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The Spirit Lake Massacre

Chapter 63: INDEX
By Thomas Teakle
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History - American

About This Book

The narrative traces the lead-up, execution, and aftermath of an 1857 series of attacks on frontier settlements around Okoboji and Spirit Lake, examining frontier expansion, treaty failures, and local grievances as underlying causes. It reconstructs the movements of the attacking band under Inkpaduta, day-by-day assaults on settlements, the flight and defense of survivors, relief expeditions from nearby posts, burial operations, and the capture, ransom, or death of several settlers. Closing chapters follow pursuit of the attackers, official and popular responses, memorial tributes, and the region’s subsequent changes, with the account grounded in primary documents and secondary sources.

[334] House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 398.

[335] This speech is one of the very few well-known oratorical efforts of a Siouan leader and as such it is here appended: “The soldiers have appointed me to speak for them. The man who killed white people did not belong to us, and we did not expect to be called to account for the people of another band. We have always tried to do as our Great Father tells us. One of our young men brought in a captive woman. I went out and brought the other. The soldiers came up here, and our young men assisted to kill one of Ink-pa-du-tah’s sons at this place. Then you (Superintendent Cullen) spoke about our soldiers going after the rest. Wakea Ska (White Lodge) said he would go, and the rest of us followed. The lower Indians did not get up the war party for you; it was our Indians, the Wahpeton and Sisiton. The soldiers here say that they were told by you that a thousand dollars would be paid for killing each of the murderers. Their Great Father does not expect to do these things without money, and I suppose that it is for that that the special agent is come up. We wish the men who went out paid for what they have done. Three men are killed as we know. I am not a chief among the Indians. The white people have declared me a chief, and I suppose I am able to do something. We have nothing to eat, and our families are hungry. If we go out again we must have some money before we go. This is what the soldiers have wished me to say.... All of us want our money now very much. We have never seen our Great Father, but have heard a great deal from him, and have always tried to do as he has told us. A man of another band has done wrong, and we are to suffer for it. Our old women and children are hungry for this. I have seen ten thousand dollars sent to pay for our going out. I wish the soldiers were paid for it. I suppose our Great Father has more money than this.”—House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 399.

[336] Hubbard and Holcombe’s Minnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, pp. 267, 268; South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 344, 345, Vol. VI, p. 226.

[337] Flandrau’s The Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre of 1857 in the Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. III, pp. 402-404.

[338] Flandrau’s The Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre of 1857 in the Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. III, pp. 404-406.

CHAPTER XXX

[339] Letter of Governor James W. Grimes to the Iowa Delegation in Congress, January 3, 1855, in the Annals of Iowa (Third Series), Vol. II, pp. 627-630; Letter of Governor James W. Grimes to President Franklin Pierce in the Annals of Iowa (Third Series), Vol. III, pp. 135-137.

[340] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. II, Ch. 163, p. 363, 1st Session, 35th Congress, June 14, 1858.

[341] Copies of Claims Submitted in Auditor’s office, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa; Statement from the Office of the Northern Superintendent of Indian Affairs, St. Paul, Minnesota, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.

[342] Statement from Office of Northern Superintendent of Indian Affairs, St. Paul, Minnesota, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.

[343] Letter to Governor Lowe from Superintendent W. J. Cullen, August 12, 1859, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.

[344] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. 12, Ch. 157, p. 58, 1st Session, 36th Congress, June 19, 1860.

[345] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. 12, Ch. 163, p. 68, 1st Session, 36th Congress, June 21, 1860.

[346] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. 12, Ch. 72, p. 203, 2nd Session, 36th Congress, March 2, 1861.

[347] Laws of Iowa, 1860, pp. 26, 27.

[348] Laws of Iowa, 1860, pp. 36, 37.

[349] Claims and Vouchers Filed with Governor of Iowa in Auditor’s Office, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.

As late as January, 1870, in his first biennial message to the legislature, Governor Merrill stated that the State had recently received from the Federal government the “sum of $18,117 to reimburse outlay for the defense of the northern border of the State, subsequent to the massacre at Spirit Lake in 1857.”—Shambaugh’s Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of Iowa, Vol. III, p. 263.

[350] Annals of Iowa (Third Series), Vol. III, p. 481.

[351] A Worthy Tribute in the Fort Dodge Messenger, Vol. 23, No. 39, August 18, 1887.

[352] A Worthy Tribute in the Fort Dodge Messenger, Vol. 23, No. 39, August, 18, 1887.

[353] S. F. 115 was introduced by Senator A. B. Funk of Spirit Lake, and H. F. 230 by Representative J. G. Myerly of Estherville. Senator Funk’s measure was later substituted in the House for the House measure, upon motion of Representative Myerly.—Senate Journal, 1894, pp. 85, 178, 335, 585, 697; House Journal, 1894, pp. 124, 504, 577, 765.

[354] Laws of Iowa, 1894, pp. 116, 117.

[355] Report of the Okoboji and Spirit Lake Monument Commission in the Annals of Iowa (Third Series), Vol. III, pp. 552, 553.

[356] Smith’s A History of Dickinson County, Iowa, pp. 572, 574, 575.

[357] Smith’s A History of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 576.

[358] Smith’s A History of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 579.

It should also be noted that on April 9, 1913, there was approved a law which declared that “on and after the passage of this act, the survivors of the Spirit Lake Relief Expedition of 1857 ... shall receive a monthly pension of $20.00 per month, during the lifetime of each such survivor”.—Laws of Iowa, 1913, p. 362.

Under the provisions of this law there was paid out of the State treasury the sum of $2,189.33 for the biennial period ending June 30, 1914, and $4,677.33 for the biennial period ending June 30, 1916.—Report of the Treasurer of State, 1914, p. 21, 1916, p. 21.

CHAPTER XXXI

[359] Mrs. Sharp’s History of the Spirit Lake Massacre (1902 edition), pp. 274-282, 340.

[360] Judge Charles E. Flandrau in The Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre of 1857 in the Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. III, p. 399, has this to say of Mrs. Marble after leaving St. Paul, Minnesota: “The bank [where her money had been placed] failed, and that was the end of Mrs. Marble so far as I know, except that I heard that she exhibited herself at the East, in the role of the rescued captive, and the very last information I had of her, was, that she went up in a balloon at New Orleans. I leave to future historians the solution of the problem, whether she ever came down again?”

[361] Smith’s A History of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 576.

INDEX

  • Addington, Jesse, 150, 167, 192, 200, 204
  • Adel, Indian battle near, 284
  • Aldrich, Charles, memorial secured through efforts of, 263, 264;
  • reference to, 264, 266;
  • agitation by, for monument at lakes, 264, 265;
  • statement by, 301, 302
  • Alexander, E. B., expedition sent out by, 128;
  • desire of, to secure rescue of captives, 225, 226;
  • plans of, for punishment of Inkpaduta, 246
  • Algona, first settlement near, 38;
  • reference to, 49, 65;
  • Indian depredations near, 282;
  • Indian battle near, 284
  • Allegheny Mountains, 269
  • Allotment of land, 9, 10
  • American Fur Company, undue influence of, 22, 24, 25
  • Ammunition, demand of Indians for, 98
  • Anderson, Thomas, 165
  • Annuities, failure to fulfil promises concerning, 9, 10;
  • payment of traders out of, 15;
  • sharing of Inkpaduta in, 71;
  • trouble over, 240, 241, 248-251, 256;
  • desire of Inkpaduta to share in, 254;
  • reference to, 279, 293
  • An-pe-tu-tok-cha, ransom of Abbie Gardner by, 232-239;
  • speech by, 242, 243;
  • expedition guided by, 257
  • Army, method of transportation in, 247, 248
  • Ash Hollow, massacre at, 4, 277, 278
  • Ashland, 86
  • Ashton (South Dakota), 235
  • Bach Grove, 165, 309
  • Baker, D. H., 167
  • Bancroft, Indian depredations near, 282
  • Barnes’s Grove, 40
  • Beaver, shooting of, 190;
  • attempt of men to eat, 206, 207
  • Beaver Creek, 170
  • Bee, Barnard E., relief expedition under, 128-131;
  • determination of, to make expedition, 131;
  • activities of expedition under, 153-158;
  • reference to, 191;
  • Abbie Gardner honored by, 241;
  • reason for failure of, to capture Inkpaduta, 247;
  • service of, in Civil War, 298
  • Bell, Abner, 93
  • Benjamin, Hiram, 167
  • Berkley, Granville, 36
  • Bice, Orlando, 167
  • Bicknell, James, 39, 88;
  • robbing of home of, 89
  • Big Bend, 34
  • Big Drift Wood Lake, 252
  • Big Face, 74
  • Big Island Grove, 122;
  • relief expedition at, 182, 183;
  • evidence of Indians at, 183
  • Big Sioux River, 63, 65, 72, 73, 215, 218, 220, 223, 226, 229, 233;
  • difficulty in crossing, 221;
  • killing of Mrs. Thatcher while crossing, 221, 222
  • Bissell, George R., 169, 188
  • Black Buffalo, 135
  • Black Eagle, 64 (see Wamdisapa)
  • Black Hawk, defeat of, 6
  • Blaine (Washington), 273
  • Blizzard, 197, 198;
  • experiences of members of burial detail during, 199-202;
  • experiences of members of relief expedition during, 208-211, 310
  • Blood revenge, practice of, among Sioux, 75-77
  • “Bloody Run”, 34, 35
  • Blue Earth River, 41, 65, 66
  • Blue River, 277
  • Bonebright, 165
  • Boone, 32
  • Boone River, 31, 309;
  • Lott’s trading house on, 31, 32
  • Boonesboro, 33
  • Border Plains, news of massacre carried to, 163;
  • reference to, 166
  • Boyer River, 18;
  • depredations along, 68, 69
  • Bradshaw, John, 57, 58, 134, 140, 142, 149, 187, 189
  • Brainard, James, 165
  • Brewer family, 164
  • Brizee, George W., 167, 206;
  • mock court-martial of, 179
  • Brown, James A., visit of Indians at cabin of, 86, 87
  • Brown, Sam, 256, 257
  • Brulé Sioux Indians, campaign against, 277, 278
  • Buena Vista County, alarm in, 22;
  • settlement in, 40;
  • Inkpaduta’s band in, 87;
  • reference to, 88;
  • Indian depredations in, 282
  • Buffalo, disappearance of, 10;
  • reference to, 235
  • Bull Run, battle of, 298
  • Burdens, size of, carried by captives, 216, 217
  • Burial detail, activities of, 192-205
  • Burkholder, William E., 167, 192, 197, 200, 214, 266;
  • death of, by freezing, 204, 205;
  • burial of body of, 309
  • Burtch, Asa, 60, 61, 96, 180, 196, 289, 305
  • Byron (Minnesota), 272, 301
  • Cabin, erection of, by Gardner, 51
  • California, 35
  • California trail, 21
  • Call, Ambrose A., 38, 49
  • Call, Asa C, 38, 49
  • Callagan, Thomas, 166
  • Calumets, making of, 219
  • Camp fires, 171
  • Campbell, Joseph, 252, 256, 257
  • Canada, 70, 256, 290;
  • flight of Inkpaduta to, 255
  • Cannon River, 66
  • Captives, treatment of, by Indians, 119-121;
  • experiences of among Indians, 215-224;
  • difficulty of, in crossing stream, 219, 220;
  • plans for rescue of, 226, 245;
  • sale of, 234
  • Carpenter, Cyrus C, 180, 184, 264, 265, 266, 267, 309;
  • statement by, 182, 210, 211
  • Carse, Henry, 167, 192, 198;
  • sufferings of, 201, 202, 203
  • Carter, Richard, 167
  • Carter, R. F., 167
  • Carter family, 285
  • Carver, David N., 58, 134, 140, 148, 149;
  • wounding of, 141
  • Cassady, Sherman, 165
  • Catlin, George, 311
  • Cattle, shelter for, 51;
  • killing of, 85, 87, 101, 183
  • Cavanagh, Michael, 167
  • Cedar Falls, 39, 60, 89
  • Cedar River, 18
  • Center Grove Township, 46
  • Centerville, 33
  • Chatterton, Mr., 167
  • Cheffins, Joseph B., 58, 138;
  • news of massacre carried to agency by, 126, 127
  • Chemeuse, 33
  • Cherokee, settlement near, 40;
  • reference to, 41, 85, 87
  • Cherokee County, settlement in, 40;
  • Inkpaduta’s band in, 85
  • Che-tan-maza, ransom of Abbie Gardner by, 232-239;
  • reference to, 267
  • Cheyenne River, 68
  • Chippewa Indians, treaty with, 7;
  • reference to, 13, 24
  • Christian Indians, ransom of Mrs. Marble by, 226-231;
  • reference to, 312
  • Church, William L., 57, 177, 178, 184, 187, 189, 273
  • Church, Mrs. William L., 133, 156;
  • Indian shot by, 141
  • Churubusco, 177
  • Civil War, service of Bee in, 298
  • Clark, Robert, 60, 61, 100, 101, 118, 289;
  • attempt of, to warn settlers, 100;
  • burial of body of, 195
  • Clarke, Newman S., 18
  • Clay County, settlements in, 39, 40;
  • Inkpaduta’s band in, 88-93
  • Clear Lake, Grindstone War near, 26-28;
  • Gardner at, 48, 49;
  • Indian battle near, 284
  • Cloudman, statement by, 10
  • Collins, Mrs. Elwood, statement by, 212, 213
  • Columbus (Ohio), 244
  • Commissary, 169
  • Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 20
  • Company A (Relief Expedition), officers of, 166;
  • members of, 167;
  • mock court-martial by, 179;
  • recruits for, 180;
  • night camp of, 182
  • Company B (Relief Expedition), officers of, 166;
  • members of, 167;
  • discharge of members of, 178;
  • recruits for, 180
  • Company C (Relief Expedition), officers and members of, 165;
  • recruits for, 178;
  • celebration by, 179;
  • memorial to, at Webster City, 263, 264;
  • reference to, 309
  • Congress, appeal to Iowa delegation in, 20;
  • appropriations by, for relief of Spirit Lake sufferers, 260-263
  • Conlan, Patrick, 165
  • Connecticut, 47
  • Conrad, Julius, 167
  • Corn, picking of, by Indians, 78, 79
  • Correctionville, 41;
  • Inkpaduta’s band at, 84, 85
  • Corsau, Mr. 213
  • Coursalle, Mr., information given by, 153, 154;
  • service of, as guide, 154-156;
  • reference to, 158, 215, 300
  • Coursalle, Mrs. 156
  • Coursalle’s Grove, 153
  • Coursalle’s trading post, 136
  • Court-martial, 179
  • Courts, inability of Indians to sue in, 14
  • Crawford, L. D., 167
  • Credit, giving of, to Indians, 25
  • Crouse, A. E., 167
  • Crow Wing (Minnesota), 279
  • Cullen, W. J., statement by, 15, 16;
  • efforts of, to secure expedition of Indians, 248-252;
  • difficulties of, with Indians, 253, 254;
  • reference to, 261
  • Custer massacre, Inkpaduta at, 255
  • Cylinder Creek, 61, 179, 198, 209, 210, 214;
  • rise in, 207;
  • camp on, 210, 211;
  • breaking up of expedition after crossing, 211
  • Dakota City, march of relief expedition to, 172, 173;
  • reference to, 174, 176, 179;
  • Indian depredations at, 282
  • Dakota River, 63, 234
  • Dakota Territory, sufferings of Indians in, 43, 67, 73, 82, 219, 245, 248, 291
  • Dallas County, 285
  • Dalley, Henry E., 165, 192, 202, 203, 307
  • Darke County (Ohio), 229
  • Dawson, J. W., 167
  • Debts, payment of, to traders, 14-16
  • Defense, preparations for, at Springfield, 132-137
  • De Fore, William, 167
  • De Foe, William A., 167, 184, 192
  • Delaware County, 54
  • Des Moines, 36, 265
  • Des Moines City, 56
  • Des Moines River, 17, 19, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 41, 56, 63, 68, 73, 122, 124, 129, 132, 139, 153, 161, 179 181, 183, 185, 193, 198, 202, 205;
  • settlements along, 38, 39;
  • march of relief expedition up, 172
  • Des Moines Valley, 35, 160, 179;
  • settlements in, 39
  • Dickerson, James, trouble of, with Indians, 27
  • Dickerson, Mrs. James, 27
  • Dickinson County, early visitors in, 44;
  • reference to, 229
  • Dog, eating of, by Indians, 217, 237, 238
  • Dragoon Trail, 180
  • Dry Wood, 290
  • Dubuque, 17, 30, 244
  • Duncombe, John F., 166, 171, 174, 176, 188, 190, 208, 264, 265;
  • laudanum taken by, 176, 177
  • Dungan, Warren S., 268
  • Earth Lodges, 234
  • East Okoboji Lake, 46, 161
  • Eastman, Charles, 255
  • Edyington (Ohio), 48
  • Elk, hunting of, by Indians, 79
  • Elk Rapids, 33
  • Emmet, 41
  • Emmet County, 39, 122
  • Emmetsburg, beginning of, 38, 39, 181
  • End of the Snake, captives purchased by, 234
  • Erie, John 165
  • Estherville, 41
  • Europe, 4
  • Evans, Jeremiah, 177, 178
  • Exile, method of becoming, 291
  • Farney, John, 167
  • Fenton, Charles T., 164, 263
  • Fire, method of starting, 202, 203
  • Fire Cloud, 74;
  • killing of, 253
  • Flandrau, Charles E., news of massacre carried to Fort Ridgely by, 128;
  • account of expedition by, 130, 131;
  • activities of, upon receipt of news of massacre, 225, 226;
  • reference to, 229, 242, 243, 259, 267, 317;
  • Indians paid by, for ransom of Mrs. Marble, 230, 231;
  • efforts of, to secure release of captives, 232, 233;
  • Mrs. Marble taken to St. Paul by, 239, 240;
  • payment of Indians secured by, 245;
  • payment of bond issued by, 245, 246;
  • plans of, for punishment of Inkpaduta, 246;
  • investigation and report by, 247, 248;
  • expedition against Indians raised by, 256-259
  • Flandrau (South Dakota), 220, 224
  • Florida, 247
  • Flour, demand of Indians for, 102;
  • confiscation of, 180
  • Food, journey east to secure, 59-61;
  • giving of, to Indians, 97, 98, 116;
  • lack of, among Indians, 217, 218
  • Ford, William N., 167, 192
  • Fort Clarke, establishment of, 17;
  • change of name of, 281
  • Fort Dodge (military post), establishment of, 17, 280, 281;
  • reference to, 18, 19;
  • abandonment of, 18;
  • naming of, 281
  • Fort Dodge (town), alarm near, 20;
  • reference to, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 59, 99, 102, 125, 151, 159, 160, 178, 180, 184, 189, 196, 211, 215, 244, 266, 272, 295, 301, 305, 309;
  • company raised at, 35;
  • settlements northwest of, 38;
  • news of depredations taken to, 92, 93;
  • attempt to organize relief party at, 93;
  • plan of Gardner to make trip to, 96, 97;
  • news of massacre carried to, 124;
  • organization of relief expedition at, 159-169;
  • arrival of Howe and Wheelock at, 162;
  • arrival of Webster City company at, 164, 165;
  • departure of relief expedition from, 170;
  • return of part of men to, 199;
  • return of members of relief expedition to, 213, 214
  • Fort Kearney, 277
  • Fort Laramie, 21, 277
  • Fort Leavenworth, 277
  • Fort Pierre, 82, 277
  • Fort Randall, 18
  • Fort Ridgely, establishment of, 18;
  • reference to, 35, 72, 130, 138, 139, 143, 147, 158, 178, 179, 225, 241, 242, 246, 249, 256;
  • news of massacre carried to, 122-127;
  • sending of relief expedition from, 128-131;
  • arrival of relief expedition from, 153-158
  • Fort Snelling, 17, 18, 280, 281
  • Fort Wayne (Indiana), 272
  • Franklin County, 54
  • Freeborn, William, 39
  • Fremont, John C., 45
  • Frontier, advance of, 1-8;
  • disreputable elements on, 11, 23;
  • failure of government to protect, 12;
  • lack of protection on, 17-25;
  • settlements on, in 1857, 37-41;
  • winter of 1856-1857 on, 42, 43;
  • plan for attacks on, 69, 74;
  • efforts to secure protection of, 260;
  • tribute to services of pioneers on, 268;
  • disappearance of, 269
  • Frost, Nathaniel, 58, 153;
  • trip of, to Slocum’s farm, 135
  • Fuller House, 240, 242
  • Funk, A. B., 265, 316
  • Funk family, 164
  • Gaboo, Joe, 153, 156, 300
  • Galbraith, Agent, 254
  • “Galena” (steamboat), 244
  • Gales, John, 167
  • Game, disappearance of, 10, 11, 42
  • Gar Lake, 160
  • Gardner, Abbie, 47, 103, 113, 121, 228, 234, 245, 246, 267;
  • taking of, as captive, 103, 104;
  • early experiences of, in captivity, 111, 112;
  • burden borne by, 216, 217;
  • attitude of, toward captivity, 220;
  • history of ransom of, 232-244;
  • price paid for ransom of, 237;
  • journey of, from Yellow Medicine to St. Paul, 240-242;
  • ceremony in honor of, 242, 243;
  • war bonnet presented to, 243;
  • return of, to friends in Iowa, 244;
  • marriage of, 270
  • (see Sharp, Mrs. Abbie Gardner)
  • Gardner, Eliza, 47, 57, 121, 133, 195, 244, 270
  • Gardner, Francis M., 118
  • Gardner, Mary, 47;
  • marriage of, 50
  • Gardner, Rowland, migrations of, 47-50;
  • arrival of, at Lake Okoboji, 50;
  • settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 50-53;
  • reference to, 57, 118, 133;
  • camp of Indians near cabin of, 95, 96;
  • plan of, for trip to Fort Dodge, 96, 97;
  • first visit of Indians to cabin of, 97, 98;
  • fears of, 99, 100;
  • killing of cattle of, 101;
  • suspense in cabin of, 101;
  • desire of, to resist Indians, 102;
  • massacre at cabin of, 102-104;
  • pillaging of cabin of, 104;
  • discovery of massacre at cabin of, 123;
  • burial of victims of massacre at cabin of, 195;
  • burial party at cabin of, 195, 196;
  • monument near cabin of, 266;
  • preëmpting of claim of, 270
  • Gardner, Rowland, Jr., 47, 118;
  • killing of, 103
  • Gardner, Mrs. Rowland, 51, 97;
  • unwillingness of, to resist Indians, 102;
  • effort of, to prevent murder, 102;
  • killing of, 103
  • Gates, Emery W., 165, 171, 213;
  • meal cooked by, 179
  • Gates, John, 165
  • Gens, meaning of, 290
  • Gillespie, Mrs., 273
  • Gillett brothers, visit of Indians to, 91, 92;
  • Indian killed by, 92;
  • flight of, 92
  • Gillett, Mrs. 92
  • Gillett’s Grove, settlement at, 39;
  • reference to, 41, 53, 94, 113;
  • Inkpaduta’s band at, 91, 92
  • Goodenough, Lee, 194, 307
  • Governor, 262, 263, 265
  • Government (see United States government)
  • Granger, Carl, settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 52, 53;
  • reference to, 105, 118;
  • killing of, 107;
  • burial of body of, 195
  • Granger, George, settlement of, 39;
  • journey of, to Springfield, 124, 125;
  • reference to, 132, 135, 150
  • Granger, William, settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 52, 53
  • Granger’s Point, news of massacre carried to, 124;
  • reference to, 150, 151, 152, 158, 160, 189, 196, 206;
  • march of relief expedition to, 182-191;
  • arrival of relief expedition at, 190, 191;
  • return of men to, 198
  • Gray Foot, ransom of Mrs. Marble by, 226-231
  • Great American Desert, 269
  • Green, Johnny, 33
  • Greenwood (New York), 47
  • Griffith, Josiah, 165
  • Grimes, James W., 19, 162, 168, 282, 295;
  • efforts of, to secure frontier protection, 20;
  • refusal of, to call out militia, 21;
  • letter to Pierce from, 21, 22
  • Grindstone War, events of, 26-28;
  • reference to, 49
  • Gun-caps, giving of, to Indians, 98
  • Guns, taking of, from Indians, 80;
  • re-taking of, by Indians, 82
  • Hamilton County, 36, 265, 286;
  • memorial in court house of, 263, 264
  • Hammond, Robert, treatment of, by Indians, 84
  • Hampton, 54, 55, 60, 110, 244, 270, 272
  • Harney, General, campaign of, 4, 82;
  • attitude of Sioux toward, 82;
  • massacre of Indians by troops under, 277, 278
  • Harriott, Isaac H., settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 52, 53;
  • reference to, 98, 99, 105, 118;
  • killing of, 106, 107;
  • burial of body of, 195
  • Harrison County, alarm in, 20, 22
  • Harshman, Joseph, 55, 105, 118;
  • killing of, 106, 107
  • Harshman, Mr., 57, 58
  • Hathaway, A. Newton, 165, 184, 212, 213
  • Hay, making of, 51
  • Hazelwood Republic, 312
  • Hefley, John, 167
  • Hempstead, Stephen, 19, 28
  • Henderson, John, 58, 134, 142, 145, 158, 302;
  • abandonment of, 152
  • Heron Lake, journey of Inkpaduta’s band to, 113-121;
  • arrival of Indians at, 120;
  • reference to, 131, 139, 145, 146, 216, 218;
  • journey of expedition to, 154, 155
  • Hewett, Mr. 26
  • Hickey, James, 165
  • Hillock, Humphrey C., 165
  • His Great Gun, 74
  • Hogs, killing of, 85, 87
  • Holcombe, Mr., statement by, 255
  • Homer, inquest at, 35, 36;
  • news of massacre carried to, 163;
  • reference to, 166, 286
  • Hood, Andrew, 180
  • Hoover, Harris, 165, 209
  • Horses, killing of, 85;
  • use of, by Indians, 113, 114;
  • treatment of, by Indians, 218
  • Howe, Alfred, 118, 296
  • Howe, Jacob, 111, 118, 296;
  • burial of body of, 194
  • Howe, Joel, settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 54, 55;
  • reference to, 60, 118;
  • killing of, 109;
  • massacre at cabin of, 109, 110;
  • discovery of massacre at cabin of, 123, 161;
  • burial of victims of massacre at cabin of, 193, 194;
  • burial of body of, 194;
  • finding of body of, 307, 308
  • Howe, Mrs. Joel, 108;
  • killing of, 109
  • Howe, Jonathan, 54, 60, 61, 118, 289, 296
  • Howe, Millie, 118
  • Howe, Orlando C., visit of, to lake region, 159, 160;
  • return of, to Jasper County, 160;
  • second trip of, to lakes, 160, 161;
  • massacre discovered by, 160, 161;
  • news taken to Fort Dodge by, 161, 162;
  • reference to, 167, 192, 196, 297
  • Howe, Philetus, 118, 296
  • Howe, Sardis, 118, 296
  • Howell, D. F., 167
  • Howland, M. W., 165, 209
  • Hughes, Thomas, 280
  • Humboldt County, alarm in, 22;
  • Lott’s cabin in, 34;
  • Indian depredations in, 282
  • Illinois, 181
  • Indian agent, activities of, in behalf of captives, 225, 226, 229, 230, 231
  • Indian agents, lack of power on part of, 13, 24
  • Indians, attitude of, toward whites, 2, 3;
  • refusal of, to work, 3, 4;
  • military expeditions against, 4;
  • title to Iowa soil ceded by, 5-8;
  • wrongs done to, 9-16;
  • criminals among, 12;
  • liquor traffic among, 13;
  • power of traders over, 13-16, 24, 25;
  • reasons for resentment of, 22-25;
  • outlaw band of, 29, 63-71;
  • feeling of, after murder of Sidominadota, 36;
  • attitude of, toward advancing frontier, 37, 38;
  • sufferings of, during winter of 1856-1857, 43;
  • feeding of, by settlers, 61, 62;
  • treatment of captives by, 112, 119-121, 215-224;
  • preparations for defense against, 132-137;
  • attack on Springfield by, 138-146;
  • flight of settlers from, 147-152;
  • nearness of troops to camp of, 156, 157;
  • evidence of presence of, 183;
  • fugitives mistaken for, 185, 186;
  • guard against surprise by, 189;
  • attitude of, toward pipestone quarry, 218, 219;
  • trouble with, over annuities, 240, 241, 248-251;
  • plan for campaign against, 246;
  • disappearance of, 269, 270;
  • depredations by, 282;
  • effect of whiskey on, 283;
  • record of massacre made by, 297
  • (see also Sioux Indians, Sac and Fox Indians, etc.)
  • Inkpaduta, 18, 131, 160, 183;
  • description of band under, 63-71;
  • expulsion of, from gens, 63, 64;
  • ambitions of, 66, 71;
  • murders by, 66, 67;
  • evil reputation of, 67, 68;
  • depredations by band under, 68, 69;
  • disintegration of band under, 69, 70;
  • description of, 69, 70;
  • character of, 70, 71;
  • plan of, to secure revenge, 72-77;
  • movements of band under, 72-74;
  • members of band under, 73, 74;
  • reasons for desire of, for revenge, 74-77;
  • relations between Sidominadota and, 75, 76;
  • actions of band under, at Smithland, 78-83;
  • depredations by, between Smithland and Lake Okoboji, 84-93;
  • first day of massacre by band under, 94-107;
  • second day of massacre by band under, 108-112;
  • massacre of Marble by Indians under, 113-118;
  • activities of Indians under, at Heron Lake, 120, 121;
  • attack on Springfield by, 138-146;
  • pursuit of, by Captain Bee, 154-157;
  • nearness of troops to Indians under, 156, 157;
  • pursuit of, abandoned, 157, 158;
  • treatment of captives by Indians under, 215-224;
  • plans for rescue of captives held by, 226;
  • ransom of Mrs. Marble from band under, 226-231;
  • moving of camp by, 233, 234;
  • sale of captives by, 234;
  • efforts to punish, 245-259;
  • pursuit of, by Indians, 252, 253;
  • killing of son of, 253, 258;
  • defection in band under, 253;
  • end of efforts to punish, 254;
  • later life of, 254-256;
  • death of, 256;
  • last expedition against Indians under, 256-259;
  • appropriations for expeditions against, 260-263;
  • explanation of condition of Indians under, 290;
  • exile of, 291;
  • number of Indians under, 293
  • Iowa, attitude of Indians toward, 3;
  • extinguishment of Indian title to soil of, 5-8;
  • lack of frontier protection in, 17-25;
  • winter of 1856-1857 in, 42, 43;
  • reference to, 43, 67, 256, 278;
  • Inkpaduta’s band in, 68, 69;
  • return of Abbie Gardner to, 244;
  • memorial tributes of, to persons involved in massacre, 260-268;
  • amount received by, for Spirit Lake Relief Expedition, 261-263;
  • appropriation by legislature of, 262;
  • Indian warfare in, 284
  • Iowa City, 41
  • Iowa Indians, removal of, from Iowa, 6;
  • murder of, by Sioux, 290
  • Iowa River, 281
  • Irish Colony, 38, 61, 180, 193, 196, 198, 201, 206, 207, 210, 309;
  • march of relief expedition to, 180;
  • relief expedition at, 181;
  • refugees sent to, 189;
  • reaching of, by burial party, 203, 204
  • Ishtahabah, 284
  • Jackson, Frank D., 265
  • Jackson, Thomas E., sobriquet of, 298
  • Jackson (Minnesota), 37, 266;
  • settlement at, 38
  • Jacques River (see James River)
  • Jagmani, 279
  • James River, 63, 215, 234, 235, 238;
  • rendezvous of Indians on, 65
  • Jasper County, 159, 160
  • John Other Day, ransom of Abbie Gardner by, 232-239;
  • expedition guided by, 257;
  • services of, at time of massacre of 1862, 312
  • Johns, John, 35
  • Johnson, Albert S., 167, 184
  • Johnson, John C., 165, 192, 194, 200, 214, 266, 307, 309;
  • enlistment of, 165, 166;
  • burial detail commanded by, 192;
  • division in party under, 196, 197;
  • sufferings of party under command of, 199-205;
  • efforts to find, 204;
  • death of, by freezing, 204, 205
  • Johnston, Albert Sidney, 246
  • Joshpaduta, story concerning, 285, 286
  • Kane County (Illinois), 38
  • Kanesville, 40
  • Kansas, 82
  • Kasominee, 284
  • Kellogg, Elias D., 165, 192, 202, 203
  • Kirchner, Christian, 93
  • Kirchner, J. A., 39, 40
  • Kirchner, Jacob, 39, 40, 88;
  • ill-treatment of family of, by Indians, 89
  • Koons, William N., 166
  • Kossuth County, alarm in, 22;
  • Indian depredations in, 282
  • Knoxville, 194
  • Lac D’Esprit, 44
  • Lac qui Parle, 229
  • La Framboise, Joseph, 130, 154, 155, 215
  • Lake Benton, 254
  • Lake Herman, 233
  • Lake Madison, 224, 233, 234, 236
  • Lake M’da Chan-Pta-Ya Tonka, 224
  • Lake Okoboji, attitude of Indians toward, 1;
  • settlement at, 39;
  • reference to, 41, 88, 137, 142;
  • early visitors at, 44;
  • early accounts of, 44, 45;
  • description of, 46, 47;
  • arrival of Gardner at, 47, 50;
  • settlement on shores of, 50-56;
  • first day of massacre at, 94-107;
  • second day of massacre at, 108-112;
  • visit of Howe to, 159, 160;
  • monument at, 266-268
  • Lake with a Grove of Big Trees, 224
  • Lakeville Township, 46
  • Land, cession of, by Indians, 4-8;
  • allotment of, to Indians, 9, 10
  • Land office, 38
  • Larrabee, William, 264
  • Laughlin, William K., 165, 184, 185, 192, 200, 201, 264;
  • men kept awake by, 201, 202;
  • fire started by, 202, 203;
  • crossing of river effected by, 203, 204
  • Laut, Agnes C., 302
  • Lebourveau, Mr., 86
  • Lee, L. P., Abbie Gardner escorted by, 244
  • Leonard, A. S., 165
  • Lewis and Clark expedition, 44
  • Lime Creek, 27, 28, 48
  • Linn, James, 166
  • Linn County, 55, 229
  • Liquor-dealers, activities of, among Indians, 13
  • Little Big Horn, battle of, 70, 255
  • Little Crow, disturbance quieted by, 251;
  • placing of, in command of expedition, 251, 252;
  • expedition under, 252, 253;
  • uprising under, 254, 255
  • Little Paul, ransom of Abbie Gardner by, 232-239
  • Little Rock River, 130
  • Little Sioux River, 1, 30, 38, 46, 73, 78, 82, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91, 93, 95, 293;
  • settlements along, 39, 40
  • Little Thunder, 277
  • Live stock, killing of, 85
  • Lizard Creek, 35, 38, 40, 284;
  • settlements along, 39
  • Loon Lake, 72, 160
  • Long, Steve, 240
  • Long, Mrs. Steve, 240
  • Lost Island Lake, 113
  • Lott, Henry, character of, 31;
  • whiskey traffic carried on by, 31, 32;
  • attack of Indians upon, 32, 33;
  • murder of Sidominadota by, 34-36;
  • reference to, 68;
  • location of cabin of, 285
  • Lott, Mrs. Henry, 285
  • Lott, Milton, death of, 33;
  • marker on grave of, 285
  • Lott’s Creek, 34, 211, 212
  • Luce, Albert, 50, 118
  • Luce, Amanda, 50, 118
  • Luce, Harvey, 48, 61, 97, 100, 101, 108, 118, 122, 180;
  • family of, 50;
  • settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 50-53;
  • journey of, east for supplies, 59-61;
  • return of, to Lake Okoboji, 96;
  • attempt of, to warn settlers, 100;
  • killing of cattle of, 101;
  • burial of body of, 195
  • Luce, Mrs. Harvey, 51, 97;
  • effort of, to prevent murder, 102;
  • killing of, 103
  • Luce, Mary M., 118
  • Luce children, killing of, 103
  • McBane, Angus, 180, 309
  • McCarty, Michael, 167
  • McCauley, William, 167
  • McCleary, George W., 20, 282
  • McClure, G. F., 167
  • McCormick, Robert, 167, 180, 192, 200
  • McFarland, John N., 167
  • McGowan, Eliza Gardner, 272
  • McKnight’s Point, 171, 174, 175;
  • relief expedition at, 176-179;
  • departure of relief expedition from, 179
  • McMurray, Mayor, 264
  • McNab, John, 158
  • Madelia (Minnesota), 130
  • Madison, Robert, 54, 118;
  • killing of, 106, 107
  • Madison (South Dakota), 224
  • Madison Grove, Indians at, 113
  • Madrid, 285
  • Madrid Historical Society, 285
  • Mahan, E., 167
  • Maher, Michael, 167
  • Ma-kpe-ya-ka-ho-ton, ransom of Mrs. Marble by, 226-231
  • Mak-pi-a-pe-ta, killing of, 253
  • Malcolm, A. S., 167
  • Manitoba, Inkpaduta in, 255
  • Mankato (Minnesota), 41, 56, 129
  • Marble, William, settlement of, at Spirit Lake, 55;
  • massacre of, 113-118, 296;
  • taking of money from body of, 117;
  • reference to, 118;
  • visit of Markham and Palmer to cabin of, 137;
  • burial of body of, 158;
  • preëmpting of claim of, 270
  • Marble, Mrs. William, 115, 116, 156, 222, 223, 233, 234, 242, 245, 246;
  • taking of, as captive, 117;
  • burden borne by, 216;
  • attitude of, toward captivity, 220;
  • history of ransom of, 225-231;
  • information secured from, 232;
  • reception of, at St. Paul, 239, 240;
  • later life of, 271, 317
  • Marion County, 31
  • Markham, Morris, 55, 132, 134, 135, 140, 142, 147, 148, 149, 189;
  • discovery of massacre by, 122-124;
  • news carried to Springfield by, 124, 125;
  • doubt concerning story of, 136;
  • proof of story of, 136, 137;
  • oxen secured by, 148, 149
  • Marsh, James M., attack on, 17, 30, 31
  • Marshalltown, 272
  • Massacre of 1862, services of John Other Day during, 312
  • Mason, B. S., 164
  • Mason, Frank R., 165, 184, 185, 187, 188;
  • experiences of party guided by, 211-213
  • Mason, Solon, 166, 208, 209
  • Mason City, 27, 48, 49, 272
  • Masonic Grove, 27
  • Ma-to-wa-ken, 238, 243
  • Mattock, Agnes, 118
  • Mattock, Alice, 118
  • Mattock, Daniel, 118
  • Mattock, Jackson A., 118
  • Mattock, Jacob M., 118
  • Mattock, James H., settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 53, 54;
  • camp of Indians near cabin of, 95, 96;
  • reference to, 99, 118, 123;
  • plan to concentrate at cabin of, 100;
  • failure of warning to reach, 101;
  • massacre at cabin of, 105-107, 295;
  • killing of, 106, 107;
  • burning of cabin of, 106;
  • discovery of massacre at cabin of, 161;
  • burial of victims of massacre at cabin of, 194, 195
  • Mattock, Mrs. James H., killing of, 106, 107
  • Mattock, Mary M., 118
  • Mattock children, killing of, 106
  • Mattock’s Grove, 54
  • Maxwell, J. D., 163
  • Maxwell, John N., 165, 175, 176, 184, 185, 192, 194, 200, 202, 264, 307;
  • effort of, to secure aid, 176, 177;
  • men kept awake by, 201, 202;
  • crossing of river effected by, 203, 204
  • Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni, speech by, 242, 243, 253, 254;
  • reference to, 269, 312
  • Mdewakanton Sioux Indians, treaty made by, 7, 8;
  • council with, 249
  • Mead, Ambrose S., 39, 40, 88, 93;
  • ill treatment of family of, by Indians, 89, 90
  • Mead, Mrs. Ambrose S., 89;
  • captivity of, 90
  • Mead, Emma, 90
  • Mead, Hattie, 90
  • Medary, Governor, 240, 245;
  • speech by, 242, 243;
  • Abbie Gardner escorted by, 244
  • Medium Lake, settlement at, 38, 181;
  • march of relief expedition to, 170-181;
  • relief expedition at, 181;
  • departure of relief expedition from, 182;
  • reference to, 183, 193, 207, 209
  • Mendota (Minnesota), treaty made at, 7, 8, 15, 19;
  • annuities under treaty of, 248
  • Merrill, Governor, 316
  • Mexican War, 177
  • Michigan, 229
  • Milford (Massachusetts), 86
  • Milford Colony, 40;
  • Inkpaduta’s band at, 85, 86
  • Milford Emigration Company, 40
  • Military administration, attitude of Flandrau toward, 247
  • Military campaigns, purpose of, 4
  • Militia, refusal of Grimes to call out, 21
  • Militia company, organization of, at Smithland, 80, 81
  • Miller, William, 34
  • Minnesota, 18, 37, 41, 43, 46, 56, 65, 67, 70, 218, 245, 247, 248, 251, 278, 312;
  • Inkpaduta’s band in, 68;
  • excitement in, at news of massacre, 225;
  • efforts of, to punish Indians, 260;
  • reimbursement of, by Federal government, 261-263
  • Minnesota River, 7, 18, 29, 40, 128, 129, 242, 278, 312
  • Minnetonka, 45
  • Minnewaukon, 45
  • Mississippi River, 256
  • Mississippi Valley, 21;
  • changes in, 269, 270
  • Missouri River, 6, 18, 21, 40, 68, 154, 234, 236, 255
  • Monona County, alarm in, 20, 22
  • Montana, 255
  • Monument, agitation for, 264, 265;
  • law providing for, 265;
  • commission to secure erection of, 265, 266;
  • erection of, 266;
  • dedication of, 267, 268
  • Moody, F. R., 165
  • Moon, A., 164
  • Mormons, 40;
  • expedition against, 246
  • Morrissey, Daniel, 167
  • Mud Creek, crossing of, 200
  • Mud Lake, 182, 206;
  • Indian battle at, 284
  • Murray, Jonas, 167, 204;
  • party guided by, 200
  • Murray County (Minnesota), 68
  • Murry, Alexander, relief expedition under, 128-131;
  • reference to, 154, 156, 157, 215, 256, 258;
  • activities of troops under, 158;
  • gift of, to Abbie Gardner, 241, 242
  • Musquakie Indians, 33;
  • warfare between Sioux and, 284
  • (see also Sac and Fox Indians)
  • Myerly, J. G., 316, 317
  • Nebraska, 21, 82
  • Nelson, William, 58, 134, 153
  • Nelson, Mrs. William, 134, 152
  • Neutral Ground, establishment and disposal of, 5, 6
  • New England, lakes in, 47
  • New Haven (Connecticut), 47
  • New Orleans, 317
  • New York, 39, 50;
  • lakes in, 47
  • Newton, 159
  • Nicollet, J. N., map made by, 45
  • Noble, Alvin, settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 54, 55;
  • massacre at cabin of, 110, 111;
  • reference to, 118, 122;
  • discovery of massacre at cabin of, 123, 124, 161;
  • burial of victims of massacre at cabin of, 193
  • Noble, Mrs. Alvin, taking of, as captive, 111;
  • early experience of, in captivity, 111, 112;
  • reference to, 113, 117, 194, 222, 237, 246, 258, 296;
  • attitude of, toward captivity, 220, 223;
  • attempt at ransom of, 228;
  • death of, 234, 235, 313
  • Noble, John, 118
  • Nolan, John, 165
  • Nora Springs, 28, 48
  • North Platte River, 277
  • Northwestern frontier, efforts to secure protection of, 260
  • Northwestern Iowa, character of, 41, 42
  • Nowland, John, 165
  • O’Brien County, first settler in, 40;
  • Inkpaduta’s band in, 87, 88;
  • reference to, 88
  • Oglala Sioux Indians, campaign against, 277, 278
  • Ohio, 31;
  • Gardner in, 48
  • Okeson, Daniel, 167;
  • discharge of, 178
  • Okoboji, Lake (see Lake Okoboji)
  • Okoboji South Beach Company, 266
  • O’Laughlin, John, 167;
  • discharge of, 178
  • Old Man, 74
  • Omaha Indians, 20, 81
  • Onawa, 86
  • Oregon trail, 21
  • Other Day (see John Other Day)
  • Oto Indians, 20
  • Ottawa Indians, treaty with, 7
  • Oxen, difficulty of transportation by means of, 170, 173, 174
  • Palmer, Jareb, 58, 132, 142, 149, 189, 267;
  • trip of, to Slocum’s farm, 135;
  • journey of, to lakes, 136, 137;
  • aid secured by, 150
  • Palo Alto County, alarm in, 22;
  • reference to, 61
  • Parkhurst, Lemuel, cabin of, visited by Indians, 86
  • Parkhurst, Mrs. Lemuel, 86
  • Parmenter, B. F., visit of, to lake region, 159, 160;
  • return of, to Jasper County, 160;
  • second trip of, to lakes, 160, 161;
  • massacre discovered by, 160, 161;
  • oxen left in charge of, 161, 162;
  • reference to, 167, 192, 196
  • Paul Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni, ransom of Abbie Gardner by, 232-239
  • Pea, Henry, 32
  • Pea’s Point, 32;
  • relief party from, 33
  • Pemberton, J. C, 165
  • Pennsylvania, 31, 309
  • Pension, 317
  • Peterson, settlement near, 39;
  • reference to, 41;
  • Inkpaduta’s band at, 88-91
  • Peterson Granite Company, 266
  • Phips, Mr., 229
  • Pierce, Franklin, 21
  • Pillsbury’s Point, Gardner cabin on, 51, 271
  • Pilot Rock, settlement near, 40;
  • Inkpaduta’s band at, 85
  • Pioneers, attitude of Indians toward, 11, 12;
  • tribute to memory of, 268
  • Pipestone quarry, Inkpaduta’s band at, 218;
  • attitude of Indians toward, 218, 219
  • Pollock, William P., 180
  • Porter, W. F., 167
  • Pottawattamie Indians, treaty with, 6, 7;
  • reference to, 33
  • Powder, demand of Indians for, 98
  • Prairie, difficulty of travel on, 173;
  • hardships of camping on, 175, 176;
  • flooding of, by rain, 207;
  • blizzard on, 210
  • Prairie du Chien, treaties made at, 5;
  • violation of treaties made at, 64;
  • reference to, 290
  • Prescott, J. S., 270
  • Prescott, Philander, 130
  • President of United States, 20
  • Provisions, securing of, 164
  • Putting on Walking, 74
  • Quartermaster, 169
  • Raccoon River, 90
  • Railroad, terminus of, 41
  • Rations, issuing of, 184
  • Rattling, 74
  • Ravines, difficulty in crossing, 172, 173, 174
  • Red Leg, 74
  • Red Pipestone Quarry, Inkpaduta at, 255
  • Red Rock, 31
  • “Red Top” band of Indians, 63
  • Red Wing (Minnesota), 39, 52, 53, 54, 106, 107
  • Redwood Agency, news of massacre carried to, 126, 127;
  • reference to, 241, 251, 256
  • Refugees, rescue of, 186-189
  • Relief expedition, sending of, from Fort Ridgely, 128-131;
  • arrival of, at Springfield, 153-158;
  • organization of, at Fort Dodge and Webster City, 159-169;
  • march of, to Medium Lake, 170-181;
  • march of, from Medium Lake to Granger’s Point, 182-191;
  • activities of burial detail sent out by, 192-205;
  • death of members of, 204, 205;
  • return of, to Fort Dodge and Webster City, 206-214;
  • money received for expenses of, 261-263;
  • experiences of, in blizzard, 310;
  • pension for survivors of, 317
  • Relief party, failure of, 90, 91;
  • attempt to organize, 93
  • Reno, Major, 255
  • Revenge, plan of Inkpaduta to secure, 72-77
  • Rexville (New York), 47, 48
  • Richards, Charles B., 162, 166, 179, 182, 188, 192, 193, 208, 264;
  • story by, 206, 207;
  • statement by, 309
  • Richards, W. S., 268
  • Richardson, Alonzo, 165
  • Ridgeway, L. B., 167
  • Riggs, Stephen R., 226, 229, 231, 312;
  • efforts of, to secure release of captives, 232
  • Roaring Cloud, 73, 74;
  • murder of Mrs. Noble by, 234;
  • killing of, 258
  • Robinson, Mr., 241
  • Rosenkrans, S. B., 164
  • Ross, Enoch, relief party under, 90, 91
  • Ryan, Enoch, 60, 61, 118, 289;
  • killing of, 110;
  • burial of body of, 193
  • Sac and Fox Indians, treaties made by, 5, 6;
  • reference to, 26, 29, 64, 65, 66;
  • warfare between Sioux and, 284
  • Sac City, 86;
  • relief party from, 90, 91
  • Sac County, alarm in, 22
  • Sacred Plume, 74
  • St. Paul, excitement in, at news of massacre, 225;
  • arrival of Mrs. Marble in, 229, 230;
  • Mrs. Marble at, 239, 240;
  • journey of Abbie Gardner to, 241, 242;
  • ceremony in honor of Abbie Gardner at, 242, 243;
  • reference to, 317
  • Santee Sioux Indians, 65, 71, 255
  • Saulsbury, E. W., 164
  • Scalp dance, 94, 108;
  • description of, 104, 105
  • “Scarlet Point”, 63
  • (see Inkpaduta)
  • Scouting party, activities of, 183-186, 189, 190
  • Searles, W., 167
  • Secretary of Interior, order by, 246, 247, 261
  • Se-ha-ho-ta, ransom of Mrs. Marble by, 226-231
  • Seneca (New York), 47
  • Sergeant Bluff, 20
  • Settlements, advance of, 3;
  • line of, in 1857, 37-41
  • Settlers, desire of, for Indian lands, 9;
  • attitude of Indians toward, 11, 12;
  • failure of government to protect, 12, 17-25;
  • cause of massacre of, 13;
  • abandonment of homes by, 18, 19;
  • alarm among, 20, 21, 22, 28;
  • attacks on, instigated by traders, 25;
  • depredations among, 31, 68, 69, 78-83, 84-93;
  • advance of, to northwest, 37, 38, 41, 42;
  • isolation of, 40, 41;
  • difficulties of, during winter of 1856-1857, 42, 43;
  • arrival of, at lakes, 50-56;
  • names of, at Springfield, 56-58;
  • Indians fed by, 61, 62;
  • flight of, from Springfield, 147-152;
  • preempting of claims by, 270
  • Shakopee (Minnesota), 242
  • Sharp, Mrs. Abbie Gardner, 70, 94, 105, 156, 157, 217, 235, 265, 266, 267;
  • efforts of, to secure monument, 265;
  • later life of, 270, 271;
  • characterization of Sioux by, 292
  • (see also Gardner, Abbie)
  • Sharp, Casville, marriage of Abbie Gardner and, 270
  • Sheehan, T. J., 254
  • Shell Rock, Gardner at, 48;
  • reference to, 60
  • Shell Rock Valley, 48
  • Sherman, George B., 169, 180
  • Sherman, Major, 249, 250, 259
  • Shiegley, Adam P., 57, 134, 135, 152, 158
  • Shifting Wind, 74
  • Shippey’s Point, 61, 96, 199, 305;
  • march of relief expedition to, 179, 180;
  • members of relief expedition at, 208, 209;
  • breaking up of expedition at, 211
  • Sidell (California), 271
  • Sidominadota, depredations by band under, 29-31;
  • attack of, on Lott, 32;
  • murder of, 34, 285;
  • murder of family of, 34-36;
  • reference to, 63;
  • flight of, from Inkpaduta, 68;
  • relation of murder of, to Spirit Lake Massacre, 74-77
  • Silbaugh, Mr., 271
  • Sioux City, 37, 41
  • Sioux Indians, Mecca of, 1;
  • government dealings with, 1-8;
  • campaign of Harney against, 4;
  • treaties between Sacs and Foxes and, 5, 6;
  • wrongs done to, 9-16;
  • government attitude toward, 12;
  • retirement of, 17;
  • depredations by, 17-25;
  • attitude of, toward whites, 22, 23;
  • retrogression of, 23, 24;
  • trouble with, near Clear Lake, 26-28;
  • attack of, on Lott, 32;
  • sufferings of, during winter of 1856-1857, 43;
  • outlaw band of, 63-71;
  • relationship among, 75;
  • practice of blood revenge among, 75-77;
  • attitude of, toward Harney, 82;
  • scalp dance of, 94;
  • attitude of, toward pipestone quarry, 218, 219;
  • receptions of Inkpaduta’s band by, 223;
  • demand for punishment of, 225;
  • trouble over payment of annuities to, 248-251;
  • expedition of, against Inkpaduta, 252, 253;
  • difficulties of Cullen with, 253, 254;
  • excitement among, 258, 259;
  • reservation given to, 278;
  • conspiracy among, 282;
  • warfare between Sacs and Foxes and, 284;
  • Inkpaduta pitied by, 289, 290;
  • method of becoming exile among, 291;
  • characterization of, 292
  • (see also Wahpekuta Sioux, Yankton Sioux, etc.)
  • Sioux outbreak, Inkpaduta in, 254, 255
  • Sioux Rapids, settlements near, 39;
  • reference to, 40, 41, 91, 92, 93
  • Sisseton Sioux Indians, treaty made by, 7, 8;
  • depredations by, 29-31;
  • reference to, 75, 251;
  • council with, 253
  • Sitting Bull, 70, 255
  • Skinner, J. B., 57, 134, 152
  • Skinner, Mrs. J. B., 134, 152
  • Skunk Creek, 224
  • Skunk Lake, 224, 225, 226, 246, 252
  • Sleds, use of, by Indians, 113, 114;
  • use of, by settlers in flight, 149;
  • transportation in army by means of, 247
  • Sleepy-Eye, rendezvous of, 183
  • Slocum, Isaac, farm of, 129, 130, 131, 135
  • Smith, Frances M., 47
  • Smith, George P., 167, 192, 200, 204, 205
  • Smith, Guernsey, 167, 208
  • Smith, Mr., 187
  • Smith, Robert, 58, 134, 142, 145, 158, 302;
  • abandonment of, 152
  • Smith, Mrs. Robert, 134, 151, 152, 302
  • Smith, Roderick A., 167, 192, 196, 266, 267, 297
  • Smith, Seth, 81
  • Smith, Winton, 167
  • Smith’s Point, cabin on, 52
  • Smithland, settlement at, 40;
  • reference to, 73, 84, 86, 293;
  • actions of Inkpaduta’s band at, 78-88
  • Smoky Moccasin, news given by, 135, 136;
  • reference to, 300
  • Snake Creek, 235, 238, 253
  • Snow, depth of, 42, 43, 59, 170;
  • difficulties in marching through, 173, 174, 247
  • Snow-blindness, 172
  • Snowshoes, use of, recommended, 248
  • Snyder, Bertell E., settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 52, 53;
  • reference to, 98, 99, 105, 118;
  • killing of, 106, 107
  • Soldiers, fear of, by Indians, 215, 233;
  • desire of Indians to be accompanied by, 249, 250
  • Sounding Heavens, ransom of Mrs. Marble by, 226-231
  • South Bend (Minnesota), 129, 131
  • Spencer, Owen S., 167, 192, 200
  • Spencer, 90
  • Spink County (South Dakota), 313
  • Spirit Lake, attitude of Indians toward, 1;
  • settlement at, 39;
  • reference to, 41, 120, 128, 131, 135, 136, 154, 159, 191, 229;
  • early visitors to, 44;
  • early accounts of, 44, 45;
  • description of, 46, 47;
  • settlement of Marble on shore of, 55;
  • massacre on shore of, 113-118;
  • journey of Palmer and Markham to, 137;
  • journey of troops to, 158
  • Spirit Lake (South Dakota), 65, 72
  • Spirit Lake Massacre, cause of, 1, 2;
  • scene of, 46;
  • relation of murder of Sidominadota to, 74-77;
  • first day of, 94-107;
  • second day of, 108-112;
  • pictographic representation of, 118, 119, 297;
  • discovery of, by Markham, 122-124;
  • news of, carried to Springfield and Fort Ridgely, 122-127;
  • discovery of, by Howe and others, 159-161;
  • burial of victims of, 192-195;
  • memorial tributes to persons involved in, 260-268;
  • later lives of survivors of, 270, 271;
  • warning of, 286
  • Spirit Lake Relief Expedition (see Relief expedition)
  • Spirit Lake Township, 46
  • Spirit Walker, 226;
  • Mrs. Marble at tepee of, 229
  • Springfield (Minnesota), 37, 53, 88, 120, 121, 129, 130, 131, 154, 178, 183, 189, 191, 198, 247, 266, 270, 300;
  • settlers at, 39, 56-58;
  • news of massacre carried to, 122-126;
  • effect of news of massacre upon settlers at, 125, 126;
  • relief expedition to, 128-131;
  • preparations for defense at, 132-137;
  • attack on, 138-146;
  • flight of settlers from, 147-152;
  • arrival of relief expedition at, 153-158;
  • guard left at, 158;
  • rescue of fugitives from, 186-189;
  • careers of survivors of massacre at, 272, 273
  • Stafford, Patrick, 165
  • Stebbins, Carl, 167, 192
  • Stevens, Smith E., 166
  • Stewart, Johnny, escape of, 145;
  • reference to, 272, 301
  • Stewart, Joshua, 57, 133;
  • killing of, 144
  • Stewart, Mrs. Joshua, 133;
  • killing of, 144, 145
  • Stewart children, killing of, 144, 145
  • “Stonewall” Jackson, origin of name, 298
  • Storm Lake, 90
  • Stratton, Franklin A., 166, 182, 309
  • Streams, difficulty of captives in crossing, 219, 220
  • Street, Joseph M., 25
  • Strong, E. B. N., 57, 121, 142, 300;
  • flight of, 150, 151, 152
  • Strong, Mrs. E. B. N., 133
  • Supplies, journey east for, 59-61;
  • plan of Gardner to secure, 96, 97;
  • confiscation of, 180
  • Surgeon, 169
  • Surveyors, attack made on, 17, 30, 31, 68
  • Swanger, Drusilla, 57, 133, 149, 273;
  • wounding of, 141
  • Sweeney, Michael, 165, 264
  • Tahtay-Shkope Kah-gah, 74
  • Target practice, desire of Indians for, 116
  • Tasagi, quarrels between Wamdisapa and, 65, 66;
  • murder of, 66, 67;
  • reference to, 291
  • Taylor, E., 40;
  • ill-treatment of family of, by Indians, 89;
  • escape of, 89, 90
  • Taylor, Mrs. E., captivity of, 90
  • Tchay-tam-bay River, 278
  • Tenth United States Infantry, 225
  • Tents, securing of, 164
  • Territorial bond, issuance of, 231;
  • payment of, 246
  • Thatcher, Dora, 118
  • Thatcher, Joseph M., settlement of, at Lake Okoboji, 54, 55;
  • journey of, east for supplies, 59-61;
  • reference to, 61, 96, 108, 122, 180, 184, 192, 196, 244, 305;
  • massacre at cabin of, 110, 111;
  • discovery of massacre at cabin of, 123, 124, 161;
  • burial of victims of massacre at cabin of, 193;
  • preëmpting of claim of, 270
  • Thatcher, Mrs. Joseph M., 60, 113, 117, 244, 296;
  • taking of, as captive, 111;
  • early experiences of, in captivity, 111, 112;
  • illness of, 119, 220;
  • attitude of, toward captivity, 220;
  • killing of, 221, 222
  • Thomas, Mrs. Irene A., 267, 272
  • Thomas, James B., 57, 148, 149, 187;
  • concentration of settlers at cabin of, 133;
  • names of settlers in cabin of, 133, 134;
  • description of cabin of, 134, 135;
  • attack on cabin of, 139-143;
  • wounding of, 141;
  • flight of settlers from cabin of, 149-151
  • Thomas, Mrs. James B., 133
  • Thomas, Valentine C., 267, 272
  • Thomas, Willie, 57, 139, 151, 272;
  • killing of, 142
  • Timber, travel in shelter of, 173
  • Titonka, 284
  • Townsite, plan to lay out, 52
  • Traders, 9, 44;
  • power of, over Indians, 13-16, 24, 25
  • Transportation, method of, in army, 247, 248
  • Traverse des Sioux (Minnesota), treaty made at, 7, 15, 19, 37, 279;
  • failure to carry out treaty made at, 10;
  • reference to, 242;
  • annuities under treaty of, 248
  • Treaties, making of, with Indians, 2-8;
  • wrongs done in making of, 9-11;
  • influence of traders in making of, 15
  • Tretts, Henry, 58, 138, 139, 140;
  • news of massacre carried to agency by, 126
  • Tullis, A. K., 165
  • “Two Fingers” (see Sidominadota)
  • Umpashota, 18, 135, 136, 284
  • United States government, dealings of, with Sioux Indians, 1-8;
  • attitude of, toward Sioux, 12;
  • failure of, to protect frontier, 12, 17-25
  • Utah, expedition to, 246
  • Van Cleave, Silas, 167, 192
  • Vermillion River, 29, 30
  • Voyageurs, 44
  • Wabashaw’s band, 290
  • Wagons, transportation by means of, 247
  • Wahkonsa, 284
  • Wahpekuta Sioux Indians, 6, 65, 75, 249;
  • treaty made by, 7, 8;
  • attitude of, toward Spirit Lake, 45;
  • position of Inkpaduta among, 63, 64;
  • division among, 64;
  • pursuit of Inkpaduta by, 66;
  • massacre of, 68;
  • Inkpaduta dropped from membership in, 71;
  • murder of Iowas by, 290;
  • method of becoming exile among, 291
  • Wahpeton Agency, 238
  • Wahpeton Sioux Indians, treaty made by, 7, 8;
  • reference to, 226;
  • council with, 253
  • Wahpuja Wicasta, 253
  • Wamdisapa, 30, 71;
  • outlaw band led by, 64-67
  • Wamundiyakapi, massacre of, 68
  • Wanduskaihanke, captives purchased by, 234
  • War dance, 94
  • Waterloo, 60, 108
  • Waterman, H. H., 40, 88;
  • ill treatment of, by Indians, 87, 88
  • Waterman (town), 40, 41
  • Watonwan River, 40, 70, 130
  • Weaver, E., ill treatment of, by Indians, 87;
  • reference to, 93
  • Weaver family, settlement of, 40
  • Webster City, 159, 166, 170, 189, 211, 215, 284, 302;
  • news of massacre carried to, 163;
  • organization of relief expedition at, 163-166;
  • return of members of relief expedition to, 213;
  • memorial to members of relief expedition from, 263, 264
  • Webster County, alarm in, 22;
  • reference to, 31, 35, 285
  • West Okoboji Lake, 46, 113;
  • arrival of Gardner family at, 50
  • Westerfield, D., 167
  • Wheeler, William T., 57;
  • concentration at cabin of, 133;
  • name of settlers at cabin of, 134;
  • shots fired into cabin of, 145;
  • flight of settlers from cabin of, 151, 152
  • Wheelock, R. U., visit of, to lake region, 159, 160;
  • return of, to Jasper County, 160;
  • second trip of, to lakes, 160, 161;
  • massacre discovered by, 160, 161;
  • news taken to Fort Dodge by, 161, 162;
  • reference to, 167, 175, 176, 177, 192, 196, 297
  • Whetstone, Reuben, 167
  • Whiskey, effect of, on Indians, 23, 283;
  • traffic in, 279
  • Whiskey-sellers, activities of, among Indians, 13;
  • profits made by, 21
  • White, John, 167
  • White, Mr. 163
  • Whites, advance of, into Indian country, 1-8;
  • attitude of Sioux Indians toward, 22, 23;
  • hatred of, by Inkpaduta, 70, 71
  • Wilcox, Mr., 39, 93
  • Williams, James B., 18
  • Williams, Washington, 167
  • Williams, William, 18, 19, 20, 28, 35, 69, 77, 175, 183, 184, 188, 189, 191, 192, 204, 210, 244, 266, 281, 301, 309;
  • meeting presided over by, 162;
  • commission held by, 162;
  • choice of, to command expedition, 168, 169;
  • strength and determination of, 177;
  • report by, 295;
  • age of, 304
  • Williamson, Thomas S., 229, 239
  • Williamson, Mrs. Thomas S., 239
  • Willson, S., 164
  • Willson, W. C., 164
  • Wilson, William R., 167, 192, 195, 196, 244, 272
  • Wiltfong, 159
  • Winnebago Indians, reservation given to, 6;
  • reference to, 25, 26
  • Winter, army transportation in, 247, 248
  • Winter of 1856-1857, character of, 42, 43;
  • sufferings of Indians during, 72, 73
  • Wood, Charles, 56
  • Wood, George, 56, 132, 136;
  • refusal of, to believe in danger, 132, 133, 136;
  • killing of, 143, 144
  • Wood, William, 56, 126, 132;
  • refusal of, to believe in danger, 125, 132, 133, 136;
  • killing of, 143, 144
  • Wood brothers, store kept by, 57;
  • Indians at store of, 135, 136;
  • pillaging of store of, 145, 146
  • Woodbury County, alarm in, 20, 22;
  • settlement in, 40;
  • reference to, 73, 78
  • Woods, Samuel, 18, 281;
  • Fort Dodge established by, 280, 281
  • Wright, L. K., 166
  • Wright County, 309
  • Wyoming, 21, 82
  • Yankton Sioux Indians, 63, 71, 154, 234, 253, 255;
  • refuge of Inkpaduta among, 67, 72;
  • reception of Inkpaduta’s band by, 223;
  • attitude of, toward captive, 235, 236
  • Yellow Medicine Agency, 226, 233, 245, 254, 312
  • Yellow Medicine mission, 239
  • Yellow Medicine River, 225, 236, 256, 257, 269, 278
  • Young Men’s Christian Association, 194
  • Young Sleepy Eyes, 284