The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic / An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Acca Larentia, 74, 93, 275, 276, 324.
Aedes Herculis: see Forum Boarium.
Aedes Vestae: see Vesta.
Aediles, plebeian, 75, 76, 92.
Aesculapius, 105, 191, 278;
- connexion with Vediovis, 122, 278;
- temple, 278, 340.
Agonia: December, 265, 281;
- January, 277, 280-2;
- March, 54, 281;
- May, 121, 281.
Agonus (or Agonalis), 323.
Agriculture: festivals, 3, 71, 79-82, 85-8, 88-91, 113-4, 124-8, 145-54, 204-6, 206-9, 212-4, 256-8, 268-73, 324-7, 335.
Alban Mount: Feriae Latinae held at, 95, 97, 227-8;
- temple of Jupiter Latiaris, 95-6, 228.
Ambarvalia, 114, 124-8, 154.

Ancilia, 38-9, 41-3, 45-6, 250;
- lustration, 57-9, 248, 250;
- moving, 39, 41, 43-4, 115
Ancillarum Feriae, 176-8.
Angerona, 274-5;
- goddess of Divalia, 274, 336.
Anna Perenna: festival, 44, 50-1, 53, 163;
- legends, 51-4, 60;
- popularity with lower classes, 44, 50-1;
- representative of year, 52-3.
Aphrodite: connexion with Venus, 69, 86.
Aplu, 181.
Apollo, 89, 191, 250;
- comparison with Mars, 39-40;
- connexion with Aesculapius, 278;
- with Vediovis, 122, 181, 225, 278;
- coupled with Latona, 181, 186, 200;
- festivals, 173, 179-81;
- functions, 180, 278;
- Medicus, 180;
- restoration of worship by Augustus, 180 (n. 4), 181-2;
- Soranus, 84, 181;
- temples, 180, 182;
- worship, 117, 179-82, 339.
April: character, 6, 9, 33, 66-7;
- connexion with Venus, 67, 69;
- festivals, 66-97;
- origin of name, 6, 33, 66;
- prevalence of female deities, 67.
Ara Maxima: see Circus Maximus.
Argei: see also Sacella Argeorum, 150, 151;
- explanations of custom, 114, 116-20;
- mourning of Flaminica Dialis, 112, 115, 119, 151;
- origin of name, 112-3; 118-9;
- puppets thrown into Tiber, 52, 57, 100, 111-20;
- substitution for human victims, 112, 115, 116-7, 119.
Armilustrium, 45, 58, 249, 250-1.
Army: importance of curiae, 303, 305;
- mustering, 133.
Artemis, 200.
Asylum, 122, 183 (n. 3), 327;
- connexion with Vediovis, 122.
Attalus, King of Pergamus, 69.

August: character, 189-90;
- festivals, 189-214.

Augustus, revival of religion, 19, 181-2, 190, 280, 342, 343-4, 349.
Aventine: plebeian quarter, 75-6, 199;
- temples, 59, 74-6, 101-5, 158, 198-200, 201, 206, 232, 267, 339.
Beans: harvest, 130, 255;
- use as food, 132-3;
- use in ritual, 83, 109-10, 131;
- religious character, 91, 110, 130-1.
Beating bounds, see Lustrations;
- productive of fertility, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.
Bellona, 134-5.
Birds: used in augury, 139-40.
Bona Dea, 95;
- connexion with Damia, 105-6;
- with Maia, 99, 100, 123, 210;
- earth goddess, 71, 103, 104, 106;
- functions, 104-5, 106;
- men excluded from worship, 102-3, 142, 256;
- myrtle not allowed in temple, 103-4;
- temple, 101-5;
- women’s sacrifice, 255-6;
- worship, 102-6, 150.
Bouphonia, 176, 329.
Brutus, M. Junius, 130.
Caesar (Julius): birthday, 174;
- calendar, 4, 5-6, 11, 14-5.
Cakes: see also Salt-cake;
- heads of animals decked with, 148, 242, 244;
- sacrifices, 53-5, 155, 161, 295, 304.

Calendar: see also Year, 248-50;
- authorities on, 13-4, 16-9;
- divergences, 36, 45, 241, 265-6;
- Julian: see Caesar;
- marks of days, 8-10;
- republican, 14-20;
- secrecy, 8-9, 11;
- surviving, 5-6, 11-4.
Campus Martius, 247-8;
- festivals, 50-1;
- races, 44-5, 208, 242, 249, 330;
- sacrifice of October-horse, 241-3, 247-9.
Capitolium, 129-30, 327;
- connexion with Saturnus, 269-70;
- temples, 43, 85, 129-30, 145, 157-8, 214, 216-7, 229, 291, 293, 326-7.
Caprotinae, Nonae: see Nones.
Cardea: confusion with Carna, 131-2.
Caristia, 308-9.

Carmenta, 167, 291-3;
- festival, 277, 290-3;
- temple, 291, 293.
Carmentalia, 15, 277, 290-3.
Carmentes: see Carmenta.
Carna, 130;
- confusion with Cardea, 131-2;
- festival, 130-3.
Castor and Pollux: see Dioscuri.
Cerealia, 15, 72-3, 77-9, 92;
- foxes loosed in Circus Maximus, 77-9, 94;
- plebeian character, 70, 77, 92.
Ceres, 73-4, 295, 338;
- connexion with Demeter, 73, 74, 181;
- with plebeians, 74-7, 92;
- festival, 72-3, 77-9, 92, 294-6;
- goddess of crops, 67, 71, 73, 126;
- Greek influence on, 73, 75-6, 105;
- sacrifices, 103, 105, 295;
- temple, 74-6, 92.
Cernunnos: identification with Janus, 286.
Character of Romans, 65;
- influence of religion on, 344-9.
Charlton-on-Otmoor: lustration of fields, 128, 246.
Circus Flaminius: games, 217, 252, 253;
- temples, 134, 135, 180, 202, 211.

Circus Maximus, 190;
- altar of Consus, 178, 190, 206-7, 209;
- Ara Maxima, 138, 189, 190, 193-7;
- festivals, 77-8, 94;
- races, 208;
- temples, 92, 160, 202, 204.
Cnaeus Flavius, 11.
Coins, 350-2;
- heads on, 286-7, 351.
Comitia Curiata: meetings, 63, 64, 123, 305.
Comitium, 57-8.
Compitalia, 255, 277, 279-80, 294, 335, 338.
Consualia, 115, 178, 189, 206-9, 290;
- Vestal Virgins present, 115, 150;
- winter, 267-8.
Consuls: connexion with Feriae Latinae, 95, 96;
- entrance on office, 5, 95, 190, 278;
- laying down of office, 216.
Consus, 324, 338;
- altar in Circus Maximus, 178, 190, 206-7, 209;
- connexion with horses, 207-8;
- with Ops, 212-3;
- festivals, 115, 178, 206-9, 267-8;
- temple, 206, 267.
Corn: supply, 76;
- trade, 121;
- wolf: see Corn-spirit.

Corn-spirit: animal representation, 78, 83, 90-1, 94, 244-5, 264;
- death and renewal of life, 83, 118, 246-7, 316-7;
- human representation, 177, 245;
- races in rites, 245-6, 330;
- rites to aid growth of corn, 41, 83-4;
- rites to propitiate, 90-1, 244-8.
Creek Indians: festivals of first-fruits, 152-3.
Cross-roads, 279-80.
Curiae, 16, 71, 303-4;
- festivals, 71-2, 219, 302-6, 335;
- flamen, 304.
Curio Maximus, 303-4.
Curis, 303.
Damia: connexion with Bona Dea, 105-6.
Days: calendar marks in, 8-10;
- market, 8;
- number in months, 2-3.
Dead: ancestor worship, 161, 275-6, 300, 308-9;
- burial, 108, 109, 307;
- cult chiefly in February, 3, 6, 33, 107, 299, 300;
- festivals, 106-10, 131, 275-6, 306-10;
- offerings, 308;
- spirits: see Ghosts.
Dea Dia, 71, 105;
- centre of ritual of Fratres Arvales, 74, 105;
- connexion with Ceres, 74.
December, 7;
- character, 255;
- festivals, 33, 255-76.

Deities: abstractions resolved into, 190-1, 341;
- chthonic, 207, 210, 211-2;
- dualism of male and female, 61-2, 212-3, 221;
- female, 67, 71, 74, 106;
- fluctuation between male and female, 67, 73, 80, 232-3;
- images: see Images;
- impersonality, 106, 137, 139, 213, 221-2, 295, 311, 337;
- multiplicity, 144, 167, 241, 259-60, 291-3, 337;
- prayers: see Prayers;
- symbols, 122, 139, 161, 169, 170, 230, 235;
- women’s: see Women.
Delphi: Roman dealings with, 181.
Demeter, 103, 110;
- connexion with Ceres, 73, 74, 181.
Demons: see Evil spirits.
Diana: connexion with Artemis, 200;
- coupled with Hercules, 181, 186;
- festival, 198-200;
- functions, 198, 200-1;
- Nemorensis, 183;
- temples, 198-200, 339.
Dionysus: connexion with Liber, 54-5, 74, 88;
- introduction of cult into Italy, 88, 342;
- sacrifice at Tenedos, 329.

Dioscuri, 296-7, 351;
- temples, 202, 296.
Dis Pater, 120, 212, 269.
Dius Fidius, 327;
- antiquity, 135-6;
- connexion with Genius Jovis, 142-5;
- with Hercules, 137-9, 142-4;
- with Jupiter, 138-41, 221;
- with Semo Sancus, 136-8, 144;
- temple, 135, 136, 141.
Divalia, 274-5.
Dogs: connexion with Lares praestites, 101, 351-2;
- sacrifices, 89-91, 101, 209, 311, 312, 314.
Earth: deities, 67, 71, 74, 103, 104, 106, 256, 294-5;
- spiritualized as feminine, 103, 106.

Epulum Jovis: see Jupiter.
Equirria, 44-6, 330-1.
Esquiline: cults, 228;
- divisions, 266;
- temples, 38.
Etruscans: influence on Roman religion, 171-2, 185-6, 200, 219-20, 222-3, 229, 234-5, 338-40;
- trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 239.

Evil spirits: expulsion, 40-1, 43, 107;
- human scapegoat, 40-1, 46-9.
Fairs, 253.
Fasti: see Calendar;
- Ovid’s, see Ovid.
Fauna, 103.
Faunalia, 255, 256-8.
Faunus, 103, 257-8;
- connexion with Lupercalia, 257-8, 262, 312-3;
- with Pan, 258, 259, 313;
- derivation of name, 258-9;
- festival, 256-8;
- functions, 80, 261-3, 278;
- multiplicity, 259-60, 313;
- origin, 257-8, 259, 261, 263-5;
- temples, 257-8, 278, 302;
- woodland character, 260-1.
Favonius, 258, 259, 264;
- Feb. 7th, 277, 299.
February, 3, 4, 6, 7;
- character, 6, 66, 299;
- festivals, 3, 6, 33, 298-331;
- origin of name, 6, 298.
Feralia, 10, 107, 306, 309-10.
Feretrius: see Jupiter.

Feriae Latinae, 95-7, 227-8, 335.
Feriae Sementivae, 294-6.
Feronia, 199, 252-4;
- temple, 253.
Fertility: customs to produce, 94-5, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.
Festivals, 15, 18-9, 44, 336;
- agricultural, 3, 71, 79-82, 85-8, 88-91, 113-4, 124-8, 145-54, 204-6, 206-9, 212-4, 256-8, 268-73, 324-7, 335;
- of curiae, 16, 71-2, 219, 302-6, 335;
- domestic, 107, 306-10;
- harvest, 124-8, 145-54, 189-90, 195-6, 207-9, 212-4, 243-4, 294-6;
- marked in calendars, 15-6;
- men’s, 102-3, 142, 194;
- of montes, 16, 265-7, 335;
- moveable, 15, 95, 124, 255-6, 277, 279, 294, 303;
- pagi, 16, 257, 294-6, 335;
- pastoral, 96-7;
- patrician, 68 (n. 2), 70;
- plebeian, 44, 50-1, 68, 70, 92, 163, 171, 253;
- of sacella, 16, 111-20, 335;
- survival of, 127-8, 312, 321;
- times of, 7, 59, 70, 169-70, 174, 189, 256, 290;
- transition from rustic to urban: see Religion;
- women’s, 38, 67-8, 102-3, 142, 148, 154-6, 178-9, 255-6, 291.
Fetiales, 230-1;
- declaration of war, 134, 230;
- lapis silex, 230-1.
Fidenates: legends about, 174, 175, 177, 178.
Fides, 237;
- festival, 237-8.
Fig-tree of Rumina, 310, 334.
Fire: deities, 189, 209-10;
- sacred fire of Vesta: see Vesta.
Firstfruits: gathering, 151-3;
- offering, 195, 211-2.
Fisovius Sancius: see Fisus.

Fisus, 137, 139.
Flamines, 35, 288, 335, 342-3;
- antiquity of deity proved by, 92, 187, 201, 237;
- Flamen Carmentalis, 292;
- Flamen curiae, 304;
- Flamen Dialis, 86-8, 204, 221, 313;
- Flamen Floralis, 92;
- Flamen Furinalis, 187;
- Flamen Martialis, 237, 323;
- Flamen Palatualis, 267;
- Flamen Pomonalis, 201;
- Flamen Portunalis, 202;
- Flamen Quirinalis, 89, 209, 237, 276, 333, 334;
- Flamen Volcanalis, 123, 210;
- Flamen Volturnalis, 214;
- Flaminica Dialis, 56 (n. 5), 112, 115, 146, 149, 151, 153, 221;
- representative of sons of the family, 36, 147, 288, 334.
Flora, 92-3, 240, 324;
- festivals, 91-5
- functions, 67, 93, 94;
- temples, 92, 202, 324.
Floralia, 91-5;
- hares and goats loosed in Circus Maximus, 94.
Fons (or Fontus), 240-1, 258;
- temple, 341.
Fontinalia, 240-1.
Fordicidia, 71-2, 83, 243;
- character, 66, 115, 150;
- share of Vestal Virgins in, 71, 83, 115, 150.
Fornacalia, 302-6, 335.
Fors Fortuna: see Fortuna.

Fortuna, 67;
- connexion with Jupiter, 166, 168, 223-5;
- with Nortia, 171-2;
- with Servius Tullius, 68, 156-7, 162, 171-2;
- explained as dawn-goddess, 164-6;
- explained as moon-goddess, 168-9;
- explained as sun-goddess, 168-71;
- festivals, 67-9; 161-72;
- Fors, 124, 161-3, 340;
- functions, 167-8, 170-1;
- huiusce diei, 164-5, 343;
- origin of name, 163-4, 166-7;
- Primigenia, 72, 124, 165-6, 167-8, 223-4, 254;
- statues, 156-7, 339;
- symbols, 169, 170-1;
- temples, 68, 72, 124, 156-7, 161-2, 166, 339, 343;
- Virilis, 68;
- women especially worship, 167-8;
- worshipped at Praeneste, 72, 124, 166, 168, 223.
Forum: meeting of curiae in, 305, 306;
- temples, 271, 273-4, 296, 339.

Forum Boarium: Aedes Herculis, 193;
- temples, 154, 156-7, 339.
Forum Olitorium: temple, 302.
Foxes, 78;
- loosed at Cerealia, 77-9; 94.
Fratres Arvales, 42;
- Acta Fratrum Arvalium, 17, 125;
- calendar, 12;
- decline of, 184-5, 343;
- ritual of, 48, 74, 92-3, 105, 125, 127, 136, 240-1, 271, 282.
Freedwomen: worship of Feronia, 253.
Furiae: confusion with Furrina, 187, 188.
Furrina (or Furina), 187-8.
Furrinalia, 173, 187-8.
Gaia Caecilia, 141.

Games (ludi), 15, 50;
- Apollinares, 173, 179-80;
- Cereales, 72-3;
- compitales, 279-80;
- Florae, 91-5;
- horse races, 44-5, 58, 91, 180, 208, 242, 245-6, 248-9;
- Megalesiaci, 69-71;
- plebeii, 180, 217, 252, 253;
- Romani, 215, 216-7, 252;
- saeculares, 182.
Gates: see Porta.
Geese: sacred to Juno, 129-30.
Genita Mana. 101.

Ghosts: purification of house from, 100, 109-10, 131;
- classification of, 108-9.
Gods: see Deities.
Guilds, 62, 121;
- tibicines, 157-8.
Harawara, 84.
Hares: loosed at Floralia, 94.
Harvest, 154, 189;
- customs, 177-8, 245-6;
- festivals, 124-8, 153-4, 189-90, 195-6, 207-9.
Healing deities, 104-5, 180, 191, 278.
Heimdal: equation with Janus, 286.
Hephaestus, 123.
Hercules: connexion with Dius Fidius or Semo Sancus, 137-9, 142-4;
- with Genius, 143-4, 194-5, 196, 337;
- with Juno, 142-4;
- with Mars, 194-5, 196;
- coupled with Diana, 181, 186;
- Invictus, 201;
- legends, 102, 112, 138, 193, 196-7;
- representative of male principle, 103, 143, 194;
- temples, 135, 201;
- Victor, 138;
- worship, 193-7;
- worship confined to men, 102, 103, 142, 194.
Hermes, 120-1;
- connexion with Mercury, 121, 186.
Hirpi Sorani: rites at Soracte, 84, 317.
Horatius: legend, 238-9.
Horses: connexion of Consus with, 207-8;
- of Mars with, 330;
- decked with flowers, 207-8;
- heads decked with cakes, 242, 244.
Horta Quirini, 324.
Ides, 8;
- sacred to Jupiter, 8, 10, 120, 157, 198, 215, 241.
Iguvium: inscription found at, 17, 114, 127, 137, 139, 176, 221.

Images and statues of gods, 81, 141, 156-7, 200, 201, 218, 228, 239.
Indigitamenta, 71, 191, 192, 274, 341.
Indigites, 192.
Inuus, 312-3.
Isis worship, 252.
January, 5-7;
- character, 6, 33, 277;
- consuls enter office in, 5, 95, 278;
- festivals, 6, 277-97;
- origin of name, 6, 7, 33, 99.
Janus, 270;
- connexion with Cardea, 131-2;
- with January, 6, 33, 99;
- with Saturnus, 270;
- with tigillum sororium, 238-9;
- with Vesta, 282-3, 287-8, 334-5;
- cult-titles, 289-90;
- geminus, 286;
- god of entrances, 282-3, 286-9, 335, 337;
- origin of cult, 282-9;
- Rex sacrorum connected with worship of, 282, 288, 334-5;
- temples, 204, 270.

July, 2, 3, 173;
- festivals, 174-88.
June: character, 6, 33;
- festivals, 130-72;
- origin of name, 6, 99-100, 129-30.
Juno, 312;
- Caprotina, 178;
- connexion with Bona Dea, 142;
- with Hercules, 142-4;
- with June, 99-100, 129;
- with Jupiter, 134, 218, 221, 223-5;
- with Mars, 37-8, 133-4;
- with tigillum sororium, 238-9;
- cult at Praeneste, 166, 224;
- Curitis, 223, 239;
- festivals, 174, 178-9;
- Kalends sacred to, 8, 38, 129, 239, 241;
- Lucina, 38, 105, 156;
- Moneta, 129-30;
- one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339;
- representative of female principle, 38, 141, 143, 178, 221, 321 (n. 1), 337;
- Sospita, 302;
- temples, 38, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 302, 326-7.

Jupiter, 97, 220-1, 313;
- Capitolinus, 97, 158;
- cella Jovis, 217;
- connexion with Dius Fidius or Semo Sancus, 138-41, 221;
- with Fortuna, 166, 168, 223-5;
- with Juno, 134, 218, 221, 223-5;
- with Mercurius, 120;
- with Terminus, 326-7;
- with wine, 55, 88, 240;
- Elicius, 232, 233;
- epulum Jovis, 215, 216, 217-20, 233-4, 253;
- Fagutalis, 228;
- Feretrius, 229-30, 232, 334;
- festivals, 85-8, 157-9, 174, 216-20, 275, 338;
- Fulgur, 239;
- functions, 55, 88, 97, 141, 222, 229-30, 232, 326;
- Ides sacred to, 8, 10, 120, 157, 198, 215, 241;
- Indiges, 192;
- Invictus, 158;
- Latiaris, 97, 198, 227-8;
- Liber, 55, 88;
- Lucetius, 222;
- one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339;
- Puer, cult at Praeneste, 166, 224-7;
- stones connected with, 230-3, 234;
- temples, 95-6, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 228, 229, 232, 326-7, 339;
- Viminius, 229;
- worship in groves, 183, 227;
- worship in Italy, 221-3;
- worship on hills, 95, 222, 227, 234.
Juturna, 293;
- temple, 341.
Kalends, 8;
- sacred to Juno, 8, 38, 129, 239, 241.
Kings, 36, 63, 282;
- represented by Pontifex Maximus, 147, 288;
- represented by Rex sacrorum, 8, 213, 282, 288.
Lapis: see Stones.
Larentalia, 275-6.
Larentia: see Acca Larentia.
Lares, 136, 309, 337;
- compitales or domestici, 101, 338;
- praestites, 100-1, 335.
Latin Festival: see Feriae Latinae.
Latins, common worship of Romans and, 95-7, 198-9, 335.
Latona, coupled with Apollo, 181, 186, 200.
Laurel, 83;
- sacred to Mars, 35-6.
Lectisternium, 180-1, 186, 200, 273;
- connexion with epulum Jovis, 218.
Lemuria, 100, 106-10, 131, 174, 290.
Leucothea, 154.
Liber, 312, 338;
- connexion with Dionysus, 54-5, 74, 88.
Libera, 74.
Liberalia, 54-6;
- cakes used at, 53-4, 55.
Litania Maior, 91, 127.
Lucaria, 15 (n. 1), 173, 174, 182-5, 186-7.
Luceres, 185.
Ludi: see Games.

Lupercal, 310-1, 318.
Lupercalia, 298, 299, 310-21;
- deity of, 257-8, 262, 312-3;
- sacrifices at, 101, 311, 312-4;
- salt-cake used, 110, 115, 311;
- whipping to produce fertility, 104, 179, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.
Luperci, 311, 312-3, 319-20;
- derivation of name, 311, 317.
Lupercus, 311, 312.
Lupines, 94.

Lustrations, 68, 83-5, 298;
- aedes Vestae, 148-9, 151-4;
- Argei, 100, 113-4, 115, 119;
- arms, 58-9, 248-9, 250-1;
- bound-beating, 114, 125-8, 304, 319;
- crops, 100, 114, 124-8, 154;
- ghosts, 100;
- Lupercalia, 315-6, 319-21;
- people, 175-6;
- processions, 111, 113-4, 125-6, 335;
- rites, 299-302;
- sheep, 81;
- shields, 58-9, 248, 250;
- trumpets, 63-4, 123.
Magna Mater Idaea: festival, 67, 69-71;
- introduction into Rome, 67, 69-70, 102, 342;
- stone representing, 69-70, 342;
- temple, 70.
Maia, 98-100;
- connexion with Bona Dea, 99, 100, 123, 129;
- with Mercurius, 98-9, 120;
- with Volcanus, 123, 210.
Mamuralia, 45-50.
Mamurius: expulsion of Mamurius Veturius, 40-1, 46-9;
- festival, 44-50;
- smith, 39, 45-6;
- variant for Mars, 39, 41, 45.
Manes, 108, 300, 308.

March, 2, 3;
- beginning of year, 5, 33, 38;
- connexion with Mars, 33-5, 48, 64-5, 99;
- festivals, 5, 35-65;
- New Year’s Day, 5, 35-43, 278;
- origin of name, 33, 99.
Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, 11.
Market days, 8.

Marriages, 293;
- customs, 142;
- ill-omened in March and May, 60, 67, 100, 109, 293;
- prohibited, 146, 308.
Mars, 53, 60, 313;
- birthday, 5, 36-8, 60;
- comparison with Apollo, 39-40;
- connexion with Hercules, 194-5, 196;
- with Juno, 37-8, 133-4;
- with March, 33-5, 48, 64-5, 99;
- with Minerva, 53, 59-60, 62;
- with Nerio, 60-2, 186;
- with Quirinus, 322-3;
- with Robigus, 89, 324;
- with Romulus, 33, 37 (n. 3);
- with Silvanus, 55, 194;
- festivals, 44-6, 57-63, 123, 241-50, 290, 313, 330-1;
- functions, 34-5, 41, 43, 64-5, 89, 248-9, 250, 262;
- god of powers of vegetation and reproduction, 34-5; 41, 48-9, 64, 126-7, 196;
- Greek influence, 35, 37;
- laurel sacred to, 35-6;
- origin, 34-5, 64;
- priests: see Salii;
- Sacrarium Martis, 39, 44, 324, 335;
- shields: see Ancilia;
- temples, 133-4, 232;
- war-god, 126, 207, 248, 249.
Mater Larum, 240.
Mater Matuta, 154-6, 165.
Matralia, 154-6, 165.
Matronalia, 38.
May, 2, 3;
- character, 6, 33, 100;
- festivals, 33, 98-128;
- origin of name, 6, 33, 98-100.
Meals: see also Epulum Jovis;
- sacrificial, 81, 96-7, 194, 218-20, 308, 309.
Meditrinalia, 236, 239-40.
Megalesia, 69-71.
Men: exclusion from cults, 102-3, 142, 256;
- oaths of, 138-9, 142.
Mens, 145.
Mercurius: connexion with Hermes, 121, 186;
- with Jupiter, 120;
- with Maia, 98-9, 120;
- coupled with Neptunus, 181, 186;
- god of trade, 121;
- temples, 121, 339.
Mildew: see Rust.
Minerva: connexion with Mars, 53, 59-60, 62;
- with Nerio, 59-62;
- festivals, 59, 62, 158;
- goddess of trumpet players, 62, 158;
- nail driven into cella of, 234-5;
- one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339;
- temples, 59, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 326-7, 339.
Mola salsa: see Salt-cake.
Montes, 266-7;
- festivals of, 16, 265-7, 335.
Months, 5-7, 33-4;
- divisions, 7-8;
- lunar, 7;
- names, 5-7, 33-4, 99-100;
- number of days, 2-3;
- solar, 1.

Mundus, 211-2;
- open, 211-2, 239, 252.
Myrtle, 68;
- excluded from temple of Bona Dea, 103-4.
Nails driven into temples, 172, 217, 234-5.
Nemesis, 170.
Neptunalia, 173, 185-7.
Neptunus, 185-7;
- connexion with Poseidon, 185, 186, 187;
- with Salacia, 186;
- coupled with Mercurius, 181, 186;
- functions, 185, 187.
Nerio, 134-5;
- connexion with Mars, 60-2, 186;
- with Minerva, 59-62.
Nerthus, 117.
New Year: see March.

Nones, 7, 8;
- Nonae Caprotinae, 174, 175, 178-9.
Nortia, 235;
- connexion with Fortuna, 171-2.
November: character, 252;
- festivals, 252-4.
Numa: connexion with calendar, 4, 335-6;
- legends, 262-3, 278.
Numbers: lucky and unlucky, 3.
Oak of Jupiter Feretrius, 229, 232, 334.
Oaths, 138-9, 142, 231, 297, 327;
- Jupiter’s connexion with, 139, 229-30, 326;
- taken at Ara Maxima, 138-9.
Octaeteris cycle, 2-3.
October, 2, 3;
- character, 236-7;
- festivals, 237-51.
October-horse, 45, 58, 241-50;
- blood kept by Vestal Virgins, 83, 150, 243, 247;
- corn-spirit represented by, 83, 244-8;
- races, 45, 58, 242, 245-6;
- sacrifice of, 83, 241-2.
Opalia, 255, 273-4.
Opeconsivia, 115, 150, 189, 212-4, 290.
Ops, 74, 338;
- connexion with Consus, 212-3;
- with Saturnus, 212, 273-4;
- Consiva, 212;
- festival, 115, 150, 212-4, 273-4;
- Opifera, 210;
- temple, 273-4.
Oracles: Faunus, 262-3.
Oscilla: see Puppets.
Ovid: Fasti, 6-7, 13, 14, 36-7, 173, 236-7.
Paganalia, 16, 294-6, 335, 338.
Pagus, 257, 294, 335;
- festivals, 16, 257, 294-6, 335, 338.
Palatine: divisions, 266;
- Lupercal: see Lupercal;
- mundus: see Mundus;
- rites celebrated, 276, 310-2, 318-9;
- temples, 70, 180 (n. 4), 182;
- union with Subura, 247.
Palatua, 267.
Pales, 67, 80, 267;
- festival, 79-85;
- offerings, 81, 103.
Pan: connexion with Faunus, 258, 259, 313.
Parentalia, 210, 276, 299, 300, 306-10, 335.
Parilia, 66, 79-85, 110, 243, 247;
- character, 66, 115, 150;
- share of Vestal Virgins in, 71, 83, 115.
Penates, 337.
Persephone, 75.
Picumnus, 201.
Pinarii, 193.
Plebeians: festivals, 44, 50-1, 68, 70, 92, 163, 171, 253;
- quarter, 75, 77;
- secession, 53, 75-7;
- temples, 75-6, 92, 199.
Pomona, 201.
Pons sublicius, Argei thrown from, 112, 113-4.

Pontifices, 114;
- decline, 342-3;
- growing importance, 339-41;
- influence on religion, 190-1, 192, 213, 214, 257-8, 341;
- Pontifex Maximus, 147, 288;
- priestesses, 105-6;
- share in festivals, 112, 114, 276.
Poplifugia, 7, 15 (n. 1), 173, 174-6, 179, 183, 328.

Porta: Agonensis, 281;
- Capena, 133, 232;
- Carmentalis, 180 (n. 3), 290, 291, 293;
- Fontinalis, 240;
- Sanqualis, 135, 140;
- Trigemina, 201.
Portunalia, 189, 202-4.
Portunus, 202-4, 214,
Poseidon: connexion, with Neptunus, 185, 186, 187;
- Hippios, 208.
Potitii, 193.
Praeneste, 254;
- cult of Fortuna, 72, 124, 166, 168, 223-4, 254;
- cult of Jupiter Puer, 166, 224-7;
- foreign influence, 166, 227.

Prayers, 81-2, 89-90, 126-7, 133, 155, 184, 191, 295, 308, 346.
Presents given at festivals, 38, 272, 278.
Priests: see Pontifices.
Primigenia: see Fortuna.
Proserpina, 212.
Prostitutes, festival of, 93.
Punic Wars, 19, 69-71, 179;
- institution of festivals and temples due to, 19, 69, 179, 341, 342.

Puppets: Argei thrown into Tiber, 111-20;
- oscilla hung on trees, 96, 116, 296.
Purification: see Lustration.
Pythagoreans, 110.
Quinctilis: see July.
Quinquatrus, 45, 57-62, 290;
- minusculae, 157-9.
Quirinal, 237, 281, 322;
- cults, 229, 322-4;
- temples, 124, 135, 136, 141, 190-1, 322, 324.
Quirinalia, 304-5, 322-4.
Quirinus, 305, 322-4;
- temples, 191, 322, 323.
Quirites, 322.
Races: see Games.
Regia, 190, 213, 220, 282, 335;
- laurel fixed on, 5, 35;
- sacrarium Martis in, 39, 44, 324, 335;
- sacrarium Opis in, 213.
Regifugium, 174, 327-30, 331.

Religion, 18-20;
- authorities, 332-3;
- based on cult, 20, 333-4;
- daemonistic character, 74, 106, 137, 139, 213, 221-2, 226-7, 232-3, 295, 313;
- decline, 341-3;
- Etruscan influence, 171-2, 219-20, 229, 234-5;
- Graeco-Etruscan influence, 185-6, 211-2, 223, 338-40;
- Greek influence, 191, 194, 200, 218, 226-7, 268-9, 273, 342, 343;
- influence on character, 344-9;
- Oriental influence, 19, 252;
- pontifices’ influence, 190-1, 192, 213, 214, 257-8, 341;
- reaction against foreign influence, 340-1, 349;
- representative of stages of growth, 334-8;
- revival by Augustus: see Augustus;
- transition from aniconic to iconic, 219-20, 229, 233-4;
- transition from rustic to urban, 90, 91, 103, 195-6, 248-50, 257-8, 279-80, 294.
Reproduction, spirit: see Corn-spirit.
Rex sacrorum, 8, 335;
- connexion with Janus worship, 282, 288, 334-5;
- representative of king, 8, 213, 282, 288;
- representative of head of household, 213, 282, 288, 334.
Robigalia, 66, 88-91.
Robigus, 324, 338;
- connexion with Mars, 89, 324;
- festival, 88-91.
Romulus, 4;
- connexion with Mars, 33, 37 (n. 3);
- with Quirinus, 322;
- legends, 175-6, 229, 310.

Rust, red, 88-9, 91.
Sabine women, legend, 178, 208-9.

Sacella Argeorum, 16, 56-7, 111-2, 335;
- procession round, 56, 111, 113-4, 335.
Sacrifices, 51, 54, 56, 62, 86, 209, 267, 313-4;
- bean meal and lard, 130, 133;
- boar, 210;
- bull, 126;
- cakes, 53-5, 155, 161, 295, 304;
- cereals, 292-3;
- cheese, 96, 228;
- cow, 71;
- dog, 89-91, 101, 209, 311, 312, 314;
- fig-tree, 178;
- fish, 209-10;
- flight after, 176, 328, 329-30;
- goat, 122, 311, 312, 314;
- heifer, 96, 179, 193, 217, 228;
- honey, 309, 325;
- horse, 241-2;
- human, relics of, 112, 115, 116-7, 119, 315;
- kid, 257;
- lamb, 64, 105, 325;
- milk, 81, 96, 103, 228, 309;
- millet, 81;
- oil, 309;
- pig, 105, 126, 256, 272, 325;
- procession of victims, 126;
- ram, 282;
- red calf, 210;
- sacrificial meal, 81, 96-7, 194, 228;
- salt-cake (mola salsa), 110, 115, 148, 311;
- sheep, 89, 96, 126;
- sow, 295;
- water, 309;
- wine, 87, 103, 257, 309, 325.
Salacia, 186.

Salii, 36, 39-43, 58, 194, 250, 331, 334;
- Agonenses, 41, 54, 281, 323;
- Carmen Saliare, 39, 41, 45, 49, 289;
- Collini, 41, 54, 320, 323;
- mansiones Saliorum, 41, 44;
- number, 41, 42;
- Palatini, 41, 320, 323;
- shields: see Ancilia;
- skins worn by, 47-8, 49-50.

Salt-cake (mola salsa): made by Vestal Virgins, 110-1, 115, 148, 149, 153, 205, 311;
- used at Ides of September, 110, 115, 311;
- used at Lupercalia, 110, 115, 311;
- used at Vestalia, 110, 115, 148, 311.
Salus, 190-1, 343.
Sancus: see Semo Sancus.
Saturnalia, 15, 177, 255, 268-73, 335.
Saturnus, 120, 268-71;
- connexion with Ops Consiva, 212, 273-4;
- festival, 268-73;
- functions, 270, 338;
- temples, 71, 273-4, 339.
Scapegoat, 176;
- Mamurius Veturius, 40-1, 46-9.
Seianus: owner of statue of Fortuna, 156-7, 171.

Semo Sancus, 160, 327;
- connexion with Dius Fidius, 136-8, 144;
- functions, 139-41.
Semones, 136.
Senate, 134.
September: character, 215-6;
- festivals, 215-35.
Septimontium, 16, 265-7, 335.
Servius Tullius, 280;
- connexion with Fortuna, 68, 156-7, 162, 171-2, 339;
- Etruscan origin, 157, 171;
- founder of temples, 68, 162, 198-9, 339.
Sextilis: see August.
Sheep: fold decorated, 80-1;
- lustration, 81;
- sacrifice, 89, 96, 126.
Sibylline books, 68, 69, 74, 92, 93, 145, 179, 181.
Silvanus, 55, 103, 258, 261, 262;
- connexion with Mars, 55, 194.
Sirius, 90.
Slaves, 155;
- deities of, 199, 253-4;
- festivals open to, 38, 162-3, 178-9, 193, 194, 199-200, 272-3, 280;
- manumissions, 253-4.
Snakes, 104.
Sol Indiges, 191-3.
Soranus, 160;
- Apollo, 84, 181.
Sosigenes, 4.
Spells, 80-1, 83, 84, 96, 109-10, 150, 243, 279-80, 296, 301, 309-10;
- rain, 119-20, 232-3.
Spirits: dead, see Ghosts;
- evil, see Evil spirits.
Statues: see Images.

Stones, sacred, 140;
- lapis silex, 230-2;
- manalis, 211, 232-3;
- oath per Iovem lapidem, 138, 231;
- representing Magna Mater Idaea, 69-70, 342;
- Terminus, 230-1, 326-7, 334.
Strenia, 278.
Stultorum feriae, 304-6, 322.
Subura, 247, 266.
Summanalia, 161.
Summanus, 160-1, 241.
Sun, 84;
- deities of, 35, 168-70, 191-3, 283-4;
- symbols of, 139, 169-70.
Supplicatio, 191.
Tacita, 210, 309-10.
Tanaquil, 141.
Tarquinii, 75-6, 121, 280, 327-8;
- worships introduced by, 96, 181.
Tellus, 67, 71, 74, 294-5;
- festivals, 71-2, 294-6;
- sacrifices, 71, 295.
Tempestates, temple, 341.
Temples, 339-43;
- of Aesculapius in insula, 278, 340;
- Apollo at Actium, 182;
- Apollo in Flaminian fields, 180;
- Apollo Palatinus on the Palatine, 180 (n. 4), 182;
- Bellona in Circo Flaminio, 134;
- Bona Dea on the Aventine, 101-5;
- Carmenta at Porta Carmentalis, 291, 293;
- Castor and Pollux ad Forum, 296;
- Castor and Pollux in Circo Flaminio, 202;
- Ceres, Liber, and Libera on the Aventine, 74-6, 339;
- Consus on the Aventine, 206, 267;
- Diana on the Aventine, 198-200, 339;
- Dius Fidius on the Quirinal, 135, 136, 141;
- Faunus in insula, 257-8, 278;
- Feronia at Tarracina, 253;
- Flora ad Circum Maximum, 92, 202;
- Flora or Horta Quirini on Quirinal, 324;
- Fors Fortuna trans Tiberim, 161-2, 339;
- Fortuna in Foro Boario, 156-7, 339;
- Fortuna Huiusce Diei, 165, 343;
- Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste, 72
- Fortuna Primigenia on the Quirinal, 124;
- Fortuna Virilis, 68;
- Hercules near the Circus Flaminius, 135;
- Hercules Invictus ad portam trigeminam, 201;
- Janus ad Theatrum Marcelli, 204;
- Juno Lucina on the Esquiline, 38;
- Juno Moneta in arce, 129-30;
- Juno Sospita ad Forum Olitorium, 302;
- Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva in Capitolio, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 326-7, 339;
- Jupiter Elicius under the Aventine, 232;
- Jupiter Feretrius in Capitolio, 229;
- Jupiter Invictus, 158;
- Jupiter Latiaris on the Alban Mount, 95-6, 228;
- Juturna, 341;
- Magna Mater Idaea, 70;
- Mars extra Portam Capenam, 133-4, 232;
- Mater Matuta in Foro Boario, 154;
- Mens in Capitolio, 145;
- Mercurius, 121, 339;
- Minerva on the Aventine, 59, 158;
- Ops ad Forum, 273-4;
- Quirinus in Colle, 191, 322;
- round, 193;
- Salus on the Quirinal, 190-1;
- Saturnus ad Forum, 271, 273-4, 339;
- Summanus ad Circum Maximum, 160;
- Tempestates, 341;
- Vediovis in arce, 43;
- Vediovis in insula, 122, 277;
- Vediovis inter duos lucos, 122;
- Venus ad Circum Maximum, 204;
- Venus Erycina in Capitolio, 85, 145;
- Venus Verticordia, 68, 343;
- Victory on the Palatine, 70;
- Volcanus in Circo Flaminio, 211;
- Vortumnus on the Aventine, 201, 341.
Terminalia, 4, 324-7, 335.
Terminus, 324, 326-7;
- festival, 324-7;
- stone, 230-1, 326-7, 334.
Theatrum Marcelli, 204.
Tiber, worship, 214.
Tiber island: temples, 122, 257-8, 277, 278, 340.
Tiberinus, 120, 203, 214.
Tibicines: see Trumpets.
Tigillum sororium, 238-9.
Tina (or Tinia), 222-3.
Tirones, 56.
Tithes: offered on Ara Maxima, 138; 195-7;
- offered to Hercules Victor, 138-9.
Toga virilis, assumption of, 56.
Totemism, 84-5, 101, 231-2, 334.
Treaties: Dius Fidius’ connexion with, 141;
- Jupiter’s connexion with, 229-30, 326;
- making, 229-30;
- ratified at Ara Maxima, 138.
Tree-worship, 228-9, 232, 234.
Tribuni: celerum, 58-9;
- militum, 58;
- plebis, 75.

Trumpets, 63-4, 159;
- lustration, 63-4, 123;
- players, 62, 157-9.
Tubilustrium, 44, 45, 62-4, 123, 290;
- connexion with Minerva, 62;
- festival of Mars, 62, 290.
Vediovis, 121-2, 160, 225, 277-8;
- connexion with Apollo, 122, 181, 225, 277;
- festivals, 43, 121-2, 277-8;
- temples, 43, 122, 277.
Vegetation spirit: see Corn-spirit.
Veneralia, 67-9.
Venus: connexion with April, 67, 69;
- with Fortuna, 68;
- with wine, 86, 204;
- Erycina, 85, 145;
- festivals, 67-8, 85-6;
- functions, 67, 86;
- Greek influence, 67, 69, 86;
- Mimnermia (or Meminia), 145;
- temples, 68, 85-6, 145, 204, 343;
- Verticordia, 68-9, 343.

Vesta: aedes, 148-9, 151-4, 335;
- connexion with Janus, 282-3, 287-8, 334-5;
- festival, 145-54;
- functions, 150;
- hearth-goddess, 147-8, 150, 282-3, 287-8, 334, 337;
- laurels fixed on aedes, 5, 36, 153;
- penus Vestae, 83, 148, 149-50, 153, 288;
- origin of cult, 146-8, 149, 282-3;
- sacred fire, 5, 35, 114, 147-8, 150-1, 153.
Vestalia, 145-54;
- character, 115, 126, 154;
- mourning of Flaminica Dialis, 115, 146, 149, 151, 153;
- salt-cake used, 110, 115, 148.
Vestal Virgins, 36, 68-9, 306, 324, 335;
- festivals shared in, 52, 57, 71, 85, 112, 114-15, 150, 256;
- functions, 147, 149-51, 288;
- representative of daughters of family, 36, 111, 147, 149, 213, 256, 288, 334;
- salt-cake made by, 110-1, 115, 148, 149, 153, 205, 311.
Vetches, 94.
Victory, temple of, 70.
Viminal, cults on, 229.
Vinalia, 10, 338;
- connexion with Jupiter, 85, 86-8, 338;
- with Venus, 85-6, 204;
- Priora, 85-8;
- Rustica, 10, 85, 86, 87, 189, 204-6.
Vitulatio, 179.
Volcanalia, 189, 209-11.
Volcanus, 209-11;
- connexion with Maia, 123, 210;
- festivals, 123, 209-10;
- functions, 123-4, 210;
- temple, 211.
Volturnalia, 214.
Volturnus, 214.
Volupia, 274.
Vortumnus, 201, 341.
War: conduct of, 216;
- declaration of, 134, 230;
- gods of, 126, 134-5, 207, 248, 249.
Water: deities of, 187, 189.
Weddings: see Marriages.
Weeks: eight days, 7, 8.
Wells and springs: sanctity, 240.
Wheel symbol, 161, 169-70.
Wills: sanctioned by Comitia Curiata, 63, 123.
Wine: festivals, 85-8, 204-6, 236, 239-40;
- introduction of vine into Italy, 88, 97, 236;
- Jupiter’s connexion with, 55, 88, 240;
- Venus’ connexion with, 86, 204;
- vintage, 236.
Wolf: corn; see Corn-spirit;
- sacred to Mars, 311, 334.

Women, 262;
- deities of, 38, 68, 102-3, 106, 155-6, 167-8, 200-1, 291-3;
- excluded from worship of Hercules, 102, 103, 142, 194;
- festivals, 38, 67-8, 102-3, 142, 148, 154-6, 178-9, 255-6, 291;
- oaths, 142;
- rites to produce fertility, 94-5, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.
Woods, importance in religion, 183-4.

Year: beginning, 5-7, 35-6, 278;
- lunar, 1-3;
- method of reckoning, 1-4;
- solar, 1-3.

The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic / An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans

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