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The salon and English letters

Chapter 19: INDEX
By Chauncey Brewster Tinker
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About This Book

The author examines the salon as a social institution in France and its transplantation to England, tracing origins, characteristics, and the eighteenth-century salon scene. He explores earlier English salons, conversation parties, literary assemblies, and the Bluestocking circle, and profiles figures such as Mrs. Montagu as patron and influence on the London salon. He argues that conversation, clubs, and familiar correspondence fostered new literary forms—intimate biography, diaries, and familiar letters—and shaped the social spirit of English letters. Close readings consider how conversational practice affected writers including Johnson, Walpole, Fanny Burney, and Boswell, and assess the results of integrating social intercourse with literary production.

INDEX

  • Addison, Joseph, conversation of, 220;
  • Spectator, quoted, 103 n.
  • Alembert, Jean d’, birth, 43;
  • quoted, 11, 32, 49;
  • referred to, 11, 27, 52, 55.
  • Anglomania, in Paris, 12 ff.
  • Anglomanie, Saurin’s comedy, 12-13.
  • Anstey, Christopher, 121.
  • Arblay, Mme. d’, see Burney, Fanny.
  • Aurelia, Hoole’s poem, 178.
  • Barbauld, Letitia, 124.
  • Barmécides, Les, La Harpe’s tragedy, 67.
  • Barry, James, portrait of Johnson, 199;
  • of Mrs. Montagu, 199;
  • relations with Mrs. Montagu, 199.
  • Bas Bleu, Hannah More’s poem, 23, 123-24, 125.
  • Bath, Earl of, 123, 125.
  • Beattie, James, character, 189;
  • Essay on Truth, 190;
  • Essays, 192;
  • Minstrel, The, 190 ff.;
  • —— dedicated to Mrs. Montagu, 193;
  • presented to George III, 192;
  • relations with Mrs. Montagu, 189-95.
  • Beauclerk, Topham, 53, 104.
  • Beaufort, Duchess of, 153 n., 205.
  • Bedford, Countess of, 85.
  • Behn, Aphra, 94-96, 257.
  • biography, art of, 268 ff.;
  • theory of, before Boswell, 270 ff.
  • Blount, Martha, 100.
  • ‘blue,’ i.e., bluestocking, origin and use of the word, 132-33.
  • bluestocking, etymology, 127-28;
  • translated into French, 127, 130, 133.
  • Bluestocking Club, 123 ff.;
  • members of, listed, 123-24;
  • origin of, 129 ff.
  • bluestockings, as authors, 166 ff.;
  • as hostesses, 134 ff.;
  • as patrons of the arts, 189 ff.;
  • descent from the Marquise de Rambouillet, 22.
  • Bocage, Mme. du, 35, 52, 75;
  • poem to Mrs. Montagu, 135 n.;
  • visits Mrs. Montagu, 105, 135.
  • Bolingbroke, Lord, relations with Mme. de Tencin, 45.
  • Boscawen, Admiral, 125, 129.
  • Boscawen, Mrs. Frances, 153-58;
  • assemblies, 153;
  • Boswell’s opinion of, 153;
  • interest in Mrs. Yearsley, 205;
  • letters, 154;
  • patron of letters, 154;
  • relations with Hannah More, 154-56, 181, 184 ff.;
  • —— with Pye, 156 n.;
  • —— with Young, 156 n.;
  • reports the discovery of new letters by Mme. de Sévigné, 237.
  • Boswell, James, announces the Life of Johnson, 278-79;
  • biography, knowledge of, 269;
  • ——, theory of, derived from Johnson, 269 ff.;
  • caricatures of, 277;
  • character, 8, 110;
  • influence on Johnson, 222-23;
  • Life of Johnson, completeness of, 281;
  • ——, reception of, 280;
  • truthfulness of, 281;
  • love of social life, 282;
  • quoted, 5;
  • references to bluestockings, 126;
  • refuses to idealize Johnson, 279;
  • Tour to the Hebrides, Johnson reads, 282;
  • ——, reception of, 272 ff.;
  • ——, reviewed in the Gentleman’s Magazine, 274;
  • ——, selection from, 274-76;
  • treatment of his contemporaries, 278.
  • Boufflers, Mme. de, 53;
  • relations with Gibbon, 77;
  • —— with Hume, 27;
  • —— with Johnson, 53, 104.
  • bouts rimés, 117, 119, 120.
  • breakfasts, literary, 105 ff.
  • Buffon, Georges de, 52.
  • Burke, Edmund, 123, 139 n.;
  • indebtedness to Johnson’s conversation, 234;
  • quoted, 5;
  • visits Parisian salons, 66-68.
  • Burney, Dr. Charles, 159, 189.
  • Burney, Fanny, character, 255, 257;
  • Diary, art of, 254 ff.;
  • ——, dramatic quality in, 265;
  • ——, selection from, 262-64;
  • ——, truthfulness of, 265;
  • Evelina, reception of, 257;
  • friends, 258;
  • love of boisterous scenes, 262;
  • luck, 256;
  • relations with Mrs. Ord, 159-60;
  • relations with Mrs. Thrale, 163;
  • self-consciousness, 267;
  • sensibility, 266;
  • sojourn at Court, as Dresser to the Queen, 257, 259 ff.
  • Cardigan Priory, salon at, 91.
  • card-playing, in salons, 106.
  • Carlisle, Countess of, 88.
  • Carter, Elizabeth, 172-77;
  • catholicity of taste, 176-77;
  • Johnson’s opinion of, 174;
  • learning, 157, 173;
  • Poems, 174;
  • relations with Gray, 144;
  • —— with Mrs. Montagu, 173;
  • romanticism, 175;
  • translation of Epictetus, 173-74.
  • Cartwright, William, 89.
  • Castiglione, Baldassare, his Cortegiano cited, 18 ff.
  • Centlivre, Susannah, 100.
  • Chapman, George, 85-86.
  • Chapone, Mrs. Hester, 177-80;
  • Essays, 138, 157;
  • familiar letters, 180;
  • Letters, 177 ff., 202;
  • poems, 179;
  • quoted, 132;
  • referred to, 124, 179;
  • relations with Mrs. Carter, 178;
  • —— with Mrs. Montagu, 178;
  • —— with Richardson, 177, 180.
  • Charles II, relations of, with the Duchess of Mazarin, 97.
  • Charlotte, Queen, 259, 261.
  • Chesterfield, Lord, opinion of the salon, 46;
  • relations with Mme. de Tencin, 45 ff.
  • Cholmondeley, Mrs. Mary, 135, 153.
  • Church, of England, 9;
  • of Rome, hatred of, in salons, 37.
  • circle, seating of guests in, 111, 126, 139, 159.
  • Clarence, Duke of, 262 ff.
  • Clubs, literary, 5-7.
  • Colman, George, 102 n.
  • conversation, chief amusement in salons, 25, 135;
  • Goldsmith’s, 220, 221;
  • ideal of, 7, 20, 25, 223;
  • Johnson’s, 217 ff.;
  • —— Boswell’s influence on, 222, 227.
  • conversazione, nature and office of, 102 ff., 108 ff., 152.
  • ‘Cophthi,’ Walpole’s name for bluestockings, 147.
  • Cornaro, Caterina, 17.
  • cosmopolitanism, of salons, 43, 144, 147 n.
  • court of love, 17.
  • courts, Renaissance, as predecessors of the salon, 16 ff., 84.
  • Cowley, Abraham, verses to Mrs. Phillips, 92.
  • Cowper, William, correspondence, charm of, 249-50;
  • —— compared with Mme. de Sévigné, 239-40;
  • relations with Mrs. Montagu, 197-99;
  • translation of Homer, submitted to Mrs. Montagu, 198.
  • Crewe, Lady, 131, 135.
  • Daniel, Samuel, 84, 85, 86.
  • Davies, Sir John, 85.
  • Decameron, Boccaccio’s, 18 n.
  • declamation, fashionable entertainment in salons, 106.
  • Deffand, Mme. du, blindness, 61;
  • career and salon, 59-64;
  • described by Walpole, 59-60;
  • ennui, 60, 63;
  • letter to Walpole in manner of Mme. de Sévigné, 238;
  • opinion of Burke, 67;
  • —— of Gibbon, 77;
  • —— of Hume, 51;
  • —— of Walpole, 57;
  • quoted, 7, 13, 62 n., 64, 75, 238;
  • relations with Mlle. de Lespinasse, 61;
  • —— with Montesquieu, 60 n.;
  • —— with Walpole, 27, 63-65;
  • type of her century, 34;
  • wit, 29.
  • Delany, Mrs. Mary, 160-63;
  • friendship with Swift, 161;
  • interest in Mrs. Yearsley, 205;
  • relations with Miss Burney, 162;
  • verses, Miss More’s to, 161.
  • democracy, in salons, 25;
  • theory of, 9.
  • Denham, Sir John, 92.
  • diary, as a literary type, 254 ff.
  • Diderot, Denis, 52.
  • Donne, John, relations with the Countess of Bedford, 86-87.
  • Drayton, Michael, 85.
  • Dryden, John, 92, 96.
  • England, French attitude to, 11 ff.
  • Englishman in Paris, Foote’s comedy, 42 n.
  • epigram, Garrick’s on Goldsmith, 116;
  • Johnson’s on Barnard, 116;
  • popularity of, in salons, 26, 115-117, 229;
  • Young’s on Chesterfield, 116.
  • Este, Beatrice d’, 17.
  • feminism, in seventeenth century, 98-99.
  • femmes savantes, 28, 35, 78, 83, 98 n., 105.
  • Ferguson, Adam, 191.
  • Fielding, Sarah, 257.
  • Fontenelle, Bernard de, 45.
  • Foote, Samuel, quoted, 42 n.
  • Frederick, Duke of Urbino, 18 ff.
  • friendship, in salons, 26 ff., 210.
  • Garrick, David, 123, 139 n.;
  • declamation, 106;
  • verses, 121.
  • Gay, John, 100.
  • Geoffrin, Mme., career and salon, 47-50;
  • charity, 73;
  • described by Walpole, 58;
  • maxims, 113;
  • praised by Mlle. de Lespinasse, 73 ff.;
  • referred to, 25;
  • relations with Marmontel, 27;
  • —— with Walpole, 58 ff.;
  • type of her century, 34, 36;
  • wit, 29, 48 n.
  • Gibbon, Edward, career in salons, 74-80, 211;
  • Decline and Fall, popularity of, in salons, 76;
  • influence of salon upon, 79;
  • Mme. du Deffand’s opinion of, 74-75, 77;
  • Mme. Necker’s opinion of, 75;
  • quoted, 11;
  • relations with Mme. Necker, 77-79;
  • Walpole’s opinion of, 76 n.
  • Goldsmith, Oliver, account of Parisian salon, 42;
  • not a frequenter of the London salon, 211;
  • quoted, 32, 103 n., 105, 113;
  • visits Mrs. Vesey, 147 n.
  • Gonzaga, Elizabeth, of Urbino, 17 ff.; 27, 84.
  • gossip, 223, 245, 248-49;
  • see also scandal.
  • government, theories of, 11.
  • Gray, Thomas, 144;
  • at Mrs. Vesey’s, 147.
  • Greville, Lady, 153.
  • Guibert, Comte de, 67.
  • Henrietta Maria, Queen, 88.
  • Herries, Lady, 153.
  • Hervey, Lady, 135.
  • Hesketh, Lady, 197-98.
  • Hogarth, William, depiction of the levee, 103.
  • Holbach, Baron d’, his salon, 70, 75.
  • Holcroft, Thomas, quoted, 112, 170 n.
  • Hoole, Rev. Samuel, quoted, 108 ff., 178.
  • Hume, Alexander, career in Parisian salons, 50-55;
  • death, 55;
  • influence of the salon on, 55;
  • quarrel with Rousseau, 53 ff.;
  • quoted, 5.
  • Huntington, Countess of, 87.
  • intrigue, flourishes in salons, 89, 95.
  • Isabella, of Mantua, 17.
  • Italy, courts of, see courts.
  • Johnson, Samuel, conversation, 231 ff.;
  • correspondence, 252;
  • described by Hoole, 109-10;
  • dogmatism, 230;
  • levee, 104;
  • manner in conversation, 224;
  • quarrel with Mrs. Montagu, 199-202;
  • quoted, 5, 6, 7, 9, 100, 101, 231 ff.;
  • salons, visits, 210-11;
  • serenity, 223;
  • style in conversation and in writing compared, 229;
  • versatility, 226.
  • Jonson, Ben, 85.
  • Kauffmann, Angelica, 134.
  • Kyd, Thomas, 84.
  • Lambert, Mme. de, 44.
  • landscape, love of, among bluestockings, 148, 176.
  • laughter, unpopular in salons, 57.
  • Lely, Sir Peter, 97 n.
  • Lennox, Charlotte, 257.
  • Lespinasse, Julie de, career and salon, 71 ff.;
  • relations with Burke, 68;
  • —— with d’Alembert, 25;
  • —— with Sterne, 71-72;
  • Sentimental Journey, imitates, 72 ff.;
  • type of romanticism, 34.
  • letter-writing, 236 ff.
  • levee, 102-05.
  • London, a literary centre, 5, 6.
  • Lorenzo the Magnificent, 18.
  • Lucan, Lady, 135, 153.
  • Lyttelton, Lord, Dialogues of the Dead, 167;
  • Johnson’s life of, 196 ff.;
  • poetry, 157;
  • praises Beattie, 190;
  • relations with Mrs. Montagu, 139-140, 157.
  • Macaulay, Mrs. Catherine, 10, 135.
  • Macaulay, Lord, 225, 259, 267, 268.
  • Manley, Mrs. Mary, 98, 100.
  • Mann, Sir Horace, Walpole’s letters to, 242 n.
  • manners, literature of, 3.
  • Marmontel, Jean, 52.
  • Mascarille, 102.
  • Mathias, T. J., 170.
  • maxims, see sentiments.
  • Mazarin, Cardinal, 96.
  • Mazarin, Duchess of, 96-98.
  • men of letters, state of, in eighteenth century, 32.
  • Miller, Lady, career and salon, 117-122;
  • poems, 120.
  • Molière, J. B. P., comedies referred to, 26 n., 28, 29, 102, 107.
  • Monckton, Miss, 153.
  • Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 100-01, 237, 252.
  • Montagu, Mrs. Elizabeth, achievements, 141;
  • assemblies, 138;
  • breakfasts, 105;
  • conceit, 202-03;
  • Dialogues of the Dead, 167-69, 200;
  • Essays on Shakespeare, 169-72, 278;
  • ‘female Mæcenas,’ 189;
  • ‘femme savante,’ a, 140, 171-72;
  • influence in literary world, 202;
  • learning, 140, 198;
  • loyalty, 195;
  • patron of the arts, 189-208;
  • quarrel with Johnson, 196, 199-202;
  • ‘Queen of the Blues,’ 133;
  • relations with Barry, 199;
  • —— with Beattie, 189-95;
  • —— with Cowper, 197-99;
  • —— with Lyttelton, 167, 200;
  • —— with Mme. du Deffand, 136-37;
  • —— with Mrs. Yearsley, 204 ff.;
  • —— with Potter, 195;
  • —— with Sterne, 202;
  • salon, originates in London, 124.
  • More, Hannah, 180-88;
  • Bas Bleu, 23, 123-25;
  • Bleeding Rock, 181;
  • description of an assembly, 106 n.;
  • Essays, 156, 187;
  • Fatal Falsehood, 185-86;
  • Florio, 157, 187;
  • Inflexible Captive, 181;
  • influence of bluestockings on, 180, 188;
  • Ode on the Marquess of Worcester, 155;
  • Ode to Mrs. Boscawen, 154 ff.;
  • Percy, 154, 183-85;
  • piety, 186-88;
  • relations with Garrick, 181;
  • —— with Mrs. Boscawen, 181 ff.;
  • —— with Mrs. Yearsley, 204 ff.;
  • —— with Walpole, 187;
  • romanticism, 182;
  • Sensibility, 156;
  • Sir Eldred, 181-83;
  • ‘Stella,’ 206;
  • Thoughts on the Manners of the Great, 188.
  • Necker, Mme., career and salon, 77-80;
  • quoted, 7, 14, 38, 63 n.;
  • relations with Gibbon, 77 ff.;
  • —— with Hume, 27;
  • —— with Mrs. Montagu, 136.
  • Newcastle, Duchess of, 90 n.
  • Opie, John, portrait of Miss More, 157.
  • Ord, Mrs. Anne, relations with Miss Burney, 159-60;
  • salon, 124, 158-159.
  • ‘Orinda,’ see Phillips, Mrs. Katherine.
  • Ossian, 176.
  • Otway, Thomas, 96.
  • Paoli, General, 147 n.
  • Paris, attraction for Englishmen, 15, 36, 38.
  • patronage, 30, 84, 189 ff.
  • Pembroke, Countess of, 84.
  • Pepys, Sir William, 123.
  • Percy, Bishop, Reliques, 182.
  • Phillips, Mrs. Katherine, 91-94.
  • Piozzi, Mme., see Thrale, Mrs. Hester.
  • Pix, Mary, 98.
  • Platonic love, 88, 91, 93.
  • Polignac, Mme. de, 131.
  • Portland, Duchess of, 131, 162, 205, 207.
  • Potter, Robert, attacks Johnson’s Lives, 196, 270;
  • meets Johnson, 196;
  • relations with Mrs. Montagu, 195-97.
  • précieuses galantes, 88.
  • précieuses ridicules, 29.
  • Prior, Matthew, relations with Mme. de Tencin, 44 ff.
  • pseudonyms, classical, 89, 91, 95, 206.
  • Pye, Henry, poem to Mrs. Boscawen, 156 n.
  • Queensbury, Duchess of, 100.
  • Rambouillet, Hôtel de, 22 ff.;
  • Marquise de, 22 ff., 102 n.
  • Raynal, Abbé, 144, 150-51.
  • Restoration, influence of, on the salon, 89-90.
  • Reynolds, Sir Joshua, indebtedness to Johnson’s conversation, 235.
  • Richardson, Samuel, his Daughters, 100;
  • fame in France, 14.
  • Rousseau, J. J., 9, 40, 54, 59, 176.
  • Rowe, Nicholas, relations with Mrs. Phillips, 92 n.
  • ruelle, 102 n.
  • Rutland, Lady, 87.
  • Saint Évremond, Charles de, 96-98.
  • salon, characteristics, 24 ff.;
  • conservatism, 210 ff.;
  • conversation in, 25, 125;
  • cosmopolitanism of, 43;
  • decline of, 209;
  • democratic tone, 25;
  • failure of, in England, 213;
  • first English, 83;
  • ideal of, 152;
  • influence on authors, 39;
  • literary academy, a, 31;
  • origin of, 16 ff.;
  • original works read aloud, 26, 67, 72 n.;
  • patronage, 30, 84, 189 ff.;
  • radicalism of, 37;
  • room, 24;
  • woman’s place in, 16, 33 ff.
  • scandal, prevalence of, in salons, 111.
  • scepticism, in salons, 10, 37, 42, 52, 150.
  • Schwellenberg, Mrs., 260, 264.
  • Scudéry, Mlle. de, 26, 95.
  • sentiments, popular in salons, 113-15.
  • Sévigné, Mme. de, influence of, in England, 237 ff.
  • Seward, Anna, 121.
  • Shakespeare, William, Mrs. Montagu’s Essay on, 169-72;
  • salon spirit in his comedies, 22, 85.
  • Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, Rivals, 115;
  • School for Scandal, quoted, 103, 104, 107, 112, 115.
  • Sheridan, Thomas, 106.
  • Spenser, Edmund, 84.
  • Sterne, Laurence, describes salons, 37;
  • influence of salons upon, 74;
  • relations with Mrs. Montagu, 202;
  • —— with Mrs. Vesey, 148 ff.;
  • Sentimental Journey, quoted, 37, 69;
  • imitated by Mlle. de Lespinasse, 72 ff.
  • Stillingfleet, Benjamin, 123, 128-30.
  • Stuart, Lady Louisa, 126, 139.
  • Suckling, Sir John, 89.
  • Swift, Jonathan, 100.
  • Taylor, Jeremy, relations with Mrs. Phillips, 92-94.
  • Tencin, Mme. de, career and salon, 43-47, 102;
  • type of her century, 34.
  • Tessier, Le, 106.
  • Thrale, Hester, Anecdotes of Johnson, 164;
  • ——, reception of, 276;
  • character, 165;
  • not properly a bluestocking, 124;
  • relations with Johnson, 163-64;
  • —— with Miss Burney, 163-64.
  • Tighe, Edward, 106.
  • Trotter, Catherine, 98.
  • Twickenham Park, salon at, 85.
  • Vaughan, Henry, 94.
  • Vesey, Agmondesham, 115, 203.
  • Vesey, Mrs. Elizabeth, agnosticism, 150;
  • bluestocking, use of the word, 130;
  • entertains the Literary Club, 33 n., 147;
  • relations with Sterne, 148 ff.;
  • romanticism, 147, 151;
  • salon, 141-52;
  • ——, one of the originators, in London, 124.
  • Vivonne, Cathérine de, see Rambouillet, Marquise de.
  • Voiture, Vincent, 25.
  • Voltaire, François, denounced by bluestockings, 109, 151;
  • opinion of, in salons, 37;
  • opinion, his, of the English, 12.
  • Walpole, Horace, correspondence, art of, 236 ff.;
  • gossip, love of, 249-50;
  • influence of salons on, 39, 65-66;
  • interest in Mrs. Yearsley, 206;
  • letter to Rousseau, 54, 59;
  • opinion of Gibbon, 76 n.;
  • —— of Hume, 51;
  • —— of the salon, 56 ff.;
  • popularity in Paris, 59;
  • quoted, 10, 36, 39, 42, 44 n., 52, 58, 62 n., 66 n., 68, 76 n., 132, 236 ff.;
  • relations with Mme. du Deffand, 63-65;
  • —— with Mme. Geoffrin, 57;
  • salons, career in, 56-66;
  • uses the word bluestocking, 132.
  • Walsingham, Mrs., 124, 153, 157.
  • Woodhouse, the poetical shoemaker, 205.
  • Wroth, Lady, 87.
  • Yearsley, Mrs. Ann, the poetical milk-woman, career and poems, 204-08.
  • Young, Edward, 100, 156 n., 157.