The Spell of Flanders / An Outline of the History, Legends and Art of Belgium's Famous Northern Provinces

At about this period of the evening the Madame raised a commotion by discovering that her reticule was open and a piece of money had fallen out onto the thick carpet. The Professor and I instantly got down to look for it, and even the croupiers at the adjoining gaming table paused to take in the incident. Two or three attendants and waiters hurried up to help when the Madame spied her lost coin and triumphantly seized it. It was a one centime piece—worth a fifth of a cent! I have never seen a more disgusted-looking group of attendants, and doubt if so small a coin had ever been seen before in this northern Monte Carlo. The Madame, however, was serenely indifferent to their opinion. This was the nearest, I may add, that we came to losing any money there.

At the end of the Esplanade is the Estacade, a pier that extends well out to sea. Pleasure steamers start here for short trips along the coast, and turning to the right at this end of the town one comes to the harbour and the broad basin where hundreds of little brown-sailed shrimp fishing-boats congregate. Several of these came in while we were there and sold their cargoes, almost as soon as they were tied up, to groups of eager market-women with big baskets. Several girls sat along the quay wall mending huge nets also used in the shrimp fishery. The little back streets in this vicinity, and around the quaint fish-market, are the oldest in the town—and the most crooked.

The principal business street of the little city is the rue de Flandre and its continuation, the rue de la Chapelle, which together take one from the Digue de Mer straight to the railway and boat stations. On one side of this street is the Place d’Armes, where a military band played every evening, and facing which is the Hotel de Ville. Our last day was spent poking about this part of the town in a pouring rain, with an occasional peep into huge cafés designed to accommodate a thousand guests, but which were then almost deserted. The rain ceased suddenly toward nightfall and we returned to the Digue for a farewell look at the crowds and the long beach. It was night before we had seen enough, and then, after ordering and enjoying to the utmost our last Flemish dinner, we made our way to the Gare Maritime to take the night boat for Dover. As we steamed out past the long Estacade and looked back upon the gleaming lights along the Digue we saw the moon rising redly above the masts in the little harbour. This was our last view of Flanders, and, as we regretfully saw the lights of the city sink out of sight behind the tossing waves that gleamed brightly under the moonbeams, we knew that our pilgrimage was over.

CHAPTER XXII
THE SPELL OF FLANDERS

In this little book the author has endeavoured to portray as clearly as his limited powers of expression permitted, some of the many elements that make the spell that Flanders lays upon the minds and hearts of those who know it and love it well. It is a complex influence, composed of many and widely diverse factors. If in the narrative a thread of history has been permitted to obtrude itself, sometimes perhaps at undue length, it is because before all else Flanders is a land whose interest lies in its long and romantic history, and in the marvellous manner in which its artists and sculptors have portrayed its famous past. As Mr. Griffis in “Belgium, the Land of Art,” has well expressed it, “No other land is richer in history or more affluent in art than is Belgium. In none have devout, industrious, patriotic and gifted sons told their country’s story more attractively. By pen and in print, on canvas, in mural decoration, in sculpture, in monuments of bronze and marble, in fireplaces and in wood-carving, the story may be read as in an illuminated missal. Belfries, town halls, churches, guild houses, have each and all a charm of their own.” If these pages have caught ever so little of that charm they have served their purpose.

To the student of history, of art and architecture, of tapestry and lace-making, of the origin of the great woollen and linen industries, of guilds and the organisation of labour, of the commune or municipal republic in its earliest and finest development, and—before all else—of liberty in its age-long conflict with tyranny and oppression, Flanders is a land of endless interest and inspiration. Nowhere else in the world can there be found within so small a compass so many monuments of the past, so many of the milestones of human progress. That some of these relate to a past so remote as to be all but forgotten, while others are hidden away in spots where few tourists ever penetrate, only enhances the pleasure of those who are so persevering or so fortunate as to find them.

Like rare wine, Flanders has mellowed with age, the storms and sunshine of succeeding centuries touching its fine old houses, its noble churches and splendid town halls and guild houses but lightly—imparting the majesty of antiquity without the sadness of decay. Its dramatic and tragic history—some of which was so terrible in the making—lives again, without the old-time rancour and hatred, as the foundation upon which artists with chisel, brush or pen have created some of the finest of the world’s masterpieces.

That to-day Flanders has once more, as so often in the past, become the battleground of warring Europe gives an element of inexpressible sadness to these feeble attempts to sketch its glories as they were only a few short months ago. Already some of the splendid monuments described in these pages have been shattered by engines of war more destructive than all those of all former wars taken together. The noble Hotel de Ville at Ypres, the fine old church of St. Nicholas at Dixmude, the incomparable cathedral of Malines—we know that these at least have suffered fearfully, that they may have been injured beyond any hope of restoration.

In this last sad chapter of Flemish history, it is a pleasure to be able to record the fact that the people of the United States have for the first time entered its pages—and in a work of mercy. To the American people have been given the opportunity, the means and the disposition to play a noble part in this later history of much troubled Flanders—to feed the starving, care for the widowed and orphaned non-combatants of the great war, to help bind up the nation’s wounds and restore hope and courage to its fearfully afflicted people. This is our part in the history of Flanders—our duty to the people of the brave nation of which Flanders forms so important and so famous a part. May all of those on whom the spell of Flanders falls do their share, however small, to help in this great work so long as the need lasts!

And when the great war is over let no American tourist omit Flanders from his or her European itinerary. Its churches and town halls, its quaint crooked streets and sixteenth-century houses, have received a new and greater baptism of fire that has made them, one and all, shrines to which every lover of liberty should make a pilgrimage. Even the pleasant Belgian fields, with their bright poppies and corn flowers, have a more profound interest now that so many of them have been stained with a deeper red than the poppies ever gave.

THE END

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INDEX

• A
• Aardenburg, 59.
• Adornes, Anselm and John, of Bruges, 309.
• Adrian of Utrecht, 341.
• Agincourt, Battle of, 220.
• Agrippa, Cornelius, 341.
• Aire, seized by Philip Augustus, 135.
• Albert, Archduke, and Regent of Spanish Netherlands, defeated in Battle of the Dunes, 96-98;
• portrait by Rubens, 441;
• arrival at Antwerp, 447;
• welcomes Rubens, 448; 457;
• siege of Ostende, 465-469.
• Albert I, King of the Belgians, makes headquarters at Furnes in the Great War, 87;
• continues wise policies of predecessors, 462;
• peace and contentment under reign of, 462-463.
• Alençon, Duke of, 419.
• Alfred the Great, taught by Judith, afterwards Countess of Flanders, 26;
• daughter Alfrida marries Baldwin II, 24; 182.
• Alfrida, daughter of Alfred the Great, 34; 182.
• Allen, Grant, “Belgium, its Cities,” cited, 235.
• Allowin, afterwards St. Bavon, 181-182.
• Alost, seized by Spanish mutineers, 415.
• Alsace, revolts against tyranny of Charles the Bold, 289.
• Alva, Duke of, recommends destruction of Ghent, 352;
• made Regent of Spanish Netherlands, 381; 386;
• policy a failure, 414-415; 416;
• citadel and statue demolished, 418-419; 447.
• Amiens, repulses Charles the Bold, 289; 326.
• Angelo, Michael, Virgin and Child at Bruges, 51;
• compared with Rubens, 438.
• Antigonus, legend of, 393-394.
• Antoing, village near Fontenoy, 253; 255-256.
• Antwerp, an experience in, 8-11;
• crippled by closing of the Scheldt, 18-19;
• first view of, 20-21; 71; 170; 228;
• “Ville d’Art,” 268;
• painting by Van der Weyden at, 272;
• works by Memling at, 299;
• merchants leave Bruges for, 300; 312;
• “renowned for its money,” 320; 323; 324;
• Cathedral spire completed, 339-340;
• “monuments” classified, 363;
• legend of Antigonus and Brabo, 393-394;
• Scheldt displaces the Zwyn as a highway of commerce, 394-395;
• under Dukes of Brabant, 395-397;
• under Dukes of Burgundy, 397-398;
• Vielle Boucherie and Steen, 399;
• new trade routes favour city, 399-401;
• Quentin Matsys, 401-403;
• other early Antwerp painters, 403-405;
• legends of the Long Wapper, Kludde, etc., 405-410;
• prosperity under Charles V, 411;
• outbreak of the iconoclasts, 412-413;
• failure of the Duke of Alva, 414-415;
• the “Spanish Fury,” 415-418;
• citadel and statue of Alva demolished, 418-419;
• the “French Fury,” 419;
• the great siege, 419-422;
• ruin resulting from the Fury and the siege, 422-423;
• the great printing house of Plantin-Moretus, 423-437;
• home of Rubens, 438-439;
• Cathedral, description of, 439-442;
• life and achievements of Rubens, 442-447;
• mild government of Archdukes, 447-448;
• Van Dyck, 449-452;
• Quellin, Jordaens, David Teniers and lesser Antwerp artists, 452-455;
• Royal Museum of Fine Arts, 455-456;
• Hotel de Ville, 456-457;
• later history from the Archdukes to the Great War, 457-463.
• Archery contests in Belgium, 105-110.
• Ardennes, 130.
• Arenburg, Duke of, 211.
• Arnolfini, Jean, and wife, portraits of, by Jean Van Eyck, 340.
• Arnulph the Great, strengthens Flemish cities, 35;
• founds St. Donatian’s at Bruges, 35.
• Arras, Treaty of 1191, 189;
• Treaty of 1435, 222-223;
• tapestry workers organised, 230;
• tapestries of, 278-279;
• starting point otapestry weaving, 385.
• Artois, Count of, besieges Furnes, 90;
• leads French at Battle of the Spurs, 157;
• death, 159; 160;
• County of Artois ceded to France, 189.
• Audenaerde, tapestries, 5;
• guildsmen from at Battle of the Spurs, 157; 202;
• siege of by Philip Van Artevelde, 208;
• besieged bPhilip the Bold, 218;
• besieged by men from Ghent, 225;
• Louis XI drives tapestry weavers from Arras to, 278;
• tapestry ateliers specialise in pastoral scenes, 279;
• country around, described, 367-368;
• monument to volunteers who died in Mexico, 369-370;
• description of Hotel de Ville, 370-376;
• birthplace of Margaret of Parma, 377;
• communal museum in Hotel de Ville, 381-382;
• Cloth Hall, 382-383;
• church of Ste. Walburge, 383-385;
• tapestry weaving at, 385-387;
• church of Notre Dame de Pamela, 387-389;
• Château de Bourgogne, 390;
• many religious institutions of, 390;
• sieges and battles of the past, 391-392; 413.
• Austria, War of the Austrian Succession, 250;
• Austrian troops at Fontenoy, 251;
• arms of, at Audenaerde, 373;
• Flanders during Warof the Austrian Succession, 458;
• under Austrian Empire, 458-459.
• Auxerre, marriage of Baldwin I and Judith in 863, 26.
• B
• Baldwin of Constantinople, Count of Flanders, 129-139;
• painting of, at Courtrai, 152; 153; 162; 189; 197;
• portrait of, 373.
• Baldwin of the Iron Arm, first Count of Flanders, 26;
• remains of old Bourg, 27;
• traces of chapel, 28; 55-56; 57; 218.
• Baldwin II, marries Alfrida, 34;
• fortifies Flemish towns, 34-35; 182.
• Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, tower of, at Audenaerde, 376.
• Baldwin VIII, signs Treaty of Arras, 189.
• Basina, marriage to Childeric at Tournai, 246-247; 265.
• Basinus, King of the Thuringians, 246.
• Battle of the Spurs, 58; 119;
• account of, 156-160; 177; 191;
• effects of, 192-193; 196; 224; 314.
• Bazaine, Marshal of France, 370.
• Beaconsfield, Lord, quoted, 251.
• Beaune, painting by Van der Weyden at, 271.
• Beauvais, repulses Charles the Bold, 289; 387.
• Béguinage, at Bruges, 33-36;
• origin of institution, 34-35;
• Grand Béguinage at Ghent, 35;
• description of, 209-213;
• Petit Béguinage at Ghent, 210;
• at Audenaerde, 390.
• Belfry, at Bruges, built above the Boterbeke, 27;
• history and description of, 63-67;
• at Courtrai, 147-148;
• at Ghent, 184;
• description of, 195-198;
• at Tournai, description of, 262-263;
• at Bruges, completed under Margaret of Austria, 340.
• Belgian coast, 16;
• Belgian barbers, 44-46;
• Belgian State Railway train service, 79-83;
• Belgian popular sports, 105-115;
• Belgian thrift, 216-217;
• Belgian State Railway, working peoples’ trains, 242-245.
• Bellegambe, 274.
• Bergues, canal from Nieuport to, 104.
• Berthout, Gauthier, Bishop of Malines, 312.
• Berthout, Jean, Bishop of Malines, 314.
• Bertulph, Provost of St. Donatian, 37;
• executed at Ypres, 40-41.
• Bicycle racing in Belgium, 111-112.
• Billets d’abonnement, 3; 79;
• for working-people, 242-243.
• Biloque (or Biloke) Hospital at Ghent, 209.
• Bladelin, Peter, town house at Bruges, 309;
• founder of Middleburg, 309.
• Blankenberghe, from the sea, 16;
• part of the Franc of Bruges, 59; 324.
• Blasère, William de, constructs first hothouse at Ghent, 356.
• Blaton, 368.
• Blondeel, Lancelot, 61.
• Blücher, 359.
• Bosch, Jerome, 341; 405.
• Botanical Garden at Malines, 316;
• at Ghent, 356-358.
• Boterbeke River, intersection with the Roya, 26;
• subterranean channel of, 27.
• Boulger, “History of Belgium,” quoted, 293.
• Bouts, Dierick, life and principal works, 307-309; 341; 401.
• Bouvines, Battle of, 136.
• Brabant, Duchy of, 137;
• united to Flanders by marriages of Cambrai, 218-219;
• Philip the Good becomes Duke of, 221;
• Duke of, at siege of Tournai, 249; 286;
• Dukes of, contend with Counts of Flanders for Malines, 315;
• Dukes of, rule over Antwerp, 395-397.
• Brabo, legend of, 393-394.
• Braekeleer, Henri de, “Nursery Garden” in Antwerp Museum, 456.
• Braine-le-Comte, Flemish name for, 150.
• Brauwer, Adrian, 454.
• Breidel, John, Dean of Butchers’ Guild at Bruges, 154;
• at the Matin de Bruges 155-156;
• at the Battle of Courtrai, 157-160.
• Breughel, Peter the Elder, principal works and characteristics, 404-405.
• Brioches, 46.
• Britto, Jean, printer at Bruges, 58.
• Broederlam, Melchior, early painter of Ypres, 230-231.
• Broel Towers at Courtrai, 164.
• Brou, in Savoy, 335-336.
• Bruges, repels Philip the Good in 1437, 4;
• murder of Charles the Good, 4-5 and 36-42;
• lace makers at, 5;
• the first capital of Flanders, 13;
• first visit to, 24;
• founding of, 26;
• derivation of name, 26-27;
• Vieux Bruges (old Bruges), 27-28;
• more tourists than formerly, 30;
• some quaint old streets, 31;
• lacemakers on rue du Rouleau, 32;
• fortified by Baldwin II, 34;
• from Charles the Good to Marie of Burgundy, 52-53;
• charter granted by Philip of Alsace, 55;
• description of Hotel de Ville, 57-59;
• Belfry and chimes, 65-67;
• Halles, description of, 67-68;
• period of greatest commercial activity, 68-70;
• silting up of the Zwyn, 70-71;
• Baldwin of Constantinople holds court at, 137;
• artisans from Ypres move to, 145;
• revolt against the French, 154;
• visit of King of France, 155;
• the Matin de Bruges, 155-156;
• guildsmen from Bruges at Battle of the Spurs, 157; 171;
• superseded by Ghent as capital of Flanders, 189; 190; 192; 197;
• influence of Jacques Van Artevelde in, 200;
• capital of Louis of Maele, 205; 210;
• Philip the Good establishes Order of the Golden Fleece, 221-222;
• the Bruges Vespers, 223-224;
• the “Great Humiliation,” 224-225;
• Guild of St. Luke organised, 229-230;
• Jehan de Bruges, 230;
• “Ville d’Art,” 268; 277;
• principal capital of Charlesthe Bold, 287;
• marriage of Maximilian and Marie of Burgundy, 294;
• Memling at Bruges, 294-299;
• Gheerhardt David, 299-300;
• other early Flemish painters, 300-302;
• the Gruuthuise Palace, 302-305;
• Cathedral of St. Sauveur, 305-307;
• other fine old mediæval buildings, 309-310; 312;
• “renowned for its pretty girls,” 321; 323;
• Treaty of Cambrai, 338-339;
• Belfry completed under Margaret of Austria, 340; 344;
• paintings by Van der Goes, 362;
• “monuments” classified, 363; 366; 393; 394; 397; 398;
• attempt to close the Scheldt, 399-400; 401; 434; 448; 456.
• Brunehault, rival of Fredegonda, 247-248.
• Brussels, 9;
• relation to Flanders, 12-13;
• more French than Flemish, 13;
• weather at, 22-23;
• passage through, 24; 150; 170; 219;
• Hotel de Ville built by Philip the Good, 228;
• tapestry workers organised, 230;
• part of the “Adoration of the Lamb” in Museum, 238; 243;
• work of Van der Weyden at, 271;
• “Abdication of Charles V,” by Gallait at, 273;
• Stallaert’s “Death of Dido” at, 274;
• tapestry weavers of Arras driven to, 278;
• extorts privileges from Charles the Bold, 287;
• works by Memling at, 299;
• works by Dierick Bouts at, 308;
• “renowned for its noble men,” 321; 324; 339;
• Cathedral of Ste. Gudule erected, 340;
• manuscripts of Margaret of Austria in Bibliotheque Royale, 342;
• Marie of Hungary removes capital to, 342; 351; 359;
• “Madness of Hugo Van der Goes” in the Modern Gallery, 361;
• portrait of Charles the Bold by Van der Goes, 362; 367; 368;
• Henri Van Péde architect of Hotel de Ville, 371;
• “Legend of St. Anne,” by Quentin Matsys, 403; 443; 444;
• Modern Gallery compared with Royal Museum at Antwerp, 456; 464.
• Burgundy, Dukes of, 4; 17; 174;
• the marriages of Cambrai, 218-219;
• power extended by Treaty of Arras, 222-223;
• further extended at Péronne, 288;
• defeated by Swiss at Granson, Morat and Nancy, 290-292;
• Kingdom of Burgundy almost established, 293; 315; 351;
• early château at Audenaerde, 390; 395;
• acquire Antwerp, 398;
• tyranny of, 462.
• Byzantine Emperors, coins of, found at Tournai, 265.
• C
• Caen, Normandy, Plantin learns art of printing in, 423; 424.
• Cæsar, Julius, 245; 393.
• Calais, siege of by Philip the Good, 223.
• Calloo, 399; 420; 421.
• Calvinists, partially destroy Abbey of St. Bavon, 184;
• propose to present “Adoration of the Lamb” to Queen Elizabeth, 237.
• Cambrai, 61;
• Marriages of, 218-219;
• League of, 337;
• Treaty of, 338-339; 351.
• Campin, Robert, early painter of Tournai, 270; 273; 274.
• Carnot, Gen., defence of Antwerp, 460.
• Cassel, captured by Philip Augustus, 135.
• Castle of the Counts (Château des Comtes), at Ghent, 170-179;
• stormed by Jacques Van Artevelde, 200;
• birthplace of John of Gaunt, 201; 233; 262;
• Liévin Pyn tortured at, 349.
• Caxton, William, learns printing at Bruges, 228.
• Çayas, Gabriel de, patron of Christopher Plantin, 424;
• interests Philip II in Biblia Regia, 426.
• Chapel of the Holy Blood at Bruges, crypt of St. Basil, 27-28;
• receives relic from Dierick of Alsace, 55-56;
• Procession and Confrerie, 56;
• ruined during French Revolution, 56-57;
• restoration, 57; 58.
• Charlemagne, breaking up of empire of, 26.
• Charles the Bald, creates title of Count of Flanders, 26.
• Charles the Bold, 3;
• tomb at Bruges, 51-53;
• betrothal at Damme, 75-77; 124; 271;
• meteoric career and death, 285-294; 295; 302; 305; 310; 333; 344;
• portrait of, 362.
• Charles I, King of England, knights Rubens, 448;
• employs Van Dyck as court painter, 451-452.
• Charles V, the Emperor, 52; 62;
• statue at Courtrai, 152;
• destroys Abbey of St. Bavon, 183-184;
• orders bell Roland removed, 197;
• captures Tournai, 249;
• “Abdication of,” painting by Louis Gallait, 273; 292;
• christened, 335;
• educated by Margaret of Austria, 336;
• becomes King of Spain, 337;
• elected King of the Romans, 338;
• chosen Emperor, 338;
• rejoicings at Ghent over birth of, 346;
• vast extent of dominions at age of twenty, 346-347; 348;
• revolt of Ghent in 1539, 349-350;
• withdraws all the city’s ancient privileges, 350-355;
• origin of Butchers’ Guild of Ghent, 365;
• portrait of, at Audenaerde, 373;
• many reminders of, at Audenaerde, 374;
• inserts spectacles in arms of Audenaerde, 373;
• statue of, 375;
• portrait of, 376;
• father of Margaret of Parma, 377-378; 381; 395;
• aids prosperity of Antwerp, 411; 412;
• great bell at Antwerp named for, 441.
• Charles the Good, murder of, 4-5 and 36-42;
• rebuilds Cathedral of St. Sauveur, 47;
• erects part of church of Notre Dame, 50;
• Bruges in the days of, 52-53; 54; 305.
• Charles VI, Emperor of Austria, 458; 469.
• Charles VI, King of France, sacks Courtrai, 161-162;
• wins battle of Rosbecque, 207; 218.
• Charles VII, King of France, concludes Treaty of Arras, 222-223.
• Charles VIII, King of France, 334.
• Charolais, Count of, 233.
• Chateaubriand, minister of Louis XVIII, 358.
• Childeric, marriage with Basina at Tournai, 246-247;
• incidents in life of, carved on portal of the Cathedral, 260;
• relics of, discovered, 264-265; 281.
• Chilperic, King of the Franks, 247;
• besieged at Tournai, 248; 281.
• Chimes, at Bruges, 65-67;
• at Malines, 322-325;
• at Audenaerde, 381;
• at Antwerp, 440.
• Christus, Petrus, early painter of Bruges, 240.
• Claire, Lord, at Battle of Fontenoy, 254.
• Clauwaerts, partisans of Flemish independence, 154;
• Jacques Van Artevelde, leader of, 199.
• Clays, P. J., 456.
• Clovis, King of the Franks, 247.
• Concession Caroline, promulgated by Charles V in 1540, 355.
• Columbus, discovery of America helps Antwerp, 400.
• Condé, defeats French under Turenne, 95.
• Conscience, Hendryk, Flemish novelist, 36.
• Conynck, Peter de, Dean of Weavers at Bruges, 154;
• leader at the Matin de Bruges, 155-156;
• at Battle of Courtrai, 157-160; 193.
• Coolman, Gauthier, 319.
• Cornelis, Albert, early painter of Bruges, 301.
• Cortés, 347.
• Counts of Flanders, rule over part of France, 12;
• origin of County, 25;
• the first Count, Baldwin of the Iron Arm, 26;
• model of first castle, 28;
• Emperor makes title hereditary, 34; 54; 151;
• castle of, at Ghent, 170-179;
• foster Abbey of St. Bavon, 182;
• make Ghent their capital, 189;
• decline in power of, 190;
• weakness after Battle of the Spurs, 192-193;
• obtain temporal power over Malines, 315; 351;
• Scheldt their frontier, 394-395.
• Courtrai, linens, 5;
• fortified by Baldwin II, 34; 58;
• destroyed by Philip Augustus, 136;
• lace makers at, 141; 146;
• Belfry, 147-148;
• Hotel de Ville, 151-153;
• Battle of Courtrai, 152-160;
• churches of, 161-163;
• Broel towers at, 164; 193; 314.
• Coxcie, Michel, 237; 238; 339; 341; 386.
• Coxyde, dunes at, 92-93;
• pêcheurs de crevettes, 93.
• Crayer, Gaspard de, 384;
• religious pictures of, 453.
• Crécy, Battle of, 203.
• Crispin, 431.
• Crowe and Cavalcaselle, “The Early Flemish Painters,” cited, 235.
• Cuches au beurre, 46-47.
• Cumberland, Duke of, defeated at Fontenoy, 251-255.
• D
• Damme, receives charter from Philip of Alsace, 55;
• birth of Van Maerlant (mural painting), 59;
• period of prosperity and present aspect, 72-75;
• betrothal of Margaret of York by Charles the Bold, 76-77;
• destroyed by Philip Augustus, 135;
• rallying place for Clauwaerts before the Matin de Bruges, 155;
• destroyed by Philip the Bold, 219.
• Danes, invasions of, 34.
• Daret, Jacques, early painter of Tournai; 270; 273.
• David, Gheerhardt, life and principal works, 299-300.
• Davis, Thomas Osborne, poet, “Battle of Fontenoy” quoted, 253-255.
• Delbeke, Louis, 123.
• Deledicque, Antony, 139.
• Delvin, Jean, 93.
• Dendermonde (Termonde), 202; 310.
• Denucé, assistant curator of Plantin Museum, 434.
• Denyn, Josef, official bell ringer at Malines, 323-324; 440.
• Denys, Gérard, Dean of Weavers at Ghent, 204.
• Devreese, Godefroid, sculptor of Courtrai, 165.
• Dierick of Alsace, Count of Flanders, 54;
• wise rule, 54-55;
• brings Holy Blood from Jerusalem, 55-56; 59; 129; 171;
• besieges ancient castle at Ghent, 177;
• portrait of, 373.
• Dierick, Lord of Dixmude, legendary hero, 179.
• Dijon, capital of Burgundy, 148;
• paintings by Melchior Broederlam at, 230-231;
• “The Last Judgment” by Van der Weyden, at Beaune, 271; 287.
• Dinant, 277; 286.
• Dixmude, at time of the Crusades, 13;
• part of the Franc of Bruges, 59;
• history of, 83;
• church of St. Nicholas, 84-85;
• gâteaux d’ames, 85;
• ravages of the war, 86;
• Yser River and canal, 103-104;
• church of St. Nicholas destroyed by the Germans, 482.
• Dozzo, Gasparo, rich Antwerp merchant, 411.
• Dumery, George, 65.
• Du Guesclin, 70.
• Dumuriez, general of first French Republic, 459.
• Dunes, viewed from the sea, 15;
• at Coxyde, 92-93;
• Battle of the Dunes, 96-98; 465.
• Dunkerque, receives charter from Philip of Alsace, 55;
• canal from Nieuport to, 104.
• Duquesnoy, Jerome, 241; 355;
• influenced by Rubens, 453.
• Dyle, river, at Malines, 312; 314;
• views from, 316; 317;
• grand pont across, 333; 334.
• Dyver, at Bruges, 27;
• view of Notre Dame from, 50.
• E
• Eccloo, part of the Franc of Bruges, 59.
• Edward I, King of England, obtains Antwerp as a fief, 397.
• Edward III, King of England, 198;
• treats with Jacques Van Artevelde, 200;
• wins Battle of Sluys, 201;
• welcomes Flemish weavers, 204-205;
• besieges Tournai, 248-249;
• at Antwerp, 397.
• Edward IV, King of England, guest of the Lord of Gruuthuise, 303.
• Egmont, Count of, “Last Honours to” and “Last Moments of” by Louis Gallait, 273-274.
• Eleanor, Queen of France, 339.
• Elizabeth, Queen of England, 237;
• sends English garrison to Ostende, 465-466.
• Epinoy, Christine, Princess of, heroic defence of Tournai, 249;
• statue of, 262;
• painting of, 274.
• Erasmus, 341.
• Erembald, house of, 37;
• murder of Charles the Good, 38;
• besieged in church of St. Donatian, 39;
• flung from church tower, 41;
• house nearly annihilated, 42.
• Erembald, blacksmith at Bruges, 65.
• Ethelwolf, King of Wessex, 26.
• Eugene, Prince of Savoy, 391.
• Everard, Nicholas, 341.
• F
• Faid’herbe, Luke, sculptor of Malines, 326;
• designs church of Notre Dame d’Hanswyck, 329;
• pupil of Rubens, 453.
• Farnese, Octavio, Duke of Parma, 378.
• Ferdinand of Aragon, 62.
• Ferdinand, King of Bohemia, 339.
• Ferdinand of Portugal, Count of Flanders, 122; 135-136.
• Féré, Pierrot, tapestry maker of Arras, 279.
• Ferrand, Count of Flanders, 190.
• Flanders, location of, 1 and 12-13;
• historical interest of, 3-5;
• Bruges first capital of, 13;
• plan of chronological tour of, 14;
• climate, 22-24;
• travel hints, 23;
• origin of the County, 25;
• just misses becoming independent, 192-193;
• “the cock-pit of Europe,” 250-251; 286;
• end of independence in 1540, 355;
• arms of, at Audenaerde, 373;
• the Scheldt its Eastern boundary, 394-395.
• Flemish architecture, 3;
• art, 6;
• inns, 7-11;
• language, 12-13;
• coast, 15-16;
• cleanliness, 43-44;
• language in West Flanders, 99-100;
• Belgium bi-lingual, 149-150;
• Flemish dinners, 213-215.
• Fleurus, Battle of, 459.
• Floris, Corneille, 261.
• Floris, Frans, 386;
• life and chief works, 403-404.
• Flowers in Belgium, 165-166;
• fondness of people for, 284;
• Bishop Triest encourages horticulture at Ghent, 355-356;
• first hothouse, 356;
• Botanical Gardens at Ghent, 357-358.
• Flushing, 17; 334.
• Fontenoy, Battle of, 250-255;
• battlefield and monument, 256; 458.
• Franchoys, Luc, 331.
• Francis I, King of France, 62;
• loses Tournai, 248;
• concludes Treaty of Cambrai, 338-339.
• Fredegonda, Queen of the Franks, 247-248.
• Frederick II, Emperor, offers crown to Charles the Bold, 285; 294;
• defeated by burghers of Ghent, 345.
• Froissart, 148;
• eulogy of Ghent, 169;
• description of “Mad Margery,” 208-209;
• describes siege of Tournai, 249.
• Fugger, Anthony, fame of his wealth, 411.
• Furnes, at time of the Crusades, 13;
• receives charter from Philip of Alsace, 55;
• history, 86-87; 90;
• the Procession of, 87-89;
• principal buildings, 90-92.
• Fyts, John, animal pictures of, 453.
• G
• Galeswintha, sister of Brunehault, 248.
• Gallait, Louis, “Last Honours to Counts Egmont and Horn,” 273;
• other notable works, 273-274;
• in Antwerp Museum, 456.
• Gavre, Battle of, 225-227; 344.
• Geefs, W., sculptor, 369.
• George II, King of England, 251.
• Gertrude, Countess of Flanders, 87.
• Ghent, fortified by Baldwin II, 34;
• receives charter from Philip of Alsace, 55;
• attack on Nieuport in 1383, 95;
• repulsed at Ypres, 144;
• artisans from Ypres move to, 145;
• loyal to French in 1302, 156;
• greatness in the Middle Ages, 169-170;
• Château des Comtes, 170-179;
• Abbey of St. Bavon, 181-185;
• château of Girard the Devil, 185-186;
• church of St. Nicholas, 186-188;
• cathedral of St. Bavon, 188;
• rapid growth in power, 189-191;
• takes popular side after Battle of the Spurs, 194;
• guilds, 194-195;
• Belfry, 195-198;
• Cloth Hall (Halles), 197;
• the Mammelokker, 198;
• Jacques Van Artevelde, 199-204;
• expulsion of weavers, 204-205;
• Philip Van Artevelde, 206-207;
• resists Philip the Bold, 218;
• rebels against Philip the Good, 225;
• crushed at Gavre, 226-227; 228;
• Guild of St. Luke organised, 229; 230; 233;
• “the Adoration of the Lamb,” 234-238; 262;
• “Ville d’Art,” 268;
• extorts concessions from Charles the Bold, 287;
• denounced by Charles, 289; 312;
• “renowned for its halters,” 321;
• Hotel de Ville completed, 340; 344;
• the Rabot, 345-346;
• rejoicings over birth of Charles V, 346;
• decline of cloth industry, 347;
• Hotel de Ville, description of, 347-349;
• outbreak of 1539, 349;
• execution of Liévin Pyn, 350;
• Emperor withdraws liberties and privileges, 350-355;
• Bishop Triest and beginnings of horticulture, 355-357;
• Botanical Garden, 357-359;
• Louis XVIII at, 358-359;
• Justus of Ghent and Hugo Van der Goes, 360-362;
• Gerard Van der Meire, 363;
• ranks first in “monuments,” 363;
• some of its minor monuments, 363-366;
• Margaret of Parma presented as Regent at, 379; 391; 394; 397; 442.
• Ghistelle, Lords of, 309.
• Gilliat-Smith, Ernest, “Story of Bruges,” cited, 310.
• Gilliodts, archevist of Bruges, quoted, 66-67.
• Girard the Devil (Girard le Diable), château of, 185-186; 195; 197; 241.
• Godfrey of the Beard, Duke of Brabant, 395.
• Godfrey of Bouillon, 187.
• Gordon, Pryse L., cited, 180.
• Gossaert, Jan (or Mabuse), painting by, at Tournai, 274;
• at court of Margaret of Austria, 339.
• Granson, Battle of, 271; 290; 291; 294.
• Granville, Cardinal, 426.
• Gravelines, 55.
• Griffis, “Belgium, the Land of Art,” quoted, 480.
• Groeninghe, Abbey of, 159;
• Flemish name for Battle of the Spurs, 164.
• Grupello, sculptor of Rubens school, 453.
• Gruuthuise, Louis (or Lodewyk) Van der, 302; 303.
• Gruuthuise Palace, 68; 302-305.
• Gryeff, Adolphus de, 386.
• Gueldre, Duke of, 313.
• Gueux, 328; 329.
• Guffens, Godefroid, fresco at Ypres, 124;
• at Courtrai, 152.
• Guido Gezelle, poet, 163.
• Guilds, at Bruges, 64 and 70;
• the 400 guilds of Ypres, 128;
• guild leaders in 1302, 154;
• at Battle of Courtrai, 157;
• power of, 192-193;
• guild houses in 14th century, 194-195;
• slaughter of the fullers, 202;
• slaughter of the weavers, 204;
• expulsion of weavers, 204-205;
• at Malines, 313-315;
• house of Boatmen’s Guild at Ghent, 347;
• fine guild houses of Ghent, 365;
• origin of Butchers’ Guild, 365.
• Guizot, minister of Louis XVIII, 358.
• Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders, 122; 153-154;
• grants Ghent a new Keure, 191.
• Guy of Namur, 193.
• H
• Hachette, Jeanne, heroine of Beauvais, 289.
• Hacket, Châtelain of Bruges, 37; 42.
• Hainaut, County of, 130;
• united to Flanders by marriages of Cambrai, 218-219;
• Philip the Good becomes Count of, 221; 243;
• Count of, at siege of Tournai, 249.
• Hal, baptismal font at, 277.
• Hanseatic League, 58;
• at Bruges, 69;
• abandons Bruges for Antwerp, 71; 401.
• Hay, Lord, at Battle of Fontenoy, 254.
• Hémony, Pierre, 323.
• Hennebicq, painter of Tournai, 274.
• Hennequin, painter of Tournai, 274.
• Henry III, Duke of Brabant, grants privileges to Antwerp, 396.
• Henry V, King of England, wins Battle of Agincourt, 220.
• Henry VIII, captures Tournai, 249;
• tower of, 266-267.
• Herkenbald, “Justice of,” painting by Van der Weyden, 271.
• Heuvick, early painter of Audenaerde, 382.
• Heyst, 16; 324.
• Hiéronimites, 186.
• Horembout, Gerard, 341.
• Horn, Count of, “Last Honors to,” 273; 412.
• Hugonet, minister of Marie of Burgundy, 349.
• Humbercourt, minister of Marie of Burgundy, 349.
• Hundred Years’ War, 70; 143; 198.
• I
• Iconoclasts (or “Image Breakers”), at Malines, 328; 329; 370;
• outbreak of, 380-381;
• at Audenaerde, 389;
• at Antwerp, 412-413; 440.
• Innocent VIII, 305-306.
• Inquisition, meeting-place at Furnes, 91; 415.
• Isabella of Castile, 62.
• Isabel, Queen of Denmark, 339.
• Isabella, Queen of France, 155.
• Isabella, Regent of the Netherlands, 422;
• portrait by Rubens, 444;
• arrival at Antwerp, 447;
• encourages Rubens, 448; 457;
• at siege of Ostende, 467;
• weeps at ruin of the town, 469.
• Isabel of Portugal, marries Philip the Good, 221;
• portrait of, 238;
• picture of, in collection of Margaret of Austria, 340-341.
• J
• Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland, 176-177;
• forced to abdicate, 221.
• Jansenius, Bishop of St. Martin at Ypres, 125-126.
• Janssens, Victor, 386.
• Jean II, Duke of Brabant, 314.
• Jeanne d’Arc, 221.
• Jeanne of Constantinople, Countess of Flanders, 122; 132; 135; 136-139;
• founds first Béguinage at Ghent, 210.
• Jehan de Bruges, early painter, 230.
• Jehan de Hasselt, early painter, 230.
• Jemappes, Battle of, 459.
• Joanna of Spain (Jeanne de Castile), 62; 346.
• John, Prince of Asturias, 334-335;
• sudden death, 335.
• John, Don, of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, 415; 418.
• John of Bavaria, 234.
• John I, Duke of Brabant, grants the Core van Antwerpen, 396.
• John II, Duke of Brabant, gives Antwerp to Edward I, 397.
• John III, Duke of Brabant, extends rights of foreigners at Antwerp, 396-397.
• John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, 220;
• court painter of, 231; 233; 383.
• John of Gaunt (Ghent), Duke of Lancaster, birth of, 201; 221.
• John, King of England, alliance with Ferdinand of Portugal, 136.
• Jordaens, Jacob, “Adoration of the Magi” at Dixmude, 84;
• characteristics, 453; 455; 456.
• Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 237;
• revolt against, 458-459.
• Josephine, Empress of France, saves Botanical Garden at Ghent, 357-358.
• Judith, first Countess of Flanders, 26;
• traces of her chapel, 28; 34.
• Justus of Ghent, early Flemish painter, 360-362.
• Justus Lipsius, meets Christopher Plantin, 429;
• writes his epitaph, 430; 431; 441.
• K
• Kaboutermannekens, legends of, 408-409.
• Karls, refuse allegiance to feudal overlords, 37;
• support the Erembalds, 38;
• receive Keurbrief from Philip of Alsace, 60-61.
• Katherine, Queen of Portugal, 339.
• Keldermans, André, Antoine I, Antoine II, Jean, Laurent and Mathieu, all architects of Malines, 319-320.
• Keldermans, Rombaut, architect of Malines, 318; 320;
• rebuilds Hotel de Savoy, 336;
• receives many commissions from Margaret of Austria, 339-340;
• designs Maison de la Keure at Ghent, 348.
• Kerel van Yper, painter of Ypres, 141.
• Kermesse, its antiquity, 115; 378; 449.
• Keyser, Nicaise de, 160.
• Kiliaen, the Flemish lexicographer, 433.
• Kipling, quoted, 29.
• Kludde, legends of, 409-410.
• Knocke, 16.
• L
• Lac d’Amour, Bruges, see Minnewater.
• Laevinius Torrentius, 433.
• Lagye, Victor, 457.
• Lalaing, Countess of, 377; 378.
• Lalaing, Philippe, Count of, 371.
• Lannoy, Charles de, 62.
• Larks in Belgium, 166-168.
• Legend of Baldwin of Constantinople, 130-133;
• of siege of Ghent in 930, 179-180;
• of St. Nicholas, 187;
• of the Mammelokker, 198;
• concerning the wealth of the Flemish burghers, 207-208;
• of the marriage of Childeric and Basina, 246-247;
• of Memling’s wound at Nancy, 295-296;
• of the “Vuyle Bruydegom” at Malines, 332-333;
• of Antigonus and Brabo at Antwerp, 393-394;
• of Lohengrin, 394;
• of Quentin Matsys, 401-402;
• of the Long Wapper of Antwerp, 405-408;
• of the Kaboutermannekens, 408-409;
• of Kludde, 409-410;
• of Van Dyck at Saventhem, 449-451.
• Lemaire des Belges, Jean, 341.
• Leopold I, King of the Belgians,
• first welcomed to Belgium at Furnes, 87;
• elected King, 461;
• frees the Scheldt in 1863, 461.
• Leopold II, King of the Belgians,
• an efficient chief executive, 461-462;
• Palace at Ostende, 470.
• Leys, Baron Henri, 456;
• paintings in Hotel de Ville at Antwerp, 457.
• Liederick de Buck, portrait of, 373.
• Liedts, Baroness, lace collection at Bruges, 304.
• Liége, 106; 286;
• insurrections at, 287-288;
• city sacked, 288; 312; 344.
• Lieve, river, at Ghent, 169; 172.
• Liliaerts, partisans of France, 154; 189; 191; 194.
• Lille, destroyed by Philip Augustus, 136;
• Baldwin of Constantinople executed at, 138-139; 207;
• fêtes held by Philip the Good at, 227; 280.
• Lissweghe, 59.
• Lombartzyde, 95;
• statue of the Virgin, 104-105.
• Longfellow, quoted, 67.
• Long Wapper of Antwerp, legends of, 405-408.
• Louis of Maele, Count of Flanders, 59; 175;
• besieged at Ghent, 178; 183; 204;
• marriage of daughter, 205-206;
• defeated by Philip Van Artevelde, 206;
• death, 207;
• wealth of Ghent during reign of, 207-208; 218;
• court painter of, 230; 397.
• Louis of Nevers, Count of Flanders, 124; 194; 198;
• vainly resists popular party, 199-200;
• hires assassination of Jacques Van Artevelde, 202-203;
• death at Crécy, 203.
• Louis the Fat, King of France, 41-42.
• Louis XI, King of France, lives at Furnes while Dauphin, 90;
• drives tapestry weavers from Arras, 278;
• implacable foe of Charles the Bold, 286;
• foments insurrection at Liége, 287-288;
• stirs up German resistance to Charles, 289;
• causes downfall of Charles, 293; 294; 334; 344.
• Louis XIII, King of France, 387.
• Louis XIV, captures Tournai, 250; 265;
• removes tapestries from Audenaerde, 376;
• portrait of, 376; 387;
• bombards Audenaerde, 391.
• Louis XV, King of France, at Battle of Fontenoy, 251-255;
• Joyous Entry at Antwerp, 458.
• Louis XVIII, King of France, at Ghent, 358-359.
• Louise of Savoy, 338.
• Louvain, 219;
• Hotel de Ville, 228;
• Guild of St. Luke organised, 230;
• work of Van der Weyden at, 271;
• Dierick Bouts at, 307-308; 310;
• “renowned for its scholars,” 321; 371; 395;
• birth-place of Quentin Matsys, 401; 403.
• Lyon, Jean, Dean of Boatmen’s Guild, 188.
• Lys, river, 146;
• superior for retting flax, 147; 158; 164; 169; 204; 206.
• M
• Mabuse, see Jan Gossaert.
• Mace, Robert, teaches art of printing to Christopher Plantin, 423.
• Maele, Château of, near Bruges, 303.
• Mahaut, Countess of Flanders, 122.
• Malfait of Brussels, 124.
• Malines, lace makers at, 5;
• centre of Flemish architecture, art and learning, 12;
• “Ville d’Art,” 268;
• extorts privileges from Charles the Bold, 287;
• terrible destruction in the Great War, 311;
• situation and importance, 312;
• early history, 312-315;
• Cloth Hall and museum, 317; 318;
• Cathedral of St. Rombaut, 318-323;
• chimes, 323-325;
• interior of Cathedral, 325-327;
• “renowned for its fools,” 321;
• Notre Dame au delà de la Dyle, 327-328;
• Notre Dame d’Hanswyck, 328-329;
• church of St. Jean, 330-331;
• Hotel de Ville, 332;
• Vieux Palais, 332-333;
• some fine old houses, 333;
• Margaret of Austria, early life, 333-336;
• her court at Malines, 336; 342;
• death,342-343;
• “monuments” classified, 363; 439; 442;
• Cathedral sadly injured, 482.
• Mammelokker, bas relief and legend of, 198.
• Manson, Collard, printer at Bruges, 228; 435.
• Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, 61-62;
• childhood and early life, 333-336;
• Palace at Malines, 336;
• Regent of the Netherlands, 337;
• negotiates the “Ladies’ Peace,” 338-339;
• brilliant court, 339;
• taste for art and literature, 340-342;
• untimely death, 342-343; 345; 349.
• Margaret, Countess of Flanders, 122; 132; 135; 136; 153.
• Margaret, daughter of Louis of Maele, 183; 205-206; 218.
• Margaret of Parma, portrait at Audenaerde, 376;
• birth and marriages, 377-378;
• Regent of the Netherlands, 379;
• popularity, 379-380;
• suppresses outbreak of the Iconoclasts, 380-381;
• superseded by Duke of Alva, 381; 413; 419; 425.
• Margaret of York, betrothal to Charles the Bold at Damme, 75-77;
• resides at Malines, 333; 336.
• Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 458.
• Marie of Burgundy, tomb at Bruges, 51-53;
• statue, 62; 293;
• marries Maximilian, 294;
• children of, 333; 344; 345; 349.
• Marie of Champagne, Countess of Flanders, 133;
• dedicates Cloth Hall at Ypres, 134;
• death in Syria, 134; 162.
• Marie, Queen of Hungary, 339;
• Regent of the Netherlands, 342-343;
• insurrection at Ghent during reign of, 349-350; 354.
• Marlborough, Duke of, captures Tournai, 250;
• wins Battle of Audenaerde, 391;
• recalled in peasant nursery song, 391-392;
• takes Antwerp after Battle of Ramillies, 458.
• Marot, Clement, 428.
• Marvis Towers at Tournai, 265.
• Massé, 341.
• Matsys, Quentin, life and principal works, 401-403.
• Matthew, Duke of Lorraine, 122.
• Maurice, Count of Nassau, wins Battle of the Dunes, 96-98; 465;
• captures Sluys, 468.
• Maximilian, Emperor, 51;
• statue of, 62;
• conflict with Bruges, 71;
• marriage to Marie of Burgundy, 294; 333;
• Regent of Flanders, 334;
• fondness for daughter, Margaret of Austria, 337;
• death, 338; 345; 347; 411.
• Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 369.
• Memling, Hans, at Bruges, 295-296;
• works of, in Hospital of St. Jean, 296-298;
• other notable paintings, 298-299; 307;
• in collection of Margaret of Austria, 341.
• Mercator, 431.
• Merghelynck Museum at Ypres, 139-140; 304.
• Meunier, Constantin, statue of pecheur des crevettes, 93;
• painting at Courtrai, 160.
• Michelle, first wife of Philip the Good, 183;
• death of, 233-234.
• Middleburg, paintings by Van der Weyden at, 309.
• Minnewater, 33;
• view of Notre Dame from, 50;
• formerly chief harbour of Bruges, 71-72.
• Molinet, Jean, 341.
• Mons, capital of Hainaut, 130;
• Flemish name for, 150; 219;
• Hotel de Ville, 228; 243; 252.
• Montalembert, quoted, 388.
• Montanus, Arias, supervises Biblia Regia, 426;
• opinion of Christopher Plantin, 427; 431.
• Morat, Battle of, 291.
• Moretus, Balthazar I, 432.
• Moretus, Edouard, sells Plantin-Moretus museum to city of Antwerp, 432.
• Moretus, Jean I, marries Martina, daughter of Christopher Plantin, 429; 431; 432;
• tomb in the Cathedral, 441;
• employs Rubens, 443;
• friend of Rubens, 448.
• Moretus, Jean II, 431-432.
• Montereau, murder of John the Fearless at, 220.
• Morte d’Ypres, la (the Death of Ypres), 117; 122; 123; 144.
• Motley, cited, 413.
• N
• Nancy, siege of, 291;
• death of Charles the Bold before, 292; 295; 333.
• Namur, 312.
• Napoleon, saves Chapel of the Holy Blood, 56; 94; 282; 330; 358; 358-359;
• removes tapestries from Audenaerde, 376;
• at Antwerp, 460.
• Nauwelaerts, official bell ringer of Bruges, 66.
• Neerwinden, Battle of, 459.
• Nicholas V, Pope, 340.
• Nicholas de Verdun, 277.
• Nieuport, at time of the Crusades, 13;
• receives charter from Philip of Alsace, 55;
• some famous sieges of, 95;
• Battle of the Dunes, 96-98;
• Chambers of Rhetoric, 99;
• Tower of the Templars, Cloth Hall and church of Notre Dame, 99-101;
• the Yser River, locks and canals, 103-104; 465; 473.
• Norsemen, anarchy resulting from invasions of, 36;
• capture Tournai, 248; 256; 259;
• burn church at Audenaerde, 383.
• Notre Dame, Cathedral of, at Antwerp, 20; 228;
• well cover made by Quentin Matsys, 401;
• description of, 440-442.
• Notre Dame de Pamela, church of, at Audenaerde, 387-389.
• Notre Dame, church of, at Bruges, 50-53;
• remains of Charles the Bold placed in, 292; 303; 306.
• Notre Dame, church of, at Courtrai, 162-163.
• Notre Dame au delà de la Dyle, church of, at Malines, 316;
• description, 327-328.
• Notre Dame d’Hanswyck, church of, at Malines, 316;
• description, 328-329.
• Notre Dame, Cathedral of, at Tournai, 245;
• description, 255-262.
• O
• Order of the Golden Fleece, 58; 172; 175;
• established by Philip the Good, 221-222;
• fêtes at Lille, 227;
• Tournai tapestries ordered for, 279;
• chapter at Malines, 334;
• at Antwerp, 412;
• portrait of Charles V wearing insignia of, 376.
• Ostende, part of the Franc of Bruges, 59; 102;
• canal from Nieuport to, 103; 324; 359;
• on main tourist routes, 464;
• great siege of 1601-1603, 465-469;
• renown as a watering place since 1830, 470;
• description of the Digue, the Esplanade and the beach, 471-472;
• summer prices at, 472-473;
• the Kursaal, 473-477;
• the Estacade, 477-478;
• last glimpses of, 478-479.
• Orleans, Duke of, 220; 233.
• Ortelius, 431.
• Oudenaarde, Jan van, 72.
• P
• Pape, Simon de, early painter of Audenaerde, 384; 389.
• Parma, Duke of, captures Ypres, 144;
• besieges Tournai, 249;
• son of Margaret of Parma, 378;
• Regent of the Netherlands, 379; 414;
• siege of Antwerp, 419-422; 447;
• siege of Ostende, 465.
• Pauwels, Ferdinand, 121-122.
• Pavia, Battle of, 62.
• Pembroke, Duke of, 70.
• Péronne, 138;
• Louis XI visits Charles the Bold at, 288; 293.
• Péterinck, François, maker of fine porcelains at Tournai, 280.
• Philibert II, Duke of Savoy, 335.
• Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders, grants charters to many Flemish cities, 55; 59;
• grants the Keurbrief, 59-61; 87; 129;
• builds Spuytorre at Courtrai, 164;
• erects Château des Comtes at Ghent, 171; 173; 189.
• Philip Augustus, King of France, 135-136; 138; 153;
• Treaty of Arras, 189;
• annexes Tournai, 248;
• painting of, at Tournai, 274.
• Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 90; 124;
• removes clock at Courtrai, 148;
• rebuilds Spuytorre at Courtrai, 164;
• marries Margaret of Maele, 183;
• significance of this event, 205-206;
• acknowledged as Count of Flanders, 218;
• arranges the marriages of Cambrai, 218-219;
• death, 220;
• court painter of, 230-231; 397.
• Philippe de Champaigne, 376.
• Philip the Fair (Philippe le Bel), King of France, 153;
• annexes Flanders, 154;
• at Bruges, 155;
• rage over the Matin de Bruges, 156;
• defeated at Courtrai, 157-160;
• sheriffs of, besieged at Ghent, 177.
• Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, 4; 58; 90; 175; 176;
• becomes Count of Flanders, Hainaut and Holland, and Duke of Brabant, 220-221;
• founds Order of the Golden Fleece, 221-222;
• siege of Calais, 222-223;
• repulsed at Bruges (Bruges vespers), 223-224;
• humbles Bruges, 224-225;
• crushes Ghent at Gavre, 225-227;
• holds fêtes at Lille, 227;
• divergent estimates of character, 228-229; 231;
• visits studio of Jean Van Eyck, 235-236;
• orders portrait of Isabel of Portugal, 238;
• orders tapestries at Tournai, 279; 287; 305; 340; 344;
• grants liberal charter to Antwerp, 398.
• Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy, 51; 62; 91;
• education, 333;
• premature death, 334; 346.
• Philip II, King of Spain, 91; 236-237; 249; 292-293;
• unwise policy provokes revolt, 379-380;
• sends Duke of Alva to punish iconoclasts, 381; 412; 413-415;
• rejoices at fall of Antwerp, 422; 424;
• aids Plantin to publish Biblia Regia, 426; 427; 432; 447; 465.
• Philip of Valois, King of France, 201-202.
• Pierre de Beckère, 52.
• Pius II, 378.
• Pizarro, 346.
• Plantin, Christopher, early life, 423-424;
• establishes printing house at Antwerp, 425;
• issues the Biblia Regia, 426-427;
• extent of business, 427-428;
• moves to Friday Market, 428-429;
• death, 429-430;
• extent of achievements, 431;
• tomb in the Cathedral, 441.
• Plantin-Moretus Museum, at Antwerp, 423; 432-437;
• portraits by Rubens, 444;
• sketches by Rubens, 445.
• Pourbus, Pieter, 301.
• Prévost, Jean, 301.
• Procession of the Holy Blood at Bruges, 56;
• Procession at Furnes, 87-89;
• Peysprocessie at Malines, 315.
• Pyn, Liévin, execution of, 349-350; 351; 352.
• Q
• Quellin, Erasmus, “The Adoration of the Shepherds” at Malines, 327; 433;
• founds family of sculptors and painters, 452-543.
• “Quentin Durward” by Sir Walter Scott, cited, 288.
• R
• Rabot at Ghent, 345-346.
• Raeske, Richard de, 37.
• Ramillies, Battle of, 458.
• Raphelingen, Francis, chief proof-reader of Christopher Plantin, 427;
• marries Margaret, eldest daughter, 429.
• Rénacle de Florennes, 341.
• Reparation invisible, 215-216.
• Requesens, Regent of the Netherlands, 415.
• Richard, Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III, King of England, 303.
• Rivière, Jeanne, wife of Christopher Plantin, 423;
• aids husband with a linen business, 429.
• Robbins, Philippe, master tapestry weaver of Audenaerde, 387.
• Robert the Frisian, Count of Flanders, 141.
• Robert II, Count of Flanders, 87-88.
• Robinson, Wilfrid, “Antwerp, an Historical Sketch,” quoted, 397.
• Rockox, burgomaster of Antwerp, 448.
• Roda, Jerome, 415.
• Roland, the great bell at Ghent, 196-197;
• inscription on, 196;
• taken down by Charles V, 354.
• Rooses, Max, Director of Plantin-Moretus Museum, quoted, 239-240; 298;
• description of Plantin Museum, cited, 433.
• Rosbecque, Battle of, 162; 163; 207.
• Roya, at Bruges, 26; 27; 52.
• Rubens, Peter Paul, “St. Bavon withdrawing from the World” at Ghent, 241;
• “Christ on the Cross” at Malines, 317;
• “Miraculous Draught of Fishes” at Malines, 327-328;
• “Adoration of the Magi” at Malines, 330; 386; 433;
• rank among the masters, 438;
• two masterpieces in Cathedral at Antwerp, 339-440;
• “Resurrection” in the Cathedral, 441;
• at height of fame, 442-444;
• enormous productivity, 444-445;
• death, 445;
• Prof. Wauters’ estimate of, 446-447;
• patronised by the “Archdukes,” 448;
• diplomatic missions, 448;
• letters, 449; 455; 456.
• Rudolph II, Emperor of Austria, 405.
• S
• St. Amand, early missionary, 181.
• St. Basil, crypt of, at Bruges, 27-28;
• restoration, 57; 171.
• St. Bavon, Abbey of, at Ghent, 181-185; 189;
• destruction of, by Charles V, 353.
• St. Bavon, Cathedral of, at Ghent, 172;
• crypt, 188-189;
• altar-piece by the Van Eycks, 234-238;
• other works of art in, 240-241; 355; 360.
• St. Brice, church of, at Tournai, 263-264.
• St. Donatian, church of, at Bruges, 35;
• scene of murder of Charles the Good, 38;
• besieged by foes of the Erembalds, 39-41;
• Erembalds flung from tower, 41;
• destroyed in French Revolution, 42;
• relics and approximate site, 42-43; 292.
• St. Eleuthereus, statue of, on portal of Cathedral, 260;
• Chasse of, 276-277;
• life of, depicted on tapestry in Cathedral, 279.
• St. George, church of, at Nancy, 292.
• St. Ghislain, 252.
• Ste. Gudule, Cathedral of, at Brussels, 340.
• St. Jacques, church of, at Antwerp, 445-446.
• St. Jean, Hospital of, at Bruges, legend of nursing Memling, 295-296;
• Shrine of St. Ursula, 296-298;
• other works by Memling at, 298;
• description of, 299; 301.
• St. Jean, church of, at Ghent, name changed to St. Bavon in 1540, 188.
• St. Jean, church of, at Malines, 330-331.
• St. Luke, Guild of, first organised in Flemish towns, 229-230;
• admits brothers Van Eyck at Bruges, 234;
• at Tournai, 270-271;
• at Ghent admits Van der Meire, 363;
• admits Frans Floris at Antwerp, 403;
• admits Christopher Plantin at Antwerp, 423;
• elects Rubens President, 445.
• St. Martin, church of, at Courtrai, 161-162.
• St. Martin, church of, at Ypres, 125-126.
• St. Mary, church of, at Antwerp, 412;
• becomes Cathedral of Notre Dame in 1560, 440.
• St. Michel, church of, at Ghent, 181.
• St. Nicholas, church of, at Dixmude, 84-85; 482.
• St. Nicholas, church of, at Ghent, 186-188.
• St. Omer, seized by Philip Augustus, 135.
• St. Peter, monastery of, at Ghent, 181-182; 189.
• St. Peter, church of, at Louvain, 307-308.
• St. Piat, martyrdom at Tournai, 245;
• statue of, on portal of Cathedral, 260;
• life of, depicted on tapestry in Cathedral, 279.
• St. Rombaut, Cathedral of, at Malines, 312; 313;
• first view of, 317;
• the tower and its builders, 318-323;
• the chimes, 323-325;
• interior and art treasures, 325-327; 328;
• tower completed, 340.
• St. Sauveur, Cathedral of, at Bruges, 47-50; 305-307; 362.
• Ste. Ursula, Shrine of, 296-298.
• Ste. Walburge, church of, at Audenaerde, 368; 369; 382;
• description of, 383-385; 389.
• Ste. Walburge, church of, at Furnes, 88 and 92.
• Saventhem, 449-451.
• Savoy, Duchess of, see Margaret of Austria.
• Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Leopold, Prince of, elected King of the Belgians, 461.
• Saxe, Maurice, victor at Fontenoy, 251-255.
• Scheldt, estuary, 17;
• “the greyest of grey rivers,” 18;
• history of navigation on, 18-19;
• view from, 19-20;
• river traffic on, 20;
• Antwerp from, 21;
• monument on Place Marnix, 19; 169;
• at Tournai, 266; 300;
• snakes in, 382;
• at Audenaerde, 387; 389;
• legend of Brabo, 393-394;
• displaces the Zwyn as highway of commerce, 394-395;
• fight for mastery of, 399-400;
• deepens as commerce grows, 400; 401; 414;
• closed during reign of the Archdukes, 447;
• opened to navigation in 1795, 459;
• docks erected by Napoleon, 460;
• free under the Dutch, 460;
• freed permanently by Leopold I in 1863, 461;
• growth of commerce since, 462.
• Scott, Sir Walter, “Quentin Durward,” cited, 288; 304.
• Seghers, Daniel, 51.
• Shelley, “Ode to the Skylark,” quoted, 167-168.
• Sigebert, brother of Chilperic, 248; 281.
• Sluys, part of the Franc of Bruges, 59;
• landing place of Margaret of York in 1468, 76;
• Battle of, 201;
• captured by Maurice of Nassau, 468.
• Snellinck, Jean, “Creation of Eve” at Audenaerde, 388-389.
• Snyders, Francis, animal pictures of, 453.
• Spanish Fury, the, 415-418.
• Spierinckx, Peter, 386.
• Spinola, Ambrose, Marquis of, captures Ostende, 468-469.
• Stallaert, “Death of Dido,” 274.
• Steen, 396; 398;
• description of, 399.
• Strada, the historian, cited, 378.
• Swerts, Jean, mural paintings at Ypres, 125;
• at Courtrai, 152.
• T
• Taillebert, Urban, 84.
• Tancmar, Lord of Straten, 37.
• Tani, Jacopo, 298.
• Tapestry, 5;
• workers organised into a guild, 230;
• in church of St. Brice at Tournai, 264;
• weaving at Tournai, 278-280; 376;
• at Audenaerde, 384-390.
• Templars, Tower of, at Nieuport, 95; 99;
• House of, at Ypres, 140-141.
• Teniers, David, 7; 386;
• master of scenes of homely Flemish life, 453-454; 455; 456.
• Tournai, tapestries, 5;
• forest of, 134;
• besieged by Edward III, 202;
• Guild of St. Luke organised, 229;
• tapestry workers organised, 230;
• oldest city in Belgium, 242;
• Turris Nerviorum of Cæsar, 245;
• capital of Merovingian Kings, 245-248;
• many sieges, 248-250;
• Battle of Fontenoy, 250-255;
• Belfry, 262-263;
• Roman houses and church of St. Brice, 263-264;
• relics of King Childeric, 264-265;
• Marvis Towers, Pont des Trous, and tower of Henry VIII, 265-267;
• Ville d’Art, 268-269 and 281-282;
• Robert Campin, Jacques Daret and Van der Weyden, 269-272;
• Cloth Hall and Museum of Fine Arts, 272-275;
• later artists, 274-275;
• sculptors at, 275-276;
• gold and silversmiths at, 276-277;
• coppersmiths at, 277-278;
• tapestry weavers, 278-280;
• porcelains of, 280-281;
• manufactures of stained glass, 281-282;
• manufacture of fine carpets, 282; 312;
• “monuments” classified, 363; 377;
• tapestry weaving at, 383.
• Trajan, “the Just Emperor,” painting by Van der Weyden, 271.
• Triest, Bishop, tomb in Cathedral of St. Bavon at Ghent, 241;
• encourages horticulture at Ghent, 355-356; 358.
• Turenne, defeated by Condé near Nieuport, 95.
• Turin, Exposition of, Tournai carpet shown at, 282.
• Turnhout, lace makers at, 5;
• fairy hill near, 409.
• U
• Urbin, Duke of, 378.
• V
• Valckx, Pierre, sculptor, 381.
• Valenciennes, 134; 137;
• lace made at Ypres, 141; 219;
• tapestry workers organised, 230; 351.
• Van Artevelde, Jacques (or Jacob), besieges Louis of Maele at Ghent, 178;
• rise to power, 199-200;
• alliance with Edward III, 201;
• Battle of Sluys, 201-202;
• assassination, 202-204; 248-249; 397.
• Van Artevelde, Philip, brief career, 206-207;
• big cannon of, 208;
• at siege of Audenaerde, 391.
• Van Bredael, Alexander, 386.
• Van den Broeck, 431.
• Van Dyck, Anthony, “The Raising of the Cross” at Courtrai, 162-163;
• “The Crucifixion” at Malines, 327; 433;
• pupil of Rubens, 499;
• “Saint Martin dividing Cloak among the Beggars,” 499-451;
• at Antwerp, 451;
• court painter of Charles I, 451;
• chief works, 451-452; 456.
• Van Eyck, Hubert, tombstone at Abbey of St. Bavon, 184;
• discovery of art of painting with oils, 231-233;
• in service of Philip the Good, 233-234;
• plans and begins “The Adoration of the Lamb,” 234-235;
• death, 234;
• monument, 241; 269; 270; 295; 360.
• Van Eyck, Jean, colours statues for Hotel de Ville at Bruges, 58; 59;
• discovery of art of painting with oils, 231-233;
• enters service of Philip the Good, 233-234;
• completes “The Adoration of the Lamb,” 235;
• later paintings, 238-239;
• death, 240;
• monument, 241; 269; 270; 295; 301;
• “La Belle Portugalaise” at Malines, 341-342; 360.
• Van der Gheynst, Jehanne (or Jeanne), 377-378.
• Van der Goes, Hugo, 273; 301; 307;
• life and principal works, 360-362.
• Van Maerlant, Jacob, Flemish poet, 59;
• statue at Damme, 73-74.
• Van der Meire, Gerard, painter of Ghent, 363.
• Van Nieuwenhove, Martin, painting of, by Memling, 298.
• Van Noort, Adam, teacher of Rubens, 441.
• Van Orley, Bernard, 339; 341.
• Van der Paele, George, painting of, by Jean Van Eyck, 239-240.
• Van Péde, Henri, 371.
• Van der Schelden, Paul, sculptor, 373;
• wooden doorway at Audenaerde, 375.
• Van Severdonck, 274.
• Van de Walle, burgomaster of Bruges, 224; 225.
• Van der Voort, Michel, sculptor of Antwerp, 326.
• Van der Weyden, Rogier (Roger de la Pasture), 270-272; 273;
• influence of sculpture on, 275; 280; 300; 307; 308; 309; 341.
• Vauban, military engineer, constructs walls of Ypres, 142;
• fortifies Tournai, 250; 312.
• Verbanck, Georges, 241.
• Verbruggen, P. H., sculptor, 241; 453.
• Vere, Sir Francis, English commander at Ostende, 467-468.
• Verhaegen, Theodore, sculptor, 329;
• fine carvings at Malines, 331.
• Verlat, Charles, 418-419.
• Vervoort, Michel, 442.
• Vivés, Louis, 341.
• Voisin, Belgian historian, 160.
• Vos, Martin de, many works of, at Antwerp, 404; 431.
• Vriendt, Albrecht and Julian de, frescoes at Bruges, 58-59;
• at Furnes, 91.
• Vriendt, Cornelius de, 456-457.
• Vos, Cornelius de, portraits of, 453.
• Vydts, Jodocus, 234.
• W
• Waghenakere, Dominique de, architect, 348.
• Walloon provinces, 13; 24.
• Walter of Straten, 37.
• Waterloo, Battle of, 94; 158; 250; 359; 460.
• Wauters, Prof. A. J., “History of Flemish Painting,” cited, 229;
• attributes portrait of Charles the Bold to Van der Goes, 362;
• on Peter Breughel the Elder, quoted, 404-405;
• eulogy of Rubens, quoted, 446-447.
• Wauters, Emile, painting of the madness of Hugo Van der Goes, 361.
• Weale, James, cited, 299.
• Westende, 473.
• White Hoods, 188;
• destroy castles of Liliaert nobles, 200.
• William of Dampierre, Count of Flanders, 153.
• William I, King of Holland, 460.
• William of Juliers, Provost of Maestricht, 154; 193.
• William the Silent, Prince of Orange, 320; 328; 412; 419;
• death, 419;
• plans for defence of Antwerp disregarded, 420-421.
• Winders, sculptor, 19.
• Witte, Gaspar de, 386.
• Wolsey, Cardinal, 249.
• Wordsworth, quoted, 168.
• Wynandael, 53; 132.
• Y
• Yperlée, tributary to the Yser, 104.
• Ypres, at the time of the Crusades, 13;
• fortified by Baldwin II, 34;
• execution of Provost of St. Donatian at, 40-41;
• receives charter from Philip of Alsace, 55;
• stubborn defence in the Great War, 116-118;
• Halle aux Draps, or Cloth Hall, 118-125;
• church of St. Martin, 125-126;
• Grande Place, 126-129;
• Musée Merghelynck, 139-140;
• rue de Lille and ancient city walls, 141-143;
• causes of decline, 143-145;
• language spoken at, 159;
• guildsmen of, at Battle of the Spurs, 157; 190; 192; 198-199;
• influence of Jacques Van Artevelde in, 200; 202;
• Melchior Broederlam, early painter of, 230-231; 304;
• Hotel de Ville destroyed by the Germans, 482.
• Ysenbrant, Adriaen, early painter of Bruges, 301.
• Yser Canal, limit of the German advance, 94;
• the locks, the river and the three canals, 103-104.
• Z
• Zee-Brugge, from the sea, 16.
• Zeghers, Gerard, religious pictures of, 453.
• Zwyn, ancient channel to Bruges, 16-17; 59;
• silting up of, 70-71;
• replaced by the Scheldt, as channel of commerce, 394-395; 398.