The Sovereignty of the Sea / An Historical Account of the Claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas, and of the Evolution of the Territorial Waters

APPENDIX K.
(P. 389.)
ABSTRACT OF THE THIRTY-SIX ARTICLES PROPOSED BY: THE DUTCH TO ST JOHN AT THE HAGUE, 1651.

State Papers. Foreign. Treaty Papers (Holland), No. 46. 1651.

A Briefe Narrative of the Treatie at the Hague betweene the hono^ble Oliver S^t John, Lord Chiefe Justice of the Court of Com̃on Pleas, and Walter Strickland Esq. Embassado^rs extraordinary of the Parliament of the Com̃onwealth of England, to the great Assembly of the States Generall of the United Provinces begun upon the 20th of March 1650 [1651] and continued vntill the 20th of June 1651 and then broke of re infecta.

A Drafte of the Treatie which is to be made and entred into with the extraordinary Ambassado^rs of the Republique of England.

2.

Confederated ffr^ds for defence &c. & against Dystourb^rs &c.

That they shalbe, and remayne confederated friends, vnited, and allyed for the defence, and preservation of the Libertye and freedomes of each others people, and mutuall Com̃erce Navigacion,and Com̃on Interests against all those that shall endeavour to disturbe either of the States in the same by water or land in manner as is herevnder declared and expressed.

17.

Libertie to dwell in each oth^rs lands & to enjoy equall p^rivil^ges w^th the Natiues &c.

The subiects, and Inhabitants on both sydes may com̃e, and dwell in each others lands reciprocallye, and take their setled residence there, have their owne houses there to dwell in, and their Warehouses for to bring their goods, wares, and Merchandizes thither, and also vse their trade, and com̃erce there in all securitye, and without hinderance of any one as well at sea, other waters, as at land, enioyeing there, and every where else, the same, privilidges, Libertie, and freedome, as the Inhabitants, and each others subiects doe respectively enioy there in their own Country, and in case any hinderances happen they shall really, and speedilye be removed.

18.

Free libertie of Fishing &c.

The subiects, and Inhabitants of either, of what qualitie, or condition soever they be, may sayle, and fish every where at sea freely, without any disturbance Licence, Patent, or Passe port, as well herring, as all other sorte of fish, great and small, and the sayd Fishermen being driven out of the sea by storme, Rovers, Enemyes, or any other accident, and coming in, or to any of the other Havens, or Jurisdictions shalbe well, and freindly receaved, and entreated, and may depart thence againe with their ships, fish, furniture for fishing, and other laedings, (in such case, and not haveing broak bulke there,) freely without payeing custome, or any the least duty.

19.

No harboring of Pyrates &c.

Rouers & Coceal^rs to be punish^d & y^e ships & goods restored &c.

For to make the free Navigation, and com̃erce, on the seas, Rivers, and every where more certeyne, the said Republicke, and Vnited Provinces, shall not receave, nor suffer, or permitt that any Pyrats, or Searovers, be receaved, kept, or harboured by their subiects, in their respective Havens, Lands, Cittyes, or Townes but shall cause as well the said cencealo^rs, as Rovers, to be persequuted, apprehended, and punished, for terrou^r to others as is fitt, and the roved ships, goods, Merchandises yet in Esse, and in being, yea though they were there sould, shalbe restored, or made good to the right owners, or to such as have their Assignm^ts, or Lett^rs of Attorney, who doe sue for, and reclayme the said roved ships, and goods, vpon a iuratory affirmation of the reclaymer till better proofe.

20.

Sufficient securitie by those who goe out vpon perticul^r com̄issions.

All perticuler persons on either syde, that goe out upon perticular Com̄issions, shalbe bound before they may goe to sea, to put in sufficient securitie before the Judge of the place from whence he setts saile.

21.

Both to set out Fleets for scouring the Seas &c.

And to cleare the seas from all Pyrats, and Rovers, of what nation soever they bee, and to defend, and free the Libertie, and freedome of both the Nations Com̃erce, Navigation, and Freefishing as well in the North sea, Ocean, as Mediterranean sea, and all channells, and Streights ruñing betweene ’em; the sayd Republicke of England and the Vnited Netherlands shall provide and añually set out to sea a strong fleete at least of ... [sic] Vessells, and the like proportion of men, munition of warr, Victualls, and all necessary furniture, wherewith each vnder his owne Admirall, and flagg, shall crosse, and scoure the said seas, to witt those of England from ... vntill ... and those of the Lowe countryes from ... till ... beginning the first of ... and stayeing till the last of ... and shalbe bound to seaze on, and master all Pyrats that they shall meete with, the ships of either of the nations by them taken to restore to the true owners, and if it be needfull, and requisite to helpe, and seacond each other, each to keepe his taken bootye, or prises for himselfe, and so to cleare, and free the said seas, and channell, or straights from all Pyrats and searovers.

22.

Each parties Fleetes to force to Reparacion hinders of y^e Com̄erce navigcion Fish^g &c.

And for the further defence and advancem^t of the freedome, and Libertie of both the said Nations Com̃erce, Navigation, and freefishinge in the sayd seas, the sayd fleets and alsoe other men of warr, and com̃ission bearers on either syde, shall not only doe against Pyrats in manner aforesayd, but alsoe against all, and singuler persons, whatsoever they be that shall chance to trouble, molest, hinder, exacte, or against the Lawe of all nations burthen, or charge them, or either of them in the sayd freedome, Com̃erce, Navigation, and fishing. It is intended neverthelesse that the dampnifyed partie shall first, and aforehand complayne of the same to the undampnifyed partie, and endeavo^r together by all freindly waies, and intercession, that they who molested them doe make reparation to content, But if it be not so done, that then they shall seaze, take, and surprize in the said seas, not onlie with the said Fleete, but alsoe with all the strength of shipping which they can bring to sea the ships, and goods of the Cittie, and of her inhabitants, who have done the said trouble and so continewe vntill that the dampnifyed partye shall have gott full satisfaction, and every thing be putt agayne in full Freedome, that all dam̃age may be recovered, in case they chance to goe beyond or exceed their com̃ission, and charge.

23.

Men of warr to protect y^e Merh^ts ships of each party or of y^e Allies &c.

The men of warr of either partye meeting or overtakeing any Marchant shipp, or ships at sea, of the other partie, or of the others subiects, or of the Allyes (alsoe comprehended in this Treatye) and haveing both one course, or goeing both one way shalbe bound so longe as they keepe one course togeather to take them vnder their protection, and to defend them against all, and everyone.

24.

Retaking of ships taken in one anoth^rs Havens.

In case any shipp, or ships of eithers subiects, or of a Newter chance to be taken in the Havens, or Libertyes of the one or the other by a third partie, being no subiects of either partie, they in or out of whose Havens, or Libertyes the said ship, or ships shall be taken, shalbe bound to help with the other party, to endeavo^r that the sayd taken ship, or ships may be followed, brought back, and restored to the Owners, but all at the charges of the said Owners, or interessed.

25.

Ships forced into Haven through any Misfortune may depart againe freely w^thout paying any Dutie &c.

In case any Marchants ships of the subiects of either partye chance to com̃e to harbour in the Land of one or the other by tempest, or by pursuite of Searovers, or through any other necessitye, force, or misfortune, they may sayle out agayne from thence freely at their pleasure, without that they shall therefore be bound to goe on shoare, vnlade, or sell their Merchandizes there, nor to paye for the same any duties, or customes, it shall in such cases be enough if they shew their Maritine lett^rs and Passe ports without being subiect to any other search.

26.

None to come into each oth^rs Havens w^th men of warr to a Number w^ch might cause suspition &c. w^thout Leaue &c.

They may not come to, or in, nor stay in the Havens of each others Country with men of warr, and souldiers, to a number which might cause apparent suspition, or ill thoughts, without consent, or leave of those vnder whome the said Havens are, vnlesse they be driven by tempest, or forced to doe soe through necessitye, and to avoyd any dangers of the sea.

27.

Oth^r men of warre to come & goe freely &c.

For the men of warr of either syde, not being in soe great a number to cause any suspition, the Havens, rivers, and roades of either party, shall be alwayes open and free for to come in, there lye at Ancher, and sayle out agayne without any hinderance, or trouble; the sayd men of warr regulating themselves neverthelesse according to the lawes, and customes of the respective places.

28.

Men of warre not to be searcht onely com̄ing into Hauens to shew their Com̄iss^ns.

Provided neverthelesse that none of the men of Warr, or such as have Com̄ission on either syde, shalbe subiect to any search, or visitation there, or on the respective coasts, or alsoe in the full sea, further then only to shew each others Com̄issions, com̄eing into their respective Havens, and not otherwise.

29.

Like libertie touch^g Prizes &c.

All perticular Com̄ission bearers on either side, shall likewise enioy the same freedome, in respect of their owne ships, as alsoe of the prises which they shall have taken from their particular on the com̄on Enemy, for to bring the said prises to the place where they are bound according to their Com̄ission, which they shalbe bound to informe, or make knowne to the Officers of the place, or to paie any dutye vnto them, or any else there, they shalbe neverthelesse bound to shew their respective Com̄issions to the sayd Officers.

30.

Goods of eith^r p^ty found in Enemies ships to be prize as well as y^e ships.

The goods, wares, and merchandizes of the subiects, and inhabitants of either partie, laeden, and found in Enemyes ships shalbe vnfree, and prise as well as y^e ships.

31.

No Assistance to Enem^s or Rebels by Cōtrab^da wares &c.

What serues for victuall or mainten^ance of Life to be free &c.

It is alsoe expressly agreed, that the parties Contracto^rs shall not give, nor suffer that out of their respective Countries, by their subiects, or other Newters any assistance be done to their respective enemies, or rebells, of any Contrabanda wares, or Marchandises, as are all manner of fyreworks, and what else belongs therevnto, as Cannon, Musketts, Morterpieces Petards, Guns, Granadoes, Sawsiges, ..., [?,] Rests, Bandeliers, Powder Match, Saltpeter, Bullets; all sortes of armes, as Pykes, swordes, Headpieces, Cuirasses, Holberds, and such lyke; as also souldiers Horses, horse furniture, Pistoll cases, Rapiers, Belts, and all furniture, fashioned, and made for vse of warr, with expresse meaning that vnder the name of Contraband, or forbidden goods, there shall not be comprehended wheat, Corne, and other grayne, Pease, Beanes, Wheat [sic: Meat?], Salt, Wyne, Oyle, nor generally all that serves for food, and maintenance of lyfe, but shalbe free, as other goods above mentioned, And any of the said Contraband goods, being found in each others ships, they may be confiscated after knowledge of the case before a competent Judge, without troubling any other Wares, or goods.

32.

No carying of anie Portug^ll goods &c. vpon Penaltie of Losse of y^e ships &c.

It is further bespoake, that the subiects, and inhabitants of either side, may not transporte, or carry any Portingall goods, wares, or Merchandises out of America, Asia, or Affrica, or into, or out of Europe, or one parte thereof to another, nor vice versâ from Europe to America, Asia, or Affrica, nor from one part of them to another, upon penaltye of losse of the same ships.

33.

Ships cast away If claym^d w^thin a yeare & a Day to be w^th y^e goods restored to the Own^ers w^thout suite.

If any ships either for warr, or marchandise, or other of either partye by storme, or any other misfortune, chance to be stranded, or cast away on the coast of either country, the said ships with their Apparell, and all therein may be reclaymed, and brought back againe within the space of a yeare, and a day, by the right owners or there Assignes, or deputies, and shalbe restored againe to them without any forme of suite onlye payeing for the charges done about ’em, and a reasonable gratuitye or salvage money, and in case upon such, and the like accidents, subiects of either side chance to fall to question, the officers of the respective places shall be bound to doe good, and right Justice betweene the partyes, without deteyning them by any formalitye of processe.

APPENDIX L.
(P. 398.)

TROMP’S MEMORANDUM TO THE STATES OF HOLLAND AS TO THE CUSTOM OF STRIKING THE FLAG TO THE ENGLISH. 27th FEBRUARY/9th MARCH 1651.

(Aitzema, Saken van Staet en Oorlogh, in, ende omtrent de Vereenigde Nederlanden, Vol. iii. p. 731.)

Wanneer deses Staets Schepen van Oorloge in Zee quamen te ontmoeten een Engelsch Koninghs Schip, op-hebbende de Vlagge als Admirael, Vice-Admirael ofte Schout bij nacht; dat deses Staets-Schepen hare Admiraels Vlagge ende Mars-zeylen streecken en schoten negen, seven of vijf Eer-schoten (daer op de Engelsche antwoordede met gelijcke Eer-schoten) en lieten de Vlagge gestreken hangen tot sij van malkanderen scheyden, met het schieten van drie of een Adieu-schoot; en weynigh van den anderen zijnde, setten de Staetsche de Vlagge wederom op. Doch voor particuliere Konings Schepen streken geen Vlagge, alleen salueerden malkanderen met eenige Eer-schooten. Maer is verscheyden-malen geschiet, dat particuliere Schepen van weynigh geweldt zijnde, oock naer de Vlagge van Staetsche hebben geschoten, uyt hooghmoet, willende hebben dat men soude strijcken: daer meesten tijdt op is gevolgt, dat de Staetsche wederom na haer hebben geschoten en haer tanden laten sien, en geen macht hebbende de Staetsche daer toe te dwingen, moesten met uytlacchen haer Kours gaen; doch is bij haer en die van desen Staet veel tijdts gesien op de meeste macht, en dan discretie gebruyckt. Binnen haer Havenen ende Casteelen komende, salueerden de Casteelen met Eer-schoten (die oock wederom antwoorden) en namen de Vlagge in, en lieten in plaets een Wimpel waijen, soo lange die van desen Staet binnen haer Havenen lagen, in sonderheydt wanneer eenige Konings Schepen daer waren die de Konings Vlagge lieten waeijen. Doch geen Konings Schepen zijnde, is ’t verscheyde-malen gebeurt, dat de Gouverneurs van de Casteelen een Expressen aen boort stuyrden uyt courtosie, en gaven consent, dat de Staetsche haer Admiraels Vlagge souden opsetten en laten waijen: mits wederom uyt-zeylende ende de Casteelen passerende, de Vlagge streecken en lieten hanghen, totdat men met Eer-schooten haer hadde gesalueert, en sij gheantwoordt; dan wierde wederom de Staetsche Vlagge op geset.

APPENDIX M.
(P. 404.)
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN TROMP AND BLAKE.

(De Zee Betwist. Geschiedenis der Onderhandelingen over de Zeeheerschappij tusschen de Engelsche Republiek en de Vereenigde Provinciën vóór den eersten Zee-Oorlog. Dr M. C. Tideman.)

Mons^r,

Le 19/29 du Mois passé nous entrerencontrans en mer mon invention [sic: intention?] estoit de vous saluer, mais me voyant attacquée de la sorte, et n’ayant peu scavoir la vostre puisque devant ny apres ladite rencontre je n’ay parlé a personne des vostres ne doubtant toutesfois nullemant (selon que m’a tesmoigné Mons^r. le Commandeur Born, par les responses qu’il a faictes et données a celuy que je luy envoyois pour luy communiquer mon ordre et sincere Intention) que ne soions amis et bons alliez, fus contraint, comme un homme d’honneur, tant seulement de me defendere, mais d’autant que aujourdhuy, estant a lancre devant Calais on ma rapporté, qu’un de nos Navires le Capiteyne Tuynemans de Middelbourg auroit este emmené a vostre Rade aux d’unes, lequel je croiois estre coulé en fond, comme celuy seul qu’il nous defailloit. C’est pourquoi je vous supplie en toute amitie que ce soit votre plasir, que ledit navire nous soit rendu et mis en main du porteur de ceste, en forme qu’il a este prins, et me promets, que la bonne alliance et union entre Messeigneurs les Estats de Vostre et de nostre Republycque, nostre Religion et mutuelle amitié fera, que ne voudres le refuser, Sur quoy me tiendray obligé de demeurer, comme veritablement je suis,

Monsieur,

Vostre Tres humble Serviteur,
(Signé) M. Harp^ts. Tromp.

En notre navire Le Brederode le 2^e Junij
1652 a la Rade de Calais.

The superscription was:—

A Monsieur,

Monsieur N. N. Blake, Collonel et Admirael au Service de Messeigneurs les Estats de la Republicque d’Angleterre, ou en son absence au Commandant a present aux d’unes.

Gardiner (Letters and Papers, 257) gives Blake’s reply “retranslated from the Dutch translation.” The original, which was appended to Tromp’s letter to the States-General, is given by Tideman, as follows, from Lias Admiraliteit: Bijvoegsel bij Tromps brief aan H. Ho. Mo. uit Ostende d. d. 10 Juni 1652.

S^r,

Y^r Letter of the second of June 1652 stilo novo, brought by yo^r Messenger, was read by mee not without much wonder that you stiling yo^r selfe a person off honor should insert therin toe great mistakes after yo^r seeking out the ffleet of the Parliament of the Comonwealth of England instead of performing those usuall respects which off right belong unto them and which yo^r selve have often done, you were pleased to beginn acts off hostility which you call yo^r owne defence against the commonwealth, without the least provocation on the part of their servants thus assaulted by you, and at a time when yo^r Superiours, and their Ambassadors with the Parlyament were in a Treaty and desire of friendshipp with the Comonwealth of England, but that God in whome wee trust, having defeated your purposes of our destruction and some off yo^r ships taken, you thincke fitt to demaund the same off us as if yo^r former accord had been as you call it but a salutation and when that fayled, you would second yo^r high affronts by yo^r paper to which I doe not thincke fitt to returne any other Answere, But that I presume you will find the Parlyament sensible of these greate Iniuries and of the Losse off the innocent bloud of their Countrymen, And you will find likewise ready to obey their comandts,

Yo^r humble Servant,
Rob: Blake.

Downes, 29th May 1652.

APPENDIX N.
(P. 461.)
CONCESSION TO BRUGES TO FISH IN THE BRITISH SEAS.1405

(State Papers—King’s Letter Book, 1664-1670. Foreign Entry Book. Vol. 174, p. 119.)

Carolvs &c. Omnibus ad quos præsentes literæ pervenerint vel ullo modo spectaverint salutem. Cum in virtutum albo longè Princeps audiat liberalitas, quippe quæ non tantùm beneficia sed ipsam etiam benevolentiam et humanitatem secum comites trahat, Hinc est, quod Nobilissimæ et antiquissimæ civitatis Brugensis summis erga Nos meritis coacti quodammodo, animique Nostri ductum secuti [sicuti], tum maximè accepti hospitij memores, in hoc unum ferimur [feremur] ut priorum prementes Vestigia grati in eam animi non leve argumentum posteris quoquo modo traderemus; Et sanè affectu tam [tum] singulari non tantùm Sacerdotum, Consulum, Senatorum, et summus ille Nobilium ordo, sed universa passim Urbs et Nos et fratres Nostros iniquitate rerum hospites olim factos fovit semper et propensior indies accepit, ut animo Nostro altius infixa recens adhuc amoris tantó hæreat memoria, eaque jure quodam hæreditario ad Successores Nostros deferenda, ne posteris Nostris tantæ benignitatis ingrata tandem obrepat oblivio, Regnis utique [utque] Nostris ejecti benigniori hospitio in tantum recreari cœpimus, ut iniquam [inquam] fortunæ invidiam æquiori animo tulisse videremur, eo saltem nomine non passuri [possum] unquam ut ad priorem statum reduces ingratorum notâ laboremus. Vellemus quidem eâdem alacritate quâ prædicta Civitas Brugensis (Celeberrimum quondam Emporium tum magnificentiâ, amplitudine et fulgore præ cæteris clarum) benevolentiæ et benignitatis fidem coluit, gratum animum testari, & Civitati de Nobis tam bene meritæ pristinam gloriam et splendorem illæsum prorsus, et [est] integrum præstare. Quâ de causâ à Viro Nobis præcipuè dilecto Marco Alberto Dognati Equite [d’Ognati Equiti] Aurato, Regisque Catholici ad renovandam Belgij Dignitatem Commissario, rebusque Nostris singulari curâ intento à charissimo consanguineo Nostro (et) Illustrissimo Marchione [Marchioni] de Castel-Rodrigo Belgij et Burgundiæ Gubernatore de Commercij libertate hoc tempore faciendâ misso [misse] tum literas, tum Monochroma Novi Opificij, Portus, usque ad Oceanum Ductus [ductos] nuper elaborati et in capacem Navigationis formam redacti, grato animo accepimus; Lætique benignitate pristinâ, Regiam aliquam prærogativam quæ non [non non] ingrate spondeat, in predictam civitatem Brugensem conferre meditamur, plenâ potestate & authoritate Nostrâ Regiâ plenè, liberè sponte, ac motu proprio dantes & concedentes sicuti [sicut] per præsentes pro Nobis, Hæredibus et Successoribus Nostris damus et concedimus, ut prædicta civitas Brugensis quocunque demum impedimento obstante Quinquaginta Naves piscatorias in Mare Nostrum in futurum possit deducere, nec non juxta Regnorum Nostrorum Oras et Littora liberè ac secure piscaturam exercere, tum etiam Haleces [Halices] piscesque alios quoscunque captare. Licebit porrò prædictæ Urbis Civibus ad Portus Nostros Littora et flumina cum prædictis Navibus appellere, retia siccanda [seccanda] et resarcienda in terram exponere, periculis hostium tempestatumque sese subducere, necessaria tum ad victum tum ad alia quæcunque in oppidis alijsque locis Regnorum Nostrorum justo pretio coemere, nullâque aliâ ad hoc speciali facultate aut salvi [salvus] conductûs literis habitis aut petitis inde redire liberèque [libere] recedere ita tamen ut dictæ Civitatis Brugensis Magistratûs literis, præsentium vigore sub sigillo ejus exhibendis, instructi veniant; caveant interim prædictarum Navium piscatoriarum proprietarij, fide prius datâ apud dictum Magistratum per sponsores idoneos, ne per ipsos piscatores, Nautas, aliosvè ad pisces derehendos substitutos, ad loca Nobis et Regnis Nostris inimica hujusmodi onus subrehi sinant [hujusmodi oras sinant et] aut permittant. Volumus igitur et per præsentes decernimus, ut prædicta piscandi libertas juxta numerum Navium supramemoratarum præfatis Urbis Brugensis Civibus solva [sola] semper et integra maneat, et in perpetuum per Nos ac Hæredes et Successores Nostros stabilita continuetur. Nèque quisquam subditorum Nostrorum, cujuscunque statûs, authoritatis, gradûs seu conditionis, huic [hujus] Nostræ liberæ et spontaneæ concessioni [concessionis] gratiæ, favori et privilegio, quoquo modo contravenito. Mandamus igitur et injungimus Fratri Nostro Charissimo Ducé Eboracensi Magno Nostro Angliæ Admiralio [Admirallo] Nec non omnibus et singulis Regnorum Nostrorum Thalassiarchis, Navium Bellicarum capitaneis et Ductoribus Provinciarum, Urbium, Arciumque maritimarum Præfectis et eorum Vicem gerentibus, Judicibus, Officialibus, et alijs quibuscunque Ministris Nostris et juris Administratoribus, &c., ut prædictis piscatoribus in quācunque maris parte vel juxta littora, flumina, Portusve Nostros obviam facti, non modo illis injuriam non inferant, sed eós etiam amicè et benevolè excipiant, ac ubi opus fuerit, ijs opem ferant ijsdemque liberum accessum et recessum reditumque in patriam unà cum Navibus, piscibus, cæterisque bonis suis, nullo facto impedimento seu contradictione quâcunque præstent et permittant. In quorum omnium majorem fidem [fidem majorem] præsentibus hisce manu Nostrâ Regiâ signatis [signatas] Magnum Nostrum Angliæ Sigillum appendi fecimus. Dabantur, &c., Julij 1666 [sic].

APPENDIX O.
(P. 692.)
TERRITORIAL WATERS.

The articles adopted by the Institut de Droit International at Paris in 1894, and accepted with slight modifications by the International Law Association at London in 1895. [Note.—The additions to and alterations of the Rules adopted at Paris, which were made at London, are indicated by italic type.]

L’Institut,

Considérant qu’il n’y a pas de raison pour confondre en une seule zône la distance nécessaire pour l’exercice de la souveraineté et pour la protection de la pêche littorale et celle qui l’est pour garantir la neutralité des non-belligérants en temps de guerre;

Que la distance la plus ordinairement adoptée de trois milles de la laisse de basse marée a été reconnue insuffisante pour la protection de la pêche littorale;

Que cette distance ne correspond pas non plus à la portée réelle des canons placés sur la côte;

a adopté les dispositions suivantes:

Article Premier.—L’État a un droit de souveraineté sur une zône de la mer qui baigne la côte, sauf le droit de passage inoffensif réservé à l’article 5.

Cette zône porte le nom de mer territoriale.

Art. 2.—La mer territoriale s’étend à six milles marins (60 au degré de latitude) de la laisse de basse marée ou de la ligne de laquelle il est parlé dans l’article 3, sur toute l’étendue des côtes.

Art. 3.—Pour les baies, la mer territoriale suit les sinuosités de la côte, sauf qu’elle est mesurée à partir d’une ligne droite tirée en travers de la baie dans la partie la plus rapprochée de l’ouverture vers la mer, où l’écart entre les deux côtes de la baie est de dix milles marins de largeur, à moins qu’un usage continu et séculaire n’ait consacré une largeur plus grande.

Art. 4.—En cas de guerre, l’État riverain neutre a le droit de fixer, par la déclaration de neutralité ou par notification spéciale, sa zône neutre au delà de six milles, jusqu’à portée du canon des côtes.

Art. 5.—Tous les navires sans distinction ont le droit de passage inoffensif par la mer territoriale, sauf le droit des belligérants de réglementer et, dans un but de défense, de barrer le passage dans ladite mer pour tout navire, et sauf le droit des neutres de réglementer le passage dans ladite mer pour les navires de guerre de toutes nationalités. Il n’est pas dérogé par cet article aux dispositions de l’article 10.

Art. 6.—Les crimes et délits commis à bord de navires étrangers de passage dans la mer territoriale par des personnes qui se trouvent à bord de ces navires, sur des personnes ou des choses à bord de ces mêmes navires, sont, comme tels, en dehors de la juridiction de l’État riverain, à moins qu’ils n’impliquent une violation des droits ou des intérêts de l’État riverain, ou de ses ressortissants ne faisant partie ni de l’équipage ni des passagers.

Art. 7.—Les navires qui traversent les eaux territoriales se conformeront aux règlements spéciaux édictés par l’État riverain dans l’intérêt et pour la sécurité de la navigation et pour la police maritime.

Art. 8.—Les navires de toutes nationalités, par le fait seul qu’ils se trouvent dans les eaux territoriales, à moins qu’ils n’y soient seulement de passage, sont soumis à la juridiction de l’État riverain.

L’État riverain a le droit de continuer sur la haute mer la poursuite commencée dans la mer territoriale, d’arrêter et de juger le navire qui aurait commis une infraction pénale dans les limites de ses eaux. En cas de capture sur la haute mer, le fait sera, toutefois, notifié sans délai à l’État dont le navire porte le pavillon. La poursuite est interrompue dès que le navire entre dans la mer territoriale de son pays ou d’une tierce puissance. Le droit de poursuite cesse dès que le navire sera entré dans un port de son pays ou d’une tierce puissance.

Art. 9.—Est réservée la situation particulière des navires de guerre et de ceux qui leur sont assimilés.

Art. 10.—Les dispositions des articles précédents s’appliquent aux détroits dont l’écart n’excède pas douze milles, sauf les modifications et distinctions suivantes:—

1^o Les détroits dont les côtes appartiennent à des États différents font partie de la mer territoriale des États riverains, qui y exerceront leur souveraineté jusqu’à la ligne médiane.

2^o Les détroits dont les côtes appartiennent au même État et qui sont indispensables aux communications maritimes entre deux ou plusieurs États autres que l’État riverain font toujours partie de la mer territoriale du riverain, quel que soit le rapprochement des côtes. Ils ne peuvent jamais être barrés.

3^o Dans les détroits dont les côtes appartiennent au même État, la mer est territoriale bien que l’écartement des côtes dépasse douze milles, si à chaque entrée du détroit cette distance n’est pas dépassé.

4^o Les détroits qui servent de passage d’une mer libre à une autre mer libre ne peuvent jamais être barrés.

Art. 11.—Le régime des détroits actuellement soumis à des conventions ou usages spéciaux demeure réservé.

INDEX.

Aberdeen, 84, 215, 227, 298, 407
Abreu y Bertodano on territorial sea, 559
Admiral, office of, 30, 31, 32, 41, 51, 52, 53, 54, 266, 329, 363, 364 n.
Admiralty, 18, 31, 248, 249, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266, 277, 280, 286, 288, 293, 318, 328, 520
Admiralty and “striking,” 277, 278, 380-383, 438, 455, 456, 472
Admiralty, High Court of, 54, 120, 122, 124, 243, 244 n., 251, 285, 358, 363, 369, 391, 465 n.;
and striking, 513;
decisions as to neutral waters, 553;
decisions as to three-mile limit, 576, 577
Admiralty jurisdiction, origin of, 6, 17, 30, 32
Admiralty, on extent of British Seas, 20, 438
Adriatic, 52 n.;
sovereignty of, 3, 4, 8, 16, 33, 107, 111, 339, 341, 350, 357, 361, 371, 539;
fisheries of, 659
Aerssen, François van, Dutch ambassador, 200, 336
Africaine, case of, 641 n.
Agincourt, 8, 35
Agnes G. Donohoe, case of, 663
Albemarle, Duke of. See Monk.
Albertsz, Jan, Captain, 171, 173, 174
Alderney, 103
Alexander, Sir William, Secretary for Scotland, 219, 220, 225 n., 227, 232
Alfred, King, 26
Algarve, fishery treaty with, 67
Algeria, 527;
territorial sea, 657
Allin, Sir Thomas, 468, 471, 477
Alverstone, Lord, 692
Alward, G. L., 711 n., 739 n.
Amboyna, 430
America, British North, fishery disputes with United States, 580;
fishery limit, 650;
ten-mile limit for bays, 626, 627, 628, 629;
six-mile limit for bays, 627, 629, 630;
fishery rights, 531, 532, 731, 731 n.;
Hague Tribunal on, 732 n.;
Mixed Commission to delimit bays, 628;
modus vivendi with United States, 626, 628, 629;
treaties regarding fisheries, See Treaties.
America, fisheries claimed for crown, 235
Amsterdam, 73, 132, 181, 183, 282, 368
Amsterdam Island, 194 n.
Ancient Britons and maritime dominion, 25, 26
Angelus, 351
Angevins, 8, 26, 29, 65, 207
Anglo-Saxons, 26, 27, 28, 541, 542
Anna, case of, 579, 641 n.
Annapolis, case of, 586 n.
Anne of Austria, 117
Anne, Queen, 161, 354, 520, 523
Anstruther Easter, 165, 175 n.
Antwerp, 49, 73, 148;
treaty of, 148, 344, 350
Appropriation of sea. See Sea.
Aquitaine, 19, 213;
fisheries at, 67
Archer, Walter E., 736 n.
Argentine Republic, claim to great bays, 661;
claim to wide limit of exclusive fishery, 661, 662
Argyle, Earl of, 153 n.
Arlington, Lord, 469, 483, 490, 497, 502
Armed Neutrality, 522, 563, 571, 572
Arundel, Earl of, 227, 239 n., 241, 314, 316, 477
Aschehoug, on territorial sea, 686, 688
Assize-herring, 82, 124, 138, 144, 152-154, 163-171, 180, 194-196, 203, 293, 346, 347, 352, 355;
proposal to levy from foreign fishermen, 124, 167;
demanded from Dutch, 180;
how to be levied from Dutch, 195, 196, 757;
paid by Dutch fishermen, 169;
value of, 195
Auber, on territorial sea, 691
Australia, pearl fisheries, 697
Austria-Hungary, territorial sea, 572, 658;
Customs jurisdiction, 594, 659;
reciprocal rights of fishery with Italy, 659
Ayrshire, fishermen of, 83
Azores, 106
Azuni, on territorial sea, 564, 565;
on range of vision, 546
Bacon, Lord, 73, 163 n., 189, 223
Bagg, Sir James, 280
Baldus, on territorial limit, 351, 360, 539, 540, 541
Balfour of Burleigh, Lord, 730
Ballantrae Bank herring fishery, 238
Balmerino, Lord, 187
Baltic, 61, 409, 432, 434;
as closed sea, 572 n.;
sovereignty over, 4, 33, 108, 350, 371, 377, 550, 552, 555;
territorial limits in, 655
Baltimore, 247
Barbary, 327
Barclay, Sir Thomas, 689 n., 690
Barebones Parliament, 428;
on sovereignty of sea, 13, 413
Barents Sea, foreign trawlers in, 713
Barking, 699
Barneveldt, Elias van Olden, 155, 157 n.
Barneveldt, J. van Olden, 152, 159, 162, 170, 173, 191
Barrère, on the freedom of the sea, 595
Barrett, Frank, 738 n.
Bartolus, on territorial limit, 351, 539, 541
Bates, Joshua, on bay of Fundy, 625
Batten, Sir William, 380, 382, 448, 456
Battle of the Downs, 330
Baty, Dr Thomas, Hon. Secretary, International Law Association, 673 n.
Bays. See Territorial Sea.
Bayonne, 52 n.
Beaufort, de, Duke, Admiral of France, 463, 472
Beaufort, Henry, 56 n.
Beaufort, Sir Thomas, 40
Behring Sea, fishery disputes, negotiations with Russia, 581-585;
Russian ukase fixing 100-mile limit, 541;
gunshot limit accepted by Russia, 582, 585;
three-mile limit adopted by Russia, 585;
United States on Russian claim, 584;
Tribunal of Arbitration, 663, 664, 695, 695 n., 732;
Japanese sealers in, 696 n.;
whaling in, 585
Belgium, complaints against fishermen of, 615, 616;
territorial sea, 658
Bell Rock, territoriality of, 642
Bengal, Bay of, 625
Bergen, 109
Berkeley, Sir William, on striking, 472
Berwick, 49, 60, 73, 219
Beukelsz, invention of herring cure, 61, 426 n.
Beuningen, van, Dutch ambassador, 511
Beveren, van, Dutch ambassador, 302, 303, 304, 312, 315, 316, 317, 320
Beverning, Hieronymus van, Dutch ambassador, 415, 418, 433, 504
Beverwaert, van, Dutch ambassador, 449 n., 450
Binge, Raymond, 109 n.
Binning, Captain, 513
Binning, Lord, 80, 178, 179 n., 186, 187
Birch, 28
Bird, Sir William, 174 n.
Biscay, 255;
fishermen of, 67, 98;
whalers at Spitzbergen, 183 n.
Biscay, Bay of, 19, 510, 521;
fisheries in, 707, 713;
territoriality of, 625
Bishop of Isles, 242
Bishop of Ross, 77
Bishop, on territorial sea, 683
Black Book of Admiralty, 7,16, 39-42, 52, 53, 66, 410 n.
Blackburn, Lord, on territorial sea, 589
Black Sea, 371
Blackstone, on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.
Blake, General Robert, 408, 421, 422;
instructions to, regarding sovereignty of sea, 382, 383;
encounter with Tromp, 12, 207 n., 397, 398 n., 401, 403, 404;
correspondence with Tromp, 404 n., 772;
captures Dutch herring busses, 311 n., 406, 407
Blakeney, 49, 90 n.
Blockade, 209, 264, 265, 268
Bluntschli, on territorial sea, 682, 688
Blyth, 250
Board of Trade on fishery limit, 616;
and German territorial limits, 652
Bodin, on territorial limit, 540
Bohemia, 191, 197, 198
Bohemia, Queen of. See Elizabeth.
Bohuslän, herring fishery at, 62
Bordeaux, 28, 61, 97
Boreel, Dutch ambassador, 482, 483, 485, 490
Boroughs, Sir John, Keeper of the Records, on Sovereignty of Sea, 25, 28, 39, 43, 64 n., 254, 364, 365, 366, 411;
discovery of rolls, 31, 213, 254;
on foreign fishermen, 132
Boston, 73
Boswell, Sir W., British ambassador at The Hague, 212, 213, 257, 258, 259 n., 264, 317, 318, 319, 321
Botetourt, Sir John de, 46 n., 60
Bothnia, Gulf of, sovereignty over, 4, 564
Boulogne, 104, 274, 281
Bourne, Rear-Admiral, meets Tromp, 400;
assists Blake, 403
Bouwensz, Joost, 294 n., 298 n., 304
Brabant, 49, 50, 70, 71
Bracton, 66, 362 n., 539
Bradshaw, 409
Braeckel, Captain, 476
Braems, Sir Arnold, 318, 515
Brazil, 327, 393, 430
Breda, conference at, 459, 464, 476;
treaty of, 465, 492, 501
Brederode, W. van, 81
Bremen, fishermen and merchants from, 126, 129, 130, 169, 227, 235, 327;
negotiations at, 110, 373
Bressay Sound, 129, 131, 215
Briel, 43, 73, 78, 142, 278, 511, 512
Bristol, 96, 108
Bristol Channel, territoriality of, 586, 725
British Colonies, territorial sea, 661
British fisheries, foreigners at. See Fisheries.
British Seas. See Sea.
British subjects in foreign service, 260, 359 n.;
in Dutch navy, 251 n.
Brittany, 36, 48, 54, 56, 67, 68, 69, 103, 213, 270
Britton, 539
Brixham, 699
Brood and spawn of fish, 213
Brouershaven, 77
Brown, James, 194
Brown, John, 166, 191 n., 194 n., 195, 195 n., 196;
sent to uplift the assize herrings from Dutch fishermen, 169, 170, 171;
seized by Dutch and carried to Holland, 172, 173;
released, 173;
Dutch apologise, 173;
counsel’s opinion on seizure, 174
Bruce, King Robert, 76
Bruce, Patrick, 181
Bruges, 43, 52 n., 71, 73;
fishing charter from Charles II., 460, 461, 504, 616, 617, 772
Brussels, 71, 318, 335
Bucentaur, 4, 567 n.
Buchan Ness, 131, 166, 227, 233, 321, 406
Buckingham, Duke of, 201, 266 n., 490, 497
Buckland, Frank, on inexhaustibility of fisheries, 636
Burchett, on Sovereignty of Sea, 311 n., 521
Burghs, Scottish, 216, 240
Burgundy, Duchess of, 71, 72
Burgundy, Duke of, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 158
Burgundy, House of, 49
Burgundy treaties, 69, 70, 72, 86, 112, 145, 146, 147, 158, 288, 312 n., 356, 370, 412 n., 425, 500
Burgus, P. B., on dominion of Ligurian Sea, 411, 550
Burnham, 90
Bushell, William, 284
Bynkershoek, Cornelius van, 21, 350, 538, 579, 591, 595, 650, 685, 686;
on territorial sea, 555, 556;
on range of vision, 546
Cadiz, 246
Cæsar, Sir Julius, 120, 146, 155, 156 n.
Caithness, 126, 227
Calais, 18, 29, 34, 37 n., 45 n., 49, 50, 65, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 103, 104, 204, 205, 266, 273, 274, 278, 280, 282, 327, 401, 440
Callis, Serjeant, on the appropriation of the sea, 54, 66, 358, 363
Calvo, on territorial sea, 340, 682, 688
Camden, 64, 142
Canada, fishery rights at. See British North America.
Cancale, Bay of. See Granville Bay.
Canning, George, on Behring Sea, 583
Cannon range limit, proposed by Dutch, 156.
See Territorial Sea.
Canterbury, 41
Cape Bojador, 105
Cape de Verde, 106
Cape Finisterre, 270, 469, 478, 502, 505, 510, 515, 521
Cape of Good Hope, 105, 340, 343, 344
Cape St Vincent, 270, 434, 435, 465, 466 n., 469, 478, 502, 503, 508, 510
Cardinal Infant, 243, 318, 319, 335
Carew, Lord George, 202
Carleton, Sir Dudley, 128, 168, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 180, 185, 190, 192, 193, 197, 212;
on Grotius, 351
Carlisle, Earl of, 222 n., 227 n.
Caron, Sir Noel, Dutch ambassador, 151-154, 163, 165, 168-174, 201
Carrick, Earl of, 225 n.
Carteret, Captain, 291, 327
Casaregi, on territorial sea, 558
Castile, 32, 67
Castro, Francis Alphonso de, on dominion of sea, 341
Catalonia, 45
Cats, Dutch ambassador, 391
Cattegat, territoriality of, 653
Cavendish, 5
Cecil, Secretary Sir William, 88, 90, 91, 92, 95, 105, 114, 115, 128 n., 133, 204
Ceva, Cardinal de, 273 n.
Ceylon, pearl fisheries, 560, 697
Chaleurs, Bay of, 623, 624, 625, 627 n., 628, 629, 630, 692
Chamberlain, Joseph, 628
Champagne, on freedom of the sea, 595, 596
Chancellor, 181
Channel, English, 9, 18, 19, 21, 29, 42, 43, 209, 247, 250, 266, 269, 270, 276, 327, 407, 465;
extent of, 432, 465 n. 506 n.;
great avenue of commerce, 30;
importance of command of, 30;
fisheries in, 65 n., 68, 544;
licenses for fishing in, 65;
disputes with French fishermen, 607, 608;
mid-line limit, 542, 544;
sovereignty over, 6, 8, 16, 35, 36, 101, 103, 207, 208, 246, 432;
striking in, 117, 212, 469, 470
Channel Islands, 29, 36, 103
Charles the Bold, 72
Charles I., 17, 28, 31, 117, 119, 338;
asked to free the seas of Hollander busses, 211, 234;
opinion on importance of fisheries, 213;
initiates fishery association, 214;
plan of, 215, 216;
lays scheme before Council in Scotland, 218, 219, 220;
ill received in Scotland, 220;
opposed by Scottish Parliament, 222;
debates regarding, 224;
his great anxiety for, 225;
Scottish Commissioners appointed, 225;
his letters on, 232, 233;
Royal Fishery Society established, 239;
proceedings of, 241;
misfortunes and failure of Fishery Society, 241-243;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 10, 11, 119, 209-212, 251, 258;
proclamation regarding narrow seas and King’s Chambers, 251;
draft proclamation re Sovereignty of Sea, 759;
personal policy, 253;
pretext for equipping a fleet, 253;
deceives his Council, 255;
secret agreement with Spain, 253, 255, 260, 264;
instructions to first ship-money fleet, 259;
failure of his policy, 275;
report of Admiralty as to employment of second ship-money fleet, 288, 762;
instructions regarding license money from foreign fishermen, 295;
proclamation forbidding unlicensed fishing by foreigners, 293, 294;
licenses to fishermen, 762;
negotiations with Dutch as to unlicensed fishing, 305, 306;
tries surreptitiously to induce Dutch to accept licenses, 317, 319, 321;
Dutch despatch a fleet to protect their fishermen, 321;
general dissatisfaction with his actions, 324;
his power on sea wanes, 328;
pretensions to sovereignty of sea flouted by Dutch, 328, 329;
battle of Downs, 335;
proceedings regarding Spanish fleet and Tromp, 331, 336
Charles II., his efforts to develop fisheries, 441;
Bill to encourage fisheries, 443;
directed against foreigners, 444, 444 n.;
establishes the Royal Fishery, 446-448;
failure of, 449;
Dutch embassy, negotiations concerning fishery question, 449, 450, 451, 455;
tries to prevent Franco-Dutch treaty, 454;
treaty with the United Provinces, 455;
disputes about striking, 455;
second Dutch war, 457, 458;
very popular, 458;
course of, 459;
terms of peace, 464;
claim to exclusive fishing withdrawn, 464;
question of striking, 464, 465;
extent of British seas, 465, 466;
licenses offered to Dutch fishermen, 460;
De Witt’s proposals as to striking, 468;
verbal arrangement with Louis as to striking, 471, 471 n.;
Triple Alliance, 474;
secret treaty of Dover, 474;
obtains a subsidy, 475;
ill-feeling against Dutch fomented, 476;
accuses De Witt of secret negotiations with Louis, 476;
recall of Sir William Temple, 476;
pretext for war in the “honour of the flag,” 476;
sends his yacht Merlin to pick a quarrel over the salute, 477, 478, 479;
failure of the Merlin, 480;
dispute with Dutch as to striking, 482;
Dutch asked to acknowledge his dominion of the seas, 482;
the Dutch hoodwinked, 482;
rejects concessions of Dutch, 483, 484;
orders Dutch shipping to be seized, 484, 485;
failure of attack on Smyrna fleet, 486, 487;
declaration of war against States-General, 487;
declaration on the honour of the flag and sovereignty of the sea, 487, 488;
arranges salute with Louis, 488;
terms offered the Dutch, 490;
demands payment for fishery, 491, 491 n.;
summons Parliament, 492;
subsidy granted, 493;
the war intensely unpopular, 493;
efforts to stir up animosity against Dutch, 494-498;
congress at Cologne, 498;
terms of peace offered, 498;
question of flag and striking, 498, 499, 501-503, 505, 506, 508;
question of fisheries, 498-500, 503-505, 508;
negotiations for separate peace, 504-508;
peace concluded, 508;
establishes a new fishery company, 516
Charles V., 74, 75, 78, 79, 81
Charteris, A. H., 586 n.
Chaterton, Sir Richard, 448
Chatham, 459, 476
Chelchethe, John de, 50
Chelmsford, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.
Chester, 96
Chili, territorial sea, 661
Chitty, on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.
Chitty, on territorial sea, 597
Christian V. of Denmark, prohibits fishing at Greenland, 528
Churchill, Lieutenant, 486 n.
Cinque Ports, 29, 32, 36, 55, 244, 247, 295, 381 n.;
complain about foreign fishermen, 144, 145;
fishermen of, 58, 90 n., 144;
jurisdiction on sea, 213, 544, 544 n.;
licenses to French fishermen, 65
Clarendon, Chancellor, 241, 457
Clee, 90
Cleveland yacht, 511
Clyde, Firth of, foreign trawlers in, 647;
fisheries of, 83, 221 n., 233, 235, 239;
Cnut, King, and the sea, 26;
charter regarding Sandwich, 542
Cockaine, Sir William, 202
Cockburn, Lord Chief-Justice, on Bristol Channel, 586, 587, 588;
on territorial sea, 591, 591 n.
Cockraine, Captain, 437
Cod-fishing, 79, 131, 221 n., 672
Coke, Lord Chief-Justice, 17, 27, 43, 44, 44 n., 46, 66, 213;
on appropriation of sea, 363
Coke, Secretary, Sir John, 130 n., 227 n., 268, 269;
on the British seas, 20, 264 n.;
on the fishery scheme, 215-218, 232, 235-237, 239 n., 241, 243;
on sovereignty of sea, 20, 211, 212, 255-258, 264, 271, 302
Coke, Roger, 127 n.
Colbert, French ambassador, 471, 471 n.
Cologne, congress at, 264 n., 323 n., 347 n., 491 n., 498, 506, 510
Colomb, Admiral, 311 n.
Columbus, 106, 340
Commerce, 53, 91, 106, 107, 134, 135, 143, 163, 210, 255, 339, 340, 342, 390, 391, 395, 408, 413, 457;
in middle ages, 3, 5, 6, 7, 29, 30, 34 and n., 43, 44, 67, 69, 86;
monopoly of, 5, 106
Commercial enterprise, expansion of, 6, 339, 340, 342, 533
Commercial jealousy of Dutch, 10, 422, 441, 457
Commonwealth, instructions as to striking, 380, 381;
relations with United Provinces, 384;
negotiations for alliance, 384, 385;
St John’s mission to The Hague, 384-390;
Navigation Act, 391;
seizure of Dutch ships, 391;
letters of reprisal against the Dutch, 391, 392, 393;
renewed negotiations, 392-396;
thirty-nine articles considered, 393, 764;
differences as to sovereignty of sea, 393, 394;
question of striking, 394, 395;
question of fishery, 394, 396;
question of right of visitation and search, 396;
negotiations interrupted, 397;
indignation against States-General for attack on Blake, 404;
terms offered to Pauw, 405;
Dutch ships seized and preparations for war, 405;
declaration on sovereignty of sea, 409;
Mare Clausum to be translated and printed, 410;
peace negotiations with Dutch, 414-435;
terms offered, 415;
Dutch propose the Intercursus Magnus as basis, 416;
liberty of fishing offered, 417;
the twenty-seven articles proposed, 419;
proposal for fusion of English and Dutch, 416, 417, 418, 419;
question of dominion of the sea, 418, 419, 423, 433, 436;
of extent of British seas, 429, 431-436;
of fishing, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422, 423, 424, 425, 427, 430, 436;
of guarding the sea, 421-424, 431, 436;
of limitation of Dutch fleet, 421, 422, 423, 436;
of the Prince of Orange, 422, 430, 433, 435;
of striking, 417, 419, 420, 424, 429, 431, 432, 436;
Dutch propose a “regulation” for, 405, 418, 424, 429, 431, 433;
Dutch propose to strike in all seas, 432;
of visit and search, 420-424, 431, 436;
treaty signed, 435
Conception Bay, territoriality of, 588, 589
Conringius, 550
Conway, Viscount, 268, 269, 284 n.
Cook, George M., 728 n.
Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, 429.
See also Lord Shaftesbury.
Cope, Sir Walter, 128 n., 138
Corinth, Gulf of, 661
Cornish, James, on spawning of fish, 610
Cornwall, pilchards, 134, 143
Cornwallis, Lord, 360
Cottingham, Sir Francis, 227 n.
Cottington, Lord, 253, 263
Courcel, Baron de, on three-mile limit, 664 n., 696 n.
Coventry, Lord, 254, 255, 286
Craig, Sir Thomas, 359 n.;
on the right of fishery, 357
Crail, 84, 175 n., 242
Craudon, 54, 55, 56
Cromarty, 227
Cromer, 90, 296
Crompton, Sir Thomas, 146
Cromwell, Oliver (see also Commonwealth), 13, 28, 65, 72, 337, 378, 404, 410 n., 414, 451, 495, 505;
arguments for exclusive fishery, 425;
clandestine negotiations with Dutch, 414, 415, 417, 430 n.;
on sovereignty of sea, 419, 423, 424, 435;
renews fishing licenses for Zowe, 440
Cromwell, Richard, on extent of British seas, 438
Crow, Captain, 479, 480
Cuba, territorial limit, 665
Cunæus, Professor Petrus, 375
Customs limit. See Territorial sea.
Dana, on territorial sea, 683
Danby, Earl of, 516
Danegeld, 26
Dantzic, 216, 242
Dartmouth, 267
David I., 59
Davidson, Thomas, 84
Davis’ Straits, 184
Deal Castle, 279
Dean, Major-General, 382, 406, 408
Decay of English fisheries. See Fisheries.
Decay of havens and sea-coast towns, 89, 90, 98, 446
Dee, Dr John, 27 n., 95, 111, 125, 203, 214 n., 364 n.;
on sovereignty of sea, 99, 101
Delaware Bay, claimed by United States, 574, 599, 629
Delfshaven, 294 n., 298 n.
Delft, 73, 397 n.
Demetrius, Emanuel, 156
Denmark, 26, 45, 54, 464, 527;
claim to cod-fishing at Iceland, 528;
to whaling at Greenland, 527;
fisheries of, 92;
fishermen on British coasts, 605;
claims to sovereignty of sea, 4, 8, 16, 33, 86, 105, 112, 158, 339, 340, 358;
opposed by Queen Elizabeth, 107, 108, 109, 110;
on striking, 470, 471, 473;
territorial sea, 528, 529, 653, 655, 664;
range of vision claimed, 529, 545;
inclusion in Cromwell’s treaty with Dutch, 433
Deptford, 266
De Ruyter, 408, 456, 457 n., 458, 459, 463, 472, 479, 481, 489, 493
De Seneterre, 302
Desjardins, on territorial sea, 685, 688
“De Superioritate maris” roll, 8, 31, 41, 43, 44 and n., 45, 49, 50, 54, 363, 740, 744
Devonshire, Earl of, 138
De With, 408, 437
De Witt, Cornelius, 459
De Witt, John, 398, 414, 422, 433, 434, 449;
secret negotiations with Cromwell, 430 n., 434, 435;
secret negotiations with France regarding fishery and flag, 451-454, 471, 476;
attitude on sovereignty of sea, 450, 451, 454, 468, 470;
on fishery claim, 450, 451-457;
on striking, 14, 452, 457, 467, 468, 470, 471;
on striking to a frigate or ketch, 470, 477, 509;
on striking to French, 463, 464;
assassinated, 491
Dieppe, 49, 50, 61, 65, 116, 440, 473
Digby, Sir Kenelm, 292, 375
Digges, Sir Leonard, 96
Digges, Thomas, on foreshore and bed of sea, 362
Dogger Bank, 131, 407 n., 699, 700
Dominion of Sea. See Sovereignty of Sea.
Dorchester, Viscount, 212. See Carleton.
Dorp, van, 273, 274, 300, 312, 313, 321
Dorset, Earl of, 227 n.
Dort, 73
Dover, 49, 73, 103, 145 n., 204, 205, 265, 400;
straits of, 6, 8, 16, 18, 36, 104, 273, 330, 397, 401, 515
Downing, Sir George, English ambassador at The Hague, 454, 482, 483, 488
Downs, The, 120, 245, 259, 260, 265, 268, 270, 274, 290, 323, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 336, 400
Drake, Sir F., 5, 107
Drechsel, C. F., Captain, 647 n., 707 n.
Dudley, Sir Henry, 116
Dues levied at Scarborough Castle, 64
Dunbar, 59, 153 n., 166, 221 n.
Dunedin, Lord, Lord Justice-General, on territorial sea, 724
Dunfermline, Earl of, 80, 179 n., 223
Dunkirk, 73, 125, 215, 242, 267, 278, 282, 327;
blockade of, 253, 265, 266, 268, 270, 273-275, 276, 290, 327, 330, 334
Dunkirk privateers, 11, 243, 247-250, 261, 263, 265, 273, 282, 289, 291, 296, 302, 304, 318, 322, 327, 328, 330
Dunn, Sir Daniel, 146, 155
Dunwich, 90 n.
Durham, 133
Dussen, E. van der, Dutch ambassador, 185 n.
Dutch, 5, 69, 77, 79, 81, 143, 217, 243, 253, 255, 261, 263, 275, 289;
commercial jealousy of, 10, 125, 142, 413;
encouraged to settle in England, 515;
growth of fisheries and commerce, 10, 62, 87, 143;
fisheries, growth and extent of, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 142;
on British coasts, 62, 64, 605;
on Scottish coast, 82, 83, 187 n., 201;
statistics of, 125-132, 158, 190, 438, 439 and n., 534;
strength of fishing fleet, 98, 101, 125, 126, 127, 129, 144, 321;
value of, 125, 131, 132, 142, 292, 366, 515;
exports of fish, 87, 135;
embargo on, 460, 462, 489;
supply England with fish, 93;
herring fishery, 10, 61, 78-85, 87, 93, 95, 112, 122, 125, 131, 134-137, 143-145, 157, 208, 214, 215, 247, 250, 273, 277, 296, 316, 407, 415, 424, 428, 449, 450, 451, 515, 534;
description of, 131;
exports of herrings, 132, 134;
herring fleet attacked by Blake, 406, 407;
whale fishing, 194 n., 181, 183, 184, 185, 407, 528;
fishermen, frugality and industry of, 137, 141;
settled at Stornoway, 216, 221, 237;
complaints against, 144, 154, 168, 175, 177, 187, 234, 257, 292, 301, 438;
proposal to tax, 141, 214;
assize herring, 169-171, 197, 198;
licenses to be forced on, 264, 300;
proceedings with reference to Northumberland’s fleet, 301-305, 312, 313;
payments for licenses to fish, 309, 310, 311;
attempt to distribute licenses, 320, 321.
See also Fisheries and Sovereignty of Sea.
Dutch, first war with England, 405;
second, 457;
third, 474
Dutch fleet to protect fishermen, 321
Dutch East India Company, 185, 343, 344
Dutch Republic. See United Provinces.
Dyer, Sir Edward, 103
Dymes, Captain John, 216, 217 n.
East India Company, 194
East Indies, 105, 184, 185, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 257, 339, 340, 343, 350, 393, 430, 457, 482
Eastland Merchants Company, 160
Eddystone, territoriality of, 641, 642, 643
Edgar, King, 26, 27, 28, 141, 158, 326, 365, 409
Edinburgh, 216, 228, 298, 324, 351
Edmonds, Sir Thomas, 243
Edward I., 7, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 58 n., 60, 66, 67, 213, 214, 363, 365
Edward II., 52 n., 56, 67, 254
Edward III., 7, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 53, 64, 66, 67, 211, 254, 365, 409
Edward IV., 63, 71, 110
Edward VI., 88, 89, 116
Elbe, 28
Elector Palatine, 198, 271, 303, 315, 316, 320
Elizabeth, Queen, 17, 65-85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 96, 102, 104, 115, 117, 118, 124, 136, 204, 246, 361, 433;
asserts freedom of seas, 5, 108-112, 118;
opposes claims of Denmark in northern seas, 86, 108-112;
opposes Spanish and Portuguese claims, 86, 107;
opposes mare clausum, 105, 338;
made no claim to sovereignty of seas, 107, 108;
policy to foster fisheries, 93;
fishing declared free, 111;
fishery disputes with Denmark, 106-112;
policy regarding territorial waters, 111, 543
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 167 n., 198, 303, 305, 314, 315, 316, 321, 385
Emden, 129, 130, 195
England, Sea of. See Sea.
English, new spirit of commercial enterprise in, 124, 136;
irritation against Dutch, 134;
jealous of their commerce, 413;
fisheries, yield of, 215;
condition of, 133;
decay of, 75, 112, 358;
description of, 133;
fishermen, indolence of, 91, 137, 516;
at Iceland, 108, 109, 110;
at Norway, 108;
molested by Dutch, 438
Enkhuisen, 139, 170, 171, 173, 298 n., 397 n., 439 n.
Entick, on Sovereignty of Sea, 311 n., 522
Essex, Earl of, 128 n., 473
Ethelred, King, 26
Evelyn, John, 312 n., 508;
on Sovereignty of Sea, 514 and n.
Eversley, Lord, 702 n.
Evertsen, Vice-Admiral Jan, 399, 408
Exeter, 96
Exton, Sir Thomas, 513
Faeröe Isles, 175, 176, 528, 529, 545, 647, 711
Fair Isle, 126, 131
Fairlea, 65
Fairlight, 65, 402
Fajardo, Don Louis, 206 n.
Falkland Islands, 650
Falmouth, 276
Farne Isles, 618
Farrer, Sir T. H., 646
Fast-days, 58, 87
Fenton, John, 194, 195, 196 and n., 197, 757
Ferguson, on territorial sea, 684
Fielding, Captain, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324
Fife, 59, 166, 175 n., 445;
fishermen of, 61, 83, 165
Finmark, 108, 109, 568
Fiore, on territorial sea, 684
Fish, abuses in trade in, 112, 113
Fish, commerce in, 61, 82, 88, 112, 134, 141;
exports, 61, 132 n., 133, 134, 214;
imports, 67, 113, 145, 442;
prices regulated, 91
Fish days, 58, 87, 88, 90, 92 and n., 93, 94, 99 n., 114, 115, 136, 444
Fish, demand for, in early times, 58
Fish, destruction of spawn of, 608, 609, 610
Fish for victualling army and navy, 58
Fish, fresh, distribution of, 58
Fish, preservation of brood of, 213, 607, 608, 609, 610
Fish, protection of breeding-grounds of, 610
Fish, royal, 66, 362 n., 363
Fish, spawning of, 610
Fish, taxation of imported, 88, 441, 442, 446
Fish tithes, 59, 101, 141, 142, 203, 214, 242, 355
Fish, undersized, 444 n., 608, 636, 704, 706, 707, 708-710
Fisheries, appropriation of, 102
Fisheries, as nursery for navy, 87, 113, 134, 213
Fisheries, charter to Bruges, 461, 772
Fisheries, claim to wide limit by Argentina, 661, 662
Fisheries, claimed for crown, 57, 62, 288, 289, 292
Fisheries, closure of areas, 662, 720.
See Territorial Sea, Extra territorial.
Fisheries, cod-fishing at Lofoten Isles, 672 and n.
Fisheries, Conference at Hague, 1881, 632
Fisheries, decay of English, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 115;
of Dutch, 534
Fisheries, disputes in North Sea, 631;
at Iceland, 110;
in North America, 621, 622-630
Fisheries, distant voyages, 57
Fisheries, Dutch, 93, 94, 96, 125-130.
See Dutch.
Fisheries, Dutch regulations on British coast, 605, 606 n.
Fisheries, early English law as to, 66
Fisheries Enquiries—Anglo-French in 1837, 611;
by Royal Commissions in 1863, 701;
in 1878, 702;
in 1883, 702;
by Select Committee of House of Commons in 1817, 610 n.;
in 1833, 607-610; in 1893, 691, 707, 714 n.;
by Select Committee of House of Lords in 1904, 710, 711 n.;
by Mr Higgin as to disputes in North Sea, 1880, 631
Fisheries, estimated profits of, 137
Fisheries, exclusive limit for, 632, 633
Fisheries, exhaustibility of, 348, 355, 372, 546, 550, 559, 602
Fisheries, for coral, 659, 669, 684, 695;
sponges, 659, 669;
oysters, 612, 621, 697;
pearls, 697
Fisheries, for “floating” fish, 698
Fisheries, freedom of fishing during war, 440, 461, 462, 489, 636
Fisheries, herring, 29, 34 n., 43, 58, 59, 71, 73-75, 90, 97, 130, 143, 157, 187, 190, 193, 197-200, 203, 214-218, 221 n., 238, 241, 264, 265, 272, 273, 302, 336, 378, 462, 491, 605, 698;
importance of, 59, 61;
at Bohuslän, 62;
at Scania, 61;
in Channel, 68;
Dutch, see Dutch;
French, on British coasts, 606, 607, 608, 618;
treaties granting liberty for, 67
Fisheries, importance of, 57;
in Scotland, 76;
for navy, 58, 86, 87, 200, 219, 428;
in relation to international territorial limits, 693
Fisheries, impoverishment of grounds, 701, 702, 704, 706-711, 713, 714 n., 733, 738, 739 n.
Fisheries, in Channel, 65, 607
Fisheries, in North Sea. See North Sea.
Fisheries, increase of shipping due to, 135
Fisheries, industries dependent on, 135
Fisheries, International Conference, London, 1890, 706
Fisheries, international investigations proposed, 707 n.;
begun, 735, 736, 740;
instructions to British delegates, 735, 736 n.;
criticism of, 736 and n.
Fisheries, international regulations, 614, 618, 619, 630, 631, 636, 638, 645 n., 648, 704, 729;
German proposal to protect fry and small fish, 636
Fisheries, liberty of fishing granted to Sweden, 427
Fisheries, liberty of fishing guaranteed by treaties, 8, 66-74
Fisheries, license for fishing at Zowe, 65, 749
Fisheries, old Scandinavian rights, 677
Fisheries, old Scots Acts regarding, 82, 83
Fisheries, policy of Scottish kings, 59
Fisheries, promoted by Charles I., 213, 214
Fisheries, proposals to develop English, 136, 138
Fisheries, protective legislation and regulation, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 112, 113, 213, 442, 533, 608 n.
Fisheries, regulations beyond three-mile limit, 614, 618, 619, 621, 661, 662, 666, 688, 691, 697, 698, 734, 735;
of oyster beds, 621
Fisheries, rise of British, 534
Fisheries, Scottish treaties regarding, 75-82
Fisheries, sealing regulations, Argentina, 662;
Uruguay, 663
Fisheries, small-fish grounds, 705, 708
Fisheries, the “Belgian devil,” 631
Fisheries, trawling, 134;
methods, 699, 700, 701, 708, 714;
development of, 680, 698-701, 711, 713, 739 n.;
enterprise of British trawlers, 713;
by British vessels on foreign coasts, 680, 711, 712, 713, 730, 735, 737;
in Barents Sea, 657, 713;
at Faröes, 711;
at Finmarken, 680;
French West Africa, 713;
Iceland, 647, 648, 711;
Morocco, 713;
Spain and Portugal, 667 and n., 668 n., 713;
foreign trawlers on Scottish coast, 647;
damage by foreign trawlers, 631;
destruction of undersized fish, 714 n.;
Board of Trade empowered to restrict, 717;
German proposals to restrict in North Sea, 636;
restrictive regulations, 662, 698, 714, 733;
in England, 715;
prohibited beyond ordinary limits in Adriatic, 659;
Argentina, 662;
Austria-Hungary, 715;
Italy, 71;
Ireland, 715, 716;
Norway, 680, 715;
Portugal, 666-668;
Scotland, 716-720;
Spain, 666-668;
bill to prohibit within eight miles of coast, 444 and n.;
German proposal to restrict, 636;
restrictions desired by English trawlers, 702, 704-710;
ten-mile limit desired by English trawlers, 707;
voluntary closure of Continental area, 704, 706;
international agreement necessary, 732, 734, 735, 738;
recent views as to extension of limits, 735, 737
Fisheries, tribute from foreigners proposed, 101, 138, 139, 295
Fisheries, truce for fishing during war, 74, 75
Fishermen, early frequent distant seas, 86
Fishermen, foreign—
On British coasts, 29, 33, 57, 59-62, 65, 69, 76, 83, 91, 92, 98, 101, 126, 129, 145-150, 227, 288, 533, 544 n., 605-608, 611, 615, 617, 618, 631;
Belgian, 615-618;
Dutch, 60, 62, 64, 77-79, 82-85, 94, and see Dutch;
Flemish, 29, 59-62, 83, 101;
French, 59-62, 65, 83, 101, 150, 544 n., 606-608, 611, 617, 618, 631;
Portuguese, 129;
Spanish, 67, 129, 150;
cause of increase of, 61;
complaints against, 94, 95, 100, 101, 144, 604, 605, 631;
against Belgian, 615, 616;
Dutch, see Dutch;
French, 29, 544 n., 606-608, 611, 617, 618, 631;
encouraged in England, 75;
prohibited to fish, 9, 33, 150, 202, 227, 293, 294;
licenses for, 62, 65, 150, 294;
tax on proposed, 101, 138, 139, 214, 295;
protection of, 63
On Irish coasts, 33, 92, 98, 101, 150
Fishermen, guardians of, appointed, 63
Fishery Conventions, 604, 693;
Anglo-Belgian, of 1852, 61;
Anglo-French, of 1839, 612, 613, 644;
of 1867, 618, 619, 630, 633, 634, 645;
North Sea, of 1882, 634, 637-639;
Norway and Sweden decline to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636
Fishery, reciprocal right of, 626, 627, 658, 659, 665, 666;
old Scandinavian rights, 677
Fishery, right of, Boroughs on, 364;
Callis, 363;
Craig, 357;
Digges, 362;
Fiore, 684;
Graswinckel, 412;
Grotius, 346, 351, 356;
Hall, 688;
Hautefeuille, 601, 602;
Wicquefort, 495;
Malynes, 358;
Meadows, 525;
Pontanus, 376;
Puffendorf, 551;
Rayneval, 596;
Sarpi, 547;
Selden, 372, 373;
Stubbe, 497;
Vasquius, 341;
Vattel, 560, 561;
Welwood, 354, 355;
Wheaton, 599;
Wolff, 559
Fishery rights, British North America. See America.
Fishery Societies and Associations, 96, 97, 124, 128 n., 136-140, 160-162, 202, 203, 211, 214, 218, 222, 225, 227, 230 n., 232, 235-243, 266, 267, 292, 301, 328, 346, 439, 442, 444, 494, 515, 516, 533, 534
Fishing boats, 33;
question of neutrality of, during war, 636
Fishing boats, varieties of, 63, 90, 126, 129
Fishing, old limit on Scottish coast, 79
Fishing, safe-conducts for, 62, 71, 72, 79
Fishing vessels, armed, 34 n., 43, 70
Fitton, Sir Henry, 64
Fitzmaurice, Lord, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial sea, 630, 730, 731
Flag, “honour of.” See Striking.
Flanders, 29, 30, 34, 43, 45, 52 n., 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 83, 88, 92, 101, 125, 209, 253, 255, 329
Fleta, 539
Fletcher, George, 225 n., 239 n.
Flushing, 142
Fogg, Captain, 322, 323
Foggo, Robert, 78
Folkestone, 33, 145 n.
Foreign Enlistment Act, 589
Foreshore, ownership of, 361-363
Forth, Firth of, 221 n., 273 n., 298;
herring fishery, 59, 61, 77
Four Seas, 17, 18, 119 n., 251, 363
France, 8, 12, 14, 20, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 44, 50, 57, 60, 61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 83, 88, 92, 97, 101, 103, 105, 117, 127, 129, 134, 151, 158, 189, 212, 246, 264, 265, 269, 275, 286, 413, 426, 451, 452, 463;
Customs jurisdiction, 594;
differences with United Provinces as to striking, 452, 463;
regulation of fisheries beyond three miles, 657;
territorial sea, 657;
treaty with Dutch regarding fishery question, 451-454
Francis I. of France, 74, 75
Franconia, case of, 580 n., 590, 591
Frankland, 311 n.
Freiras, F. S. de, on Mare Liberum, 350
French fishermen on British coasts, 101, 129, 130, 150, 605;
whalers at Spitzbergen, 182, 183 and n.
Frezno, Marquis of, 508
Friesland, 28, 45, 60, 62, 75, 81, 92, 104
Froissart, 32
Fryer, C. E., 619 n.
Fundy, Bay of, 623, 624, 625
Fyvie, Lord President, 223
Galiani, on territorial sea, 563;
first to suggest three miles as equivalent to range of guns, 563
Galicia, 98, 469
Gama, Vasco da, 340
Garde, Baron de la, 116
Gelderland, 81
Genoa, 30, 45, 45 n., 402, 476, 504;
sovereignty of Ligurian Sea, 4, 158, 339, 341, 371, 411, 473;
limit of territorial sea, 570
Gentilis, on appropriation of sea, 122, 358, 359
Gentleman, Tobias, 128 and n., 129, 132, 134, 137, 358, 364 n.
Gerbier, 318
German Ocean, 19, 209
Germany, 45, 61, 197, 198, 199, 216, 373, 377;
territorial waters of, 652, 653
Ghent, 71, 73;
negotiations at, 581
Ghent, van, 462, 479, 480, 481, 482
Glanville, 539
Glückstadt, 473
Goch, Johan van, 185 n.
Godey, on range of vision, 546
Godolphin, 52 n., 53, 515
Godsdue, Richard, 162
Gondomar, Count of, 206, 208
Goodwin Sands, territoriality of, 640, 640 n.
Gorée, 477, 478, 490, 511
Goring, George, 314
Grange, case of, 574
Granville Bay, 612, 619, 697
Graswinckel, Dirck, 305, 354 n., 366 n., 375, 376 n., 411, 412, 550
Gravelines, 68, 282, 327
Greece, territorial sea, 661
Greenland, 4, 28, 108, 181, 184, 199, 257, 376, 393, 407, 430, 437;
whale fishery at, 200, 527
Grey, Sir Edward, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial sea, 732, 733
Grimaldi, Reyner. See Grimbald.
Grimbald, Reyner, 44 n., 45 and n., 47-51, 54, 409, 740, 744
Grimsby, 32, 699;
trawlers of, in Moray Firth, 722, 727-729
Groningen, 81
Groningen-Watt, 578
Groot, de, 504
Groot, Cornets de, 344 n.
Groot, Hugo de. See Grotius.
Grotius, 5, 105, 118, 148, 157 n., 158 n., 173, 174, 185 n., 190, 191 n., 256 n., 353, 366, 370, 530, 538, 546, 591;
appearance of, Mare Liberum, 338, 342;
object and genesis of, 342, 343, 344;
arguments of, 344-350;
defends a Dutch mare clausum, 340, 356;
‘Rights of War and Peace,’ 347 ;
on appropriation of sea, 356;
on Portuguese and Spanish claims, 339;
on range of gun limit, 157 n., 158 n., 549;
on Selden’s Mare Clausum, 375;
on Welwood, 356
Grotius and James I., 346, 347 n., 351, 357
Guard for fishing fleet, 248
Guernsey, 36
Guiccardini, 125
Guise, Duke of, license to fish at Zowe, 65, 426
Gulf of Nuevo, 661
Gulf of St George, 661
Gulf of San Matias, 661
Guns, range of. See Territorial sea.
Guthrie, Lord, on territorial sea, 623
Haas, Captain Adrian de, 486
Haddington, Earl of, 179 n.
Hagaland, 110
Hague, The, 81, 152, 172, 176, 212, 256, 305, 314, 335, 351, 367, 384, 414, 426, 474, 479, 482, 488;
Conference at, 1881, 632;
Tribunal N. American Fisheries Arbitration, 732 n.
Hale, Lord Chief-Justice, 18, 66, 363, 374, 543
Halifax Commission, 627
Halifax, Viscount, 490
Hall, H. van, 605 n.
Hall, on Sovereignty of Sea, 48 n., 312 n., 580 n.;
on territorial sea, 687
Halleck, on territorial sea, 683
Halsbury, Lord, on territorial sea, 522, 730
Halse, Sir Nicholas, 130, 132, 142, 162 n., 292
Hamburg, 129, 130, 140, 195, 235, 485, 528;
conference at, 336
Hamburgers, 117, 126, 141, 178 n., 227, 255
Hamilton, Marquis of, 186, 225 n.
Hamilton, Sir Thomas, 179 n., 223
Hampden, 324
Hansards, 30, 61, 62, 73
Hardy, Sir T. Duffus, 41
Harfleur, 70
Hargrave, 374;
on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.
Harris, Captain Joseph, condemned to death for striking to Spaniard, 512
Harvey, Sir William, 162
Harwich, 274, 699
Hastings, 33, 40, 41, 145 n., 544 n.
Hatherly, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.
Hautefeuille, on territorial sea, 601
Hawkins, Sir John, 5, 117
Hay, Sir George, 186
Hay, Sir John, 217, 218, 220 n., 221, 225 n., 227, 239 n.
Headland doctrine, 360, 622, 624.
See Bays.
Heath, Attorney-General, 252
Heaton, Captain, 437
Hebrides, 153 n., 230, 234, 241 n., 301
Heemskerk, Jacob van, 5, 118, 183, 343
Heffter, on territorial sea, 600;
on range of vision, 546
Helgeland, 108
Heneage, Lord, 728 n., 739
Henrietta Maria, Queen, 380, 382
Henry I., 16, 29, 31, 40, 41
Henry II., 28
Henry II. of France, 117
Henry III., 31, 66
Henry III. of France, 117
Henry IV., 43, 56, 67, 68, 69, 70
Henry IV. of France, 159, 204
Henry V., 8, 34, 41, 42, 43, 70, 108
Henry VI., 38, 70, 109
Henry VII., 63, 72, 73, 109, 387
Henry VIII., 62, 73, 75, 89, 109, 116
Henry, Prince, of Scotland, 81, 169
Herbert, Captain, 512
Herbert, Sir John, 146
Hermetra, 241 n.
Herring busses, 74 n., 162, 447
Herring fishery. See Fisheries, herring.
Herrings, commerce in, 61, 132, 242;
price of, 97
Herschell, Lord, on territorial sea, 592 n., 731
Hervey, Lord, 202
Heywood, Thomas, 326 and n.
Higgin, W. H., inquiry on North Sea fishery disputes, 631
Highlanders, 216, 242
Hitchcock, Captain Robert, 64, 95, 105, 125, 133, 136, 138, 203, 364 n.
Hoek, Dr P. P. C., 707 n.
Holland, 45, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 74 n., 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 92, 94, 95, 104, 125, 129, 132, 135, 139, 144, 151, 171, 172, 175, 190, 195, 197, 215, 292, 374, 384, 407, 433, 450, 460
Holland, Earl of, 77
Holland, fishery treaty with, 71, 72
Holland, Prof., 359 n.;
on territorial sea, 691 n.
Hollanders. See Dutch.
Holmes, Captain Sir Robert, 455, 456 n., 458, 484, 485, 486
Hoorn, Simon van, 449 n.
Horn, Andrew, 542
Hovering Acts, 593
Howard, Lord William, 117
Hübner, on territorial sea, 562
Hull, 43, 94, 96, 108, 194 n., 699
Humber, 133
Hume, 311 n.
Huxley, Professor, 702 n.
Hythe, 145 n.
Iceland, 4, 28, 86, 88, 97, 108, 109, 112, 113, 133, 145, 247, 248, 339, 376;
area of fishing-grounds at, 739;
English fishermen attacked by Danes, 109, 110;
English traffic with, 339;
Danish claims at, 528, 529, 567;
fisheries at, 57, 94;
English at, 87, 89, 90, 113, 408;
foreign trawlers at, 700, 707, 711, 714 n.;
fishery dispute between Denmark and United Provinces, 529;
fishery limit at, 647, 648;
seven-mile limit, 739, 740 n.
Idle persons, 98, 115, 116
Impressment of ships, 32
Indies, 107, 135, 215, 257, 341, 360, 457
Insecurity of sea, 247, 248, 249, 253
Institut de Droit International, on territorial sea, 689-692;
articles on, 774
Intercursus Magnus, treaty, 72, 73, 80, 86, 157, 158, 256 n., 368, 386, 388, 394, 416, 425, 430, 449, 500
International fishery investigations. See Fisheries.
International Law Association, on territorial sea, 689-692, 774;
Articles on, 774
Inveraray, 83 n.
Ipswich, 247
Ireland, 29, 70, 88, 97, 98, 143, 201, 226, 257, 359;
fisheries, 92;
oyster fisheries, 697;
foreigners prohibited from fishing at, 33, 63;
restrictions on trawling beyond three-mile limit, 716;
Spanish fishings at, 67, 98;
territoriality of oyster-beds, 620, 621
Irgens, J., Norwegian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 673 n.
Isabel of Portugal, 70
Islay, 230
Isle of Man, fishery regulations, 698
Isle of May, fishing tithes, 59, 76
Italian jurists, 6, 35, 101, 347, 360, 539
Italian Republics, 3, 6, 340
Italy, 358;
Customs jurisdiction, 594, 661;
reciprocal rights of fishery with Austria, 659;
territorial sea, 659
James I., 9, 17, 62, 73, 75, 81, 136, 257, 346, 347 n., 351, 353, 357
James I., a new policy, 118;
antecedents of, 124;
proclamation forbidding hostilities in King’s Chambers, 9, 119, 360, 750;
concludes peace with Spain, 125;
proclamation restraining foreigners from fishing on British coasts, 9, 145-148, 150, 541, 755;
remit of Council on, 146;
deliverance of Committee on, 147;
attitude of French towards, 151;
negotiations with Dutch, 151, 155-159, 170, 178-180, 185-194, 197, 198;
proclamation suspended, 159;
orders records to be searched, 162, 179, 187;
grants of assize herrings, 165, 166;
instructs assize herrings to be levied from foreign fishermen, 168, 757;
indignation at capture of Brown, satisfaction demanded, 172, 174;
forbids Scottish fishermen to fish within a land-kenning at the Faroes, 176;
requests Dutch not to fish within sight of land, 176;
requests Scottish Council to prevent the Hollanders fishing within sight of land, 178;
again demands assize herrings from Dutch, 180;
claims seas around Spitzbergen as British, 183;
appoints commissioners to treat with Dutch envoys, 186;
Dutch ambassadors without power to treat of herring fishery, 188, 189;
indignation with Dutch ambassadors, 189;
again gives way on the herring fishery question, 192;
requests Dutch to prohibit fishing within fourteen miles, 192;
negotiations with Dutch as to whale fishery, 193;
Carleton advises fixing a limit, 193;
Dutch agree to keep out of sight of shore, 193;
orders assize herrings to be again collected, 194, 196;
Dutch embassy appointed, 198;
Dutch ambassadors without instructions to deal with fishery question, 199;
speech to Dutch ambassadors, 199;
indignation against Dutch, 200;
Dutch ambassadors advise States-General to settle fishery question, 200;
failure of policy of assize herring, 203
James II., 517
James III. of Scotland, 83
James V. of Scotland, 77, 78, 83, 218
James VI. of Scotland, treaty with Dutch, 80, 81
Jan Mayen, sealing at, 695;
whaling at, 527
Japan, territorial sea, 661
Jenkins, Sir Leoline, judge of the High Court of Admiralty, judicial decisions regarding neutral waters, 553;
plenipotentiary at Cologne, 498;
on case of the Merlin, 480;
on confiscation of Smyrna fleet, 486;
on sovereignty of sea, 484 n.;
on striking, 477, 480, 481, 501-503, 511, 512, 513
Jenkinson. See Lord Liverpool.
Jennings, Edward, 115
Jersey, 36
Joachimi, Dutch ambassador, 155, 256, 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 384
John’s ordinance, 6, 16;
on striking, 39-43, 278, 365, 409
Johnsen, Hans, on Moray Firth, 728 n.
Jongestal, Dutch ambassador, 415, 417, 433
Jonson, Ben, 115, 196 n.
Juridical controversies about sovereignty of sea, 338-340, 410-413
Kanin, Cape, 657, 713
Kemble, 27, 28
Kennet, 311 n.
Kent, on territorial sea, 599
Kerouaille, Mademoiselle de, 475
Ketelby, Captain, 281
Keymer, John, author of the “Raleigh” tract, 126, 127, 128 n., 131, 358
Killigrew, Sir William, 280
King James’s Newland, 183
King John’s ordinance. See John.
King, Thomas, 446, 448
King’s Chambers, 50, 54, 209, 260, 262, 263, 359, 360, 373, 539, 553, 598, 622, 723 n.;
declaration of Trinity House as to limits of, 753;
description of, 120;
defined by James I., 9, 118, 120;
extent of, 122, 251;
proclamation concerning, 251, 750;
question of validity of, 576, 577;
restricted to neutrality, 122, 251, 548;
violation of, 10, 245, 247, 255, 256, 258, 259, 326, 328, 330-333, 336
Kirkelee, 49
Kishinouye, Dr, 661 n.
Kleen, on territorial sea, 685
Klüber, on territorial sea, 597
Kronberg, striking at, 473, 520
Kyllachy, Lord, on territorial sea, 725
Lake, Sir Thomas, 359 n.
Lampredi, on territorial sea, 562
Lampreys, 244
“Land-fishing” in Scotland, 222, 226
Land-kenning in Scotland, 77, 84, 144, 154, 175, 176, 177 n., 178, 192, 193, 211, 218, 221, 222 n., 223, 228, 235, 545, 546;
at Faroes, 175.
See Territorial Sea, Range of Vision.
Land-van-Staten, 506, 508, 510, 515
Larrey, 311 n.
Latour, on territorial sea, 595, 685
Laud, Archbishop, 243, 306, 314, 316, 368, 376 n.
Lauderdale, Lord, 187, 483, 507
Laughton, Professor, 521 n.
Law, early English, as to fishing, 66
Lawrence on territorial sea, 683, 688
Laws of Oleron, 6, 40, 42, 44 n., 51, 52, 54, 213, 363, 365
Laws of the Sea, old, 30, 52 n.
Lawson, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 437, 456, 457 n., 463, 472
Leda, case of, 586 n.
Lediard, 167 n., 311 n.
Lefevre, Mr Shaw. See Lord Eversley.
Leghorn, 402, 473
Leicester, Earl of, 96, 264 n.
Lennox, Duke of, 130 n., 166, 168, 170, 172, 186, 195 and n., 230 n., 353, 461;
grant of assize herrings to, 166, 168
Lent, 75, 87, 88, 114, 136, 214, 242, 244;
difficulties in enforcing observance of, 114, 115;
laxity of observance of, 88, 89;
measures to enforce observance of, 88, 114.
See also Political Lent.
Leon, 32
“L’Espagnols sur Mer,” battle of, 37, 67
Levant, 340
Levi, Leoni, on territorial sea, 664 n.
Lewes, 216, 217, 220, 221, 224, 227, 234, 235, 237, 241, 242
Lewis, 216, 217 and n.
Leybourne, Lord William de, 45 n.
Leyden, 73, 342
Libelle of Englyshe Polycye, 18, 30, 37, 38 n.
Licenses for foreign fishermen, 62, 63, 111, 141, 210, 235, 257, 264, 288, 292, 294, 425, 426, 430, 453;
for Dutch, 272, 488, 489;
distributed to the busses, 300;
sums received for, 309, 310, 311;
offered to Dutch, 317;
to French, 440, 454;
to Swedes to fish in British seas, 427;
Danish to fish at Iceland and northern seas, 108-112
Liens, Joachim, Dutch Ambassador, 185 n.
Ligurian Sea, sovereignty of, 4, 339, 341, 371, 411
Lindsay, Thomas, 242
Lindsey, Earl of, 250, 256, 257, 267, 270, 271, 275 n., 282, 284, 286, 287, 380;
appointed Admiral of the first ship-money fleet, 259;
his instructions from the Admiralty, 260;
private instructions from Charles I., 264;
to force licenses on Dutch fishermen, 264;
punctilios of, as to flags, extent of British Seas, 264, 265, 266, 269;
dissatisfaction of Charles with, 268;
and the Dutch herring busses, 272;
proceedings of the fleet, 259-274
Lisle, Viscount, 428, 429
Liverpool, Lord, on neutral rights, 596
Lizard, 103, 122, 269, 437
Loccenius, on territorial sea, 550
Loch Broom, 83
Loch Fyne, 83, 153 n.
Loch Maddy, 241 n.
Lofoten Isles, 672
Logan, Sir Robert, 77 n.
London, 7, 49, 50, 61, 88, 94, 96, 114, 124, 140, 189, 198, 199, 214, 223, 241, 266, 299 n., 330, 358, 384, 396, 404, 407, 428, 439, 443, 446, 448, 449;
consumption of fish in, 87, 97;
fish supply of, 131, 134, 144, 241 n.;
and Fishery Society, 443;
fishmongers of, 89
Long Parliament, 336, 414;
attitude towards Sovereignty of Sea, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382
Lord Mayor, 115, 202, 214, 443, 448
Loreburn, Lord, on territorial sea, 732
“Lords of the Sea,” English kings as, 8, 28, 35, 36, 38 n., 39, 209, 210, 211, 244, 373
Lothian, Firth of, 153 n., 233, 235, 239
Lottery for Fishery Society, 244, 446, 447
Louis of Nassau, 449 n.
Louis XIV., 463, 465, 474, 476, 483, 490, 493, 503, 518, 526;
on fishery question, 453;
intrigue with Charles, 459;
reveals to Charles De Witt’s negotiations, 471;
his policy, 474;
declares war against States-General, 488;
on striking, 518
Low Countries, 73, 77, 94;
fisheries of, 98;
fishermen of, 94, 100, 144.
See also Dutch and Netherlands.
Lowestoft, 249, 307, 469
Lucas farthing, 470 n.
Lundy, Laird of, 188
Lushington, Dr, on territorial sea, 586 n.
Lynn, 49, 77 n., 90, 108, 247
Mackerel fishery, 134, 150
MacLeod, Sir Reginald, 667 n., 673 n.
Madrid, 150, 201, 253, 318
Mainwaring, Sir H., 65 n.
Malynes, Gerard, 128 n., 130 n., 138 n., 160;
on the appropriation of the sea, 358
Manning, on territorial sea, 600
Mansel, Sir Robert, 219 n.
Mare Clausum, 11, 19, 20, 251, 254, 257, 258 n., 286, 287, 288, 289, 302, 315 n., 330, 365, 369, 375.
See Selden.
Mare Liberum, 255, 256 n., 257, 338, 340, 342, 374, 410.
See Grotius.
Margaret of Savoy, 73
Marine laws, 51, 52, 54
Maritime laws, 41, 42, 44
Marlborough, Duke of, 486 n., 531
Marion, Professor A. F., 667 n.
Marten, Sir Henry, 155, 174, 244 n., 251, 263, 264, 278, 283, 288, 295
Martens, F., 194 n.
Martens, G. F. von, on territorial sea, 563
Martens, Professor de, on territorial sea, 686, 688
Martin, Martin, 241 n.
Martin, Sir Henry, 39, 119 n., 762
Mary, Queen, 64, 88, 91, 117, 141, 206
Mary, Queen, of Hungary and Bohemia, 80 and n.
Mary Stuart, Queen, 79, 81, 83
Mason, Capt. John, 153 n., 167 n., 216, 219 n., 220 n., 241, 364 n.;
grant of assize herrings to, 165, 166, 167 n.
Massé, on territorial sea, 602
Masson, Professor, 195 n.
Masterman, Captain Walter S., 711 n.
Masterman, Dr A. T., 735 n.
Maurice, Count, 173
Maximilian of Austria, 72
Meadows, Sir Philip, on sovereignty of sea, 397, 428 n., 510, 524, 694;
proposes a convention for fishery limits, 525
Mechlin, 71
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 142
Mediterranean, 28, 30, 134, 143, 340, 347, 372, 389, 437, 457, 485;
striking in, See Striking.
Meerman, Dutch ambassador, 483
Melrose, Earl of, 179 n.
Mendoza, 107
Merchant Adventurers, 160, 292
Merchant Associations to secure the peace of the sea, 6, 30
Mercurius Politicus, 410
Merlin, the King’s yacht, 15, 477-482, 510;
encounter with Dutch fleet, 479;
inquiry by Sir Leoline Jenkins on, 480
Mervin, Sir Henry, 284, 287, 296, 297, 300, 327
Mexico, Customs jurisdiction, 594;
pearl fisheries, 697;
treaties with, 679 and n.
Mid-line (Thalweg), 3, 101, 102, 111, 226, 361, 373, 541, 542, 652
Miles, Scots, 233 n.
Milton, John, 410, 428 n., 524
Minch, 230
Mirror of Justice and mid-line, 542
Molloy, on sovereignty of sea, 514;
on striking, 557
Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 408;
on Dutch commerce, 457, 459
Monson, Sir William, 130 n., 132, 135, 143, 202, 204, 205, 206 n., 208, 216, 219 n., 259
Montague, General. See Earl of Sandwich.
Monteith, Earl of, 224, 225 n., 239 n.
Moore, on sovereignty of sea, 580 n.;
on territorial sea, 691 n.
Moray Firth, 233, 235, 239;
prohibition of trawling within, 718, 720;
foreign trawlers in, 647, 720-728;
Norwegian-registered trawlers in, 721, 727;
prosecution and conviction of foreign trawlers, 722, 723, 724, 727;
case of Catalonia, 722;
of Emmanuel Mortensen, 722, 724-727;
of Martin Olsen, 722;
of Niobe, 722, 724;
of Pinewold, 723;
of Verbena, 723;
High Court of Justiciary decides prohibition applies to foreigners, 722, 724-727;
protest by Norway, 727, 728;
Norway favours a convention, 728, 730;
and warns Norwegian trawlers to cease fishing in Moray Firth, 728;
actions against British subjects on foreign trawlers, 728, 729;
views of Foreign Office, 729, 730;
proposal of International Council, 737;
territoriality of, 723-728, 729, 732, 734;
opinions of Scottish judges as to territoriality of, 724-727
Moray Firth, herring fishery in, 61
Morocco, 5, 256, 668;
trawling at, 713
Morton, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.
Moser, on territorial sea, 562
Muncke, Levinus, 155, 156 n.
Mundesley, 247
Murray, Captain David, 172, 195 n., 196
Muscovy Company, 160;
whale fishery of, 181, 182, 183, 184, 194 n.
Musselburgh, 175 n., 445
Nansen, Dr Fridtjof, Norwegian Minister, 673 n., 728
Nantes, 97
Narrow seas, the, 8, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 34, 36, 113, 212, 213, 214, 253, 256, 260, 261, 270, 274, 287, 324 n., 327, 328, 361, 363, 381, 408, 430, 458, 459 n.;
description of, 18;
herring fisheries in, 67;
hostilities prohibited in, 261, 262, 263;
prizes taken in, 359 n.;
striking in, 204-206, 270, 402.
See Channel.
National Sea Fisheries Protection Association, 667 n., 706, 728 n., 740
Naval Salute. See Striking.
Navare, Michel de, 49
Navigation, freedom of, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 20, 33, 34, 35, 43, 67, 86, 106, 158, 341, 346, 358, 360, 365, 421, 497, 676
Navigation Act of 1651, 391 and n., 392, 413, 416, 419;
of 1660, 441, 451, 464
Navy, 2, 5, 10, 11, 22, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 58, 68, 91, 92, 113, 117, 134, 246, 251, 252, 255, 257, 286, 288, 379, 428, 475, 517, 523;
under Charles I., 246;
under Edward III., 33, 36, 38;
under Henry IV., 68;
under Henry VI., 38;
complaint of Commons on, 38
Navy and fisheries, 428
Needham, Marchamont, 410, 411
Netherlands, 21, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 93 n., 94, 105, 112, 125, 126, 127 n., 138, 144, 168, 185, 200, 203, 312, 380, 397;
prohibit their fishermen from fishing within two leagues of Scottish coast, 605, 606;
territorial sea, 658.
See Dutch.
Neutral waters, 22, 119, 120, 359 n., 548, 586, 622, 641 n., 665, 685, 775;
decrees regarding, 569-571;
limit of, 546;
proclamations and decisions regarding, 553, 554;
Scandinavian limit of, 568;
treaties regarding, 571, 572;
usage in seventeenth century, 552, 553, 554
Newcastle, 34 n., 96, 114, 248, 249, 252, 273 n., 428
Newfoundland, 86, 88, 92, 97, 113, 219, 589;
fishery rights at, 531, 532
Nicholas, Secretary of Admiralty, 44 n., 213, 262, 263, 275 n., 278, 292, 295, 318, 322
Nicholl, Sir John, on territorial sea, 586 n.
Nicolas, Sir N. H., 37, 45 n., 46 n., 53, 56
Nieuport, 60, 327, 400
Nieuport, William, Dutch ambassador, 395, 415, 417, 433
Nootka Sound, 573
Nordland, 108
Norfolk, 46 n., 63, 90, 94, 101, 162, 248
Norham, 60
Norman Conquest, 6, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 59, 372
Normandy, 29, 36, 43, 48, 50, 59, 62, 69, 74, 97, 103, 129, 213
Northampton, Earl of, 138, 353
North Cape, 58, 86, 478, 502, 503
North-east passage, 343
Northmen, sea power of, 26, 28
North Sea, 21, 22, 43, 246, 247, 382, 432, 434, 465, 466 n.;
fisheries, 43, 60, 87, 89, 130, 131, 133, 408, 470;
Conference at Hague on, 1881, 632;
Fishery Convention, 1882, 634, 637, 638, 639, 644, 721, 722, 725, 726, 735, 737;
defects in definitions, 641;
question of limit of exclusive fishing on other coasts, 643, 644, 645, 646;
Sweden and Norway decline to join, 636;
development of trawling in, 699, 700;
impoverishment of fishing-grounds in, 706-710, 711, 738, 739 n.
Northumberland, Earl of, 131, 243, 264, 266 n., 278, 279, 319, 320, 322, 323, 327, 379, 380, 388, 425, 426, 557;
appointed admiral of second ship-money fleet, 287;
instructions of Admiralty, 289, 290;
instructions from Charles, 295;
proceedings of fleet in Channel, 290, 291;
proceedings of fleet against Dutch fishermen, 295-300, 307-311;
forces licenses on Dutch fishermen, 12, 291, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 308;
appointed admiral of the third ship-money fleet, 319;
appointed Lord High Admiral, 329
Norway, 34, 45, 169 n., 339, 527;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
Customs jurisdiction, 594;
declines three-mile limit, 633, 678;
declines to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636, 783;
disputes with England as to fisheries, 108, 110;
fisheries, 92;
fisheries in Vestfjord, 672, 677;
fishery limit early fixed, 528;
special fishery limits, 671, 672, 678, 679;
foreign trawlers seized for illegal fishing, 680;
registered trawlers in Moray Firth, 721, 727, 728;
sovereignty of sea of, 4;
territorial sea, 653, 669-681, 685;
method of computing, 653, 655, 669, 670, 676, 678, 685;
respected by foreign fishermen, 677, 678
Norwegian Sea, sovereignty over, 4, 16
Nottingham, Earl of, 206, 353
Nova Zembla, 184
Okhotsk, Sea of, foreigners fishing in, 585
Oldenbarneveldt. See Barneveldt.
Oldys, 127 n.
Oleron, Laws of. See Laws.
Onward Ho! case of, 657 n.
Oppenheim, on territorial sea, 688
Oquendo, Don Antonio de, 330-334
Orange, Prince of, 190, 197, 303, 306, 314, 315 n., 384, 387, 422, 430, 433, 434, 460, 462, 490, 491, 492, 503, 517
Orfordness, 49, 277, 553
Orkney, 88, 108, 126, 165, 169, 180, 201, 215, 221, 227, 230, 234, 406
Orkney, Earl of, 169 n.
Ormonde, Marquis of, 450
Ortolan, on territorial sea, 601
Orwell, 54
Ossory, Lord, 485, 486 n.
Ostend, 43, 309
Ouwers, Egidio, 273 n.
Overbury, Sir Thomas, 127 n.
Over-Yssel, 81
Owen, Captain, 382
Oxford, 358
Oyster fisheries, special treatment of, 657;
question of territoriality of Irish, 620, 621;
reserved for French, 612, 619, 620
Pacius, on Venetian dominion of sea, 351
Palatinate, 198, 199, 210, 253, 265, 271, 274, 275, 286, 302, 305, 306, 314, 315, 316, 331
Papal Bulls, 5, 105, 106, 107, 339, 342, 344, 372
Pardessus, 41, 42
Parliament, 67, 77 n., 116, 211, 214, 367, 409, 414, 443, 449, 457, 458, 475, 483, 492, 493, 503, 506, 532;
on safeguarding the sea, 34;
petitions for dues on navigation of Channel, 35;
on navy, 38
Parliament of Ireland, 33, 63
Parliament of Scotland, 82, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225
Parry, Sir Thomas, 155
Pauw, Adrian, Dutch ambassador, 405, 414
Pearl fisheries, 697;
Vattel on, 560
Pedrogue, John de, 45 n., 49, 50
Pembroke, Earl of, 227, 239 n., 240-244, 446
Pendennis Castle, 280
Penn, Sir William, 383, 408, 456
Pennington, Sir John, 208, 212, 244, 259, 261, 264, 274, 275 n., 287, 290, 296, 297, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328, 379, 403;
instructions as to striking, 261-263, 276, 277;
suggestion as to neutral waters round a King’s ship, 262;
on striking, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283;
action at Battle of Downs, 329-335
Pepys, Samuel, 312 n., 513, 514;
on Fishery Society, 447 n., 448, 449;
on striking, 456;
on second Dutch war, 458, 459;
on state of navy, 517
Perels, on territorial sea, 652, 684, 688
Perkins, Sir Christopher, 146, 155
Perre, Van de, Dutch ambassador, 391, 415
Petersen, Gisbert, fishing license to, 460
Philip, Archduke of Austria, 72
Philip the Fair, 44
Philip II., 64, 81, 107, 141, 205, 425, 426, 544
Philip III., 350
Philip IV., 350
Phillimore, 312 n.;
on territorial sea, 682
Picardy, 29, 62, 74, 88, 103, 130
Picaroons, 273, 276
Pilchard, 134, 143, 227, 235, 447
Piracy, prevalence of, 4, 5, 7, 30, 43
Pirates, 68, 72 n., 78, 79, 82, 91, 247, 253, 254, 260, 269, 274, 284 n., 291, 292, 327, 339, 390, 421, 456, 471
Pistoye and Duverdy, on territorial sea, 602
Pitt, on fishery arrangements with France, 532
Pittenweem, 59, 175 n.
Plague, 299 n.
Plancius, 183
Plantagenets, 8, 11, 30, 43, 75, 209, 211, 213, 258, 368, 421
Plegher, 80
Plowden, on sea of England, 102, 111, 361, 543
Plumleigh, Captain, 208, 277, 280
Plymouth, 33, 117, 267, 268, 327
Poland, 61;
claim to Baltic, 4, 371, 377
Political Lent, the, 87, 88, 89, 112, 114
Pontalis, on fishery question, 453 n.
Pontanus, J. I., on Selden’s Mare Clausum, 376, 550
Pope, the, 28, 105, 106, 107, 212, 277 n., 339, 371
Popham, Col. Edward, 382
Porpoise, 88
Portland, 267
Portland Castle, 256, 279
Portland, Earl of, 239 n., 241, 253
Portsmouth, 114, 408
Portsmouth, Duchess of, 475
Portugal, 91, 268;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
fishermen visit British coasts, 129;
and Irish coast, 98;
fishery treaty with, 67;
foreign trawlers at, 713;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 5, 86, 105-108, 112, 340, 343, 344, 350;
territorial sea, 569, 664, 668
Pradier-Fodéré, on territorial sea, 684, 688
Prerogative of crown, 236
Pribilov Islands, 695
Privateers, 462
Prize, law of, 359 n.
Prussia, 34, 216;
fishermen on British coasts, 605
Prynne, Keeper of the Records, 17, 25, 27 n., 39, 43, 44 n., 213, 326 n., 352 n., 367 and n.;
on the sovereignty of the sea, 493
Puffendorf, on territorial sea, 551
Quarantine Acts, 594
Rainsford, Richard, 64, 138, 141, 142, 145, 159
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 127 and n., 136, 204, 413
Raleigh tract. See Keymer.
Ramsgate, 699
Range of guns, Grotius on, 349;
range of modern guns, 21;
range of gun limit, 549;
range of guns and salute, 473 n.;
range of vision, 175, 193, 544;
claimed by Denmark, 529;
Grotius on, 347;
old English law, 544;
prescribed by Philip II., 544
See Land-kenning and Territorial sea.
Rapin, 167 n., 311 n.
Rayneval, on range of vision, 546;
on territorial sea, 596
Reddie, on territorial sea, 600
Reformation, 67;
influence of, on fisheries, 75, 87, 89, 92
Reprisals between Scots and Dutch, 77, 78, 79, 84;
between traders, 53, 54
Reserved waters. See Scotland.
Restoration, the, 14, 441
Revocation, Act of, 226
Rhé, Isle de, 246, 290
Richard I., 32, 40, 41, 51, 52
Richard II., 33, 62, 363
Richard III., 63, 72 n.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 12, 210, 246, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276 n., 283, 291, 314, 526
Right of fishery. See Fishery.
Right of search, 13, 330, 389, 393
Rio de la Plata, territoriality of, 663
Ripperda, Joachim, Dutch ambassador, 449
Rivalry in trade between English and Dutch, 10, 441, 457
Rochelle, 97, 267, 276 n., 290
Roe, Sir Thomas, 240, 276, 303, 306, 314, 315, 316 n., 323, 324
Roman law as to sea, 3, 344, 353, 356, 360, 539;
as to fishing, 66
Romans and sovereignty of sea, 26
Rool d’Oleron. See Laws of Oleron.
Rose, Richard, 324 n.
Rosny, Sieur de, 204
Rostock, 195
Rotterdam, 79, 171, 327, 397 n., 511
Rouen, 61
Royal fishery, Pepys on, 447 n., 448
Roxburgh, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.
Rupert, Prince, 382, 493
Russia, 29, 61, 110, 142, 158, 358;
Behring Sea question, 581, 582;
Company, see Muscovy Company;
Customs limit, 656, 657 n.;
territorial sea, 656
Ruyter, Captain, 298 n., 304
Rye, 33, 54, 65, 145 n., 483
Ryley, William, Keeper of the Records, 409, 410 n.
Ryswick, 466 n.
Saen, Joris van der, 402, 404
St Andrews, 352
St George’s Channel, 142
St John, Lord Chief-Justice, 72;
proceeds to The Hague, 384;
negotiations with Dutch, 385-390;
his proposals for alliance and coalescence, 385;
Intercursus Magnus taken as basis of treaty, 386, 387;
his seven articles, 387;
the Dutch thirty-six articles, 388;
abstract of, 764;
as to fishing, 388, 389;
Dutch proposals as to sovereignty of sea, 389;
for a joint fleet to police the seas, 389, 395;
Dutch withdraw proposal as to striking, 390;
failure of negotiations, 390;
leaves The Hague, 391
St Lo, Captain George, on fishery limit at Yarmouth, 546 n.
Safe-conducts for fishing, 7, 33, 74
Salisbury, Earl, 64, 130 n., 150, 151, 155, 159, 223, 227 n., 359 n., 360;
on 100-mile limit, 541
Salisbury, Marquis of, on territorial sea, 592, 731
Salisbury, Miss E., 45 n.
Salmon fishing, 26, 233, 234, 235
Salute. See Striking.
Sandwich, 73;
Knut’s grant of, 542
Sandwich, Earl of, 438, 463, 472
Saracens, 5, 339
Sarpi, on territorial sea, 547
Savage, Viscount, 239 n.
Savoy, Duke of, 540
Scania, 34, 362 n.;
decline of herring fishery at, 61
Scarborough, 49, 89, 108, 142, 247, 250, 256, 273, 274, 322;
castle, 64
Scaw, three-mile limit at, varies, 640 n.
Schaep, Dutch ambassador, 391
Schelde, 28
Scheveningen, 460
Schiedam, 78, 79, 318, 397 n.
Schmalz, on territorial sea, 597
Scilly Isles, 269, 390, 398, 399
Scotland, 48, 49, 59, 88;
Draft Treaty of Union with England, 1604, 84, 192, 223, 227, 228, 230, 232, 694;
fish exported from, 61;
fisheries of, 93;
importance of, 76;
claim to, 76, 82;
exclusive spirit as to, 76;
policy towards, 82;
treaties regarding, 75-82;
foreigners at West Coast fishings, 83, 130;
jealousy of foreign fishermen, 77, 124;
fishing in bays and lochs prohibited, 202;
attacks on Dutch fishermen, 77;
complaints against Dutch fishermen, 144, 168, 177, 201, 234, 301;
complaints against French fishermen, 606, 617;
Dutch edicts re fishing, 201;
old fishery limits, 226-229;
old limit against Dutch, 83, 84;
herring fishery in, 59, 61, 76, 79, 83, 143, 221 n.;
extra-territorial jurisdiction in, 698;
instructions of Privy Council re assize herrings, 757;
fishery Acts, 76;
fishery scheme, 225, 227;
fishery society, 444;
fishing in lochs claimed, 218;
“land fishing” described, 222 and n.;
land-kenning, see Land-kenning;
limits of territorial sea, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230;
limit of 14 miles in Draft Treaty of Union, 223;
limit of two leagues fixed by Dutch, 605, 606;
reserved waters, 77, 84, 209, 211, 218, 220, 222, 223, 226-230, 234, 236-238, 445, 547
Scotland, royal burghs, 76, 216, 217, 220, 221;
ask that the Dutch be removed within a land-kenning, 221;
and fishery society, 445;
oppose assize herrings, 166;
territoriality of firths, 692;
trawling restrictions on, 715, 716;
Fishery Board empowered to restrict, 717;
Bill to extend prohibition of, 720;
Act fixing thirteen-mile limit for, 720;
treaties with the Dutch, 188 n.
Scotland, Sea Fisheries Regulation Act, 1895, 592
Scott, Thomas, 284
Scott, Sir William. See Stowell, Lord.
Scottish Seas, the, 226
Scudamore, Lord, 272
Sea, appropriation of, 537, 539;
in Middle Ages, 3;
reasons for, 5;
Roman law on, 539, 541;
opinions of Italian jurists, 101, 104;
opinions of modern jurists on, 552;
Bynkershoek, 555;
Callis, 363;
Lord Chief-Justice Coke on, 363;
Gentilis on, 358, 359;
Graswinckel on, 411, 412;
Loccenius, 550;
Puffendorf, 550;
Lord Salisbury on, 361;
Selden, 370-374;
Lord Stair, 545 n.;
Vattel, 560
Sea, exhaustibility of. See Fisheries.
Sea, “High Seas,” 50, 54
Sea, insecurity of, 5, 6, 30, 53, 54, 57, 70, 247-257
Sea, measures for guarding, 31, 32, 33, 34
Sea, sovereignty of. See Sovereignty.
Sea of England, 7, 8, 9, 11, 20, 31, 41, 101, 209;
extent of, 15, 16, 54, 55, 56;
seizure of ships in, by Grimbald, 49, 50;
sovereign lordship of, 43, 46, 51, 54, 55;
Callis on, 363;
Plowden on, 102;
terms applied to, 16, 17;
the “Two Seas,” 17;
the “Three Seas,” 17;
the “Four Seas,” 17, 18, 251
Sea, property in bed of, 362
Seaforth, Earl of, 216, 220, 221, 222 n.
Sealing, 695, 696
Seals, 88
Seas, British, extent of, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 26, 208, 264 and n., 381, 418, 419, 429, 431-437, 459 n., 465, 466 and n., 469, 470, 477, 495, 505, 506 and n., 510, 515, 521;
Admiralty on, 437, 438;
reluctance of Admiralty to define, 20, 264 and n.;
boundaries intentionally left undefined, 20;
Dee on extent of, 101-103;
dispute as to extent of, 437;
Richard Cromwell on extent of, 438;
Thurloe on extent of, 434;
Trinity House on extent of, 20, 477, 478;
on striking in, 469, 470, 501-505;
claim to, gradually died out, 21
Sebastian, King, 107
Secretary for Scotland, 219, 227 n., 232
Seine, 26, 28
Seines, Bill to prohibit, within ten miles, 444 n.
Selden, 11, 17, 20, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45 n., 48, 49, 55, 56, 62, 64 n., 66, 119 n., 183, 186 n., 213, 251, 254, 258 n., 279, 286, 305, 352 n., 353, 363, 410 n., 456, 469, 546, 550, 551;
controversy with Graswinckel, 411, 412;
imprisonment and release of, 367;
requested by Charles to write Mare Clausum, 366;
on British seas, 19;
on English sovereignty of sea, 373, 374;
on exhaustibility of sea, 372;
Mare Clausum, 11, 20, 254, 258 n., 315 n., 330, 389, 425, 456, 502, 504, 509 n., 543;
history of, 365, 366;
publication of, 288, 367;
political importance of, 368, 369;
importance of, in English law, 369, 374;
satisfaction of Charles with, 368, 369;
arguments of, 369-374;
anxiety in Holland about, 374, 375;
translated, 410
Semeyns, Meynert, 242 n.
Servat, William, 50
Seven Stones Rocks, territoriality of, 642, 643
Shaftesbury, Earl of, 492;
on the Dutch, 506
Sheerness seized by Dutch, 459
Shetlands, 4, 76, 88, 89, 90 n., 108, 113, 126, 129, 131, 151, 165, 169, 180, 201, 215, 221, 227, 230, 234, 238, 241, 406, 443, 534
Shields, 84
Ship-money, 324, 329, 379
Ship-money fleet, first, 256, 259 n.;
object of, 260, 264, 265;
proceedings of, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274;
failure of, 274, 275.
See Lindsey.
Second, 286;
its object, 287, 288;
opinion of Admiralty on convoying foreign vessels, 288, 289, 762;
on protecting foreign licensed fishermen, 288, 762;
proceedings of fleet, 290, 291, 295-301, 307-311;
failure to meet with French, 290;
instructions of Charles as to foreign fishermen, 295;
licenses distributed to Dutch herring busses, 298, 300, 308;
amount received as convoy and license-money, 309, 310, 311.
See Northumberland.
Third, 319, 323.
Fourth, 327.
Ship-money writs, 36 n., 211, 253, 254, 286
Ships, impressment of, 32
Shookius, 550
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 520
Shrewsbury, Duke of, 520
Sicily, 29
Skagerrack, 438 and n.;
territoriality of, 636, 653
Sleeve, the, 260
Slingsby, Capt., 327
Sluys, battle of, 36, 37, 38
Smeerenburg, 194 n.
Smith, Captain John, 312 n., 494
Smith, Lieut. Thomas, dismissed for forcing French to strike, 521
Smith, Northumberland’s Secretary, 328, 331, 332
Smith, Simon, 242 n., 244 n., 442, 443 n., 448
Smyrna fleet, 485, 486, 487
Society of Fishing Merchants, 138, 159
Solebay, battle of, 489
Solinus, 25
Somerset, Earl of, 56 n.
Sommelsdijck, Lord of. See Aerssen.
Sound, the sovereignty over, 4, 8, 16, 108;
toll levied at the, 4, 8, 35, 91, 108, 110, 154, 190, 339, 501
South America, territorial sea, 661
Southampton, 68, 73, 94
Southwold, 90 n., 534
“Sovereign of the Seas,” the, 28, 326
Sovereignty of the sea, among ancients, 371 n., 373
Sovereignty of sea, decadence of claim to, 15, 517, 522, 523, 566
Sovereignty of sea, juridical controversies about, 5, 410-413;
liberty of navigation, 8, 11, 33, 34, 54.
See Navigation.
Sovereignty of the sea, meaning of, 2;
striking as a symbol of, 39
Sovereignty of sea, treatises on, 364 n.
Sovereignty of the sea, Barrère on, 595;
Blackstone, 580 n.;
Boroughs, 364-366;
Champagne, 595, 596;
Chitty, 580 n.;
Secretary Coke, 272;
Cromwell, 423, 424;
Dr Dee, 99, 103;
De Witt, 454, 468, 470;
Evelyn, 514;
English writers, 493, 494, 513;
Gentilis, 359;
Hall, 580 n.;
Hargrave, 580 n.;
Italian jurists, 6;
Jenkins, 484 n.;
Loccenius, 550;
Molloy, 514;
Moore, 580 n.;
naval historians on, 521;
Selden, 370-374;
Stubbe, 496-498;
Wicquefort, 495;
Baltic, 4, 33, 552;
Bothnian Gulf, 4
Sovereignty of sea, Denmark, 4, 8, 16, 33, 105, 108, 158, 339, 371, 376, 530, 552, 567;
contested by Elizabeth, 86;
England, origin of English claims, 6, 29, 30;
nature of, 8, 30;
defects of, 33;
early history of, 25;
under ancient Britons, 25, 26;
under Romans, 25, 365;
under Anglo-Saxons, 26;
under King Edgar, 27;
before Norman Conquest, 27;
after Norman Conquest, 29;
under Plantagenet Kings, 30, 40, 51, 52;
rolls concerning, 8, 43, 44, 45, 740, 744;
not claimed, by Tudors, 86, 111;
importance of claim under Stuarts, 9, 10, 118;
claimed as a prerogative of the crown, 211;
aimed against Dutch, 10, 125;
extravagant claims under Charles I., 209, 251, 264, 274;
under the Commonwealth, 378-382, 394, 395, 409, 412;
under Charles II., 441, 458, 487, 488;
decadence of claim, 15, 517, 522, 523;
of France, 287;
of Genoa, 4, 339, 341, 371;
of Norway, 4, 16, 530;
of Pisans, 371;
Poland, 4, 377;
Portugal, 5, 105-108, 112, 338, 339, 341, 371, 552;
Spain, 5, 105-108, 112, 118, 158, 330, 339, 341, 371, 552;
Sweden, 4, 350, 552;
Tuscans, 371;
Venice, 3, 4, 8, 16, 33, 338, 339, 341, 350, 351, 351 n., 371, 552, 566
Sowe. See Zowe.
Spain, 20, 30, 33, 45, 57, 87, 91, 95, 107, 189, 198, 199, 203, 205, 212, 245, 247, 253, 255, 264, 266, 268, 275, 286, 304, 493;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 5, 86, 105-108, 112, 118, 188, 339;
fisheries, 92;
area of fishing-grounds, 738;
foreign trawlers at, 713;
fishermen of, on British coasts, 67, 129, 150;
peace with England, 125, 358;
war with United Provinces, 9, 119, 139, 148, 201, 243 n., 251;
territorial sea, 644-668;
limits of, 569, 664;
Customs limit, 594;
disputes with Great Britain and United States as to territorial sea, 664, 665
Spaniards forced to strike, 117, 206
Spanish Netherlands, 266, 272, 275
Spanish whalers at Spitzbergen, 182, 183 n.
Spelman, 27
Spitzbergen, 4;
whaling at, 112, 164, 181, 182-185, 193, 194, 194 n., 198, 199, 200, 527.
See also Greenland.
Spragge, Sir Edward, 485, 489
Sprat fishery, 133
Stair, Lord, on territorial limit, 545 n.
Star Chamber, 243
Start, the, 260
State merchant, 136
States-General of the United Provinces, 84, 178, 186, 190, 192, 258, 292, 343, 351, 415, 481;
conclude treaty with James VI., 81;
conclude peace with Spain, 148;
consider James’s proclamation on unlicensed fishing, 148, 150;
decide to maintain freedom of fishing on British coast, 151;
send embassy to James about, 155;
arguments used, 155, 159;
proclamation suspended, 159;
apologise for the capture of Brown, 173;
send the Captain responsible to London, 174;
publish an edict forbidding their fishermen to interfere with Scottish fishermen, 179:
negotiations with James, 189;
disputes as to whale fishing at Spitzbergen, 181-185;
send another embassy to London, 185;
no instructions as to fishery question, 188, 189;
order their fishermen to keep out of sight of shore, 193;
send another embassy to James, 199;
again without instructions as to fishery question, 199, 200;
renew their edicts and order their fishermen not to go too near Scottish coast, 201;
proceedings regarding licenses of Charles I., 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 312, 313, 314, 315;
instructions to Evertsen as to striking, 399;
to Tromp, 399, 402 n., 405;
send Van Dorp to protect the busses from Northumberland, 300;
order Van Dorp to prevent acceptance of licenses, 312, 313;
send Aerssen van Sommelsdijck as ambassador, 336;
on Selden’s ‘Mare Clausum,’ 375;
resolve to increase their fleet, 393;
and question of striking, 390, 392;
attitude to the Parliament, 381;
send ambassador to London, 384;
negotiations with St John, 384-391;
another embassy to London, 391;
consider and postpone question of striking, 392, 399;
resolve to strengthen their fleet, 393;
negotiations interrupted by Tromp’s encounter with Blake, 397;
disown Tromp’s action, 405;
instruct him to strike, 405;
send the Grand Pensionary to London, 405;
recall ambassador and prepare for war, 405, 406;
send four deputies to the Parliament, 415;
negotiations for peace, 414-435;
peace concluded, 435
States-General and Charles II., action on fishery Bill, 449, 450, 451;
embargo on fisheries, 460, 462;
propose freedom of fishing during war, 461, 462;
differences with France as to, 463;
decision as to striking, 469, 481;
orders to their men-of-war on striking, 473;
drawn into dispute about striking, 482;
yield as to striking, 483, 484;
sue for peace, 490;
terms offered, 490;
reject terms, 491;
negotiations for peace, 498-506;
peace concluded, 508
States-General. See Dutch, Netherlands, United Provinces.
States of Holland, 151, 155, 190, 303, 375, 384, 398, 407, 414
Stebbing, 127 n.
Stephens, Violet, 139
Stewart, Lord Robert, 169 n.
Stirling, Viscount, 239 n.
Stornoway, 216, 242
Stowell, Lord, decisions respecting territorial limit, 577, 578, 641 n., 681, 682;
on three-mile limit, 641 n.
Straddling, Captain, 207 n., 282, 327
Straits of Dover. See Dover.
Strange, Lady, 283
Stratherne, Earl of, 239 n.
Strauchius, 550
Strickland, Walter, 384, 392, 429
Striking as an acknowledgment of maritime sovereignty, 3, 210;
origin of, 7, 42, 207;
first instance of, 43;
John’s ordinance on, 39-43;
under Tudors, 116;
under Henry VIII., 116;
opposed by French, 117;
under Elizabeth, 117, 204;
under James I., 204-208
Striking under Charles I., 11, 12, 210, 212;
becomes very prominent, 276;
arrogance of English officers regarding, 280, 281, 282;
under Commonwealth, 378, 380, 381;
under Charles II., 496;
James II. and after, 552;
decay of claim to, 327, 518, 519, 522;
abandoned after Trafalgar, 15, 523;
Admiralty instructions concerning, 260, 261, 277, 278, 380-383, 456, 469, 523 n.
Striking, rules and customs of, 206-208, 277, 278, 398, 463, 464, 466, 469-472, 481;
not well understood, 277, 456, 466, 469, 470, 478, 479
Striking at foreign ports and coasts, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 327, 381, 473, 477, 557;
before forts, 256, 279, 280, 472;
in British seas, 502, 503;
in Mediterranean, 327, 413, 456, 468, 473, 488;
in narrow seas, 206, 207 n., 208, 277, 402
Striking by merchant vessels, 206, 207, 282, 513;
British, 260, 275, 283, 284, 285, 519;
foreign, 207, 275, 513
Striking by Danes, 266, 282;
claim to, by Danes, 473, 520;
by Dunkirkers, 275, 282, 327
Striking by Dutch, 12, 13, 117, 204, 205, 208, 267, 269, 270, 276, 277, 279, 280, 281, 300, 327, 328, 330, 334, 383, 390, 392, 397, 398, 400-403, 437, 438, 449, 452, 455-457, 466-469, 472, 473, 477-481, 485, 486, 490, 491 n., 495, 501, 510-513, 520;
States-General consider question, 390, 392, 397;
De Witt’s proposals regarding, 467, 468, 469, 470;
on striking to a frigate or ketch, 468-470;
question of whole fleet to single ship, 477, 478, 479, 482;
terms offered Dutch, 490, 491 n.;
offer to strike in all seas, 432, 505, 506, 510;
by Dutch to French, 276 and n.;
by English to Dutch, 512
Striking by French, 117, 204, 212, 267, 270 and n., 271, 272, 275, 276, 279, 280, 283, 291, 313, 327, 332, 333, 471, 477, 488, 512, 513, 518, 520, 521;
French demand salute from English vessels, 212;
force English merchant vessels to strike, 268, 277, 283, 327;
by Hamburgers, 117;
by Spaniards, 205, 327, 330, 477;
by English to Spaniards, 512;
by Swedes, 382, 455, 456 n., 520
Striking, Bynkershoek on, 556;
Jenkins on, 480, 481;
jurists on, 557;
Molloy on, 515;
Wicquefort on, 495;
Duke of York on, 469
Striking, treaties regarding, 382, 455, 508, 517, 522-572 n.
Striking, arrangement between Charles and Louis, 488
Striking, arrangement between France and the United Provinces proposed, 452
Striking, differences between French and Dutch as to, 452, 463
Striking, French edicts on, 513
Striking, Richelieu’s proposals, 271, 272
Striking, Tromp’s memorandum on, 398, 770
Stuarts, the, 9, 57, 65, 118, 378
Stubbe, Henry, on sovereignty of sea, 496, 497, 498
Sturgeon, 66, 88, 363
Stypmannus, 550
Suffolk, 63, 94, 101, 248, 462
Suffolk, Earl of, 227
Sully, Duke of, 204
Sunderland, 249
Sweden, 60, 62, 142, 158, 358, 474, 490, 498;
asks for and obtains liberty of fishing in British seas, 427;
claim to sovereignty of sea, 4, 350, 377;
and striking, 208, 382;
territorial sea, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;
method of computing, 669;
Customs limit, 594;
declines to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636
Taurus, case of, 640
Taxation of foreign fishermen, 203
Teind fish, 195, 196
Temple, Lady, 478, 479, 480
Temple, Sir William, 470, 481;
on striking, 467, 468;
concludes Triple Alliance, 474;
recalled from The Hague, 476;
negotiates peace, 508;
on the article regarding striking, 509, 510
Territorial sea, agreements between Great Britain and Germany, 634, 652;
Anglo-Danish Convention concerning Iceland and Faroes, 647, 648;
boundaries begin to be fixed, 554, 573;
by treaty, 526, 565;
Gulf Stream as a boundary, 575, 650;
British Foreign Office on, 665, 667 and n., 730, 731, 732, 738;
wishes territorial waters in North Sea to remain undefined, 632, 633, 634;
Parliamentary Committee recommend extension of, 707 and n.
Territorial sea, bays, and gulfs, 77, 348, 544, 545, 547, 548, 552, 574, 575, 581, 585, 589, 598, 599, 601-603, 610, 614, 619 n., 622-630, 632-634, 639, 649, 652, 666, 668, 670, 678, 718, 723, 725, 726, 730;
of Bengal, 625;
Biscay, 564, 625;
Bothnia, Gulf of, 564;
Cancale, see Granville;
Chaleurs, 623, 624, 628, 629, 630, 692;
Conception, 588, 589;
Delaware, 574, 599, 629;
Fundy, 623-625;
Granville, 612, 619, 692;
Hudson’s, 561;
of Argentina, 661;
Norway, 670, 672, 674, 677;
Scotland, firths, 222, 223, 230, 233, 239, 545, 622, 692;
Moray Firth, 721.
See also Fisheries and King’s Chambers.
Territorial sea, British Foreign Office on, 629, 730, 731 and n., 732, 733;
delimitation of North American, 622, 627-630;
French Government on, 632;
Hague Tribunal on, 732;
Institut de Droit International on, 691, 775;
International Law Association on, 691, 775;
inter fauces terræ, 544, 547;
measurement of, 639;
old English law regarding, 547;
omitted in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 593;
principles regarding, 548;
six-mile line for, 627, 629, 630, 632, 730, 731;
treaty stipulation in 1521, 548;
usage regarding, 547, 548
Territorial sea, closed seas, 339, 564, 572, 582, 584, 585, 598, 657;
straits, 547, 561, 564, 586, 692, 776
Territorial sea, Dano-Swedish limit in Baltic, 655;
decisions of law courts as to extent of, 585-592;
definitions in Acts, 589, 591, 718;
in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 591, 592
Territorial sea, not absolutely defined by any State, 651, 652, 657, 660
Territorial sea, not defined by Great Britain, 593
Territorial sea, discussion between Spain, Great Britain, and United States, 665
Territorial sea, discussion as to limit in North Sea, 632, 633, 634
Territorial sea, distinction between limit under international law and in treaties, 644;
between exclusive fishery limit and territorial limit, 644, 660;
distinction between “coasts” and “bays,” 622;
meaning of “coasts,” 641 n.
Territorial sea, historical evolution of, 537
Territorial sea, in peace and war, 636, 651, 665
Territorial sea, in relation to fisheries, 693;
for “floating” fish, 698;
for coral, 684, 695, 697;
oysters, 611, 612, 619, 620, 621, 697;
pearls, 560, 697;
seals, 662, 663, 695, 696;
whales, 674, 695, 696;
exclusive fishery limit, 639;
on British and Irish coasts, 646, 647;
outside the North Sea, 643, 644, 645, 646;
extra-territorial regulations, 657, 661, 662, 663, 695, 699, 704, 707, 708, 716, 720, 725, 726, 727;
international regulations, 733, 734, 735;
trawling, 698, 707, 735;
jurisdiction for Customs, 593-595, 609, 665, 676, 679 n.;
for public health and slave-ships, 593-595;
under common law of England, 546;
over foreigners, 589, 590, 591;
navigation in, 78, 676
Territorial sea, need of distinguishing different rights in, 690;
neutral waters, decrees respecting, 569-570;
proposed limit for, 690, 775
Territorial sea, possession of opposite shores, 35, 43;
principle of thalweg or mid-line, 541-544
Territorial sea, proposals of International Law Association, 690-692, 774;
question of banks and flats, 633, 634, 635, 639, 640 and n., 641 n.;
of consistency of soil, 641 n.;
of depth, 562;
of islands, 618, 634, 639, 641 n.;
of rocks and islets, 641-643, 649;
of tide-marks, 579, 641, 652, 659, 661, 666, 669 and n.;
of true boundary of, 539;
Scottish firths, 692;
statutes referring to, 589-594
Territorial sea, usage in seventeenth century, 552;
in eighteenth, 566;
modern, 650
Territorial sea, modern usage, Algeria, 657;
Argentine Republic, wide claim by, 661, 662, 663;
in Rio de la Plata, 663;
Austria-Hungary, 572, 658;
in Behring Sea, 585, 695 and n., 696;
Belgium, 658;
Chili, 661;
Cuba, 665;
Denmark, 528, 529, 530, 538, 567, 568, 653, 655, 664;
in Cattegat, 653;
Iceland and Faroes, 647, 648;
Skagerrack, 636, 653;
France, 657;
Germany, 652;
Great Britain, origin of, 538;
in Bristol Channel, 586-588;
at Bell Rock, 642;
at Eddystone, 641, 642, 643;
at Seven Stones Rocks, 642, 643;
British colonies, 661;
British N. America, 531;
Greece, 661;
Italy, 659;
Japan, 661;
Netherlands, 658;
in Zuiderzee, 635, 636;
Norway, 457, 528, 538, 568, 653, 664, 669-681, 685;
method of measuring, 669, 670, 685;
rejects three-mile limit, 633, 636, 678, 681;
reasons for wide limit, 676, 677;
in Varangerfjord, 674;
in Vestfjord, Lofotens, 672-674, 677;
special limits in, 671, 672, 678, 679;
Portugal, 538, 569, 664, 668;
Russia, 656;
White Sea, 564, 657;
Scandinavian limit, 528, 567 and n., 653, 655;
Spain, 538, 569, 664-668;
South America, 661;
Sweden, 538, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;
method of computing in, 669;
United States, 661;
various limits claimed by, 575;
Uruguay, 663;
Venice, 571
Territorial sea, opinions of publicists in first part eighteenth century on, 565, 566;
of recent publicists, 603, 605, 681, 688, 689
Territorial sea, opinions of Abreu y Bertodano, 559;
Aschehoug, 686, 688;
Auber, 691;
Azuni, 564, 565;
on Bays, 565;
Bishop, 683, 689;
Bluntschli, 682, 688;
Bodin, 540;
Burgus, 550;
Bynkershoek, 555, 556;
on range of vision, 546;
Calvo, 682, 688;
Casaregi, 558;
Lord Chelmsford, 586;
Chitty, 597;
Conringius, 550;
Baron de Courcel, 664 n.;
Craig, 357;
Dana, 683, 689;
Desjardins, 685, 688;
Lord Dunedin, 724;
Ferguson, 684, 689;
Fiore, 684, 689;
Lord Fitzmaurice, 630, 730, 731;
Galiani, 563;
Gentilis, 540;
Graswinckel, 550;
Sir Edward Grey, 732;
Grotius, 549;
on range of vision, 545;
Lord Guthrie, 723;
Chief-Justice Hale, 543;
Hall, 687, 689;
Halleck, 683, 689;
Lord Halsbury, 592;
Lord Hatherly, 586 n.;
Hautefeuille, 601, 688;
Heffter, 600, 689;
Lord Herschell, 692 n.;
Holland, 691;
Hübner, 562;
Kent, 599, 689;
Kleen, 685;
Klüber, 597, 688;
Lord Kyllachy, 725;
Lampredi, 563;
Latour, 595, 685;
Lawrence, 683, 688;
Leoni Levi, 664 n.;
Loccenius, 550;
Lord Loreburn, 732;
Lushington, 586 n.;
Manning, 600, 689;
Massé, 602, 688;
de Martens, 686, 688;
G. F. von Martens, 563;
on bays, 564;
on straits, 564;
Moore, 691 n.;
Moser, 562;
Sir John Nicholl, 586;
Oppenheim, 688;
Ortolan, 600, 688;
Perels, 684, 688;
Phillimore, 682, 688, 689;
Pistoye and Duverdy, 602, 688;
Pontanus, 550;
Pradier-Fodéré, 684, 688;
Puffendorf, 550;
on bays and gulfs, 551;
Rayneval, 596;
Reddie, 600;
Lord Salisbury, 592;
Sarpi, 547;
Schmalz, 597, 688;
Shookius, 550;
Lord Stowell, 641 n.;
Strauchius, 550;
Sir Travers Twiss, 683, 689, 691 n.;
Valin, 562;
Vattel, 560, 689;
on bays, 561;
on straits, 561;
Lord Wensleydale, 586 n.;
Westlake, 691 n.;
Wheaton, 598, 689;
Wolff, 559, 689;
Woolsey, 683, 689;
opinions of early English lawyers, 539;
of early Italian jurists, 539;
of Institut de Droit International, 689-692, 774;
of International Law Association, 689-692, 774;
of judges in Franconia case, 590
Territorial Sea. Various limits proposed or adopted for different purposes:
Three-mile limit, proposed by Galiani, 563;
by Azuni, 565;
introduced for neutrality by United States, 573, 574;
introduced into English jurisprudence, 576, 577;
originated in neutral rights, 694;
applied to fisheries, 581;
confusion of, with range of guns, 591 and n., 598, 682, 683, 689;
not equivalent to range of guns, 21, 576;
discussion on, 650-652;
generally adopted through influence of the United States and Great Britain, 21, 681;
an Anglo-American doctrine, 681, 684;
not generally accepted by publicists, 580, 680, 681, 688, 775;
common adoption of, 21, 650;
in some international fishery conventions, 581, 612, 614, 617, 619, 621, 634, 635, 647, 649, 652;
generally for fisheries, 616, 647, 663, 680;
inadequacy of, 21, 604, 615, 617, 651, 679, 682, 683, 686, 687, 690, 693, 694, 707 and n.;
in relation to next great maritime war, 22;
British Government on, 730, 732;
refuses to recognise jurisdiction beyond three miles, 663, 667 and n., 738;
wishes three-mile limit extended in war, 665;
rejected by four European States, 664;
refused by Norway, 633, 636, 678, 681;
complex on Norwegian coast, 672, 676
Four-mile limit, 653;
five miles, 575, 665, 691, 698, 715;
six miles, 559, 563, 565, 566, 575, 582, 605, 606, 664, 665, 690, 691, 694, 775;
adopted by International Law Association for Fisheries, 690, 775;
limit for Dutch on Scottish coast, 605, 606;
eight miles, 665, 694;
nine miles, 563, 564 n., 608 and n., 611, 618, 679, 679 n., 691, 698, 737;
on French coast, 608 n., 609;
recommended by English trawlers for North Sea, 702;
ten miles, 665, 668, 687, 694, 696, 698, 707, 737;
in Argentina, 661;
recommended for North Sea by English trawlers, 702;
twelve miles, 575, 593, 594, 662, 665, 668, 715;
thirteen miles, 703, 720, 738;
for fishery on Scottish coast, 720;
fourteen miles, 77, 84, 192, 193, 545, 694;
twenty-eight miles, 77, 84, 545;
thirty miles, 572, 696;
forty miles, 178, 585;
sixty miles, 3, 540, 696;
eighty miles, 79, 355;
100 miles, 3, 169, 353, 360, 373, 539, 541, 559;
claimed by Russia in Behring Sea, 582
Range of guns, 21, 349, 549, 552, 593, 646, 658, 660, 676, 681, 685-687, 690, 716;
first proposed by Dutch ambassadors, 156, 549;
Bynkershoek’s dictum on, 556;
merits of, 558;
fixed in treaties and decrees, 570-572;
generally adopted, 576;
incorporated in international law, 558;
generally accepted by publicists, 688;
the true principle of delimitation, 595, 602, 603;
and neutral rights, 557, 559, 571, 572;
and salute, 556, 557;
as “zone of respect,” 690, 775
Range of vision, 175, 193, 347, 544-546, 571, 574, 596, 602, 694;
defects of, 546;
adhered to by Dutch, 546;
claimed by Denmark, 529, 545;
proposed by some modern publicists, 546, 565, 600 (see Land-kenning);
subsistence limit of Sarpi, 547
Territorial waters. See Territorial sea.
Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 580 n., 590, 591, 592, 717, 718, 731
Teutonic invaders, seafaring habits of, 26
Texel, 18, 409; battle of, 498
Thalweg. See Mid-line.
Thames, 49, 60, 76, 131, 133, 219, 443, 444, 459, 462, 472, 476
Thanet, 49, 68
Thorpe, 27, 28
Three-mile limit. See Territorial sea.
Three seas, 17
Thurloe, 432, 434, 436, 497, 498 n.
Tithes of fish. See Fish.
Tlieff, Captain Andrees, 171, 174, 175
Top-sails, lowering of. See Striking.
Tordesillas, treaty of, 5, 106
Traders, hostilities between, 53, 54
Trafalgar, 15
Trawling. See Fisheries.
Treaties, England and Burgundy, 1405, 1408, 69;
1417, 70;
1439, 70;
1467, 71;
1478, 72;
1496 (Intercursus Magnus), 72;
1499, 73;
1506, 73;
1515, 73;
1520, 73;
and Castile, 1351, 67;
and Denmark, 1468, 110;
1490, 109;
1523, 109;
1583, 110;
and Flanders, 1320, 55;
and France, 1303, 44-46, 49;
1403, 67;
1471, 72;
1528, 75;
and Portugal, 1353, 67;
1439, 70;
and United Provinces, 1585, 433;
Scotland and the Emperor, 1541, 78;
1550, 79, 179;
Scotland and the Netherlands, 1291, 1321, 1323, 1371, 1401, 1407, 1412, 1416, 76;
1531, 1541, 188 n.;
and United Provinces, 1594, 81, 157, 169, 173, 188 n., 257, 388;
Great Britain and Belgium, 1852, 617, 645;
1882, 637;
and Denmark, 1882, 637;
1901, 647, 740;
and France, 1686, 526, 622;
1786, 572;
1839, 612;
1867, 619;
1882, 637;
and Germany, 1882, 637;
and Mexico, 1888, 679 n.;
and the Netherlands, 1625, 433;
1654, 435, 436, 455;
1662, 455;
1674, 508;
1689, 517;
1784, 522;
1882, 637;
and Russia, 1825, 583;
and Spain, 1630, 425;
1790, 573;
and Sweden, 427;
and United States, 1783, 622;
1794, 574, 622;
1814, 581;
1818, 581, 627;
1854, 625;
1871, 627;
1888, 628;
Denmark and Sweden, 1780, 572 n.;
1899, 655, 675;
France and Algeria, 1689, 527, 573;
Burgundy, 1468, 71;
the Emperor, 1521, 74, 119;
Russia, 1787, 572;
and United Provinces, 1635, 276;
1662, 453;
Norway and Mexico, 1886, 594, 679;
Porte and Naples, 1740, 546;
Russia, Denmark, and Sweden, 1780, 572 n.;
and the two Sicilies, 1787, 572;
and the United Provinces and Prussia, 1781, 572 n.;
Spain and Morocco, 1861, 668;
and Portugal, 1494, 106;
1878, 1885, 1893, 665, 666;
and Tripoli, 1784, 572;
and the United Provinces, 1609, 148, 344, 350 n.;
United States and Morocco, 1785, 572;
and Russia, 1824, 583
Treaties concerning fishery, British North America, 526, 531, 532, 574, 622, 625, 627, 628
Treaties guaranteeing liberty of fishing on English coasts, 66-74
Treaty of Antwerp, 148, 344, 350 n.;
of Breda, 464, 465;
of Dover, 475;
of Ryswick, 466 n.;
of Southampton, 388;
of Tordesillas, 5, 106;
of Troyes, 8, 35;
of Union, England and Scotland, 1604, 192, 545;
of Utrecht, 531
Treport, 65, 426
Trinity House, 114, 120, 447;
on limits of King’s Chambers, 9, 753;
on extent of British Seas, 20, 465 n., 477, 478;
on jurisdiction of Cinque Ports in Channel, 544;
on striking, 477
Triple Alliance, 467, 471, 474, 476, 481, 483, 490
Tromp, Lieut.-Admiral Martin Harpentz, 329, 390, 395, 408, 411 n., 415, 422, 436, 477, 511;
attacks Oquendo in the Straits of Dover, 330;
in the Downs, 245, 331;
strikes to English, 330, 334;
his letter to Pennington, 334;
commands Dutch fleet, 329;
puts to sea to prevent search of Dutch vessels, 397;
no instructions as to striking, 397, 399;
his memorandum on striking, 398, 770;
reluctance to strike, 400, 401, 403, 404;
encounter with Blake, 12, 207 n., 397, 403, 404, 421;
correspondence with Blake, 404 n., 771;
story of broom, 408, 409
Tudors, 85, 86, 87, 118
Tunny fishery, 142, 504
Tweedmouth, Lord, 691, 720
Twee Gebroeders, case of, 576, 577, 641 n.
Twiss, Sir Travers, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52 n., 53, 312 n., 689, 691 n.
Two seas, 17
Tynemouth, 214
Tyrrhenian Sea, sovereignty of, 371
United Provinces, 9, 12-14, 81, 119, 125, 126 n., 151, 157, 170, 179, 187, 191, 197, 198, 201, 243 n., 246, 251, 253, 257, 264, 265, 275, 288, 301, 302, 304, 340, 342, 364, 384, 399, 405, 416, 441, 454, 460, 470, 474, 517, 527-529.
See States-General, Dutch, Netherlands.
United States of America, disputes and negotiations regarding British North American fisheries, 532, 581, 621-630, 731 and n.;
regarding Behring Sea, 541, 583, 584, 695 n.;
territorial sea, 599, 661;
fixes three miles for neutrality, 21, 93, 573, 574;
various limits claimed, 574, 575, 650;
influence of, in adoption of three-mile limit, 650
Uruguay, territorial sea, 663
Ushant, 103, 290, 399, 437
Utrecht, 81; treaty of, 531, 582
Vagabonds, 98
Valck, Jacob, 81
Valin, on territorial sea, 562
Vane, Sir Henry, 269, 414, 422 n., 439
Varangerfjord, 674, 695
Vardö, or Vardöhuus, 86, 97 n., 108, 109, 110
Vasquez. See Vasquius.
Vasquius, Ferdinand, on dominion of sea, 341, 351, 353
Vattel, on territorial sea, 560;
on appropriation of fisheries, 561
Venice, 30, 91, 186 n., 191;
sea sovereignty of, 3, 4 and n., 16, 33, 54, 107, 158, 339, 341, 350, 351, 361, 371, 540, 547, 552;
limit of territorial sea, 571
Vestfjord, 672, 677
Vic, M. de, Vice-Admiral of France, 204
Violation of ports, 247, 249, 250
Virginia, 388
Visit and search and gun range, 557
Visitation of English ships, 268
Wagenaar, 80, 167 n., 311 n.
Walderswick, 90 n.
Walker, Sir Richard, 280
Walmer Castle, 279
Warbeck, Perkin, 72, 387
Wardhouse. See Vardö.
Warwick, Earl of, 206 n, 276, 379, 380
Wash, the, 18
Washington, George, 573, 681
Wells, 90
Welwood, William, 342 n., 343, 371, 546, 551;
on appropriation of the sea, 353;
dominion of the sea, 354;
exhaustibility of sea, 355;
on Grotius, 352;
on limit for Dutch on Scottish coast, 79, 84;
sea laws of Scotland, 352;
attack on, by Graswinckel, 412
Wensleydale, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.
Wentworth, Viscount, 227 n.
West Friesland, 453
Westlake, Professor, on territorial sea, 691 n.
Westmoney Islands, 109, 247
Weston, Lord, 227, 239 n., 241, 281
Weymouth, 268
Whale-fishing, 187, 189;
in Behring Sea, 585;
at Greenland, 407, 527-530;
at Jan Mayen, 527;
at Spitzbergen, 112, 164, 181-184, 193, 194 n., 200, 527;
in Varangerfjord, 674;
regulations, 695
Whales, right to, 66, 363
Wharton, 312 n.
Wheaton, on territorial sea, 598
Whestone, Admiral, 520
Whitby, 462
Whitelock, 414
White Sea, sealing at, 695;
territoriality of, 657;
trawling at, 680
Whitstable Fishery, case of, 586 n.
Wicklow, 63
Wicquefort, on sovereignty of sea, 495
Wilkins, 27
Willes, John, 43
William of Malmesbury, 27
William III. and sovereignty of sea, 517-520
William the Lion, King, 59
Williamson, Sir Joseph, plenipotentiary at Cologne, 496, 497, 498, 511
Willoughby, 181, 183
Wilson, Thomas, 163 n.
Wimbledon, Viscount, 227 n.
Winchelsea, 37, 49, 50, 73
Windebank, 243, 250, 253, 263, 267, 287, 295, 302, 319, 320, 322, 323
Winwood, Sir Ralph, 130 n., 152, 162, 168, 172
Wolff, on territorial sea, 559
Wolseley, Sir Charles, 429
Wolsey, Cardinal, 74, 119, 548
Woolsey, on territorial sea, 683
Worcester, 27
Worcester, Earl of, 56 n.
Worsley, Dr Benjamin, 515
Wotton, 162
Wreck, right to, 66, 362, 363, 542
Yarmouth, 34 n., 46 n., 49, 58, 60, 62, 73, 90, 96, 97 n., 100, 108, 126, 129, 130 n., 131, 133, 134, 143-145, 151, 162, 214, 247, 248, 249, 295, 307, 308, 391 n., 438, 455, 461, 462, 463, 515, 546
York, Duke of, 446, 448, 456, 457, 458, 469, 472, 485, 493, 516
Yorkshire, 133
Young, Captain, 207 n., 401, 402
Ypres, 71
Zealand, 45, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 73, 74 n., 75, 81, 88, 92, 94, 95, 125, 195
Zierikzee, 45 n.
Zorgdrager, 194 n.
Zouch, 515
Zowe, fishing-bank, 65 and n., 189 n., 276 n., 426 n., 440, 544, 749
Zuiderzee, territoriality of, 635

The Sovereignty of the Sea / An Historical Account of the Claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas, and of the Evolution of the Territorial Waters

About This Book

APPENDIX K. (P. 389.) ABSTRACT OF THE THIRTY-SIX ARTICLES PROPOSED BY: THE DUTCH TO ST JOHN AT THE HAGUE, 1651.

2.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

APPENDIX L. (P. 398.)

APPENDIX M. (P. 404.) CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN TROMP AND BLAKE.

APPENDIX N. (P. 461.) CONCESSION TO BRUGES TO FISH IN THE BRITISH SEAS.1405

APPENDIX O. (P. 692.) TERRITORIAL WATERS.