The topography and geology of the Fayum province of Egypt

APPENDIX I.

APPENDIX II.

Paul Oppenheim has recently published[100] a description of a large collection of Egyptian lamellibranchs; the following is a list of the species of which examples have been collected in the Fayûm (including Rayan and Moêla). Figured species are marked by an asterisk.

INDEX

• A
• Abshawai—30-31, 84.
• Abu Roash as an island—65.
• Acacias—25.
• Adaptive radiation of Hyracoidea, &c.—69.
• Aegean plateau, Giraffes, &c. of—69.
• Aetheria—81.
• Africa with Europe or Asia, Connection of—68.
• Africa as centre of mammalian radiation—68, 88.
• Agamiin—84.
• Agassizia gibberulus—52.
• Ain Warshat el Melh—20.
• Air passages of crocodile skulls, as casts—52.
• Akera aff. striatella—51-52.
• Alectryonia Clot-Beyi—35, 50-52.
• Allen—69.
• Alluvial deposits—23, 25-26, 29, 39, 79-81.
• Alluvial soil, Composition of—11-12.
• Alluvium covering eastern area—25, 30.
• Amenemhat I—13, 26, 82, 84.
• Ampullina hybrida—51.
• Ampullaria—51, 81.
• Analyses of water—13, 22.
• Analysis of fossil bones—54.
• Analysis of ox bone—55.
• Ancodus Gorringei—34, 59, 70.
• Andrews, Dr. C. W.—10, 34, 52, 59, 68, 71, 80, 87.
• Anisaster gibberulus—52.
• Anomaluridae—68-69.
• Anoplotheres—69.
• Antelopes—69.
• Aquatic animals—55.
• Aquatic hyracoid—69.
• Arca—53, 60.
• Arca Edwardsi—43.
• Arca subplanicostata—90.
• Arca tenuifilosa—90.
• Arca tethyis—52, 90.
• Arca uniformis—90.
• Archæoceti—44, 52, 87.
• Ard varks—69.
• Area of Birket el Qurûn—13.
• Area of cultivated land—11.
• Area of desert in depression—15.
• Area of Fayûm depression—9-11.
• Area of Fayûm freshwater lake—80.
• Arenaceous deposits—84.
• Arenaceous sediments of Nile—81.
• Argillaceous sandstone—36, 39, 46.
• Argillaceous sands—57.
• Armadillos—69.
• Arsinœ—13, 83, 87.
• Arsinoitherium—10, 54, 59, 62, 68-87.
• Arsinoitherium Andrewsii—34, 70.
• Arsinoitherium Zitteli—10, 34, 59, 70, 87.
• Assuan Reservoir—88.
• Astarte—46.
• Astrohelia similis—35, 43, 51.
• B
• Baboons—69.
• Bacchias—83-84.
• Baharia Oasis—9, 25, 27, 29, 66, 67.
• Bahr Belama—18.
• Bahr Yusef—11-12, 17-18, 25-26, 83-84.
• Balanus—39, 47.
• Ball, Dr. J.—66.
• Barbatia—60.
• Barriers between Nile lakes—79.
• Barron, T.—71.
• Barton Clay—58.
• Bartonian beds—43, 53-70.
• Barytherium—10, 51, 68.
• Barytherium grave—35, 51, 70.
• Basalt sheet—15, 28, 34, 53, 56-64, 75-76 (derived).
• Basins receiving drainage—25, 79.
• Bats, Ravine of El—29-30, 37, 39-40.
• Beadnell, H. J. L.—10, 33, 59-60, 65-66, 78, 87.
• Beauchamp sands—58.
• Beekite—61.
• Biahmu—13, 83-84, 87.
• Birds, Fossil—70-87.
• Birket el Qurûn—11, 12-14, 16, 23-25, 27-28, 30-32, 36, 40-41, 43-47, 49-50, 56, 61, 72-73, 80-81, 83-84, 87-88.
• Birket el Qurun Schichten—63.
• Birket el Qurûn Series—23, 27, 35, 41-50, 52, 64, 72-74.
• Bithynia aff. Boissieri—81.
• Blanford—69-70.
• Blanckenhorn, Dr. M.—30-31, 34, 39, 45, 58, 60, 64, 66, 71, 81, 87.
• Blue Nile fauna—81.
• Bone horizons & pits—52, 54, 62, 76.
• Borings, Artesian—18.
• Borings at Medinet el Fayûm—29-30, 41.
• Borings by molluscs—23, 34, 43, 71-73, 78.
• Borings by shells at two levels—72-73.
• Borsonia—37.
• Boulders in gravel terraces—76.
• Brackish-water shells—84.
• Brain of archæoceti—52, 87.
• Branches wanting on fossil trees—64-65.
• British Museum collections—59.
• Brown coal—53.
• Brown, Sir Hanbury—11, 13, 80, 83, 87.
• Bryozoa—36, 52.
• Bubalis—80.
• Bugti beds (Sind)—70.
• Bullen Newton, R.—76.
• C
• Cairo—9, 16, 28, 49, 56, 64, 65.
• Calcareous beds in lake—12.
• Calcareous grits—33, 53, 56-63.
• Calcareous sandstone—25, 42-43, 45, 50-51, 59, 72.
• Calcite—51, 58-59, 61-62.
• Callianassa—36, 58.
• Calyptræa trochiformis—43.
• Canals—11-12, 18-19, 29, 73.
• Canals, Mud brought to lake by—14.
• Canis—80.
• Cape Rayan—21, 36.
• Carbonaceous clays—46.
• Carbonaceous matter—42, 51.
• Cardita—38-39, 47.
• Cardita acuticostata—90.
• Cardita aff. carinata—52.
• Cardita aff. depressa—52.
• Cardita ægyptiaca—46.
• Cardita fidelis—90.
• Cardita fajumensis—35, 46, 50-52, 90.
• Cardita cf. gracilis and depressa—52.
• Cardita mokattamensis—90.
• Cardita Mosis—90.
• Cardita aff. triparticostata—52.
• Cardita Viquesneli—35, 45-46, 90.
• Cardium—59.
• Cardium desertorum—90.
• Cardium Schweinfurthi—35, 43-44, 50-51, 90.
• Carolia—36-39, 48, 50, 52.
• Carolia Beds—33, 48-53, 74 (rolled blocks).
• Carolia placunoides—35-36, 38-39, 45-49, 51-52, 73, 89.
• Cassidaria—51.
• Cassidaria nilotica—51.
• Cassidaria aff. nodosa—51.
• Casts of crocodilian skull air passages—52.
• Casts of shells—39, 44, 51, 59, 63.
• Cavernous limestone—37.
• Celestine—48.
• Cellular weathering of sandstone—46.
• Central African character of Fayûm shells—60.
• Central Area of Fayûm—24-25.
• Centres of independent evolution—69.
• Cerithium—39, 46-47, 53, 57-58.
• Cerithium crispum—58.
• Cerithium fodicatum—37.
• Cerithium perditum—58.
• Cerithium tiarella—58.
• Cetacea—9, 43-44, 47, 49, 87.
• Chalcedony—61.
• Chalky limestones—40.
• Charcoal, Natural—51, 53.
• Chelonians—34, 44, 54, 62.
• Chert, Tabular—61-62.
• Cherty limestones—57, 59, 61.
• Chicoreus anguliferus—76.
• Claudius Ptolemy—83.
• Clavellithes longævus—35, 45-46.
• Clays—12, 15, 18, 20, 22-25, 28-30, 33-53, 55-59, 61-62, 74-76, 80, 82.
• Clays, Variegated—62.
• Clayey marls—37, 53, 62.
• Clayey sands—29, 36-37, 42, 58.
• Clayey sandstones—36, 50, 57, 62.
• Clayey shales—77.
• Cleopatra pirothi—81.
• Cleopatra pirothi var. unicarinata—81.
• Cleopatra bulimoides—81, 84.
• Cliffs—12, 14-15, 20-24, 27, 32, 36, 40-41, 45-46, 48-50, 53, 56, 73-74, 84-85.
• Climate, Variations in Egyptian—81.
• Coal, Thin seam of—53.
• Coast-line of old continent—54.
• Colossi at Biahmu—84.
• Concretions—35-36, 38-40, 42-46, 50, 72.
• Concretionary sands—58.
• Concretionary sandstones—35, 46, 49, 51, 55-56, 62.
• Concretionary weathering—42, 46.
• Conglomerate—25, 74-76, 78.
• Conical hill near Wadi Muêla—36.
• Coniferous fossil trees—63.
• Constancy of beds over wide areas—33.
• Continental land in Oligocene times—64.
• Continuance of Oligocene continental conditions—54.
• Cope Whitehouse—16-17.
• Coprolites—50-51, 62.
• Corals—36-37, 44, 46, 51, 53.
• Corbicula Blanckenhorni—90.
• Corbicula fluminalis, var. consobrina—81, 84.
• Corbula—40.
• Corbula aff. pixidicula—35, 39, 43.
• Cossmann, M.—45, 58, 87.
• Cossmannella ægyptiaca—50.
• Cranial casts in limestone—52.
• Crassatella fajumensis—90.
• Crassatella Junkeri—90.
• Crassatella puellula—90.
• Crassatella trigonata—90.
• Crassatellithes—50.
• Creodonts—70.
• Crocodiles—9, 34, 51-55, 59, 62, 80.
• Crocodilus—59, 70.
• Crystals of quartz, calcite &c.—61.
• Cucullæa aff. crassatina—52.
• Cucullæa dimehensis—89.
• Cultivated lands—9, 11-14, 39-42, 73, 83-84.
• Currents in Birket el Qurûn—14.
• Currents in ancient river—52, 54, 65-66, 71-78, 80.
• Current-bedded clays, sands, &c.—51, 56.
• Cuvier—69.
• Cyprina ægyptiaca—90.
• Cyrena Blanckenhorni—90.
• Cytherea—46.
• Cytherea Newboldi—43.
• D
• Dakhla Oasis—29.
• Dam at El Lahûn—84.
• Dames—9, 43-44, 49, 87.
• Damp climate formerly in Egypt—81.
• Dashûr, Pyramids of—28.
• Dasypodidae—69.
• Defile of Wadi Muêla—9, 21.
• Delta, Ancient—54, 66-67.
• Dentalium—46.
• Denudation, Effects of—39, 73, 75, 77, 84.
• Deposition of sediments in Eocene times—54.
• Depression, Origin of Fayûm—15, 29, 33, 79.
• Depression cut out in sedimentary rocks—33.
• Depression, Fayûm—9, 11-16, 20, 24, 26-30, 33-36, 39, 53, 61, 64, 67, 71, 75, 77-81, 84-85, 87-88.
• Depression, Mogara—71.
• Depression, Wadi Rayan &c.—17-19, 21-24.
• Depressions of Libyan Desert—16, 29, 67.
• Depth of Birket et Qurûn—13.
• Der el Beda—64.
• Der el Galamûn—21, 36.
• Desert conditions—73, 79.
• Desert region—11, 14, 16, 26-28.
• Deshasleh—17.
• Dictyopleurus Haimi—52.
• Diluvial deposits—81.
• Dimê—13, 31, 45, 50, 72.
• Dinotheres—69.
• Diodorus Siculus—13, 82.
• Dionysias—83-84.
• Dip, Importance and nature of—15, 33, 48-49, 55, 57, 64.
• Diplodonta corpusculum—90.
• Diplodonta cycloidea—90.
• Diplodonta inflata—90.
• Dip-slopes of central area &c., of Fayûm—24, 25, 27, 50.
• Disconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.
• Dormice—69.
• Downthrow of faults—32, 50.
• Drainage basins—11, 13, 23, 25.
• Drains—12.
• Dreikanter—56.
• Druses of calcite—62.
• Dugongs—53.
• Dunes—17, 21-23, 26-27, 84-85.
• Dunes, Slope of—26.
• Dunes, Straight-lined character of—26, 85.
• E
• Earth-pillars—46.
• Earthy limestone—46.
• Echinids—36-37, 39.
• Echinolampas Crameri—35, 50.
• Edentata—69.
• Edwa—82-83.
• Egyptian irrigation—88.
• Elephants, Early—68.
• Elephas—80.
• El-Gayat, village—20.
• Elliot Smith, Dr.—52, 87.
• Elwat Hialla—28, 55-56, 75-76.
• Emigration of African animals—68.
• Eocene sea, Extension of—66.
• Eosiren—10, 52.
• Eosiren libyca—35, 51, 70.
• Eremopezus libycus—34, 70.
• Erosion by Nile—79, 80.
• Erosion, Superficial—85.
• Escarpments—15, 21, 26-28, 31-32, 45, 49, 52, 56-58, 60-61, 75-77.
• Escarpments determined by fractures—32.
• Eschara Duvali—37.
• Estuarine conditions of upper beds—53, 55.
• Ethiopian faunal region—68-69.
• Ethiopian region centre of independent evolution—69-70.
• Euhemeria—84.
• Euspatangus Blanckenhorni—36.
• Euspatangus cairensis—52.
• Euspatangus formosus—36.
• Evaporation of late Pliocene lake—78-79.
• Even-toed ruminants—68.
• Exogyra Fraasi—35, 50-52.
• F
• Facetted quartz pebbles—56.
• False-bedding—50-51, 55-57, 62, 73.
• Farafra Oasis—29.
• Faulting and folding—16, 29-32, 49-50.
• Fault near Qasr el Sagha—32.
• Fault, Nile Valley—15.
• Fayûm beds shallower water than those of Mokattam—41.
• Fayûm, Causes of origin of—15, 29, 33.
• Ferruginous bands—51-52, 58.
• Ferruginous clays—51.
• Ferruginous grits—27, 58, 62, 66-67.
• Ferruginous sand—54.
• Ferruginous sandstone—46, 50, 52, 57.
• Feshn—11.
• Fibrous gypsum—52.
• Ficula tricarinata—43.
• Filhol, M.—69.
• Fiord, Nile Valley—78-79.
• Fish remains—9, 35, 39-40, 42-44, 46-47, 50-52, 59, 70, 77, 70.
• Fish-scales—39-40, 42, 44, 77.
• Fish-spines—39, 50.
• Fish-teeth—39, 43, 50.
• Fish-vertebrae—50.
• Flat-topped hills—20.
• Flinders, Petrie—13, 87.
• Flint implements—61, 82.
• Flint pebbles—20, 50, 56, 62-63, 73, 75-76.
• Flint, Tabular—61-62.
• Floods—26, 54, 67, 82.
• Flood protection—88.
• Flood-readings—80.
• Floor of depression—39.
• Fluviatile conditions of deposition—58.
• Fluviatile sands, etc.—60, 66-67.
• Fluviomarine conditions of deposition—33.
• Fluviomarine Series—9, 27, 34, 53-65, 74-76.
• Flying rodents—68-69.
• Fold near Qasr el Sagha—32, 49.
• Foraminiferal beds—33, 35-39, 41-42, 45-48, 74.
• Formation of Fayûm lake—26, 78-80, 82-84.
• Fractures determining escarpments—32.
• Freshness of Birket el Qurûn—14, 24.
• Freshwater conditions of deposition—58.
• Freshwater lake before Mœris—79-80.
• Freshwater lakes of Nile Valley—79.
• Freshwater shells—18, 44, 47, 60, 80-81, 88.
• Freshwater shells absent in Wadi Rayan—23.
• Fusus—37, 48.
• G
• Gar el Gehannem—9, 23, 25, 27, 32, 36-39, 41, 46-47, 50, 52, 61, 67, 73, 80, 85.
• Gar el Hamra—27, 67.
• Garat el Esh—32, 61, 76, 85.
• Garat el Faras—28, 50, 75.
• Garat el Gindi—28, 75.
• Garstin, Sir W.—18, 87.
• Gasteropods—36, 58.
• Geniohyus—10.
• Geniohyus fayumensis—34, 70.
• Geniohyus major—34, 70.
• Geniohyus mirus—34, 70.
• Geodes—61.
• Geological Succession in Wadi Rayan—22.
• Geological Magazine—10, 87.
• Geology of Fayûm—33, 90.
• Geziret el Qorn—31, 40, 43-45, 63.
• Gharaq, Bahr el—11, 17.
• Gharaq Basin—11, 13, 19-20, 23-26, 31, 36, 85.
• Gharaq, Wadi—17.
• Ghardag bushes—22.
• Ghart el Khanashat—26-27, 85.
• Gigantophis—10.
• Gigantophis Garstini—35, 51, 70.
• Giraffes—69.
• Gisortia—37.
• Gisortia gigantea—51.
• Giza, Pyramids of—28, 63.
• Glacial period—69, 81.
• Glauconitic clays—36, 39, 50.
• Glauconitic marl—39.
• Glauconitic sands—37.
• Globular concretions—35, 42-46, 72.
• Glycimeris pulvinatus—52.
• Goat remains—80.
• Goniastræa cocchii—43.
• Goniaræa elegans—51.
• Goniopora—51.
• Grass in desert—27.
• Gravels—15, 25-27, 32, 34, 40-42, 73-78.
• Gravel-capped hills—75.
• Gravel terraces—25, 34, 42, 71, 73-80.
• Gravelly gypsum—77.
• Grenfell, Mr.—83-84, 87.
• Grits—27, 33-34, 57-63, 66.
• Grooving due to blown sand—85.
• Gryphæa arabica—89.
• Gryphæa Edmonstonei—89.
• Gryphæa histris—89.
• Gryphæa pharaonum—89.
• Gryphæa Whitehousei—89.
• Gauges, Nile—80.
• Gypseous clays—33, 35, 37-40, 44-46, 51-52.
• Gypseous deposits—71, 75, 77, 79.
• Gypseous limestone—50, 52.
• Gypseous marls—37-39.
• Gypseous plain—20-21.
• Gypseous sands—39.
• Gypseous shale—42, 48.
• Gypsum—18, 20, 36-37, 39, 42, 50-52, 61-62, 77-79.
• Gypsum of Paris, Animals in—69.
• H
• Hade of fault—32.
• Haram el Bahrl, El—36.
• Harpoons, Flint—61.
• Hawara—11, 13, 26, 87.
• Headon Hill beds—58.
• Height of Pliocene terraces—76.
• Heliastræa acervularia—43.
• Heliastræa Ellisi—13.
• Heliastræa flattersi—43.
• Heluan—16.
• Herodotus—13, 82, 84.
• High-level lake—83.
• Hippopotamus—69, 80.
• Historic epoch—81-85.
• Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to siliceous bands—41.
• Hunt, Mr.—83-84, 87.
• Huxley, Prof.—68.
• Hydractinia—38.
• Hydractinia cornuta—35.
• Hydrobia stagnalis—84.
• Hyracoidea—69.
• I
• Ice periods—69, 81.
• Immigration of animals into Africa—68.
• Implements, Flint—61.
• India, Fauna of—69.
• Indo-Malayan faunal region—69.
• Invasion of Africa by European animals—69.
• Invasion of Europe by African animals—69.
• Ironstone—50, 58-59.
• Irrigation works, Result of—12, 88.
• Isocardia cyprinoides—43.
• J
• Jerboas—69.
• Joint-planes—36.
• K
• Kafr el Ayat—11.
• Karanis—84.
• Kayser—87.
• Kenîsa, El—72.
• Kharga Oasis—29.
• Knobs along line of fault—32.
• Kom Ombo—81.
• Korif, Wadi—21.
• L
• Lacustrine deposits—12-13, 34, 40, 44, 47, 49, 66-67, 79-80, 82.
• Lahûn—11, 26, 39, 84.
• Lahûn Pyramid—28, 42.
• Lake deposits—67, 79.
• Lake in Fayûm—11-14, 78-80.
• Lake Mœris—12-13, 18-19, 23-24, 43, 49, 79-80, 82-84, 87-88.
• Lake, Nile Valley—78-79.
• Lake of the Horns—12.
• Lamellibranchs—12, 58-59, 89.
• Lamination of arenaceous deposits—66.
• Land-animal remains—52-54.
• Land-areas, Ancient—65-67, 71.
• Lanistes—53, 58, 81.
• Lanistes antiquus—51.
• Lanistes bartonianus—34, 60.
• Lanistes carinatus—60.
• Lava Flows—15, 33-34, 53, 56-58, 61-62, 75.
• Leakage through ridge of Wadi Rayan—23.
• Leda—35, 39.
• Lenticular sand-beds—55.
• Leptodon—69.
• Levels made from Rayan to Nile Valley—17.
• Libyan Desert, Area, etc., of—15, 88.
• Liernur Bey—17-18, 87.
• Liernur, Wadi—17, 19.
• Lignite—51, 53.
• Ligurian beds—43, 64, 88.
• Limb-bones of vertebrates—52.
• Limestones—12, 15-16, 20-25, 29, 33-42, 45-53, 56-57, 59-62, 65-66, 73-77.
• Limnæa mœris—81.
• Limnæa natalensis—81.
• Limnæa palustris—81.
• Linant de Bellefonds—16, 83, 88.
• Linthia—52.
• Little Rayan—22.
• Littoral deposits—66.
• Loam—39.
• Lobocarcinus Paulino-Wurtembergicus—36.
• Lower Headon Hill beds—58.
• Lower Oligocene—53-70.
• Lucas, A.—9, 14, 22, 54, 88.
• Lucina—36, 39, 45-46, 48, 53, 58.
• Lucina calliste—90.
• Lucina consobrina—37.
• Lucina Defrancei—37.
• Lucina fajumensis—90.
• Lucina fortisiana—51.
• Lucina gibbosula—90.
• Lucina globulosa—37.
• Lucina pharaonis—35, 43, 45, 51, 90.
• Lucina polythele—90.
• Lucina pomum—43.
• Lucina Rai—90.
• Lucina sinuosa—90.
• Lucina cf. tabulata—43.
• Lulu, Wadi—17.
• Lydekker, R.—70.
• M
• Macrosolen Hollowaysi—35, 46, 51.
• Mactra compressa—43.
• Madagascar and Africa, Connection of—68.
• Mammalia, Fossil—34-35, 55, 62, 38-70, 80, 87.
• Mammillary weathering—57.
• Mandibles of vertebrates—52.
• Marls—18, 29-30, 33-35, 37, 39-42, 49-50, 53, 55, 61-62, 73-74, 76.
• Marls in lake—12.
• Marls, Saliferous—19.
• Marly clays—29-30, 57, 62.
• Marly gypsum—77.
• Marly limestones—33, 35, 37-39, 47-48, 62, 77.
• Marsh land—26, 40, 82.
• Martens, Prof. von.—60, 81, 88.
• Masaigega, Wadi—19.
• Masaret-Abusia—40.
• Mastodons—68-69.
• Mayer-Eymar, K.—37, 43, 49, 53, 64, 88.
• Mazana—17, 19.
• Medinet el Fayûm—29-30, 41, 82-83.
• Mediterranean fauna—81.
• Medum—40, 77 (pyramid).
• Megalohyrax—10.
• Megalohyrax eocænus—34, 59, 70.
• Megalohyrax minor—34, 70.
• Melania—53, 57-60.
• Melania muricata—60.
• Melania cf. Nysti—60, 64.
• Melania tuberculata—81, 84.
• Melanopsis—81.
• Melanopsis fauna—81.
• Melongena nilotica, var. bicarinata—51.
• Menesi Ali, Ezba—17.
• Meretrix nitidula—51.
• Meretrix parisiensis—51.
• Mesalia—51.
• Mesalia fasciata—35, 51.
• Mesalia oxycrepis—51.
• Middle Eocene—9-10, 15, 32-33, 35-53, 54-55, 57-58, 60, 62, 64, 66-67, 70, 80.
• Migrations of mammalia—69-70.
• Miocene beds suggested—64.
• Miocene, Lower—34, 54, 70.
• Miocene, Lower, of Orient European in type—70.
• Miocene strata, Absence of—34, 71.
• Mitra—36.
• Mœriophis Schweinfurthi—50, 70.
• Mœris (see Lake Mœris).
• Mœritherium—10, 52, 59, 68, 70.
• Mœritherium gracilis—35, 51, 70.
• Mœritherium Lyonsi—34, 35, 51, 59, 70.
• Mœritherium trigodon—34-70.
• Mogara—34, 54, 71, 85.
• Mokattam beds, Lower—35, 89-90.
• Mokattam beds, Upper—33, 41, 49, 89-90.
• Mokattam beds deeper water than Fayûm beds—41.
• Mokattam, Jebel—39, 41, 49.
• Monastery in Wadi Muêla—21.
• Moncrieff, Sir C. S.—16-17, 87.
• Monkeys—69.
• Monoclinal fold—16.
• Monograph of Fayûm vertebrates—10.
• Monotony of desert—26.
• Muêla, Wadi—9, 14, 16-17, 20-21, 35-37, 88-89.
• Mutela—53, 60.
• Mytilus affinis—51.
• N
• Natica—46.
• Natica crassatina—64.
• Natrûn, Wadi—26, 27, 54, 85.
• Nautilus—36, 46, 48.
• Nawamis—40.
• Necrodasypus—69.
• Neolithic implements—82, 87.
• Neritina nilotica—81, 84.
• Nezleh Canal—19.
• Nicolia—63.
• Nile deposit absent in Wadi Rayan—23.
• Nile mud—80-82.
• Nile Valley, Connection with—11, 13, 17-18, 79-82.
• Nile Valley, History of—79, 87.
• Nile waters enter depression—26, 79-80, 82.
• Nilometer—80.
• Nodular bands—44, 47.
• Nodular limestones—48.
• Nodules, Calcareous—39, 61.
• Nonionina—46.
• Northern Desert Region—9, 26-28, 87.
• Nucula Mœridis—89.
• Nucularia—35, 39.
• Nummulites—33, 36, 39, 41, 46-48.
• Nummulites Beaumonti—35, 41.
• Nummulites curvispira—35-37.
• Nummulites Fraasi—35, 41-42.
• Nummulites gizehensis—33, 35-37, 39, 41, 48.
• Nummulites gizehensis limestones—33, 35-37, 39, 41, 48.
• Nummulites Schweinfurthi—41.
• Nummulites sub-Beaumonti—41.
• Nummulitic limestones—36-39, 65.
• O
• Oases depressions—67.
• Oases, Origin of—29.
• Oasis, Parva—83.
• Oldest beds in Fayûm—33.
• Oligocene beds—34, 53, 70.
• Oligocene of Orient European in type—70.
• Oliva—46.
• Operculina—33, 46, 74.
• Operculina discoidea—35, 41-42, 47, 74.
• Operculina-Nummulite Beds—35, 41-48, 74.
• Oppenheim, Dr. P.—43, 50, 88-89.
• Oriental faunal region—69.
• Origin of Fayûm, Causes of—15.
• Original floor of depression—39.
• Osborn, Prof. H. F.—68, 70.
• Ostrea—36-39, 42, 44-46, 48-50, 52.
• Ostrea Bellardi—89.
• Ostrea Caillaudi—89.
• Ostrea Clot-Beyi—38, 46, 89.
• Ostrea cucullata—41, 71, 77.
• Ostrea digitalina—43.
• Ostrea Edmonstonei—89.
• Ostrea elegans—35, 51, 89.
• Ostrea flabellula—51.
• Ostrea Fraasi—38-39, 47, 89.
• Ostrea gigantea—43.
• Ostrea gigantica—89.
• Ostrea Gumbeli—37.
• Ostrea Hessi—89.
• Ostrea aff. heteroclyta—51.
• Ostrea histris—89.
• Ostrea longirostris—43.
• Ostrea Mehemeti—89.
• Ostrea paucicostata—89.
• Ostrea plicata—43, 89.
• Ostrea producta—43.
• Ostrea qeruniana—89.
• Ostrea ramosa—89.
• Ostrea Reili—35, 39, 45-47, 51-52, 89.
• Ostrea Schweinfurthi—89.
• Ostrea semipectinata—89.
• Ostrea Sickenbergeri—89.
• Ostrea Stanleyi—89.
• Ostrea Whitehousei—89.
• Oudardia ovalis—39.
• Outlets, Subterranean, to lake—14, 24.
• Outliers—21, 28.
• Output of water from springs—22.
• Oysters—36, 39, 42, 48.
• Oyster-beds—36, 50.
• Oyster-limestone—52.
• P
• Palæogene freshwater shells—60.
• Palæogene vertebrate fauna—87.
• Palæontographica—43, 63, 88.
• Palæomastodon—10, 59, 68.
• Palæomastodon Beadnelli—34, 59, 70.
• Palæomastodon minor—34, 70.
• Palms—21-22.
• Paludina—81.
• Pangolins—69.
• Paper-shales—36, 51.
• Paris basin—58.
• Parisian beds—18, 35-53.
• Pass from Muêla to Rayan—21.
• Pebble deposits—18, 30, 39-40, 56, 58, 76, 78.
• Pecten—39, 42, 46-47.
• Pecten benedictus—71.
• Pecten Caillaudi—89.
• Pecten corneus—37.
• Pecten moëlehensis—37, 52, 59.
• Pecten solariolum—52.
• Pectunculus—46.
• Pectunculus juxtadentatus—90.
• Pectunculus ægyptiacus—51, 90.
• Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus—35.
• Pectunculus pulvinatus—52.
• Pelomedusa progaleata—70.
• Pelvis of Arsinoitherium—54.
• Perforate weathering of sandstone—46.
• Permeability of Wadi Rayan—24.
• Perennial irrigation in Egypt—88.
• Pharaonic province—84.
• Philotera—84.
• Phiomia—10.
• Phiomia serridens—34, 59, 70.
• Pinna—39, 47.
• Plains—50, 52, 54, 77.
• Plain of subaerial denudation—39.
• Planorbis Ehrenbergi—84.
• Planorbis marginatus var. subangulata—84.
• Planorbis subangulata—81.
• Plant-remains—42, 50-51, 53, 57.
• Plateau bounding Fayûm to north—26.
• Plateaux—15, 21, 25, 27-28, 32, 62.
• Pleistocene Beds—30, 34, 47, 50, 54, 71, 79-81, 84.
• Pleurotoma—37, 43, 46, 53, 58.
• Pleurotoma ingens—34, 58.
• Plicatula Bellardi—50-51, 89.
• Plicatula indigena—89.
• Plicatula polymorpha—35, 45-46, 51.
• Plicatula pyramidarum—89.
• Plicatula Schweinfurthi—89.
• Pliny—82.
• Pliocene Beds—30, 34, 41-42, 54, 69, 71-78.
• Pliocene sea, Invasion of—43, 71, 78.
• Pliohyrax—69.
• Podocnemis antiqua—37, 70.
• Podocnemis Blanckenhorni—70.
• Podocnemis Blanckenhorni var. ovata—70.
• Podocnemis fajumensis—70.
• Podocnemis Stromeri—35, 70.
• Podocnemis Stromeri var. major—70.
• Pools formed by rainfall—25.
• Pools produced by springs—20, 22.
• Potamides—53.
• Potamides scalaroides—34, 58, 64.
• Potamides tiarella—64.
• Potamides tristriatus—34.
• Prehistoric epoch—81-82.
• Prehistoric lake—23, 79-82.
• Preservation of fossil remains—55.
• Proboscidea—68-69.
• Promontories of Birket el Qurûn, Origin of—41.
• Propristis Schweinfurthi—35, 51, 70.
• Psephophorus eocænus—35, 70.
• Pseudodon—58, 60.
• Pterodon—10.
• Pterodon africanus—34, 59, 70.
• Pterodon macrognathus—34, 70.
• Pterosphenus—10.
• Pterosphenus Schweinfurthi—35, 50-51, 70.
• Ptolemaic lake—84.
• Ptolemaic period—82.
• Ptolemy Philadelphus—84.
• Ptolemy the second—84.
• Puddingstone of ancient rivers—26, 67.
• Pyramid-like building—74.
• Pyramid pebbles—56.
• Q
• Qalamsha, Ezba—23, 25-26, 41-42, 77.
• Qasr el Banat—84.
• Qasr el Qurûn—84.
• Qasr el Sagha—9, 31-32, 43, 49, 52, 56-58, 60-61.
• Qasr el Sagha Series—27, 32-33, 35, 38, 41, 44-57, 64-66, 75, 77.
• Qatrani, Jebel El—28, 55, 61, 75.
• Qatrani beds—34, 53-70.
• Qerunia—38.
• Qerunia cornuta—35, 45-46, 48, 51-52.
• Quartz pebbles—20, 50, 56, 62-63, 73, 75.
• Quartz sand—55.
• Quartzite—62, 73-75.
• R
• Radiation of Mammalia from Africa—69.
• Railway to Fayûm—40.
• Raised beaches—34, 41.
• Ratite bird—87.
• Ravine Beds—23, 25, 29-30, 35, 37-42, 46, 77.
• Ravines—12, 19, 29, 37, 39-40.
• Rayan, Jebel—36-37.
• Rayan, Geology of Wadi—22-23.
• Rayan, Little—22.
• Rayan Series—24, 25, 30, 33, 35-39, 41.
• Rayan, Wadi—9, 11, 14-24, 27-28, 31, 85, 87-89.
• Rays—70.
• Recent Beds—34, 81-85.
• Reclamation of Fayûm lake—82-84.
• Reconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.
• Reeds—20.
• Regulator of floods, Fayûm as—82.
• Reinach, Von—59, 88.
• Reptiles, Fossil—70.
• Reservoir at Assuan—88.
• Reservoir proposed in Wadi Rayan—16-19.
• Retreat of Eocene sea—54, 55, 66.
• Rhinoceros bicornis—69.
• Ridge separating Nile Valley and Fayûm—25-26, 71, 73-74, 79-80.
• Ridge separating Rayan and Gharaq—23.
• Rimella rimosa—35, 51.
• Ripple-marked sandstone—51.
• Rise of Nile bed—80.
• River, Ancient—27, 52-55, 66-67, 79.
• River-currents—65, 71, 78.
• River-sand—55.
• Roads in desert—27.
• Rocks forming Libyan Desert—15.
• Roda—13, 75, 80.
• Rodents, Flying—68-69.
• Rohlfs’ Expedition—9, 63.
• Rolled fossils—73.
• Rostellaria—37.
• Round-topped hill-ranges—75.
• Rubiat—39-42.
• Ruins—20-22, 48-50, 52.
• Ruminants, Even-toed—68-69.
• Rushes—20.
• S
• Saghatherium—10.
• Saghatherium antiquum—34, 59, 70.
• Saghatherium magnum—34, 70.
• Saghatherium minus—34, 59, 70.
• Salines—20.
• Salinity of lake—14.
• Salinity of water in Wadi Rayan—24.
• Salt—18, 36, 77, 79.
• Salt in Wadis Rayan & Muêla—19, 20, 88.
• Samos, Island of—69.
• Sands—15, 18, 21, 29, 33-34, 40, 42, 47, 50, 53, 55-59, 61-62, 71, 74-76, 80.
• Sand accumulations, Wind-blown—12, 20-21, 32, 34, 73, 84-85.
• Sand, &c., deposited in Birket el Qurûn—13, 80, 84.
• Sandberger Hills—62.
• Sandblast action—73.
• Sand-rock—44, 50-51, 56-60, 62, 74.
• Sands, Variegated—34, 53, 57, 59.
• Sandstones—15, 28, 32-36, 38-39, 42-63, 72, 74-77.
• Sandstone, Concretionary—35, 38.
• Sandstone-grit—56, 58, 62-63.
• Sandstones, Mottled—62.
• Sandstones, Variegated—76.
• Sandy clays—12, 18, 36-37, 42, 44, 46, 50-52, 56-59, 62.
• Sandy conglomerate—18.
• Sandy limestones—25, 35-36, 38-39, 42, 49-52.
• Sandy marl—37, 42, 62.
• Sandy shale—42.
• Saqâra, Pyramid of—28.
• Saws, Flint—61.
• Scalenohedra of calcite—51.
• Schizaster—36.
• Schizaster aff. africanus—52.
• Schweinfurth, Dr.—9, 14, 19, 24, 34-37, 43-44, 49, 64, 71-72, 77-80, 88.
• Schweinfurth’s Temple—49.
• Scoring due to blown sand—85.
• Scott Moncrieff, Sir C.—88.
• Sculpturing of sandstone—85.
• Scutella beds—64.
• Second Cataract—81.
• Sections, Geological—36-42, 44-47, 50-52, 56, 58-62.
• Sediment deposited in Fayûm—26, 54.
• Sêla—9, 26, 39-40, 73.
• Septaria—46.
• Serpula—46.
• Sersena—25, 42, 75.
• Shales—36, 42, 48.
• Shaly Clays—44, 47, 62, 77.
• Shaly marl—39-41, 44.
• Sharks—39.
• Sharks’ teeth—46, 51.
• Sheep remains—80.
• Shell-borings—72.
• Shell-impressions—39-40, 42, 44, 50.
• Shelly limestone—38-39, 46, 51-52.
• Shelly sands—36.
• Shelly sandstone—46, 51.
• Sherwin, R. S.—78.
• Shore-line, Ancient—77.
• Shore-line, Movements of—65.
• Shrinkage of Birket el Qurûn—13.
• Sidmant el Jebel—17, 34, 71, 77.
• Siliceous bands, Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to—41.
• Siliceous beds capping hills—61.
• Siliceous limestone—37, 41.
• Silicified grits—27, 62, 67.
• Silicified sandstones—32, 57.
• Silicified trees—27, 34, 51, 53, 55-59, 61, 63, 65, 73-75.
• Silicified trees, Size of—53, 63.
• Silsila—81.
• Siluroid fish—35, 51, 70, 80.
• Sirenia—51.
• Sites, Excavated—84.
• Skeleton-carrying currents—53.
• Soil, Character of—11-12, 88.
• Soil survey—9.
• Solarium—51.
• Solarium aff. bistriatum—51.
• South Africa as centre of evolution—69.
• South America, Migrations to—69.
• Spatha—53, 58, 60, 81.
• Spatha dahomeyensis—60.
• Spatha Droueti—60.
• Spondylus ægyptiacus—52, 89.
• Spondylus perhorridus—89.
• Spondylus Ruaulti—89.
• Springs in Wadi Muêla—20.
• Springs of Wadi Rayan—22.
• Stem-weathering in sandstone—56.
• Step-faults—31.
• Stereogenys Cromeri—35, 51, 70.
• Stereogenys libyca—70.
• Stereogenys podocnemioides—35, 70.
• Stock-work—50.
• Stone Age, Neolithic—82.
• Strabo—13, 82.
• Strata, Classification of—34.
• Strike faults—32.
• Stromer von Reichenbach, E.—44, 59, 69, 88.
• Strontium sulphate pseudomorphs—48.
• Subaerial denudation—39.
• Sub-fossil fauna of Fayûm—81.
• Successive faunal invasions, Theory of—68.
• Sulphate of lime—78.
• Sulphate of strontium pseudomorphs—48.
• Survey collections—59.
• Surveying operations—9.
• Surveying by Colonel Western—17.
• T
• Table-land of cultivated area—11.
• Tafla beds—39.
• Tamarisk growth—22, 25, 72, 82.
• Tamia—12-13, 15, 25, 27-28, 31, 40, 42, 49-50, 55-56, 72, 75.
• Tamia lake—40.
• Tectonics—16, 29-32.
• Tellina—40, 42, 51.
• Tellina pellucida—43.
• Tellina scalaroides—35.
• Tellina tenuistriata—35, 39.
• Temperature changes in desert—73.
• Temperature effects on pebbles—56.
• Temperature of springs in Wadi Rayan—22.
• Temple of Qasr el Sagha—49, 56.
• Terebellum sopitum—36.
• Teredo—39, 47.
• Testudo Ammon—10, 34, 59, 70.
• Thallassochelys libyca—35, 70.
• Theadelphia—84.
• Thickness of beds in section—37-29, 42, 45-46, 49-52, 56-60, 65, 76-77.
• Thickness of sediments in Fayûm—15.
• Thinning of Fluvio-marine series—55.
• Tomistoma—70.
• Tomistoma africanum—35, 51, 59, 70.
• Tongrian beds—13, 64, 88.
• Toothed whales—39.
• Topography and structural geology—11-28.
• Tortoises, Large—10, 53-54, 59, 66, 87.
• Trachelochetus bituberculatus—51.
• Tropical shells in Fayûm—60.
• Tuba, El—40.
• Tudicla aff. umbilicaris—51.
• Tufaceous gypsum—77.
• Turbo Parkinsoni—43.
• Turritella—38-39, 44-53.
• Turritella angulata—43, 45, 60, 64.
• Turritella carinifera—35, 38, 43, 51-52.
• Turritella imbricataria—51-52.
• Turritella Lessepsi—51.
• Turritella parisiana—51.
• Turritella pharaonica—34-35, 45, 51-52, 58.
• Turritella transitoria—43.
• Turritella turris—43.
• Turtles—53-55, 59, 60.
• Twelfth Dynasty—26, 82.
• Twigs preserved in clays—53.
• U
• Um el Atl—84.
• Unconformable junctions—39-40, 73, 76.
• Underground outlets of Birket el Qurûn—14.
• Ungulate, Horned—10.
• Unio—34, 53, 58-60.
• Unio abyssinicus—81.
• Unio Bonneaudi—60.
• Unio Caillaudi—60.
• Unio Homsensis—60.
• Unio lithophagus—60.
• Unio Nyassænsis—60.
• Unio Schweinfurthi—81.
• Unio teretiusculus—60.
• Upper Eocene—10, 32-34, 53-70, 76.
• Upper Mokattam beds—33.
• Upper Nile basin—87.
• Ur-Nil—66.
• V
• Valvata nilotica—80, 84.
• Vegetation in water-courses—25.
• Velates Schmiedeli—37.
• Venus—46.
• Venus plicatella—35.
• Vermetus—46.
• Vertebrae of Mœritherium—52.
• Vertebrae of Zeuglodon—45, 47, 50.
• Vertebrate fauna, Discovery of—9.
• Vertebrates, Extinct—10, 34-35, 43, 49, 51-52, 55, 61, 63, 65, 67, 70, 87.
• Voluta—46.
• Voluta arabica—35.
• Vulsella chamiformis—37, 89.
• Vulsella crispata—89.
• Vulsella lignaria—89.
• Vulsella moëlehensis—89.
• W
• Wadi, Ravine of El—29-30, 37, 39.
• Wadi Rayan, Muêla, etc. (see under Rayan, Muêla).
• Wadi Rayan series—35-37.
• Warshat el Melh—20.
• Water analyses—22.
• Water-courses—25.
• Water-rounded pebbles—56, 72.
• Water-supply of Fayûm—11, 88.
• Weathering—57.
• Wells—21.
• Western, Colonel—16-18, 22, 87.
• Whales, Frequency of river and shore-frequenting—53.
• Whales, Toothed—39.
• Whitehouse, Cope—88.
• White Nile fauna, Absence of—81.
• Widan el Faras—28, 55, 58, 60, 62, 75-76.
• Willcocks, Sir William—13-14, 17-19, 80-88.
• Wind-shadow—84.
• X
• Xiphodonts—29.
• Z
• Zeuglodon—9, 39, 44, 49, 52, 87-88.
• Zeuglodon brachyspondylus—44.
• Zeuglodon Isis—35, 44-45, 47, 70.
• Zeuglodon macrospondylus—44.
• Zeuglodon Osiris—35, 44, 47, 49-51, 70.
• Zeuglodon Zitteli—44, 70.
• Zeuglodon Valley—41, 46-49, 61, 63, 85.
• Zittel, Prof. K.—43, 49, 62, 89.