[414] Dr. Tyndall subsequently defends his course by saying, "The kingdom of science cometh not by observation and experiment alone, but is completed by fixing the roots of observation and experiment in a region inaccessible to both, and in dealing with which we are forced to fall back upon the picturing power of the mind"—"Einbildungskraft"—the force of imagination (Preface to seventh edition). Are we then to believe that the imagination is the source of scientific principles, that it has any "power of intuition, or can in any way create its own objects?" Why does he not fall back on his "Anschauungsgabe," or faculty of rational intuition, and admit that he is in the region of the metaphysical? See "Fragments of Science," p. 130.
[415] "Πρὸς Κολώτην," xxxi.
[416] This is admitted even by those who regard prayer for physical change, as, for example, the averting of disease or the fall of rain, to be "irrational and unconsciously irreverent." "I repeat that no theory of the universe, no philosophy of human nature, and no conclusion of science can ever lay an arrest upon the instincts of the universal heart in the presence of calamity, and with the prospect of its increase. Let men philosophize as they will, and let science march where it will (conquering realm after realm, and reducing all under the rigor of law), the human spirit will always 'cry unto God' in times of crisis, and will find immeasurable solace in 'committing its causes' unto Him; for the instinct to pray for relief in times of anxiety or of peril is one which can never be exorcised from the heart of man. But it does not follow that it will always (or that it ought ever) to imagine that by so doing it can deflect the order of nature or induce God to alter his prearrangements. The relief obtained is in the act of submission and of filial trust, not in the notion of being able to persuade an infinitely powerful and sympathetic Listener" ("Prayer: 'The Two Spheres:' They are Two," by the Rev. William Knight, Contemporary Review, December, 1873, p. 35). Of course we have no reason to expect that Dr. Tyndall should yield his judgment to the authority of Scripture, but we may legitimately expect the Rev. William Knight, of the Free Church of Scotland, to defer in some measure to James v. 13-18.
[417] Preface to the seventh edition of Dr. Tyndall's "Address."
[418] "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 39.
[419] "When ten men are so in earnest on one side that they will sooner be killed than give way, and twenty are earnest enough on the other to cast their votes for it but will not risk their skins, the ten will give the law to the twenty in virtue of the robuster faith, and of the strength that goes along with it."—Froude, "History of England," vol. xii. p. 562.
[420] "Fragments of Science," p. 350.
[421] "Only in the domain of Freedom can there exist the moral."—Martensen, "Christian Ethics," p. 1.
[422] "Fragments of Science," p. 39.
[423] "Questions such as these derive their present interest in great part from their audacity."—Tyndall.
[424] See "Fragments of Science," pp. 38 and 64-65.
[425] Contemporary Review, December, 1873, p. 30.
[426] Tyndall, "Fragments of Science," p. 160.
[427] Preface to the Address before the British Association of Science at Belfast.
[428] Preface to the seventh edition.
[429] Contemporary Review.
[430] Mansel, "Prolegomena Logica," p. 280.
[431] "History of Civilization."
[432] Comte, "Positive Philosophy," vol. i. p. 45.
[433] "No record of coincidences can prove a causal connection, or even suggest it—unless the instances are exceptionally numerous, and unless other causes leading to the result are excluded by the rigid methods of verification."—"Prayer: 'The Two Spheres:' They are Two,"Contemporary Review, Dec., 1873, p. 39.
[434] See pp. 386-7.
[435] Dr. Tuke, "Influence of the Mind on the Body in Health and Disease," p. 351.
[436] "Fragments of Science," pp. 36-39.
[437] "Fragments of Science," p. 40: "The assumed permanence of natural laws."
[438] Ibid., p. 60.
[439] "Fragments of Science," p. 64.
[440] Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 434.
[441] "Fragments of Science," p. 64.
[442]Ibid. p. 38.
[443] "On the Relation of God to the World," pp. 187-201.
[444] See Coleridge, "Works," vol. i. pp. 152, 263; Hamilton, "Metaphysics," vol. i. p. 40.
[445] Fleming, "Vocabulary of Philosophy," in loco.
[446] See Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 440; Spencer, "First Principles," p. 128.
[447] Carpenter, "Mental Physiology," p. 692; see Lewes, "Problems of Life and Mind," vol. i. p. 336.
[448] Essential properties "are those which admit neither of intension nor remission of degrees."—Newton, Regula Tertia Philosophandi, "Principia," lib. iii
[449] Maxwell, "Theory of Heat," p. 310; and also in Nature, vol. ii. p. 421.
[450] By "causes" is here meant nothing more than all the antecedent conditions. The statement makes no real distinction between "causes" and "conditions." "We can not predicate of any physical agency that it is abstractedly the cause of another." "Causation is the will of God."—Grove, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," pp. 15, 199.
[451] See Murphy, "Habit and Intelligence," vol. ii. p. 157; "Scientific Basis of Faith," pp. 75, 76; J. S. Mill, "Logic," vol. ii. ch. xxii. § 1.
[452] "Logic," bk. iii. ch. xvi. See also McCosh, "Intuitions," pp. 275-7.
[453] "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 79.
[454] "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 465.
[455] Murphy, "Scientific Basis of Faith," pp. 80 and 49-51; Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 438.
[456] Grove, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 193.
[457] "First Principles," chs. xiii. and xiv.
[458] Wallace, "On Natural Selection," p. 266.
[459] "Positive Philosophy," vol. i. p. 153-156.
[460] "Fragments of Science," p. 64.
[461] Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 434.
[462] Grove, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 24.
[463] "There is one wonderful condition of matter, perhaps its only true indication, namely, inertia."—Faraday, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 368; Maxwell, "Theory of Heat," p. 86.
[464] Stewart, "Physics," p. 357.
[465] Ibid. p. 355.
[466] "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 195.
[467] "Fragments of Science," p. 39.
[468] "Fragments of Science," p. 420.
[469] Nature, vol. viii. p. 280.
[470] Nature, vol. vi. p. 125.
[471] "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 469.
[472] "Principles of Science," vol. ii. p. 83.
[473] Maxwell, "Theory of Heat," p. 92.
[474] Challis's "Mathematical Principles of Physics," p. 107; Herschel, "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 467.
[475] "It is pretty much the same to the greater number even of the instructed hearers whether a man of science say 'I know' or 'I suppose;' they only ask after the result and the authority by which it is supported, not the grounds of the doubts. It is thus not to be wondered at if earnest investigators do not willingly shock the confidence of their readers in what the former may think true and demonstrable by the enumeration of ideas of the correctness of which they do not feel themselves quite secure."—Helmholtz, "On John Tyndall," in Nature, vol. x. p. 301.
[476] Jevons, "Principles of Science," vol. ii, p. 466.
[477] "Fragments of Science," p. 40.
[478] Ibid. p. 40.
[479] Marsh, "Man and Nature," chs. i. and iii.; Lyell, "Principles of Geology," pp. 713-717.
[480] Wallace, "On Natural Selection," pp. 324-326; Lyell, "Principles of Geology," pp. 681-688, 579-590.
[481] "Fragments of Science," p. 421.
[482] Contemporary Review, July, 1872.
[483] Grove, "Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 20.
[484] Ibid.
[485] Spencer, "First Principles," pp. 235, 252.
[486] Challis, "Mathematical Principles of Physics," p. 681.
[487] Herschel, "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 461.
[488] Carpenter, "Mental Physiology," p. 703.
[489] Whewell, "Astronomy and Physics," p. 224.
[490] 1 Cor. xii. 6.
[491] "ἄραγε ψηλαφήσειαν αὐτόν" = truly feel or touch Him.
[492] See Ritter, "History of Philosophy," vol. i. p. 200.
[493] "Memorabilia," bk. i. ch. iv.
[494] "Timæus," ch. viii.; also "Second Alcibiades," which is a discourse on prayer.
[495] "Laws," bk. v. ch. i.; bk. x. ch. xii.; "Theæstetes," § 83.
[496] "Apology," § 19.
[497] "Philebus," § 84.
[498] 1 Cor. viii. 6.
[499] Eph. iv. 6.
[500] 1 Cor. xii. 6.
[501] "Without God there is no great man. It is He who inspires us with great ideas and exalted designs. When you see a man superior to his passions, happy in adversity, calm amid surrounding storms, can you forbear to confess that these qualities are too exalted to have their origin in the little individual whom they ornament? A god inhabits every virtuous man, and without God there is no virtue."—Seneca, "Epistles," 41, 73.
[502] See "Creator and the Creation," by Dr. Young, pp. 57, 58.
[503] See Müller, "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. i. pp. 248, 249.
[504] Some theologians affirm that this "image of God" was utterly and totally lost in the fall. Such an unqualified statement does not, however, seem warranted by Scripture. After the fall, the sanctity of human life is still grounded upon the fact that man is "made in the image of God" (Gen. ix. 6), and Paul affirms of man, as man, that he is "the image and glory of God" (1 Cor. xi. 7).
[505] "History of Philosophy," vol. i. p. 115.
[506] See Psa. viii. 6; 1 Cor. xi. 7; Col. iii. 10; Eph. iv. 24.
[507] See Dr. Young's "Christ of History," pp. 136-138.
[508] Butler's "Analogy," pt. i. ch. iii.
[509] "Reign of Law," by the Duke of Argyll, p. 121.
[510] Nature, vol. vi. p. 312.
[511] Coleridge's Works, vol. i. p. 152.
[512] Cousin, "True, Beautiful, and Good," pp. 287-289.
[513] Sewell's "Christian Morals," p. 339.
[514] R. W. Hamilton.
[515] Dr. Thomas Brown.
[516] R. W. Hamilton.
[517] Sophocles, "Antigone," v. 450-460.
[518] Quoted by Dr. Brown from "Lucani Pharsalia," bk. ix.
[519] "Fiji and the Fijians," by Williams and Calvert, p. 22.
[520] "Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa," p. 153.
[521] Chalmers's "Institutes of Theology," vol. ii. p. 294.
[522] "The Creator and the Creation," by John Young. LL.D., pp. 101-2. See also "Man Primeval," by Dr. Harris, p. 109; Hamilton's "Revealed Doctrine of Rewards and Punishments," p. 67.
[523] "True, Beautiful, and Good," p. 286.
[524] "Hand-book of Moral Philosophy," p. 184. See also Cairns's "Treatise on Moral Freedom," p. 222; and Hazard on "Causation and Freedom in Willing," p. 7; Dr. Alexander, "Outlines of Moral Science," p. 125: Sir John Herschel's "Familiar Lectures on Science," p. 461; Carpenter's "Human Physiology," p. 543; Wallace, "On Natural Selection," p. 367; Beale's "Protoplasm," p. 121.
[525] "Prolegomena Logica," p. 122.
[526] "Lectures on Metaphysics," vol. i. p. 373; also Porter's "Human Intellect," p. 95.
[527] Quoted by Hamilton in "Notes on Reid," p. 616.
[528] "Discussions," p. 587.
[529] "The feeling of responsibility is unmeaning unless it presupposes the reality of freedom."—Murphy, "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 85.
[530] "The miraculous interpositions recorded in the Scriptures are not inconsistent with this fundamental axiom, for they are effects of the will of God as the cause."—McCosh, "Divine Government," p. 113.
[531] "Divine Government," p. 541.
[532] See McCosh's "Divine Government," p. 113, and Mill's "Logic," p. 114, vol. ii., English edition.
[533] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 87.
[534] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 92. "Every intelligent effort is an exercise of originating creative power which makes the future different from what it would have been but for the exercise of this power."—Hazard, "On Causation," p. 87.
[535] "Philosophy," p. 511.
[536] "Philosophy," p. 508.
[537] "Prolegomena Logica," App., note C.
[538] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 32.
[539] Ibid., p. 56.
[540] See Calderwood's "Hand-book of Moral Philosophy," pp. 196, 197.
[541] Müller's "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. ii. p. 56.
[542] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 130.
[543] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 135.
[544] Ibid., p. 193.
[545] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 158.
[546] "Intuition," etc., p. 472.
[547] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 171.
[548] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 173.
[549] "So long as there are fluctuations at all, even though they be of infinitesimal magnitude as compared with the total, statistical regularity does not exclude all room for freedom."—Murphy, "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 84.
[550] "Prolegomena Logica," p. 280.
[551] On self-limitation of the Divine will, see Müller, "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. ii. pp. 208-212.
[552] This is unquestionably the doctrine of Scripture, "Whom He foreknew, them also He did predestinate."
[553] Bushnell, "Nature and the Supernatural," p. 50.
[554] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 273; Müller, "Christian Doctrine of Sin," vol. ii. pp. 236-247.
[555] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," p. 283.
[556] Bushnell, "Nature and the Supernatural," p. 83.
[557] Ibid., p. 99.
[558] Luke xii. 47, 48.
[559] Matt. xi. 21-24.
[560] Whedon, "Freedom of the Will," pp. 355-357.
[561] Hamilton, "Revealed Doctrine of Rewards and Punishments," p. 88.
[562] "The formation of noble human characters is the highest work that man, or, so far as we know, that God can be engaged in."—Murphy, "Scientific Basis of Faith," p. 39.
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BAKER'S ISMAILÏA. Ismailïa: a Narrative of the Expedition to Central Africa for the Suppression of the Slave-trade, organized by Ismail, Khedive of Egypt. By Sir Samuel White Baker, Pasha, F.R.S., F.R.G.S. With Maps, Portraits, and Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $5 00; Half Calf, $7 25.
GRIFFIS'S JAPAN. The Mikado's Empire: Book I. History of Japan, from 660 B.C. to 1872 A.D. Book II. Personal Experiences, Observations, and Studies in Japan, 1870-1874. By William Elliot Griffis, A.M., late of the Imperial University of Tokio, Japan. Copiously Illustrated. 8vo, Cloth, $4 00; Half Calf, $6 25.
SMILES'S HISTORY OF THE HUGUENOTS. The Huguenots: their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland. By Samuel Smiles. With an Appendix relating to the Huguenots in America. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2 00.
SMILES'S HUGUENOTS AFTER THE REVOCATION. The Huguenots in France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes; with a Visit to the Country of the Vaudois. By Samuel Smiles. Crown 8vo, Cloth, $2 00.
SMILES'S LIFE OF THE STEPHENSONS. The Life of George Stephenson, and of his Son, Robert Stephenson; Comprising, also, a History of the Invention and Introduction of the Railway Locomotive. By Samuel Smiles. With Steel Portraits and numerous Illustrations. 8vo, Cloth, $3 00.
RAWLINSON'S MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY. A Manual of Ancient History, from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire. Comprising the History of Chaldæa, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Lydia, Phoenicia, Syria, Judæa, Egypt, Carthage, Persia, Greece, Macedonia, Parthia, and Rome. By George Rawlinson, M.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. 12mo, Cloth, $1 25.
ALISON'S HISTORY OF EUROPE. First Series: From the Commencement of the French Revolution, in 1789, to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. [In addition to the Notes on Chapter LXXVI., which correct the errors of the original work concerning the United States, a copious Analytical Index has been appended to this American Edition.] Second Series: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852. 8 vols., 8vo, Cloth, $16 00; Sheep, $20 00; Half Calf, $34 00.