FOOTNOTES:
[1] Published by Messrs. Spooner, of the Strand.
[2] Epic of Hades.
[3] Modern Painters, vol. iv.
[4] Scenery of Scotland.
[5] Modern Painters, vol. iv.
[6] "The Alpine Regions of Switzerland" (Deighton, Bell, & Co.), a most interesting book, especially for travellers.
[7] It has lately been proved that clouds can only form in air which contains dust, and that each little suspended particle of water contains a speck of dust or a tiny germ of some sort for its nucleus.
[8] Pressure also has an important influence, but was omitted above for the sake of simplicity.
[9] Ruskin, "Modern Painters."
[10] The Alpine Regions of Switzerland.
[11] Mountaineering in 1861 (Longman).
[12] Mr. R. S. Watson, in "The Alpine Journal," vol. i., p. 143.
[13] Conservateur Suisse, xlvi. p. 478, vol. xii.
[14] Bonney.
[15] The word "Alpine" is used in a general sense to denote the vegetation that grows naturally on the most elevated regions of the earth; that is, on all high mountains, whether they rise up in hot tropical plains or in cooler northern pastures.
[16] The following remarks are largely taken from the Introduction to Ball's well-known "Alpine Guide."
[17] Flowerless in the ordinary, not the botanical sense.
[18] We are again indebted to Professor Bonney's "Alpine Regions of Switzerland" for the information here given.
[19] Bonar on Chamois-hunting in Bavaria.
[20] The reader will find an account of the old red sandstone in the writer's "Autobiography of the Earth" (Edward Stanford, 1890).
[21] The flints usually found in limestone are also of organic origin.
[22] Schists are so named from their property of splitting into thin layers. Their structure is crystalline; and the layers, or folia, consist usually of two or more minerals, but sometimes of only one. Thus mica-schist consists of quartz and mica, each arranged in many folia, but it splits along the layers of mica.
[23] Modern Painters.
[24] Modern Painters.
[25] See papers by the writer on Volcanoes and Volcanic Action in "Knowledge" for May and June, 1891, on which this chapter is partly based.
[26] Perhaps these Scripture phrases were suggested long before the Bible was written, by the sight of some crater in active eruption.
[27] The Hawaiian Archipelago.
[28] "The Crest of the Continent," by Ernest Ingersoll, Chicago, 1885.
[29] Scenery of Scotland page 130, new edition.
[30] Bonney.
[31] Scenery of Scotland, page 201, new edition.
[32] Geikie.
[33] For a fuller account see the writer's "Autobiography of the Earth."
[34] The Archæan rocks are frequently placed in a separate group below the Palæozoic.
Transcriber's note:
Missing page numbers are page numbers that were not
shown in the original text. A "List of Illustrations II" has
been added to the text, for the convenience of the reader,
to display Illustrations that were not included in the
original "Illustrations" section. The original spelling of
words, especially for place names, has been retained.