APPENDIX.
TABLE I.
CHRONOLOGY OF TOBACCO.
| A.D. | |
| 1496 | Romanus Paine published the first account of tobacco, under the name cohoba. |
| 1519 | Tobacco discovered by the Spaniards near Tabasco. |
| 1535 | Negroes cultivated it on the plantations of their masters. |
| ” | It was used at this time in Canada. |
| 1559 | Tobacco introduced into Europe by Hernandez de Toledo. |
| 1565 | Conrad Gesner became acquainted with tobacco. |
| ” | Sir John Hawkins brought tobacco from Florida. |
| 1570 | Tobacco smoked in Holland out of tubes of palm-leaves. |
| 1574 | Tobacco cultivated in Tuscany. |
| 1575 | First figure of plant in André Thevot’s Cosmographie. |
| 1585 | Clay pipes noticed by the English in Virginia. |
| ” | First clay pipes made in Europe. |
| 1590 | Schah Abbas, of Persia, prohibited the use of tobacco in his empire. |
| 1601 | Tobacco introduced into Java. Smoking commenced in Egypt about this time. |
| 1604 | James I. laid heavy imposts on tobacco. |
| 1610 | Tobacco-smoking known at Constantinople. |
| 1615 | Tobacco first grown about Amersfort, in Holland. |
| 1616 | The colonists cultivated tobacco in Virginia. |
| 1619 | James I. wrote his “Counterblast.” |
| ” | Sale of tobacco prohibited in England till the custom should be paid, and the royal seal affixed. |
| 1620 | Ninety young women sent from England to America, and sold to the planters for tobacco at 120 lbs. each. |
| 1622 | Annual import of tobacco into England from America, 142,085 lbs. |
| 1624 | The Pope excommunicated all who should take snuff in church. King James restricted the culture of tobacco to Virginia and the Somer Isles. |
| 1631 | Tobacco-smoking introduced into Misnia. |
| 1634 | A tribunal formed at Moscow to punish smoking. |
| 1639 | The Assembly of Virginia ordered that all tobacco planted in that and the succeeding two years should be destroyed. |
| 1653 | Smoking commenced at Appenzell (canton) in Switzerland. |
| 1661 | The police regulations of Berne made, and divided according to the ten commandments, in which tobacco was prohibited. |
| 1669 | Adultery and fornication punished in Virginia by a fine of 500 to 1000 lbs. of tobacco. |
| 1670 | Smoking tobacco punished in the canton of Glarus by fines. |
| 1676 | Customs on tobacco from Virginia collected in England, £120,000. |
| ” | Two Jews attempt the cultivation of tobacco in Brandenburg. |
| 1689 | Dr. J. F. Vicarius invented tubes containing pieces of sponge for smoking tobacco. |
| 1691 | Pope Innocent XII. excommunicated all who used tobacco in St. Peter’s Church at Rome. |
| 1697 | Large quantities of tobacco produced in the palatinate of Hesse. |
| 1709 | Exports of tobacco from America, 28,858,666 lbs. |
| 1719 | Senate of Strasburg prohibited the culture of tobacco. |
| 1724 | Pope Benedict XIV. revoked Pope Innocent’s Bull of excommunication. |
| 1732 | Tobacco made a legal tender in Maryland, at one penny per lb. |
| 1747 | Annual exports of tobacco to England from the American colonies, 40,000,000 lbs. |
| 1753 | The King of Portugal farmed out the tobacco trade for about £500,000. |
| ” | The revenue of the King of Spain from tobacco, £1,250,000. |
| 1759 | Duties on tobacco in Denmark amounted to £8,000. |
| 1770 | Empress of Austria derived an income of £160,000 from tobacco. |
| 1773 | Duties on tobacco in the two Sicilies, £80,000. |
| 1775 | Annual export of tobacco from the United States 1,000,000 lbs. |
| 1780 | King of France derived an income of £1,500,000 from tobacco. |
| 1782 | Annual export of tobacco during the seven years revolutionary war, 12,378,504 lbs. |
| 1787 | Tobacco imported into Ireland, 1,877,579 lbs. |
| 1789 | Exports of tobacco from the United States, 90,000,000 lbs. |
| ” | Tobacco first put under the excise in England. |
| 1820 | Quantity of tobacco grown in France, 32,887,500 lbs. |
| 1828 | Tobacco revenue in the State of Maryland, £5,400. |
| 1830 | Revenue from tobacco and snuff in Great Britain was 2¼ millions of pounds. |
| 1834 | Value of tobacco used in the United States estimated at £3,000,000. |
| 1838 | Annual consumption of tobacco in the United States estimated at 100,000,000 lbs. |
| 1840 | It was ascertained that 1,500,000 persons were engaged in the cultivation and manufacture of tobacco in the United States. |
TABLE II.
CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO.
| COUNTRIES. | Average consump. of male population per head, over 18 years of age. lbs. |
Nett Revenue from Tobacco. £ |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | 6·75 | 1,212,530 |
| Zollverein | 9·75 | 296,560 |
| Steurverein, including Hanover and Oldenburg | 12·50 | 12,420 |
| France | 5·50 | 3,058,356 |
| Russia | 2·50 | 284,280 |
| Portugal | 3·50 | 304,140 |
| Spain | 4·75 | 1,268,082 |
| Sardinia | 2·75 | 246,192 |
| Tuscany | 2·50 | 84,860 |
| Papal States | 2·00 | 297,252 |
| Two Sicilies | ... | 168,422 |
| Britain | 4·10 | 5,272,471 |
| Holland | 8·25 | 6,210 |
| Belgium | 9·00 | 28,014 |
| Denmark | 8·00 | 10,488 |
| Sweden | 4·37 | 14,766 |
| Norway | 6·40 | 23,322 |
| United States | 7·60 | ... |
TABLE III.
DUTIES ON IMPORTATION OF TOBACCO.
| per cent. ad valorem. |
|
| United States | 30· |
| Belgium | 13·9 |
| Great Britain | 933·3 |
| Hanover | 9·6 |
| Holstein | 10· |
| Holland | 3·5 |
| Russia | 161· |
| Switzerland | 3· |
| Zollverein | 45· |
TABLE IV.
Nett Profits of the French Regie on Tobacco, after paying all expenses of purchase, transportation, manufacture, and sale. Showing the increased consumption, in decennial periods, from 1811 to 1851.
| Years. | Francs. |
|---|---|
| 1811 | 26,000,000 |
| 1821 | 42,219,604 |
| 1831 | 45,920,930 |
| 1841 | 71,989,095 |
| 1851 | 92,233,729 |
| Total gross revenue in 1857 |
185,000,000 |
TABLE V.
Consumption of Tobacco in Britain, with rate of Duty and Revenue therefrom.
| Years. | Consumption. lbs. | Duty. per lb. | Revenue. | Population. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1821 | 15,598,152 | 4s. | £3,122,583 | 21,282,903 | ||
| 1831 | 19,533,841 | 3s. | 2,964,592 | 24,410,459 | ||
| 1841 | 22,309,360 | 3s. | 3,580,163 | 27,019,672 | ||
| 1851 | 28,062,978 | 3s. | 4,485,768 | 27,452,262 | ||
| 1856 | 32,579,166 | 3s. | 5,216,770 | 39 | ||
| 1857 | 32,677,059 | 3s. | 5,231,455 | [39] | ||
| 1858 | 34,110,850 | 3s. | 5,272,471 | [39] | ||
| 39 Owing to extensive emigration, especially from Ireland, the population must be considered as but little above that of 1851. | ||||||
TABLE VI.
Consumption of Tobacco in the Austrian Empire.
| Years. | Quantity consumed. per lb. |
|---|---|
| 1850 | 34,457,513 |
| 1851 | 54,217,578 |
| 1852 | 61,805,697 |
| 1853 | 57,926,925 |
| 1854 | 62,020,333 |
| 1856 | 85,161,030 |
TABLE VII.
Statement exhibiting the quantities of Tobacco exported from the United States into the countries named, during 1855.
| Countries. | Quantities. lbs. |
|---|---|
| Bremen | 38,058,000 |
| Great Britain | 24,203,000 |
| France | 40,866,000 |
| Holland | 17,124,000 |
| Spain | 7,524,000 |
| Belgium | 4,010,000 |
| Sardinia | 3,314,000 |
| Austria | 2,945,000 |
| Sweden and Norway | 1,713,000 |
| Portugal | 336,000 |
TABLE VIII.
Disposition of Tobacco the growth of the United States in 1840 and in 1850, with the Home Consumption at each period.
| Years. | Growth.lbs. | Exports.lbs. | Consumption.lbs. | Rate pr.Head. oz. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1840 | 219,163,319 | 184,965,797 | 34,543,557 | 32½ |
| 1850 | 199,532,494 | 122,408,780 | 81,933,571 | 56 |
TABLE IX.
Statement showing the Exports of Tobacco from America (United States) in decennial periods, from 1820 to 1850, and in 1855.
| Years. | Quantity exported. hogsheads |
|---|---|
| 1820 | 66,000 |
| 1830 | 83,810 |
| 1840 | 119,484 |
| 1850 | 145,729 |
| 1855 | 150,213 |
TABLE X.
ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO BY POSSELT & REINMANN.
| Nicotina | 0·06 |
| Concrete vegetable oil | 0·01 |
| Bitter extractive | 2·87 |
| Gum, with malate of lime | 1·74 |
| Chlorophylle | 0·267 |
| Albumen and gluten | 1·308 |
| Malic acid | 0·51 |
| Lignin and a trace of starch | 4·969 |
| Salts (sulphate, nitrate, and malate of potash, chloride of potassium, phosphate and malate of lime, and malate of ammonia) | 0·734 |
| Silica | 0·088 |
| Water | 88·280 |
| Fresh leaves of tobacco | 100·836 |
TABLE XI.
Return showing the quantity of Chests of Opium exported by the East India Company between 1846 and 1858.
| Years. | No. of Chests.40 |
|---|---|
| 1846-47 | 22,468 |
| 1847-48 | 22,879 |
| 1848-49 | 33,073 |
| 1849-50 | 35,919 |
| 1850-51 | 32,033 |
| 1851-52 | 31,259 |
| 1852-53 | 35,521 |
| 1853-54 | 42,403 |
| 1854-55 | 49,979 |
| 1855-56 | 49,399 |
| 1856-57 | 66,305 |
| 1857-58 | 68,004 |
TABLE XII.
Amount of Income derived by the East India Company from the Opium Monopoly.
| Years. | Amount. |
| 1840-41 | £874,277 |
| 1841-42 | 1,018,765 |
| 1842-43 | 1,577,581 |
| 1843-44 | 2,024,826 |
| 1844-45 | 2,181,288 |
| 1845-46 | 2,803,350 |
| 1846-47 | 2,886,201 |
| 1847-48 | 1,698,252 |
| 1848-49 | 2,845,762 |
| 1849-50 | 3,309,637 |
| 1850-51 | 3,043,135 |
| 1851-52 | 3,139,247 |
| 1852-53 | 3,717,932 |
| 1853-54 | 3,359,019 |
| 1854-55 | 3,333,601 |
| 1855-56 | 3,961,975 |
| 1856-57 | 3,860,390 |
| 1857-58 | 5,918,375 |
TABLE XIII.
OPIUM STATISTICS OF GREAT BRITAIN.
| Years. | Imports. lbs. | Consumption. lbs. |
|---|---|---|
| 1826 | 79,829 | 28,329 |
| 1827 | 113,140 | 17,322 |
| 1830 | 209,076 | 22,668 |
| 1833 | 106,846 | 35,407 |
| 1836 | 130,794 | 38,943 |
| 1839 | 196,247 | 41,632 |
| 1842 | 72,373 | 47,432 |
| 1845 | 259,644 | 38,229 |
| 1848 | 200,019 | 61,055 |
| 1849 | 105,724 | 44,177 |
| 1850 | 126,318 | 42,324 |
| 1851 | 118,024 | 50,682 |
| 1852 | 205,780 | 62,521 |
| 1853 | 159,312 | 67,038 |
| 1854 | 97,427 | 61,432 |
| 1855 | 50,143 | 34,473 |
| 1856 | 51,479 | 38,609 |
| 1857 | 136,423 | 56,174 |
| 1858 | 82,085 | 77,639 |
TABLE XIV.
ANALYSIS OF OPIUM, BY MULDER.
| Morphia | 10·842 | 4·106 |
| Narcotina | 6·808 | 8·150 |
| Codeia | 0·678 | 0·834 |
| Narceine | 6·662 | 7·506 |
| Meconine | 0·804 | 0·846 |
| Meconic acid | 5·124 | 3·968 |
| Fat | 2·166 | 1·350 |
| Caoutchouc | 6·012 | 5·026 |
| Resin | 3·582 | 2·028 |
| Gummy extractive | 25·200 | 31·470 |
| Gum | 1·042 | 2·896 |
| Mucus | 19·086 | 17·098 |
| Water | 9·846 | 12·226 |
| Loss | 2·148 | 2·496 |
| Total | 100·000 | 100·000 |
TABLE XV.
PRISONERS SENTENCED BY THE POLICE TO THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION AT
SINGAPORE.
| Class. all Chinamen |
Quantity of Opium consumed daily. | Number of years habituated. | Trade. | Monthly Wages. | Value of Opium smoked monthly. | Appearances. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grains. | s. d. | £ s. d. | ||||
| 1 | 60 | 10 | Cooly | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Heavy, listless, but not sleepy. |
| 2 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well and fat. | ||
| 3 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well, but not stout. | ||
| 4 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well. | ||
| 5 | 180 | 10 | Planter | ... | 3 12 0 | Looks well; given up smoking; drinks Tinco in arrack. |
| 6 | 90 | 12 | ... | ... | 1 10 0 | Sickly, with cough. |
| 7 | 60 | 20 | Cooly | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Sickly, thin, and miserable looking. |
| 8 | 180 | 7 | Planter | 12 0 | 3 12 0 | Sick and herpetic. |
| 9 | 90 | 6 | ... | 20 0 | 1 10 0 | Sickly looking, and complains. |
| 10 | 60 | 20 | Cooly | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Thin, sickly; complains of pain in the stomach. |
| 11 | 48 | 4 | Cooly | 16 0 | 0 16 4 | Yellow, sickly; pain in the abdomen. |
| 12 | 300 to 350 | 16 | Planter | ... | £6 to £7 | Thin, sickly; complains of cough. |
| 13 | 30 | 10 | Cooly | 16 0 | 0 12 0 | Complains of pain in abdomen. |
| 14 | 90 | 6 | ... | 16 0 | 1 10 0 | Thin, but not sickly. |
| 15 | 60 | 16 | Cooly | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Thin, cough, and sickly. |
| 16 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | |||
| 17 | 24 | 9 | Cooly | 16 0 | 0 10 0 | Complains of pain in abdomen; does not look sickly. |
| 18 | 60 to 180 | 30 | ... | 20 0 | 24s. to £3 12 0 | Sickly looking; does not complain. |
| 19 | 36 | 5 | ... | 24s. to 30s. | 0 12 0 | Diarrhœa, and complains. |
| 20 | 30 | 5 | ... | 16 0 | 0 8 0 | Complains, but does not look sickly. |
| 21 | 60 | 12 | ... | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Complains, but does not look sickly. |
| 22 | 48 | 5 | Cooly | 12 0 | 1 0 0 | Looks sickly, and complains. |
| 23 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks sickly. | ||
| 24 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well. | ||
| 25 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well. | ||
| 26 | 60 | 15 | ... | 16 0 | 1 4 0 | Complains much, being without chandu. |
| 27 | Does not smoke. | ... | ... | Looks well. | ||
| 28 | 36 | 6 | ... | 12 0 | 0 15 0 | Pale, sickly looking; complains much. |
| 29 | 48 | 5 | Shopkeeper | ... | 1 0 0 | Thin and sickly. |
Besides which, there were 15 men in the hospital, of whom all smoked but one.
TABLE XVI.
OPIUM CONSUMED BY FIFTEEN PERSONS FROM THE PAUPER HOSPITAL, SINGAPORE.
| Quantity of Opium consumed daily. | Years habituated. | Monthly Wages. | Excess of expenditure over income. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grains. | s. d. | s. d. | ||
| 1 | 36 | 7 | 11 6 | 5 8 excess |
| 2 | 36 | 3 | 8 0 | 6 6” |
| 3 | 24 | 5 | 8 0 | 1 8 ” |
| 4 | 36 | 8 | 12 0 | 2 6 ” |
| 5 | 42 | 20 | 16 0 | 0 10 ” |
| 6 | 30 | 10 | 10 0 | 2 1 ” |
| 7 | 24 | 7 | 8 0 | 1 8 ” |
| 8 | 30 | 10 | 12 0 | Income and expenditure equal |
| 9 | 24 | 5 | 8 0 | 1 8 excess |
| 10 | 30 | 10 | 8 0 | 4 0 ” |
| 11 | 30 | 8 | 12 0 | Income and expenditure equal |
| 12 | 36 | 10 | 12 0 | 2 6 excess |
| 13 | 30 | 15 | 12 0 | Income and expenditure equal |
| 14 | 30 | 25 | 12 0 | Income and expenditure equal |
| 15 | 42 | 22 | 12 0 | 4 10 excess |
TABLE XVII.
REPORTS OF OPIUM-SMOKING IN CHINA.
In the Chung-wan (centre bazaar) there are about 5,800 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 2,600.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 300.
In the Hah-wan (Canton bazaar) there are upwards of 1,200 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 600.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 100.
The number that died for cause of smoking opium very few.
(Signed) Chung-wan & Hah-wan Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
The number of male residents at Sheong-wan are estimated as following:——
This year have ascertained the number of male residents are 13,000.
There are 3,000 opium-smokers; 300 smoke 8 mace a-day; 700 smoke 5 mace each day; 1,000 smoke 3 mace each day; the rest smoke 1 mace, more or less.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 4,000.
The number that got sick for cause of opium-smoking went home, and did not die here.
(Signed) Teapoa of Sheong-wan Tong Chew’s Report.
Dated December 29th, 1855.
By order, have ascertained the number of inhabitants of Tai-ping-Shan.
There are upwards of 5,300 men.
The number that smoke opium because they like it are upwards of 1,200.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 600.
The number that died for cause of opium-smoking very few.
(Signed) Tai-ping-Shan Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
By order, have ascertained that in Wan-tsai there are upwards of 1,600 inhabitants.
Those that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 500 men.
Those that smoke opium are upwards of 200 men.
Those that died for cause of smoking opium, none.
(Signed) Wan-tsai Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
By order, have ascertained that in Wang-nai-choon there are upwards of 200 men.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 10 men.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are few only.
The number that died for cause of smoking opium, very few.
(Signed) Wang-nai-choon Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
By order, have ascertained the number of inhabitants of Ting-loong-chow (east point).
There are upwards of 2,500 inhabitants.
The number that smoke opium merely because they like it are upwards of 300.
The number that smoke opium are upwards of 100.
(Signed) Ting-loong-chow Teapoa’s Report.
Dated Yuet-man year, 11th month, 20th day
(December 29th, 1855).
TABLE XVIII.
Professor Johnston’s estimate of the number of persons indulging in the Seven principal Narcotics of the world.
| Tobacco | 800,000,000 |
| Opium | 400,000,000 |
| Hemp | 200,000,000 to 300,000,000 |
| Betel | 100,000,000 |
| Coca | 10,000,000 |
| Thorn-Apple (no estimate) | Less than Coca. |
| Amanita (no estimate) | Less than Coca. |
TABLE XIX.
SYNOPSIS OF NARCOTICS, WITH THEIR SUBSTITUTES.
| I.——Tobacco. | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Vulgar Name. | Botanical Name. | Where used or cultivated. | How used. |
| Virginian tobacco | Nicotiana tabacum | U. States | Smoked & chewed |
| Orinoko” | ”macrophylla | ... | ” |
| European” | ”rustica | Europe | ” |
| Javanese” | ”” var | Java | Smoked. |
| Billah” | ”” var Asiatica | Malwa | ” |
| Guzerat” | ”” var | Guzerat | ” |
| Chinese” | ”” var Chinensis | China | ” |
| Thibetian” | ”” var | Thibet | ” |
| Persian” | ”Persica | Persia | ” |
| Latakia” | ”” var | Syria | ” |
| Djiddar” | ”crispa | ” | ” |
| Indian” | ”quadrivalvis | N. America | ” |
| Indian” | ”multivalvis | ” | ” |
| Indian” | ”nana | Rocky Mts. | ” |
| Cuban” | ”repanda | Cuba | ” |
| Columbian” | ”loxensis | America | ” |
| Brazilian” | ”glauca | Brazil | ” |
| Peruvian” | ”andicola | Andes | ” |
| Coltsfoot leaves | Tussilago farfar | Europe | Smok’d for tobacco |
| Yarrow” | Achillœa millefolium | ” | ” |
| Rhubarb” | Rheum emodi, &c. | Himalayas | ” |
| Bogbean” | Menyanthes trifoliata | Britain | ” |
| Sage” | Salvia officinalis | Europe | ” |
| Mountain tobacco | Arnica montana | Switzerland | ” |
| Black holly | Ilex vomitoria | N. America | ” |
| Stag’s horn sumach | Rhus typhina | Mississippi | ” |
| Copal sumach | Rhus copallina | ” | ” |
| Water lily leaves | Nelumbium speciosum | China | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Pucha-pat | Marrubium odoratissimum | India | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Tombeki | Lobelia sp. | E. Asia | Smoked as tobacco |
| Indian tobacco | Lobelia inflata | N. America | ” |
| Maize husks | Zea Mays | U. States | Patented for cigars |
| Birch bark | Betula excelsa | N. Brunswck | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Willow leaves | Salix sp. | N. America | Smoked as tobacco |
| Bearberry leaves | Arctostasphylus uva-ursi | Chenook Ind. | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Pimento berries | Eugenia pimento | W. Indies | Smoked |
| Cascarilla bark | Croton eleuteria | ” | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Polygonum leaves | Polygonum hispida | S. America | Smoked |
| Camphor leaves | Tarchonanthus camphoratus | Cape | ” |
| Wild dagga | Leonotis leonurus | ” | ” |
| ... | Leonotis ovata | ” | ” |
| Culen | Psoralea glandulosa | Mauritius | ” |
| Purphiok | Tupistra sp. | Sikkim | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Camomile flowers | Anthemis nobilis | Britain | ” |
| Beet leaves | Beta vulgaris | France | {Recommended as substitute |
| Akel | ... | Algeria | Mix’d with tobacco |
| Trouna | ... | ” | ” |
| Kauw goed | Mesembryanthemum tortuosum | Cape | Chewed |
| Angelica root | Archangelica officinalis | Lapland | ” |
| Monkey bread leaves | Adansonia digitata | W. Africa | Snuffed. |
| Rhododendron leaves | Rhododendron campanulatum | India | Snuffed. |
| Brown dust of} | Kalmia sp. | }N. America | ” |
| petioles of} | Rhododendron sp. | } | |
| Asarabacca | Asarum Europœum | Europe | ” |
| Grimstone’s eye snuff | Various plants | Britain | ” |
| Various indigenous plants | Erzegebirge | ” | |
| Woodruff | Asperula odorata | Britain | Mixed with snuff. |
| Amadou ashes | Polyporus igniarius | Kamtschatka | Snuffed. |
| II.——Opium. | |||
| Smyrna opium | Papaver somniferum. | Levant | Smoked, &c. |
| Constantinople do. | ” | Turkey | ” |
| Egyptian do. | ” | Egypt | ” |
| Trebizond do. | ” | Persia | ” |
| Bengal do. | ” | India | ” |
| Garden Patna do. | ” | ” | ” |
| Malwa do. | ” | ” | ” |
| Cutch do. | ” | ” | ” |
| Kandeish do. | ” | ” | ” |
| English do. | ” | England | ” |
| French do. | ” | France | ” |
| German do. | ” | Germany | ” |
| Lactucarium | Lactuca sativa | Britain | Subs. for opium. |
| ” | ”virosa | ” | ” |
| ” | ”scariola | ” | ” |
| ” | ”altissima | ” | ” |
| ” | ”sylvestris | ” | ” |
| ” | ”elongata | ” | ” |
| ” | ”taraxacifolia | Guiana | ” |
| Dutchman’s laudanum | Murucuja ocellata | Jamaica | ” |
| Ditto | ”orbiculata | Barbadoes | ” |
| Syrian rue seeds | Peganum harmala | Turkey | To produce intoxication. |
| Seeds of | Sterculia alata | Silhet | Subs. for opium. |
| Seeds of | Scopolia mutica | Arabia | To produce intoxication. |
| Juice of | Chondrilla juncea | Lemnos | Subs. for opium. |
| III.——Hemp. | |||
| Gunjah and Bang | Cannabis indica | India, Africa | Smoked, &c. |
| Churrus (resin) | ” | Nepaul, &c. | ” |
| Powdered dacca and aloes | ” | S. W. Africa. | Snuffed. |
| IV.——Betel. | |||
| Betel nuts | Areca catechu | Malay Penin. | Chewed. |
| ” | Areca laxa | Andaman Is. | ” |
| ” | Areca Nagonsis | E. Bengal | ” |
| ” | Areca Dicksoni | Malabar | ” |
| Kassu (extract) | Areca catechu | India | ” |
| Cowry (extract) | Areca catechu | Mysore | ” |
| Kutt or catechu | Acacia catechu | India | ” |
| Gambir | Uncaria gambir | Singapore &c. | Chewed. |
| ” | Uncaria sp. | ” | ” |
| Betel pepper leaves | Chavica betle | Malay Penin. | Chewed with betel leaves |
| ” | Chavica siraboa | ” | ” |
| Blk. pepper leaves | Piper nigrum | Singapore | ” |
| Ava pepper | Macropiper methysticum | S. Seas | ” |
| Roots of | Derris pinnata | ” | Subs. for betel |
| Roots of | Cocos nucifera | Ceylon | ” |
| Guayabo bark | Psidium guayaba | Phillippines | ” |
| Antipolo bark | ” | ” | ” |
| V.——Coca. | |||
| Coca leaves | Erythroxylon coca | Peru | Masticatory |
| VI.——Thorn-Apple. | |||
| Florispondio seeds | Datura sanguinea | N. Granada. | Drank in infusion. |
| ” | ”stramonium | Europe | Smoked. |
| ”seeds | ”arborea | Peru | ” |
| ” | ”fatuosa | Egypt | ” |
| ” | ”ferox | China | ” |
| ” | ”tatula | Asia | {By the Delphic oracle. |
| ” | ”metel | W. Asia | As an opiate. |
| Belladonna leaves | Atropa belladonna | Europe | Smoked. |
| Henbane leaves | Hyoscyamus niger | India | Mixed with haschish. |
| Leaves of | Rhododendron chrysanthum | Siberia | Chewed. |
| Flowers of | Rhododendron arboreum | India | ” |
| Foxglove leaves | Digitalis purpurea | ” | Mixed with haschisch. |
| VII.——Amanita. | |||
| Fly agaric | Amanita muscaria | Siberia | Swallowed. |
M’CORQUODALE & CO., PRINTERS, LONDON—WORKS, NEWTON.