2] It has been pointed out that references to a particular edition would be out of place here, but for elementary students one may refer to Ancient Law, its connexion with the early history of society and its relation to modern ideas (London, G. Routledge and Sons). The many references given in the bibliography to various ancient legislations will suffice for our comparisons, but articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica or the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics may be consulted for further study.

[3] So I was informed by the late Professor Maitland, but I have unfortunately lost the reference he gave me.

[4] In the Beiträge zur Assyriologie, 1902, p. 86.

[5] Wednesday, Oct. 29, 1902.

[6] The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi (London, A. & C. Black, 1903).

[7] See on the racial character of the Sumerians, L. W. King’s Sumer and Akkad, passim, and the references there.

P. 2, notes 7, 8, 9, see Survey of Bibliography, Anticipations, p. 65.

[10] But this work may have to be done when the data exist for recognizing the Sumerian Elements, cf. p. 76 and references to Sumerian Law in the Index.

[11] The Code must have been drawn up later than the conquest of Rîm-Sin, or rather its present redaction must. The date was discussed by King, Schorr and E. Meyer as well as Winckler, most lately by E. Cuq, see Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Jan. 1912, p. 5.

[12] Most recently in Ancient Babylonia, by C. H. W. Johns (Cambridge, University Press, 1913) pp. 76-80.

[13] See under these names in Index and Bibliography.

[14] See p. 67.

[15] See p. 74.

[16] See p. 74.

INDEX

  • Abraham, 4, 17, 19, 24, 34.
  • Abu Habba, 81.
  • Abyssinia, 53.
  • Adoption, 10.
  • Akkad, 18.
  • Akkadian language, 1.
  • Alexander the Great, 20.
  • Alfred’s laws, iii, n. 1.
  • Amenophis, 9.
  • Amhara, 53.
  • Amnesty, 57.
  • Amorite, 7, 8, 22, 36, 51, 53.
  • Amraphel, 3, 17, 18.
  • Amurru, 18.
  • Anticipation of Code, 65.
  • Appeal, 37.
  • Arabs, 9.
  • Arioch, 3, 19.
  • Aristocrat, 32, 36.
  • Armenstiftler, 9.
  • Arrangement, xv.
  • Artisan, 5.
  • Ashurbanipal’s Library, 2, 65, 70.
  • Assyriologist’s opinions, 20.
  • Asylum, 35.
  • Aztecs, 54.
  •  
  • Babel und Bibel, 65.
  • Babylon, 82, 86.
  • Babylonia, 2, 62.
  • Babylonian influence, 24.
  • Bedawin, vi, 32.
  • Berlin copy of Code, 2.
  • Bogos Laws, 53.
  • Book of the Covenant, 21, 25.
  • Borsippa, 86.
  • Boundary stones, 83.
  • British Museum, 1, 2.
  • Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch, 14.
  • Bürgerliche Recht, 65.
  • Burglary, 36.
  •  
  • Canaan, 17, 22.
  • Canaanite law, 22, 59.
  • Cappadocia, 88.
  • Chaldees, 4.
  • Chedorlaomer, 19.
  • Chronology, 17.
  • Cities of refuge, 35.
  • Class legislation, 31, 32.
  • Code civile, 14.
  • Code of Hammurabi, 2, 3, 4, 65.
  • Common-law dower, 6.
  • Common Semitic custom, 24, 51.
  • Compensation, 32, 33.
  • Constantinople Museum, 66, 81.
  • Contracts, 80.
  • Copies of Code, late, 2.
  • Crimes and Punishments, 72.
  • Criminal law, 4.
  •  
  • Damage to crops, 37.
  • Daniel, 1.
  • Date of Code, 3, n. 11.
  • Death penalty, 36.
  • Debt, 56.
    • See hostage, slave.
  • Decads, 61.
  • Deed of sale, 35.
  • Deposit, 38.
  • Deuteronomy, 21.
  • Differential treatment, 32, 36, 42, 46.
  • Dilbat, 82.
  • Discovery of Code, 1.
  • Discussions of Code, 69.
  • Divine punishment, 46, 47.
    • See oath, ordeal.
  • Doctors, 35.
  • Double portion, 85.
  • Dréhem, 78.
  • Duplicates of Code, 2.
  •  
  • Earlier codes, 3.
    • See Sumerian.
  • Editio princeps, 65.
  • Education, 6.
  • Elam, 1, 18, 52, 53.
  • Ellasar, 3, 19.
  • Entail, 5.
  • Erasure, 1.
  • Evolution of Code, 3.
  • Evolution of institutions, 54.
  •  
  • False claims, 37.
  • Family, 5.
  • Fines, 36.
  • First Dynasty of Babylon, 2, 3, 7, 22.
  • Fourteenth chapter of Genesis, 3, 17.
  • Freedman, 11.
  •  
  • Gemara, 15.
  • Gortyna Code, iii.
  • Grades of society, 7.
  • Grammar of Code, 69.
  •  
  • Hammurabi, 1, 4, 17.
  • Hammurabi Amraphel, 3.
  • Higher Critics, 17, iv.
  • Hiram, 28.
  • Hostage for debt, 41, 45.
  •  
  • Imprisonment, 72.
  • Incest, 60.
  • Independence, vii.
  • Integrity of Code, 3.
  • Irrigation, 37.
  •  
  • Jewish view of law, 15, 23.
  • Jews, 16.
  • Josephus, 61.
  •  
  • Kadashman-Ellil, 9.
  • Kassites, 83.
  • Kidnapping, 34.
  • King’s judges, 5.
  • Kish, 82.
  • Kudur-mabuk, 53.
  •  
  • Language of Code, 72.
  • Larsa, 3, 18, 83.
  • Laws from Shamash, 1.
  • Laws of Moses, 20.
  • Legal documents, 4.
  • Letters, 89.
  • Leviticus, 21.
  • Lexicography, 74.
  • Lex talionis, 27, 28, 30, 31.
  • Local government, 5.
  • Louvre Museum, 1, 65.
  •  
  • Mancipium, 42.
  • Manu, Laws of, 47, 53, iii.
  • Maximum penalty, 37.
  • Mesopotamia, 4.
  • Metayer system, 5.
  • Mishna, 15.
  • Moabites, 22.
  • Mosaic Codes, 16, 17.
  • Moses, 17, 20.
  • Mycenaean pottery, 55.
  •  
  • Nippur, 2.
    • ——copy of Code, 34, 66, 76.
    • ——tablets, 87.
  • Noah, 52.
  • Normans, 32.
  • North Syrians, 22.
  •  
  • Oath, 6, 35, 72, 73.
  • Ordeal, 6, 72, 73.
  •  
  • Palace, 8.
  • Palestine, 4.
  • Penalty of burning, 60.
  • Pentads, 26, 71.
  • Perpetual servitude, 34, 41.
  • Persepolis, 1.
  • Persia, 1.
  • Phoenicians, 22, x.
  • Poor man, 46.
  • Position of women, 1, 78.
  • Post, 5.
  • Pre-Sargonic, 79.
  • Priest’s daughter, 60.
  • Primitive Semitic Law, vi.
  • Purgation by oath, 35.
  • Purity of text, 2, 3.
  •  
  • Rabbinic, 15, 61.
  • Rahab, 60, 61.
  • Re-editions, 66.
  • Retaliation, 32.
  • Rîm-Sin, 3, 18, 19, 80, 90.
  • Roman law, 6, 27, iii, iv.
    • See Twelve Tables.
  •  
  • Sacred numbers, 59.
  • Senkereh, 80.
  • Shamash, 1.
  • Shinar, 3, 18.
  • Shushan, 1.
  • Shutruk-nakhunde, 1.
  • Singara, 18.
  • Sippara, 81, 86.
  • Slave, 10, 39, 40, 73.
  • Social grades, 32.
  • Solomon, 28, 29.
  • State dues and liabilities, 5.
  • State of society, 5.
  • Status, 7.
  • Structure of Code, 71.
  • Sumer, 18.
  • Sumerian influence, 69.
  • Sumerian law, vii, 52, 56, 75, 76.
  • Susa, iv, 1, 2.
  • Syntax of Code, 69.
  •  
  • Talmud, 15, 61.
  • Tattoos, 12.
  • Tavern, 60, 61.
  • Tell el Amarna tablets, 9, 18, 22, 61, xi, xiii.
  • Telloh, 76, 77, 78.
  • Temple accounts, 76.
  • Tenure, 5.
  • Theft, 36.
  • Theocratic Law, 47.
  • The Priestly Code, 21.
  • The will, 6.
  • Tidal, 3, 19.
  • Transcriptions and translations, 65.
  • Translations only, 68.
  • Trust, 38.
  • Twelve Tables, 36, 53, 56, iii, x.
  •  
  • Ur, 4, 53.
  • Urkundenbuch, 67.
  • Urukagina’s law, 76.
  •  
  • Vestals, 60, 61, 72.
  • Votary, 60, 61, 72.
  • Vowed women, 6, 60, 61.
  •  
  • Warka, 80.
  • West Goths, 53.
  • William the Conqueror, 32.
  • Wineshops, 60.
  • Witchcraft, 6.
  • Women, 1, 5.

AUTHORS MENTIONED

  • Allotte de la Fuÿe, 79, 80.
  • Arnold, W. R., 77.
  •  
  • Ball, C. J., 83.
  • Barton, G. A., 77, 78, 90.
  • Behrens, E., 91.
  • Belser, C., 83.
  • Bezold, C., 91.
  • Boissier, A., 87, 88.
  • Bonfante, P., 68.
  • Boscawen, W. St. Chad, 68, v.
  •  
  • Clay, A. T., 76, 79, 83, 87.
  • Cohn, G., 53, 72.
  • Combe, E., 9, 74.
  • Cook, S. A., 23, 47, 53, 73, 76, v.
  • Cruveilhier, P., 70.
  • Cuq, E., 72, 74, 85.
  •  
  • Daiches, S., 69, 72, 74.
  • Dareste, R., 8, 71, 72.
  • Davies, W. W., 69.
  • Deimel, A., 66, 78.
  • Delaporte, L., 78.
  • Delitzsch, Fr., 2, 65, 73, 75, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, v.
  • De Morgan, J., 1.
  • Demuth, L., 86.
  • Dhorme, P., 72, 79.
  • Driver, S. R., 50.
  • Dykes, D. O., 70.
  •  
  • Ebeling, E., 90.
  • Edwards, C., 68.
  •  
  • Fehr, H., 72.
  • Figulla, H. H., 91.
  • Freund, L., 73.
  • Friedrich, Th., 81.
  •  
  • Gautier, J. E., 82.
  • Gelderen, C. V., 89.
  • Genouillac, H. de, 77, 78, 79, 80.
  • Golenischeff, Fr., 88.
  • Grimme, H., 53.
  •  
  • Harper, R. F., 66, 70, 90, v.
  • Haupt, P., 75, 76.
  • Hilprecht, H. V., 74, 77, 84.
  • Hinke, W. J., 83, 84.
  • Hobhouse, L. T., 70.
  • Holt, I. L., 88.
  • Hommel, F., 9, 75.
  • Huber, E., 79.
  • Hussey, M. J., 79.
  •  
  • Jean, F. C, 90.
  • Jelitto, J., 72.
  • Jensen, P., 88.
  • Jeremias, A., 20, 76.
  • Jhering, R. von, iii, n. 3.
  • Johns, C. H. W., 68, 69, 70, 74, 84, 85, 86, 90, iv, v.
  • Johnston, Chr., 91.
  •  
  • Keiser, C. E., 83.
  • Kent, C. F., 24, 25, 26, 37, 68, 71.
  • King, L. W., 76, 77, 84, 86, 89, n. 11.
  • Klauber, E. G., 91.
  • Klostermann, A., 89.
  • Knudtzon, J. A., 89.
  • Kohler, J., 4, 9, 14, 67, 72, 73, 75, 85, 87, 88.
  • König, E., 70.
  • Koschaker, P., 73.
  • Kotalla, E., 87.
  •  
  • Landersdorfer, P. S., 90.
  • Langdon, St., 66, 78, 79, 83, 90.
  • Lau, R. J., 77.
  • Layard, A. H., 80.
  • Le Gac, Y., 87.
  • Lehmann (Haupt), C. F., 70, 91.
  • Likhatscheff, N. P., 79.
  • Lightfoot, J., 15.
  • Littmann, E., 74.
  • Loftus, W. K., 80.
  • Lotichius, P., 70.
  • Luckenbill, D. D., 83.
  • Lyon, D. G., 26, 27, 70, 71.
  •  
  • MacAlister?, 22.
  • Maine, Sir H., 6.
  • Moldenke, A. B., 87.
  • Mari, Fr., 68.
  • Martin, Fr., 91.
  • Marx, V., 73, 87.
  • Meissner, Br., 2, 4, 65, 71, 73, 75, 81, 84, 85, 89.
  • Mercer, S. A. B., 73.
  • Mommsen, Th., 72.
  • Montgomery, M. W., 89.
  • Müller, D. H., 9, 15, 50, 53, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, xiii.
  •  
  • Nagel, G., 89.
  • Nathan, J., 15.
  • Nikolsky, M. V., 79.
  •  
  • Oppert, J., 72, 73, 85, 86, 87.
  •  
  • Peiser, F. E., 2, 4, 9, 65, 67, 70, 73, 75, 76, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88.
  • Pelégaud, F., 78.
  • Pick, H., 15.
  • Pilter, W. T., 72.
  • Pinches, T. G., 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91.
  • Place, T., 86.
  • Poebel, A., 66, 75, 82.
  • Price, I. M., 79.
  •  
  • Radau, H., 77, 83, 90.
  • Ranke, A. H., 82.
  • Reisner, G., 77.
  • Reitzenstein, F., 73.
  • Revillout, E. & V., 73, 80.
  • Rogers, R. W., 26, 68.
  •  
  • Sarauw, Chr., 69.
  • Sarzec, de E., 76, 77.
  • Sayce, A. H., 70, 88, 89.
  • Scheil, V., 8, 26, 27, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 88, 91.
  • Schiffer, S., 86.
  • Schmersahl, 72.
  • Schollmeyer, A., 90.
  • Schorr, M., 4, 14, 67, 71, 73, 74, 5.
  • Schrader, Eb., 81, 83, 87, 88.
  • Smith, G., 80.
  • Smith, S. A., 90.
  • Smith, W. R., 25, 27, 73.
  • Steinmetzer, F., 84.
  • Stooss, C., 72.
  • Strassmaier, J. N., 86, 87.
  •  
  • Tallquist, K. L., 84, 85, 86.
  • Thompson, R. C., 91.
  • Thureau-Dangin, Fr., 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 88, 89.
  • Torczyner, H., 79.
  •  
  • Ungnad, A., 4, 9, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88.
  •  
  • Virolleaud, C. H., 78.
  •  
  • Ward, W. H., 68.
  • Waterman, L., 91.
  • Winckler, H., 66, 68, 72, 74, 76, 84, 90.
  • Wohlframm, E., 69.
  •  
  • Zehnpfund, R., 86.
  • Zeitlin, M., 91.
  • Ziemer, E., 87.
  • Zimmern, H., 8, 67, 74.