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The Tariff in Our Times

Chapter 16: INDEX
By Ida M. Tarbell
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EconomicsHistory - Modern (1750+)

About This Book

A narrative history traces U.S. tariff policy from its original role as a temporary wartime revenue measure through recurring financial panics and the rise of protectionist arguments. It recounts major legislative battles, political and business influences, and shifting public opinion that produced successive tariff acts, examining how economic crises, partisan maneuvering, and vested interests reshaped policy. The account combines chronological description of bills and debates with analysis of practical effects on industry and trade, and concludes with intellectual and moral reflections on how tariff-making often diverged from popular expectations.

INDEX

  • Agriculture, 203.
  • Aldrich, Nelson W.:
    • ability of, 111, 112.
    • influence of, 168, 169.
    • protection policy of, 170.
    • position of, with regard to McKinley Bill, 199.
    • leadership of, 207.
    • and the “Interests,” 208.
    • as leader for McKinley Bill measure, 208.
    • and sugar stock speculation, 227.
    • on Dingley Bill, 244.
    • and sugar trust, 245.
    • and wood interests, 251.
    • report on wool schedule of, 308.
    • and cotton manufacturers, 319, 320.
    • relation of, with Lippitt, 320, 321, 322.
    • loyalty of, to wool schedule, 325.
    • traffic in duties of, 326.
    • threats of, 355.
    • political methods of, 363.
  • Alliance of wool and cotton, 325, 326.
  • Allison, Wm. B., 36, 51, 53, 63.
    • debate of, on Schenck Bill, 67, 68.
    • and wool tariff, 115.
    • chairman of sub-committee, 165.
    • position on tariff of, 166.
    • preparation of bill of, 166.
    • report of bill to Senate, 168.
    • and tin plate, 192.
  • Allison Bill:
    • discussion of, 168–172.
    • passed by Senate, 181.
    • goes to Ways and Means Committee, 184.
  • Ambler, Judge Jacob A., 102.
  • American Cotton and Wool Reporter, 303.
  • American industries in Canada, 294.
  • American Ironmaster, 96.
  • American Thread Trust Co., 263.
  • American Tin Plate Association:
    • questionable methods of, 192.
  • American Woollen Co., 354.
    • product of, 354.
    • capital of, 354.
  • “American working-man,” 336.
  • Amnesty, 75.
  • Anti-trust Bill, 200, 201.
  • Arkwright Club, 316.
    • attempts union with European manufacturers, 356.
  • Arthur, President:
    • appoints commission, 101.
    • message to Congress, of, 109.
    • as protectionist, 110.
    • and Dorsey, 176.
  • Attack on Whitman, 303, 304, 305.
  • Attorney-General, 44.
  • Average earnings, 259.
  • Baird, Henry C., 106.
  • Barbour, Wm., 268.
  • Basket willows, 298.
  • Bayard, 127.
  • Beck, James B.:
    • character of, 112.
    • filibustering of, 117.
    • insubordination of, 118.
    • as member of tariff conference, 127.
  • Beef Trust:
    • benefited by duty on hides, 267.
    • strength of, 275.
    • effect of Dingley Bill on, 276.
  • “Belshazzar’s Feast,” 176, 177.
  • Bennett, Frank P., 13.
  • Bingham, Judge, 40, 44.
  • Blaine, James G., 11, 19.
    • speaker of Congress, 54.
    • and tariff reformers, 70.
    • slipperiness of, 96.
    • republican candidate, 140.
    • and Industrial League, 174.
    • and “monopoly” dinner, 177.
    • suggestions of, regarding surplus, 188.
    • and the trusts, 200.
    • and foreign trade, 203, 204.
    • and “Hell Gate,” 210.
  • Bleakie, Robert:
    • personal experience of, 286.
  • Bombay, 91.
  • Book-making, 30.
  • Boteler, Alexander R., 102.
  • Brandeis:
    • appears for consumers, 258.
  • Brice, 221, 222, 223.
  • Brinkerhoff, Gen. R.:
    • resolution of, in Republican platform, 54.
    • and Greeley and Carey, 55.
    • lecture campaign of, 70.
    • recollections of, 71, 72.
    • and Democrats, 83.
  • Bristow, 309.
  • Brooklyn Gas Light Co., 23.
  • Bryan, Wm. J., 241.
  • Budget:
    • of one family of four, 265.
    • of one woman, 265, 266.
  • Business depression, 143.
  • Business embarrassments, 32.
  • Butler, Ben:
    • compromise plank of, 139.
  • Cameron, Senior, 65.
  • Campaign of 1884:
    • scandal of, 177.
  • Campaign of 1888, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179.
  • Canada, 2, 24.
    • American industries in, 294.
  • Cannon, Joseph, 197.
  • Carlisle, John G.:
    • on House Committee, 113.
    • principles of, 118, 119.
    • candidate for speakership, 133.
    • ability of, 134, 135.
    • early life of, 134.
    • elected speaker, 137.
  • Carlisle and Randall factions, 141, 142.
  • Carnegie:
    • as illustration, 172.
    • testimony of, 298, 299.
  • Cary, Henry C., II.
    • as high tariff champion, 56.
    • as author, 56.
    • intolerance of, 56, 57.
  • Census of 1880, 98, 99.
  • Chandler, Zach, 22.
    • fights for copper bill, 46.
  • Chase:
    • attitude on tariff, 6.
    • as free-trader, 9.
    • Secretary of Treasury, 10.
    • arranges amendments to Morrill Bill, 10.
  • Chicago Tribune, 55.
  • Child labor, 343.
  • Cincinnati Gazette, 55.
  • Civil War:
    • changes wrought by, 28.
  • Clarke Mile End Spool Cotton Co., 263.
  • Clay, Henry, 2, 17.
  • Cleveland, Grover:
    • record of, 140.
    • reminiscences regarding, 141.
    • caution of, 141.
    • and tariff revision, 142.
    • second message of, 144.
    • message of 1887, 147–153.
    • effect of message on Republicans, 154.
    • popular vote for, 179.
    • warning of, 200.
    • position of, on tariff, 213.
    • inauguration of, 216.
    • letter of, on Wilson Bill, 231–233.
    • and Gorman, 234.
    • and Gorman Bill, 236.
    • and panic of 1893, 238.
  • Cloth analyses, 289, 290.
  • Coal duties, 34, 35.
  • Coats, Archibald, 264.
  • Coats, J. & P., 263, 264.
  • Cobden, Richard:
    • death of, 56.
  • Compact of 1867, 249, 250, 303.
  • Congress, 145, 299.
  • Congressional investigation, 41.
  • Conkling, Roscoe, 122.
  • Conscience Whigs, 3.
  • Cooper, Peter, 86.
  • Copper Bill of 1868:
    • reasons for, 44, 45.
    • and Chandler, 43, 46.
    • and President Johnson, 47–50.
    • passed over veto, 50.
    • lesson from, 50, 51.
  • Corn Products Co., 277.
  • Corn Products and Standard Oil:
  • Cost of living, 22.
  • Cotton:
    • as substitute, 283, 288.
    • exportation of woven cotton, 315.
    • importations of woven cotton, 314, 315, 322, 333.
    • investments in manufactories, 314.
    • strength of manufacturers, 324, 325.
    • conditions in making of cloth, 341–344.
  • Cotton schedule, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318.
  • Cox, S. S.:
    • as free-trader, 63.
    • as debater, 65.
    • sobriquet of, 66.
    • and Wood Bill, 88.
    • on exaggeration, 73.
    • on tariff, 77, 78.
  • Crisp, Charles F., 212.
  • Curiosibhoy, Adhersey, public letters to Greeley of, 91, 92.
  • Custom houses, 25.
  • Customs Administrative Bill, 187.
  • Dale, Samuel S., 289, 291.
  • Dawes:
    • appointed Chairman of Ways and Means, 73.
  • Dawes Bill:
    • debate on, 76, 77, 78.
    • reasonableness of, 76.
    • signed by Grant, 78.
    • features of, 78, 79.
  • Delano, Columbus, 113.
  • Democrats:
    • position on tariff, 83.
    • 1880 tariff plank of, 94.
    • get majority in Congress, 110.
    • division among, 118.
    • tactics of, 119.
    • raise Constitutional question, 126.
    • gloating of, 122.
    • cry of excessive taxation, 178.
    • disadvantages of, 179.
    • split among, 180.
    • continue tariff agitation, 212, 213.
    • reverses of, 237.
    • inspiration of, 210.
  • Deterioration in clothing, 283, 284, 285.
  • Difference in home and foreign prices, 292, 293.
  • Dingley, Nelson:
    • Chairman of Ways and Means Committee, 239.
    • ability of, 239, 240.
  • Dingley Bill:
    • House passes, 240.
    • fate of, in Senate, 244.
    • compared with Wilson and McKinley Bills, 242, 243, 244.
    • changes made by Senate in, 244, 245.
    • influence of wool interests on, 251.
    • amendments to, 251.
    • passage of, 252.
    • effect of, 254, 255, 265, 267, 276, 277, 278.
    • practice developed by, 292.
    • makes burdens heavier yearly, 295.
  • Direct tax, 26.
  • Doctrine of protection:
  • Dolliver:
    • Schedule K falls to, 309.
    • McKinley follows, 309.
    • member of Dingley Ways and Means, 310.
    • masters wool schedule, 311.
    • shows schedule K a law without morals, 311.
    • analyzes cotton schedule, 320, 324.
    • expresses revolt, 356, 357.
  • Dorsey, Stephen W., 176.
  • Douglas, W. L., 267.
  • Dunbar Co., 268.
  • Eaton, Senator, 100.
  • Elder, Cyrus, 86.
  • Elliot, E. B., 159.
  • England, 7.
    • anger over increased duties, 13.
    • feeling against, 22.
  • English Serving Cotton Trust, 263.
  • Evils of Tariff, 327.
  • “Experts,” 321, 322.
  • Factory employers:
  • Factory owners:
  • Farmers:
    • relation of, to import duties, 201, 202.
    • protest of, 312.
  • Federal Commission report, 116.
  • Fessenden, Wm. Pitt:
    • description of, 20, 21.
    • and tariff on spices, 24, 25.
    • favors moderate protection, 39.
    • absent when wool bill is voted upon, 43.
  • File trust, 334.
  • Financial uneasiness, 145, 146.
  • Finkelnburg, 69.
    • speaks for tariff bill, 76.
  • Finlaysons, 268.
  • Flax, 267, 268.
  • Ford, Worthington, 159.
  • Forward, Walter, 17.
  • Foster, James P., 177
  • France, 7.
  • Fraud, 24, 25.
  • Free Poker and taxed Gospel, 156.
  • Free Trade, 6, 7.
  • Free Trade League, 55.
  • Garfield, James A., 53.
    • Blaine’s treatment of, 70, 71, 72, 73.
    • position on tariff, of, 94, 95, 96.
    • caution of, 97.
  • Garland, Austin M., 101, 113.
  • Glucose Trust, 277.
  • Gold Democrats, 241.
  • Golden Rule, 300, 301.
  • Gorman, 221.
  • Gorman Bill, 235, 236.
  • Grant, President:
    • hope of people, 52, 53.
    • advises postponement of tariff question, 53.
    • against Reciprocity treaty, 53.
    • dissatisfaction with, 73, 79.
  • Great Debate, 159–164.
  • Greeley, Horace, 13.
    • as protectionist, 16, 17.
    • extremist, 55.
    • heads movement in favor of general amnesty, 73.
    • nomination of, 74.
    • character of, 75.
  • Grosvenor, Col. Wm. M., 69.
  • Hale, Eugene, 71.
  • Halstead, Murat, 83.
  • Hamilton, Alexander, 1.
  • Hancock, Gen. W. S., 97, 98.
  • Hanna, Mark, 241.
  • Harper’s Weekly, 17.
  • Harpster, David, 113.
  • Harrison, recommendations of, 184, 185.
  • Haskell, Dudley C.:
    • and Kelley, 112.
    • description of, 120, 121.
    • trouble with Townshend, 123.
    • resolution of, 127.
    • death of, 185.
  • Hayes, John L., 41, 42.
    • as chairman of tariff commission, 101.
    • campaign of, for wool interests, 113.
  • “Hearings,” 297–299.
  • Hewitt, Abram S.:
    • before tariff commission, 105.
    • compromise plank of, 139.
  • Hides:
    • proposed duty on, 204.
  • High protection, result of, 349.
  • High protectionists, 120.
  • High tariff, 62, 135, 136.
  • Hill, David J., 222.
  • Hill, James J., 293.
  • Holt, Byron W., 293.
  • Immigration, 254, 255.
  • Immorality of tariff system, 357, 358, 359, 360, 363, 364.
  • Imperialism, 252.
  • Income tax, 220, 221.
    • declared unconstitutional, 240.
  • Increased cost of living, 350, 351.
  • Industrial commission, 292.
  • Industrial League of Pa.:
    • object of, 86.
    • first president of, 86.
    • methods of, 86, 87.
    • power of, 86, 87.
    • recognized by Blaine, 87.
    • opposes Parsee, 92.
    • campaign of, 100.
    • demands tariff commission, 100.
    • incensed, 92.
  • Infant industries, 298.
  • Insurgents, 308.
    • reasons for revolt of, 309.
    • determinations of, 309.
  • “Interests,” 7.
    • leaders alarmed, 75.
    • fight reasonable bill, 76, 77.
    • barter of, 117.
    • continue pressure, 122.
    • unite own schedules, 193.
    • campaign, 241.
    • frustrated, 241.
    • oppose reciprocity, 256, 257.
    • narrowness of, 257.
  • Internal Revenue:
    • inequalities of, 12.
    • remonstrance against, 13.
  • Internal revenue bill, 110.
  • International Harvester Co., 294, 295.
  • Investigations in budgets of poor, 260.
  • Iron and Steel Association:
    • as dictator, 173, 174.
    • recognized by Blaine, 174.
    • energy and efficiency of, 174.
    • defeats Morrison, 174.
    • demands Quay head of Republican Committee, 175.
  • Jarrett, John, 174.
  • Jobbery, 7.
  • Johnson, Tom L., 213.
  • Johnson, President:
    • opposes Stevens, 44.
    • unhappiness of, 46, 47.
    • message regarding copper bill, 47, 48, 49, 50.
  • Jones, B. F., 174.
  • Kansas, 21.
  • Kasson, John A.:
    • service of, 36, 37, 38.
    • a supporter of Kelley, 112.
    • proposes revision of House Rules, 124.
    • appointed special plenipotentiary, 255.
    • resigns, 257.
  • Keifer, Speaker, 127.
  • Kelley, Wm. D. (“Pig Iron”):
    • favors highest protection, 35.
    • as protectionist leader, 63, 64.
    • dislike of Wells and Sumner, 64.
    • defends high tariff, 65.
    • accused of iron interests, 65.
    • and Cox, 66.
    • and Wood Bill, 88, 89, 90.
    • as chairman of House Committee, 112.
    • and Haskell, 120.
    • and Kasson rule, 124.
    • last illness of, 185.
    • pernicious teaching of, 362.
  • Kenner, Duncan F., 101.
  • Labor troubles, 216, 217.
  • Lawrence, Wm., 113, 246, 247.
  • Lea, Henry C., 86.
  • Legislation by violence, 228, 229.
  • Liberal Party, 69.
  • Lincoln, Abraham:
    • attitude on tariff, 6, 7.
    • calls extra session, 9.
    • asks for more men and more money, 18.
    • tariff views of, 18, 19, 20.
  • Lippitt, Henry F., 315, 316, 321.
  • Lobbyists, 113, 114, 118, 122.
  • Lodge, Henry Cabot, 237, 323, 350, 351.
  • Logan, Senator, 78.
  • London Times, 8.
  • Longworth, Nicholas, 283.
  • Louisville Courier-Journal, 81.
  • Lumber, duties on, 115.
    • danger of exhausting, 115, 116.
    • arguments for duty, 116.
  • Lumber barons, 116.
  • McAdoo, Col., 141.
  • MacColl, J. R., 316.
  • McDill, 127.
  • McKay sewing machine, 271.
  • McKenzie, James, 93.
  • McKinley, Wm.:
    • protection speech of, 88.
    • supports Kelley, 112.
    • argues with suit of clothes, 162.
    • succeeds Haskell, 185.
    • amiability of, 186.
    • introduces Customs Administrative Bill, 187.
    • as presidential candidate, 241.
  • McKinley Bill:
  • McMahon, Wm. H., 102.
  • McMillan, 184.
  • McPherson, 227.
  • Mahone, 117, 127.
  • Mallary, Rollin C., 17.
  • Manhattan Gas Co., 23.
  • Manufacturers, unreasonableness of, 32, 33.
  • Marble, Manton, 137.
  • Marshals, 268.
  • Meriden Britannia Co., 293.
  • Mills, Roger Q., 83, 85.
    • chairman of Ways and Means, 155.
    • principles of, 156, 157.
    • chief hobby of, 158.
    • prepares bill, 158, 159.
    • argues from Wright’s report, 160, 161.
    • analyzes cost of suit, 162, 163.
    • opposes conference, 183, 184.
    • opposes bounty for sugar-growers, 197.
    • on McKinley Bill, 209.
    • candidate for House Speakership, 211.
    • refuses to serve on Ways and Means, 212.
    • position of, 213.
    • advises duty on sugar, 224.
  • Mills Bill, 158, 159, 164, 170.
  • Minnesota, 21.
  • Missouri Compromise, 4.
  • Missouri Liberal Republicans, 73, 74.
  • Moderate protectionists, 36, 37, 38, 39.
  • Moir, Edward, 301.
  • Monopolies, 352.
  • Montgomery, 8.
  • Moore, Joseph S., 90, 91, 92.
  • Morrell, Hon. Daniel J., 86.
  • Morrill, Justin S.:
    • character of, 3.
    • theory of, 4.
    • apologizes for bill of 1866, 34.
    • advises acceptance of Wells’s amendment, 39.
    • absent when wool bill is voted upon, 43.
    • votes for copper bill, 46.
    • debates on tariff, 68.
    • opposes quinine bill, 93.
    • head of the Senate committee, 110, 111.
    • reports on free silver, 240.
    • Bill of 1860, 5–11.
    • Bill of 1866, 34, 37, 38.
  • Morrison, Col. W. R., 83.
    • on House Committee, 113.
    • selected to prepare tariff bill, 137.
    • cleverness of bill, 138.
    • provisions of bill of, 138.
    • defeated for Congress, 155.
  • Mountain ivy root, 298.
  • Mugwumps:
    • return of, 180.
  • National Association of Clothiers, 283.
  • National Association of Wool Manufacturers, 41.
    • political strength of, 193.
    • claims of, 194.
    • pleads against reduction, 229.
    • supports wool duty, 247.
    • demands of, 249.
    • greed of, 250.
    • success of, 251.
    • makes compact, 301.
    • agreement with wool-growers of, 41.
  • National Treasury, 6, 10.
  • Newcomb, Simon, 159.
  • N. E. Shoe and Leather Association, 273, 275.
  • Newspapers:
    • Taxes on, 13, 14.
    • oppose copper legislation, 51.
  • New York Custom House, 91.
  • N. Y. Evening Post, 13.
  • New York Gas Light, 23.
  • N. Y. Herald, 13.
  • N. Y. Tribune, 13, 16, 17.
  • Niedringhaus, F. G., 192, 193.
  • Niles, Hezekiah, 17.
  • North, S. D. N.:
    • position of, 251.
    • accused, 304.
    • denials of, 304, 305.
    • summoned by Finance Committee, 306.
    • corresponds with Whitman, 306.
  • Oliver, Henry W., Jr., 101, 122.
  • Organization, value of, 132.
  • Overproduction, 31.
  • Panics, 3, 79, 217.
  • Parsee, 137.
  • Payne:
    • reports wool schedule, 307.
    • tricked, 318, 319.
  • Payne-Aldrich Bill:
    • criminality of methods in, 299.
    • removes duty on hides, 277.
    • lowers duty on thread, 277.
    • becomes law, 327.
    • reception given, 327.
  • Pennsylvania, 6, 362.
  • Pensions, 189.
  • Perry:
    • lecturer and author, 55.
    • reminiscences regarding Cleveland, of, 141.
  • Philadelphia, 23.
  • Phillips, Thomas W., 292.
  • Pierce, Henry L., 4.
  • Pig-iron, 60, 61.
  • Pike, F. A., 36, 50.
  • Pittsburg, 360.
  • Pittsburg Commercial, 55.
  • Pittsburg Survey, 360.
  • Politico-industrial alliance, 207.
  • Pomeroy, Senator, 22.
  • Pope, Col. A. A., 104.
  • Porter, R. P., 102, 106.
  • Portland Advertiser, 55.
  • Prentice, George D., 82.
  • Prosperity, 252, 253, 254.
  • Protection, 1, 4, 5, 6.
    • faults of, 24, 51, 52.
    • opposition to, 54.
    • doctrine saved, 68.
    • effects of, 98, 99.
    • early reasons for, 331.
    • never to be prohibitive, 332.
  • Protective steering committee, 85, 86.
  • Providence, 7.
  • Public opinion, 297.
  • Quay:
    • record of, 175.
    • chairman National Rep. Committee, 175.
    • secures funds from Wanamaker, 175.
    • acknowledges sugar speculation, 227.
    • long speech of, 228.
  • Quinine Bill:
    • introduced by McKenzie, 93.
    • passes House, 93.
    • opposed by Senator Morrill, 93.
    • passes Senate, 93.
    • effect of passage of, 93, 94.
  • “Quinine Jim,” 93.
  • Railroad iron, 21, 26.
  • Randall, Samuel J.:
    • skill and endurance of, 83, 84.
    • on House Committee, 113.
    • principles of, 119.
    • refuses to serve on committee, 127.
    • candidate for speakership, 133.
    • opposes Morrill Bill, 139.
    • prepares bill, 144.
  • Randall Bill, 144.
  • Raymond, Henry, 36.
  • Reciprocity, 2, 255.
    • clause in tariff of 1890, 206.
    • opposed by interests, 256, 257.
    • favored by McKinley, 257.
  • Recognition of organized business man, 131, 132.
  • Reed, Thomas B.:
    • as parliamentarian, 125.
    • views on tariff of, 125.
    • rule of, 126.
    • on Mills Bill, 164.
    • asks conference with House, 182.
    • as protectionist, 186, 187.
    • on Gorman Bill, 235, 236.
    • elected speaker of House, 239.
  • Register, 17.
  • Republicans, 67, 69.
    • dissatisfaction with party, 73, 74, 75.
    • tariff plank of 1880 of, 94.
    • attack tariff for revenue only, 97.
    • demand tariff revision, 98.
    • rebuked on policy, 110.
    • majority of, favor reform, 118.
    • platform of, 173.
    • free use of money of, 175, 176, 177.
    • carry parrots in parades, 178.
    • win election, 179.
    • heavy losses of, 210.
    • causes of overthrow of, 210.
    • platform of 1896 of, 241.
    • declare for downward revision of tariff, 296.
  • Resolutions’ Committee, 139, 140.
  • Revenue:
    • system for raising, 26.
    • revision of, 29.
    • bill framed by House, 110.
  • Revenue cutters, 25.
  • Revolt against protective system, 296.
  • Rhode Island:
    • as an object-lesson, 336–346.
    • manufactories in, 337, 338.
    • desertion of farms in, 337, 338.
    • a tariff-made state, 338.
    • foreigners of, 339.
    • restlessness of laborers in, 340.
    • housing in factory towns, 347, 348.
  • Rhode Island factories:
    • temperature of, 340.
    • ventilation of, 340.
    • lint in air, 341.
    • scarcity of water in, 341.
    • lack of toilet conveniences, 341.
    • lack of dressing rooms, 342.
    • earnings in, 342.
    • unsanitary, 347.
    • without fire escapes, 347.
    • improvements in, 347.
  • Rise in cost of living, 260, 261.
  • Roosevelt, Theodore:
    • unstirred by tariff evils, 296.
  • St. Louis Democrat, 55.
  • Salt Interests, 58, 59, 60.
  • Sawyer, Philetus, 116.
  • Schenck, Robert C., 54, 62.
  • Schenck Bill, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68.
  • Schurz, Carl, 69, 75, 83.
  • Schwab, 292.
  • Scrapiron duties, 35.
  • Seceders, 7.
  • Secession, 6, 7.
  • Secretary of Treasury, 29.
  • Section Struggle, 39.
  • Semicolon, 124.
  • Senate:
    • frames revenue bill, 110.
    • passes Senate Bill, 118.
    • hearings before, 166.
    • examination of, regarding sugar stock speculation, 227.
    • make-up of Senate of 1897, 245.
    • analysis of duties of, 308.
  • Settlers, 116.
  • Seward, 6.
  • Sherman, John, 4, 5.
    • asks Senate to raise wool duties, 39.
    • advises lobbyists, 75, 76.
    • removes Parsee from Custom House, 91.
    • arrogance of, 111.
    • fights reduction of iron, 114.
    • fights for wool, 115.
    • dissatisfaction of wool-growers with, 131.
    • “Recollections” of, 131.
    • appoints Tichenor special agent, 167.
    • introduces anti-trust measure, 201.
    • prepares for “Hell Gate,” 210.
  • Ship-building, 61, 62.
  • Shoddy, 248, 249.
  • Shoe-making trust:
    • formation of, 270.
    • inheritance of, 271.
    • aim of, 271.
    • prepares lease, 272, 273.
    • monopoly of, 273.
  • Shoes:
  • Silver Question, 216, 237, 238, 240, 241.
  • Simmons, “Wood-Screw,” 7.
    • connection with new tax and tariff bills, 15.
    • secures gun contract, 15.
  • Sinister phase of Hearings, 299.
  • Slavery Agitation, 3, 7.
  • Smoot, 323.
  • Smuggling, 24, 25.
  • Specie Payment, 53.
  • Specific duty, 302.
  • Spool cotton, 262, 263, 264.
  • Spooner, 193.
  • Springer, Wm., 211.
  • Standard Oil Co., 278, 279, 288.
  • Stand-patter, 353.
  • Starch, 277, 278.
  • States petition Congress, 85.
  • Stevens, Thaddeus, 12.
    • description of, 14, 15.
    • as dictator, 33.
    • opposes Morrill Bill of 1866, 33, 35.
    • alarmed at struggle of sections, 39.
    • death of, 53.
    • owner of foundry, 65.
  • Storey, Moorfield, 305.
  • Sugar, 195, 196, 197.
  • “Sugar House,” 227.
  • Sugar Refineries Company, 198, 199.
  • Sugar Trusts, 222–227.
  • Sumner, Charles, 4, 20, 21.
  • Sumner, Wm. G., 90, 91.
  • Surplus, 98.
    • oiling up of, 144.
    • methods to reduce, 188, 189.
    • reduction of, overdone, 216.
  • Surprise resolution, 71.
  • Swank, James W., 242.
  • Taft, Wm. H., 296, 300, 313, 324.
  • Tariff:
    • fifty years ago, 1.
    • to-day, 2.
    • bill of 1862, 14, 15, 16.
    • bill of 1864, 20.
    • bill of 1865, 26, 30, 31.
    • bill of 1875, 81.
    • “For Revenue only,” 82, 83.
    • Reformers, 90.
    • bill of 1883, 128, 129, 130, 131.
    • bill of 1886, 142, 143.
    • as a tax, 163, 164.
    • league, 178.
    • Act of 1890, 206.
    • Reform Committee of N. Y., 293.
    • self-defeating, 295.
    • as bargains, 363, 364.
    • a question of national morals, 357, 358.
  • Tariff Commission, 100.
    • personnel of, 101, 102.
    • reception of, 102, 103.
    • hearings before, 103–106.
    • platform of, 107.
    • inconsistencies of, 107, 108.
  • Tariff Conference, 127.
  • “Tariff of Abominations,” 1.
  • Textile World Record, 289, 291.
  • “The poor,” 258, 259.
  • “Thousand-dollar breakfast,” 10, 22.
  • Thread (linen):
    • advance in, 267, 269.
    • formation of trust, 268, 269.
    • duty on, 269, 270.
    • price jumps, 270.
    • Payne Bill lowers duty on, 277.
  • Thread Trust, 269, 270.
  • Thrift, 259.
  • Tichenor, Geo. C., 166, 167, 168.
  • Timber Culture Act, 116.
  • Tin plate, 278, 279, 280.
  • Tooke’s “History of Prices,” 95.
  • Top duty, 304, 305, 306, 307.
  • Townshend, 123.
  • Trusts:
    • development of, 200.
    • arguments about, 351.
    • breeding of, 353, 354.
  • Turner, A. R., 268.
  • Umbrellas, 30, 31.
  • Underwood, John W. H., 102.
  • United Shoe Machinery Co. and Linen Thread Company interwoven, 274, 275.
  • United States, population of, 259.
  • United States Census, 304.
  • United States Government, 24, 25, 27.
  • United States Investor, 305.
  • Vest (Senator), 221, 224.
  • Vilas, 213.
  • Wages:
    • government investigation regarding, 261, 262.
  • Walker, Francis A., 349.
  • Wanamaker:
    • contributes money for campaign, 175.
    • received seat in Cabinet, 175.
  • War, 9.
    • qualities developed by, 23, 24.
    • consequences of, 27, 32.
    • taxes, 12, 13.
  • Washington, 6.
  • Watterson, Henry:
    • as party leader, 81.
    • dictator, 82.
    • writes tariff plank, 82, 83, 139.
    • platform-maker, 214.
    • criticises Mills Bill, 219, 220.
    • Ways and Means Committee, hearings before, 297, 298, 299.
  • Wells, David A.:
    • early life of, 29.
    • head of Commission, 29.
    • prepares tariff bill, 38.
    • Carey’s hatred for, 56, 57.
    • summary of wool conditions, 57, 58.
    • reports on salt, 58, 59, 60.
    • effect of report of, 162.
    • removed from office, 69.
    • to Democrats, 83.
    • effect of dismissal of, 91.
  • Wells Bill:
    • approved by Senate, 38.
    • made an amendment to House Bill, 39.
  • Wentworth, Long John, 37, 38.
  • West:
    • disturbed over 1864 tariff bill, 21.
    • objects to 1866 bill, 37.
    • asks protection for farmers, 37.
    • succeeds in getting high duties on farm products, 38.
  • Wharton, Joseph, 86.
    • consulted by Blaine, 87.
    • tariff speech of, 96, 97.
    • before Tariff Commission, 103.
  • White, Horace, 55, 83.
  • Whitman:
    • Pres. National Association of Wool Growers, 194.
    • suggestions of, 194, 195.
    • calls conference, 300.
    • appears before Ways and Means, 300, 301.
    • attacked, 303.
    • denies charges, 304, 305.
    • correspondence demanded of, 305.
    • proofs regarding, 307.
    • reasons for powers of, 312, 313.
    • on increased cost of living, 350.
  • Whitney, 213.
  • Wholesale Saddlery Association, 276.
  • Wickersham, 352.
  • Wilson, James F., 36.
  • Wilson, James Lyne:
    • head of Ways and Means, 217.
    • qualifications of, 217, 218.
    • presents bill, 218.
    • disappointment of, 234, 235.
  • Wilson Bill:
    • provisions of, 218.
    • opposed by Mills and Watterson, 219, 220.
    • amendments, 220, 221.
    • passes House, 221.
    • Senate opposition to, 221.
    • revised, 222.
    • returned to House with 634 amendments, 230.
    • Cleveland makes protest against, 230, 231.
  • Wood, Fernando:
    • appointed head of Ways and Means, 84.
    • as Mayor, 84.
    • arrogance of, 84.
    • stirred by resolution, 85.
    • tabulates objections to tariff in operation, 87.
    • brings in new bill, 87.
  • Wood, William M., 312.
  • Wood Bill:
    • unrest over, 84, 85.
    • brought in, 87.
    • features of, 87, 88.
    • indifference to, 88.
    • opposition to, 88, 89, 90.
    • object of, 88.
    • condemnation of, 88.
    • failure of, 90.
  • Wood-screws, 7.
  • Wool:
    • Interests ask higher tariff, 40.
    • scandal regarding, 41.
    • campaign of 1866, 42, 43.
    • bill of 1867 passes House, 43.
    • bill signed by Johnson, 44.
    • dissatisfaction of growers, 113.
    • growers send trinity, 113.
    • demands of trinity, 113.
    • Interests disappointed, 229, 230.
    • conditions, 245.
    • Interests muster strong vote, 248.
    • carpet wool, 248.
    • value of, 280.
    • scarcity, 281.
    • wool tops, 250.
    • adulteration of, 282.
    • amount produced in U. S., 285.
    • two classes of manufacturers, 286.
    • substitutes for, 287.
    • decrease in per capita consumption, 288.
    • comparative prices in England and America, 291, 292.
    • Interests force Congress, 299.
    • Interests hold conference, 300.
    • Compact of Interests, 301.
    • carders appear before Ways and Means, 302.
    • carpet manufacturers ask common-sense duty, 303.
    • combination of Interests, 312, 313.
    • failure of protective dogma in, 333, 334.
  • Wool schedule, 284.
    • complexity of, 289.
    • difficulty of, 310, 311.
    • mastered by Dolliver, 311.
    • shown to be without principle, 311.
    • reasons for passage, 312, 313.
  • Wright, Carroll D.: