The ruined cities of Mashonaland: Being a record of excavation and exploration in 1891

A detailed account records excavations and explorations in Mashonaland, describing ruined stone cities through architectural descriptions, plans, measurements, and artifact catalogues. It combines archaeological observation—walls, towers, stone patterns, and rock carvings—with comparisons to other ancient sites and historical sources, including Portuguese and Arabian parallels. The narrative interleaves travelogue material on journeys, landscapes, and encounters with local peoples, plus appendices on regional geography and on temple orientation and mensuration, offering both field notes and interpretive discussion of origins and function.