APPENDIX III.
TABLE OF THE INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION TO 1814
OMITTING SHILLINGS AND PENCE.
| INCOME. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Proprietors | Life Subscribers |
Annual Subscribers |
Miscellaneous Ground Rents, Dividends, &c. |
Grand Total |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1799 | 5,827 | 514 | 37 | — | 6,379 |
| 1800 | 8,047 | 2,280 | 719 | — | 11,047 |
| 1801 | 2,323 | 363 | 456 | 331 | 3,474 |
| 1802 | 1,417 | 503 | 1,003 | 75 | 2,999 |
| 1803 | 1,134 | 245 | 1,624 | 512 | 3,516 |
| 1804 | 808 | 437 | 2,271 | 248 | 3,765 |
| 1805 | 1,837 | 387 | 3,845 | 434 | 6,504 |
| 1806 | 1,134 | 126 | 2,691 | 190 | 4,141 |
| 1807 | — | — | 1,426 | 13 | 1,560 |
| 1808 | — | 126 | 1,615 | 138 | 1,880 |
| 1809[41] | — | 279 | 1,778 | 289 | 2,347 |
| 1810 | — | 812 | 1,723 | 2,334 | 4,869 |
| 1811 | — | 1,731 | 1,869 | 719 | 4,319 |
| 1812 | — | 913 | 2,172 | 244 | 3,329 |
| 1813 | — | 584 | 1,978 | 542 | 3,104 |
| 1814 | — | 710 | 1,763 | 1,937 | 4,410 |
| EXPENDITURE. | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | House | Lectures | Library | Printing | Workshop | Surplus, Funds, Exchequer Bills, Given to the Library, &c. |
Grand Total |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| 1799 | 5,147 | — | 15 | 184 | — | — | 5,777 |
| 1800 | 4,193 | 802 | 174 | 216 | 1 | 4,471 | 10,115 |
| 1801 | 4,868 | 812 | 269 | 376 | 708 | — | 7,078 |
| 1802 | 5,113 | 844 | 255 | 344 | 502 | — | 7,059 |
| 1803 | 1,667 | 1,014 | 250 | 478 | 326 | 157 | 3,894 |
| 1804 | 1,777 | 872 | 210 | 181 | 118 | 420 | 3,579 |
| 1805 | 1,999 | 1,096 | 287 | 193 | 320 | 813 | 4,710 |
| 1806 | 1,739 | 1,493 | 464 | 384 | 47[42] | 1,805 | 5,935 |
| 1807 | 1,816 | 1,451 | 440 | 258 | — | — | 3,967 |
| 1808 | 1,834 | 1,128 | 422 | 99 | — | — | 3,484 |
| 1809 | 1,905 | 1,326 | 420 | 375 | — | Debts, 2,068 | |
| 1810 | 562 | 499 | 220 | 375 | — | 2,524 | 4,180 |
| 1811 | 1,796 | 886 | 322 | 157 | — | 1,784 | 4,945 |
| 1812 | 1,080 | 533 | 190 | 172 | — | 1,165 | 3,140 |
| 1813 | 872 | 783 | 222 | 150 | — | 1,175 | 3,202 |
| 1814 | 1,322 | 727 | 352 | 180 | — | 1,870 | 4,451 |
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The following unpublished letter from General Howe to General Washington, written from Philadelphia in 1776, shows what the tyranny of the committees and people was:
‘You are not ignorant that numbers even of the most respectable gentlemen in America have been torn from their families, confined in gaols, and their property confiscated; that many of those in this city, whose religious tenets secured them from suspicion of entertaining designs of hostility, have been ignominiously imprisoned, and without even the colour of a judicial proceeding, banished from their tenderest connections into the remotest part of another province. Nor can it be unknown to you that many have suffered death from tortures inflicted by the unrelenting populace under the eye of usurped yet passive authority; that some have been dragged to trial for their loyalty and, in cruel mockery of law, condemned and executed; that others are now perishing in loathsome dungeons, and that penal edicts are daily issuing against all who hesitate to disavow, by a solemn oath, the allegiance they owe and wish to pay to their sovereign.’
General Howe shows the exasperation of the Royalists also. He says:
‘Members of committees, collectors of arbitrary fines, &c., oppressors of the peaceable inhabitants, have been seized by the exasperated inhabitants of different parts of the country and delivered into my hands.’
[2] The pamphlet here referred to was Lord Sheffield’s ‘Observations on the Commerce of the American States.’
[3] So great was the economy practised that the daily expense for fire-wood in the kitchen, where dinner was provided for 1,000 people, was only twelve Kreutzers, or fourpence halfpenny. Sometimes 1,500 were fed in one day.
[4] The great mistake which has been committed in most of the attempts to introduce a spirit of industry where habits of idleness have prevailed, has been the too frequent use of coercive measures. Force will not do. It is address which must be used on those occasions. The children in the House of Industry at Munich who, being placed on elevated seats round the hall where other children worked, were made to be idle spectators of that amusing scene, cried most bitterly when their request to descend from their seats and mix in that busy crowd was refused; but they would most probably have cried still more had they been taken abruptly from their play and forced to work. Men are but children of a larger growth, and those who undertake to direct them ought ever to bear in mind that important truth.
[5] This was the prospectus of the Royal Institution.
[6] This was a model one quarter of the full size of the new Bavarian six-pounder with its ammunition waggon. The Elector permitted him to present it to the United States.
[7] The President wrote to Secretary McHenry: ‘I should not scruple to give him any of the appointments you mention, and leave it with you to make such proposals to him through Mr. King within the limits you have drawn in your letter as you should think fit.’
[8] Notwithstanding this his daughter said her father objected to her marrying Sir C. Blagden.
[9] Probably the caricature by Gilray of the Royal Institution and Sir John Hippesley, published on May 23. Count Rumford was caricatured on June 12, 1800.
[10] Blagden himself had just been accused of being a spy.
[11] It was not until May 1, 1807, that King Maximilian Joseph, ‘having extended the bounds of his kingdom, gave a new constitution to the Bavarian Academy, proportioned to the existing state of science and to his new empire.’ The first public meeting was held on July 27.
[12] The gentlemen chosen were the Earl of Winchelsea, Mr. Wilberforce, the Rev. Dr. Glasse, Mr. Sullivan, Mr. Richard Sulivan, Mr. Colquhoun, Mr. Parry, and Mr. Bernard.
[13] If any other season should be thought more convenient for these elections, it will of course be chosen instead of that here proposed.
[14] No notice of workshops exists in the first number of the Journal, dated April 1800. In the second number, containing the report to the managers on May 25, 1801, it is said that eighteen or twenty young men are to be boarded and lodged in the house (p. 27, Journal).
[15] This gallery staircase has left its mark in the Institution, and is drawn in the old plans of the house. There was originally no door into the theatre under the gallery.
[16] Sir J. Hippesley, elected May 19.
[17] Now the anteroom.
[18] Now the lecturers’ room.
[19] This was part of the front area.
[20] Now the chemical laboratory, 1871.
[21] This and a line below are the only traces of praise of Count Rumford that are to be found in the records of the Institution.
[22] Edinburgh Review, Nos. II. and IX., 1803, 1804.
[23] See Appendix II.
[26] Hippesleys and Bernards.
[27] Where Mr. Sharpe, Sydney Smith’s friend, lived.
[28] Mr. E. Davy, his cousin.
[30] This lecture was given. In it Mr. Coleridge made a violent personal attack on Mr. Joseph Lancaster, and a year afterwards, at the annual meeting of proprietors, a resolution was carried unanimously that ‘this attack was in direct violation of a known and established rule of the Royal Institution, prohibiting any personal animadversions in the lectures there delivered.’
[31] Probably Mr. Boulton of Birmingham.
[32] Present, Sir Joseph Banks, Earl of Morton, Count Rumford, and Richard Clark, Esq.
[33] The substance of these lectures was published in the fourth number of the Journals of the Royal Institution, p. 49, edited by Dr. Young. The paper is called Outlines of a View of Galvanism. It is dated September 1801.
[34] This was the first memoir on the Theory of Light and Colours, read Nov. 12, 1801.
[35] Davy always thought he caught the fever during an experiment for disinfecting Newgate Prison.
[36] Some time after his recovery it was said in the Institution that his laboratory experiments caused his illness.
[37] The voltaic subscriptions amounted to 520l.
[38] The predecessor of Mr. Faraday.
[39] The discovery of the simplicity of chlorine was claimed by the French chemists; Davy afterwards said of Gay-Lussac’s paper in the Annales de Chimie for July 1814, ‘The historical notes attached to it are of a nature not to be passed over without animadversion. M. Gay-Lussac states that he and M. Thénard were the first to advance the hypothesis that chlorine was a simple body, and he quotes M. Ampère as having entertained that opinion before me. On the subject of the originality of the idea of chlorine being a simple body I have always vindicated the claims of Scheele, but I must assume for myself the labour of having demonstrated its properties and combinations and of having explained the chemical phenomena it produces, and I am in possession of a letter from M. Ampère that shows he has no claims of this kind to make.’
[41] Expenditure to June 12.
[42] Abolished in August.
INDEX.
- Academy, American, of Arts and Sciences, 53;
- Bavarian, of Arts and Sciences, 89
- Accounts of the Royal Institution, 180, 203, 304, 425
- Agriculture, Board of, 201, 202, 215
- Alkalies, decomposition of, 279
- Alloys, experiments on, proposed, 192
- Astle, T., his library bought, 259
- Baldwin, Loammi, 6, 8, 41, 59, 62, 65, 67, 68
- Banks, Sir Joseph, 3, 29, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 134, 153, 215, 261, 263, 275, 369
- Bavaria, Elector of, his introduction to Rumford, 28;
- made Fellow of Royal Society, 29
- Beggars at Munich, 31, 32
- Bernard, Thomas (afterwards Sir Thomas), 46, 115, 138;
- report on the Institution, 203, 301;
- death, 302
- Blagden, Sir C., 42, 69, 71, 77, 81, 84, 93
- Böekman, Mr., 181
- Brande, Mr., 308, 309, 389
- Carleton, Sir Guy, 24, 25, 260, 405
- Chemical operator, 172
- Clinton, Sir Henry, 15, 19
- Coleridge, Mr., his lectures, 277, 284, 342
- Committee of Science, 215, 302, 309;
- committees for investigation, 154, 186, 138, 192, 280
- Concord, formerly Rumford, 3, 113
- Cooper, Astley, 259
- Crotch, Dr., 260
- Curwen, Judge, his sketch of Thompson, 18
- Cuvier, Baron, his éloge on Rumford, 13, 29, 36, 109
- Dalton, Mr., 216, 290
- Dartmouth, Lord, 12
- Davy, Sir H., 70, 83, 113, 176, 180, 281, 300, 304, 307, 310;
- his birth, 312;
- at Bristol with Dr. Beddoes, 313;
- his first work, 314;
- opinion of by Southey, 315;
- his first galvanic experiments, 316;
- first interview with Rumford, 317;
- his engagement at the Institution, 318, 320;
- his first lectures, 321, 323;
- his second year’s lectures, 326;
- his success as a lecturer, 328;
- his lectures on Agriculture, 329;
- edited the Journal, 331;
- made F.R.S., 331;
- opinion of him by Coleridge, 332;
- his own opinion, 333;
- Dr. Dalton’s account of him, 334;
- his letter to Coleridge, who was leaving England, 335;
- his letter on the death of G. Watt, 337;
- received the Copley medal, 338;
- his picture of Ireland, 338;
- his electrical discoveries, 339;
- his first Bakerian lecture, 340;
- secretary of the Royal Society, 341;
- his account of Coleridge’s lectures, 342;
- his laboratory notes of the decomposition of the alkalies, 343, 344, 345, 346;
- his first sketch of the Bakerian lecture on the New Metals, 347, 348, 349;
- his illness, 350;
- Mr. Dibden’s account of his discoveries, 351, 352;
- his lectures after his illness, 354;
- his work, 355;
- his new electric battery, 356;
- tries to decompose nitrogen, 358;
- his picture of the laboratory, 360;
- his work on Chlorine, 363, 364;
- his lectures at Dublin, 366;
- his marriage, 367, 368, 369, 381;
- his last lectures at the Royal Institution, 370;
- on Radiant Matter, 371;
- on Chlorine, 374;
- on Simple Inflammable Bodies, 376;
- on the Metals, 378;
- his ‘Elements of Chemical Philosophy,’ 381;
- reviewed by Dr. Young, 382, 384, 386;
- his agricultural lectures, 387;
- his work on Fluorine, 388;
- elected honorary professor, 389;
- his researches on flame, 390;
- President of Royal Society, 390;
- on the protection of ships, 391;
- his first attack of paralysis, 391;
- resignation of the presidentship, 393;
- his last paper on the Torpedo, 396;
- his last illness, 398;
- his death, 400;
- his picture by his friend Mr. Poole, 401, 403
- Dibden, Mr., 213, 273, 283, 351, 352
- Dragoons, King’s American, regiment, 16, 25, 26, 407
- Elector of Bavaria, Theodore, 28, 29, 40, 41, 59, 60, 62;
- Maximilian, 72, 77, 82, 97
- Essays, Count Rumford’s, 43, 49, 76
- Faraday, Michael, 307, 308, 310, 311, 389, 391
- Fluoric principle, Davy on, 307, 308
- Gage, Governor, 6, 11
- Garden, English, at Munich, 37
- Garnett, Dr., 141, 148, 157;
- his life, 163 et seq.
- Germain, Lord George, 12, 17, 18;
- introduces Thompson to Sir. H. Clinton, 19;
- praises Thompson to General Leslie, 21
- Gibbon, his account of Rumford, 27
- Gilray, caricature of Rumford and Royal Institution, 78
- Guizot, M., his éloge on Madame de Rumford, 101
- Harris, Mr., first librarian, 213
- Hatchett, Mr., 154, 159, 204, 213
- Heat, on the source of, 49;
- motion, 51
- Hippesley, Sir John, 146, 148, 152, 156, 180
- Howe, General, 10, 11, 13
- Huntingdon, barracks at Long Island, 25
- Industry, House of, at Munich, 33
- Institution, London, the, 274, 275
- Institution, Royal, the, germ of, 44;
- Proposals, 66;
- caricature of, 78;
- foundation, 114;
- objects, 121;
- funds, 125;
- privileges of proprietors, 126;
- subscribers, 128;
- government, 129;
- managers, 130;
- visitors, 132;
- first meeting of proprietors, 134;
- first meeting of managers, 136;
- charter, 138;
- new prospectus, 147;
- new theatre, 148;
- abstract of the accounts, 180;
- report of, in 1801, 181;
- Davy appointed assistant lecturer at, 181;
- lecturer, 186;
- Young appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at, 188;
- report on in 1802, 195;
- Rumford’s last report on, 197;
- committee on the state of, 201;
- the first report of the committee on, 203;
- description of by Young, 206;
- progress of, 258 et seq.;
- compared with the London Institution, 275;
- difficulties of, 281;
- value of the property, 282;
- described by Davy, 280, 292 et seq.;
- income and expenditure of, from the commencement to 1814, 425
- Jenner, Dr., 303
- Journal of the Royal Institution, 153, 155, 181, 187, 188, 197, 210
- King Rufus, 63, 66
- Kitchens, 151
- Laboratory, 152, 155, 159, 160, 204, 269
- Landseer, Mr., 272, 273
- Lavoisier, Madame, 83, 88, 92, 97, 101, 113, 189
- Lawrence, Mr., 277, 303
- Lectures, first, at the Institution, 167, 170;
- of Davy and Young, 191;
- of Dalton, 219
- Leslie, General, 21, 23
- Library, foundation of, 204, 212
- Light, experiments on, 40
- Long Island, 25
- Magneto-electricity, discovery of, 279
- Marion, General, defeated by Thompson, 22
- Master of the Workshops, 181
- Mechanics’ School, 142, 162
- Mellish, his house bought, 138
- Military Academy, Munich, 36
- Mineralogical collection, 266, 267, 268, 270
- Model room, 155
- Motion heat, 51
- Munich, 28, 31, 34, 39, 50, 59, 82, 99, 113
- Napoleon, First Consul, description of, 73, 79
- National Institute, 75
- Nova Scotia, 25, 26
- Parliament, Act of, 288, 291
- Payne, William, 281, 305, 306
- Pictet, Professor, his account of Rumford, 27, 145
- Printing press, 153, 189, 260
- Proposals for founding the Royal Institution, 114, 121
- Proprietors, 271, 273, 285, 287, 296, 303
- Pupils in the laboratory, 269
- Resignation of Dr. Garnett, 177
- Report on the Institution, 181
- Repository, 152
- Rolfe, Mrs. Colonel, the first wife of Rumford, 4
- Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count, 1;
- his education, 2;
- his first note-book, 3;
- his first marriage, 4;
- major of militia, 5;
- persecuted as Royalist, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10;
- leaves his wife, child, and country, 11;
- made Secretary of Georgia, 13;
- volunteer in British fleet, 14;
- Fellow of the Royal Society, 15;
- Under Secretary of State, 17;
- Deputy Inspector General of Provincial Forces, 17;
- Lieut.-Colonel of King’s American Dragoons, 19;
- embarks for New York, 20;
- arrives in Carolina, 21;
- commands the cavalry there, 21;
- his action on the Santee river, 22;
- mentioned in the general orders by General Leslie, 23;
- arrives at New York, 24;
- consulted by Sir H. Clinton, 24;
- commands at Huntingdon, Long Island, 25;
- volunteers to serve in West Indies, 26;
- returns to London, 26;
- leaves England for the Austrian service, 27;
- meets the nephew of the Elector of Bavaria, 28;
- goes to Munich, 28;
- knighted and enters Bavarian service, 28;
- aide-de-camp and colonel in Bavaria, 29;
- his reforms in Bavaria, 30-37;
- experiments on conduction of heat, 38;
- experiments on light, 40;
- his honours, 41;
- his essays, 43, 49;
- on Heat, 50;
- his medals in America, 53;
- in England, 54;
- awarded the first Rumford medal, 54;
- his work and honours in Ireland, 55;
- his picture by his daughter, 57;
- saves Munich, 59;
- Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to England, 61;
- not received, 62;
- invited to America, 64;
- founds the Royal Institution, 69;
- revisits Munich, 71;
- first visits Paris, 73;
- leaves England, 77;
- returns to Munich, 81;
- his engagement to Madame Lavoisier, 87;
- his marriage, 90;
- further scientific researches, 93;
- his wretched married life, 94;
- goes to Auteuil, 96;
- his separation, 97;
- returns to Munich, 99;
- further researches, 104;
- visited by Davy, 105;
- his life at Auteuil, 106;
- his death, 109;
- his will, 112;
- his bequest to Harvard College, 112;
- to Davy, 113;
- founds the Royal Institution, 114 et seq.;
- his last report on the Institution, 197;
- causes of his departure from England, 200;
- state of the funds when he left the Institution, 201;
- original documents regarding his service in the American war, 405 et seq.
- Savage, Mr., 155, 189
- Simonds, Miss, Rumford’s mother, 1
- Smith, Sir James, 259
- Smith, Sydney, 260, 264, 265, 272, 273, 277
- Society for bettering the condition of the poor, 46, 118, 138, 147
- Subscribers to lectures only, 193;
- ladies recommending subscribers, 209
- Subscription for Dr. Garnett’s children, 179
- Tanning, Davy to lecture on, 186, 190
- Theatre of Institution, 149, 152
- Thompson, Benjamin, Ebenezer and James, ancestors of Count Rumford, 1
- Underwood, Mr., 105
- Ventilation, 273
- Verona, hospitals at, 42
- Volta, experiments on animal electricity, 43, 73, 74, 84, 156, 278
- Walker, Rev. T., the father-in-law of Rumford, 3, 7
- Webster, Mr., 138, 141, 148, 172, 185, 193, 195
- Wentworth, Governor, 4
- Winchelsea, Earl of, first president, 141
- Woburn, Massachusetts, the birthplace of Rumford, 1, 8
- Wollaston, Dr., 300, 303
- Workhouse at Munich, 31
- Workshops at the Institution, 198
- Young, Dr. Thomas, 112;
- made Professor, 188;
- his lectures, 191, 205, 240, 244;
- his preface to the second volume of the Journal of the Institution, 206, 246;
- his reply to the ‘Edinburgh Review,’ 211;
- his early history, 223 et seq.;
- made F.R.S., 225;
- at Edinburgh, 226;
- ceased to be a Quaker, 227;
- his Highland tour, 228;
- at Göttingen, 229;
- at Cambridge, 232;
- his discoveries on light, 235;
- reviewed by Lord Brougham, 236;
- his reply, 237;
- professor at the Royal Institution, 238;
- his editing of the Journals, 239;
- his introductory lecture on the objects of the Institution, 242;
- foreign secretary of the Royal Society, 246;
- leaves the Royal Institution, 246;
- elected a life subscriber, 246;
- published his lectures on Natural Philosophy, 247;
- physician of St. George’s Hospital, 248;
- began his hieroglyphical researches, 249;
- his articles in the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ 250;
- his article on Egypt, 250;
- superintendent of the ‘Nautical Almanac,’ 250;
- comparison of Young and Fresnel, 251;
- his interviews with Champollion, 253;
- abuse for the ‘Nautical Almanac,’ 254;
- his death, 255;
- his character drawn by Sir H. Davy, 256;
- by Davies Gilbert, 257;
- his answer to Rumford when offered the professorship at Royal Institution, 417;
- his invention of a micrometer, 419 et seq.