The Tropical World / Aspects of man and nature in the equatorial regions of the globe.

INDEX.

• Aard-varks, or earth hogs (Orycteropi), 488
• Abies Brunoniana of the slopes of Sikkim, 83
• —— Webbiana of the slopes of Sikkim, 83
• Abrus precatoria, spider called the, 213
• Abyssinia, the tsalt-salya or zimb of, 230
• Acacia latronùm, thorns of the, 144
• Aden, coffee first introduced into, 170
• Adjutant bird, 303
• —— his destruction of reptiles, 303
• Africa, timber of the eastern coast-lands of, 6
• —— influence of the heated plains of, in deflecting the trade-winds, 8
• —— gigantic trees of, 120 et seq.
• —— reason why droughts are prevalent in, 85
• —— bushmen of, 85
• —— animals of, 88
• African mode of life, 531
• Agades, tower in, 93
• Agave Americana, 81, 132
• —— its uses, 133
• Air-currents, their effects in the equatorial regions, 4
• —— the trade-winds, 4, 5
• —— polar and equatorial air-currents, 1
• Aïs, the, 497
• Albatross, the, compared with the condor, 378
• —— avoids the torrid zone, 267
• Alexander the Great, said to have introduced the peacock into Europe, 360
• Algeria, domestication of the ostrich in, 388
• Alligators, torpor of, of the Amazons river, 46
• —— the caymen, of the New World, 333
• —— mode of seizing their prey, 334
• —— their voice, 334
• —— their conflicts among themselves, 335
• —— their preference for human flesh, 334
• Alligators, their tenacity of life, 335
• —— their tenderness for their young, 336
• —— their friends and enemies, 339
• Allspice, 204.
• See Pimento
• Aloes, the, of the torrid zone, 132
• Alpaca, value of its wool, 23
• —— herds of, in the high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, 25
• Altos of the Puna, 28
• Aluate, or howling monkey, 512
• Amazonian parrot (Psittacus Amazonicus), 396
• Amazons, or Marañon, river
• —— —— —— source of, 36
• —— —— —— its length, width, and course, 36
• —— —— —— its tributaries, 37
• —— —— —— rapids and cataracts of the, 36
• —— —— called the Solimoens from the Brazilian frontier to the influx of the Rio Negro, 37
• —— —— —— its unfathomable depth at the Strait of Obydos, 37
• —— —— —— its tide-waves, 38
• —— —— —— its width below Gurupa, 38
• —— —— —— and when it reaches the ocean, 38
• —— —— —— imperfect knowledge of the river, 39
• —— —— —— extent of territory drained by the Amazons, 40
• —— —— —— its colossal rise, 40
• —— —— —— lagunes of the, and their beautiful scenery, 41
• —— —— —— different character of the forests beyond and within the verge of the inundation of the river, 42
• —— —— —— a sail on the river, and a night’s encampment, 43
• —— —— —— the yacu-mama, or ‘mother of the waters,’ 44
• Amazons, the voracious pirangas, 45
• —— —— —— mosquitoes of the, 45
• —— —— —— beds of aquatic grass on the, 45
• —— —— —— birds on the, 46
• —— —— —— insects of the, 46
• —— —— —— storms on the river, 47
• —— —— —— rapids and whirlpool, 47
• —— —— —— the Amazons regarded as the stream of the future, 49
• —— —— —— discovery of the Amazons by Vincent Yañez Pinson, 50
• —— —— —— adventures of Pizarro and Madame Godin on the, 50–52
• —— —— —— primitive forests of the banks of the Amazons, 53
• —— —— —— the mosquito plagues of, 222
• —— —— —— orange-red colouring matter used by the Indians of the, 195
• America, growth of cotton in, 189, 190
• —— insect plagues of, 221
• —— snakes of the United States of, 316
• —— South, influence of the Marañon on the climate of the, 5
• —— Central, deflections from the ordinary course of the trade-winds in, 8
• —— savannahs of, 12
• —— a savannah on fire, 14
• —— cultivation of maize in, 165
• —— primitive forests of, 54
• Amsterdam, a spice-fire in, 200
• Anaconda, or water-boa (Eunectes murinus), 301
• Anarajapoora, sacred Bo tree of, 127
• Anderson, Mr., his adventure with a rhinoceros, 428
• —— and with a lion, 449
• Angola, red ant of, 235
• Anolis, the, 310, 312
• —— battles of the, 312
• —— faculty of changing colour, 313
• Anomaluri, the, of the west coast of Africa, 495
• Ant-eaters, 482
• —— the great ant-bear, 482
• —— his mode of licking up termites, 483
• —— his characteristics, 483
• —— Indian mode of killing him, 484
• —— the manides, or pangolins, 485
• —— the Aard-varks, or orycteropi, 486
• —— the porcupine ant-eater, 488
• Antelopes of South Africa, 408
• —— cervicapra, 412
• Antonio Julian, Don, regrets that the use of coca had not been introduced into Europe, 187
• Ants, their ravages in sugar plantations, 177
• Ants, vast numbers of, in tropical countries, 234
• —— excruciating pain caused by the bite of the Ponera clavata, 235
• —— the red ant of Angola, 235
• —— the sugar ants, 236
• —— house ants, 237
• —— driver or foraging ants, 238
• —— societies of ants, 239
• —— fungus ants, 239
• —— Formica bispinosa, 239
• —— ant-hills, 240
• —— sagacity of ants, 240
• —— slave-making expeditions of some kinds of ants, 240
• —— the honey ant of Mexico, 240
• —— termites, or white ants, 241.
• See Termites
• —— black ants, 246
• —— wars between black and white ants, 246
• Apes, anthropomorphous, compared and contrasted with man, 498
• Arabia, coffee first introduced into, 178
• —— mode of cultivating coffee in, 179
• Arabic tongue, delicacy of the, 118
• Arandi (Bombyx Cynthia), soft threads spun by the, 249
• Araneæ of the tropics, 211
• Aras of America (Macrocerus Macao), the, 398
• Arauca, Rio, mosquitoes of, 233
• Archipelago, the Eastern, bamboos of 130
• —— —— screw pine of the, 133
• —— the Mulgrave, importance of the screw pine to the inhabitants of, 133
• Areca palm (Areca Catechu), the, 151, 162
• —— Singhalese habit of chewing the nuts with lime and betel-pepper leaves, 151
• Areca sapida of New Zealand, 160
• Armadillos, the, 487
• —— of the sand-coast of Peru, 34
• —— genera of the Armadillos, 487
• Arnatto (Bixa orellana), used as a dye, 195
• Arnee (Bubalus arnee), 413
• —— uses of, 196
• Arrack made from the cocoa-nut tree, 148
• Arrowroot, from what obtained, 170
• —— mode of obtaining it, 170, 171
• Artocarpus incisa, or bread-fruit tree, 166
• Ascension, turtles of the island of, 328
• Ashantee, human sacrifices at, 526
• Asp of ancient authors, 300
• Atlantic, limits of the trade-winds in the Northern, 4, 5
• Atlas mountains, ephemeral streams of the, 70
• —— —— the lions of the, 477
• Atlas-moth, cinnamon-eating, of Ceylon, 207
• Atro, or Ben Israel of Abyssinia (Cephalopus hemprichii), 410
• Aturas, extinct tribe of the, 72
• —— their graves, 72
• Australians, physical conformation of the, 466
• —— their low state of civilisation, 467
• —— their languages, 467
• —— their superstitions, 467, 468
• —— their dances, 469
• —— their family names and family kobongs, or badges, 470
• —— their ceremony of marriage, 470
• —— their blood feuds, 470
• —— their savage customs, 470
• —— their food, 470
• —— their division of property, 471
• —— their punishments, 471
• —— laws for the preservation and distribution of food, 472
• —— their respect for age, 472
• —— their hunts, 473
• —— their dexterity in fishing, 474
• —— their hospitality and feasts, 475
• —— not guilty of cannibalism, 476
• —— their throwing-stick and boomerang, 476
• —— their moral qualities, 476
• Baboons, 510
• Baboon, the great, of Senegal, 510
• Bacha, the (Falco bacha), 382
• Bactrian camel, 401
• Bahama Islands, mode of catching turtles on the, 328
• Bahia toad, 319
• Bakalahari, the, of the Kalahari, 86–91
• —— their love for agriculture and domestic animals, 91
• —— their timidity, 92
• —— fur of their animals, 92
• Balagnini of the vicinity of Sooloo, 256
• Balistinæ, 272
• Baltimore bird (Icterus Baltimore), 352
• —— —— nest of the, 353
• Bamboos (Bambusaceæ) of the tropics, 130
• —— variety of uses to which they are applied, 130
• Bambusaceæ, the, of the tropics, 130
• —— rapidity of their growth, 130
• Banana (Musa sapientum), its importance as food, 167, 168
• Banana (Musa sapientum), and of the Saüba ant, 236
• Banda, nutmeg trees of, 199, 200
• Banyan tree (Ficus indica), 124, 125
• —— —— fondness of the Hindoos for it, 125
• Baobab, African, or monkey-bread tree (Adansonia digitata), 120, 121
• —— —— immense specimens of, 121
• —— —— used as a vegetable cistern, 122
• —— —— its age, 122
• Barbasco (Jacquinia armillaris), used for catching fish, 66
• Barima river, the Upper, gigantic trees of, 130
• Basilisk, the, 318
• Bats of tropical forests, 490, 491
• —— organisation of, 491
• —— the kalongs, or fox-bats, of Java, 491
• —— the vampire, 492
• —— the Rhinolophi, or horse-shoe bats, 493
• —— the Scotophilis Coromandelicus of Ceylon, 494
• Battas, a Malay tribe, 259
• ‘Bay of the Thousand Isles,’ 38
• Baya birds of Hindostan, their nests, 367
• Bear, the cocoa-nut (Ursus malayanus), 149
• Bechuanas, their love for agriculture and domestic animals, 91
• —— their mode of drawing water, 91
• Bedouins, personal appearance of the, 105
• —— their love of solitude, 107
• —— acuteness of their senses, 107
• —— their manners, 108
• —— their patriotism, 108
• —— song of Maysunah, 109
• —— traits of their character, 109
• —— ferocity of their life, 110
• —— their women, 110
• —— their chivalrous spirit, 111
• —— story of the Caliph El Mutasen, 111
• —— horses of the Arabs, 111, 112
• —— camels of the, 113
• —— —— the instrument of lasting freedom, 113
• —— encampments of the Bedouins, 115
• —— quarrels among them, 115
• —— murders among them, 116
• —— their amusements, 116, 117
• —— their hospitality and accomplishments, 118
• —— delicacy of the Arabic tongue, 118
• —— manners and habits of the Bedouins, 119
• —— their religious character, 119
• —— their similarity to the North American Indians, 119
• Beetles of the Amazons, 46
• —— of the tropical forests, 46
• —— edible, of the Oreodoxa oleracea, 159
• —— peculiarity of beetle-life in the torrid zone, 206
• —— the Hercules beetle (Megasomina Hercules), 206
• —— Goliath, of the tropics, 206
• —— the Goliaths of the coast of Guinea, 206
• —— luminous beetles, 210
• —— —— cocujas of South America, 210
• Begus, or evil spirits, of the Malays, 260
• Behemoth of the Bible, 417
• Bell-bird, or campanero, 350
• Bengal, indigo of, 192, 193
• Berbice river, the Victoria Regia discovered in the, 137
• Bête rouge, the, of Guiana and the West Indies, 227
• Bhain (Bubalus Bhain), 414
• Biledulgerid, or oases south of the Atlas, toddy drunk in, 155
• Birds of the Puna, or high table-lands of tropical America, 28, 34
• —— of the tropical seas, 267, 268
• —— of prey of the tropics, 376
• Birds’-nests, edible, 269
• Black ants, 246
• Blast, a sugar-cane disease, 177
• Blattæ, 233
• Blatta gigantea, or the drummer, 233
• Bo tree, or pippul, of India (Ficus religiosa), 126
• —— —— antiquity of one at Anarajapoora, in Ceylon, 126
• —— —— veneration of the Buddhists for it, 127
• —— —— union of the Bo tree with the Palmyra palm, 137
• Boa constrictor, 301
• —— —— his habitat, 301
• —— —— the water, 301
• —— —— his habitat, 302
• Boaquira (Crotalus horridus), 298
• Bogota, perennial rainy seasons of, 6
• Bombax Ceiba, 139
• Bombay, heavy fall of rain at, 8
• Bombyx cynthia, 249
• —— mori, 249
• —— mylitta, 249
• Bonny, mode of providing for the wants of the dead at, 527
• —— the town of, 529, 530
• Boomerang of the Australian savage,476
• Botocudo Indians, 62
• Botocudos Indians, 77
• Bottle tree of tropical Australia, 139
• Botuto, or holy trumpet, of the South American Indians, 70
• Bourbon, nutmegs of, 201
• Bow Island. See Hau
• Brazil, impenetrable forests of, 55
• —— sensitive plants of, 135
• —— the bushropes or lianas of, 135
• —— immense number of beetles found in, 210
• —— the bush-master of, 297
• —— the giant-toad of, 320
• —— tree-frog of, 320
• —— birds of, 347
• —— humming-birds of, 347
• —— wood (Cæsalpina crista), description of the tree producing, 195
• Brazilian nut (Bertholletia), 145
• Bread-fruit tree (Artocarpus incisa) of Polynesia, 166
• —— —— —— the harvest, 166
• —— —— —— the sour paste, 167
• Bromelids, American, 132
• —— uses of the, 132
• Buddhists, their veneration for the sacred Bo tree at Anarajapoora, 127
• Buffalo, the African (Bubalus Caffer), his guardian bird, 442
• —— ferocity of the, 413
• Buffalo-thorn (Acacia latronùm), thorns of the, 144
• Buffaloes, ferocity of the male solitaires of the, 413
• Bulls, wild, of the Puna mountain valleys, 28
• Buprestis gigas, elytra of the, worn as an ornament, 252
• Bushmen, African, 88
• —— their habitat, 88
• —— their weapons, 89
• —— their treatment of the Bakalahari, 92
• Bush-master snake (Lachesis rhombeata), 297
• Bushropes, or lianas, of tropical vegetation, 135
• Cabbage-palm of the Antilles (Oreodoxa oleracea), its magnificence, 159
• —— —— grub of the, 159
• Cabeza di Negro (Phytelephas), hard white nuts of the, 160
• Cacao tree (Cacao theobroma), 182
• —— —— origin of the name of theobroma, 182
• —— —— indigenous in Mexico, 182
• —— —— Humboldt’s description of a cacao plantation, 182
• —— —— mode of cultivation, 183
• —— —— management of the beans, 183
• —— —— used in the form of chocolate, 183
• Cactuses, description of the, 133
• —— their usefulness to man, 133
• Cactuses did not exist in the Old World previous to the discovery of America, 134
• —— range of their growth, 134
• —— of Peru and Bolivia, 134
• —— of the Puna, 134
• Cæsalpina crista, 195
• Caffa and Enarea, the original home of the coffee plant, 178
• Calabar, New and Old, palm-oil trade of, 146
• Calao, or rhinoceros horn-bill (Buceros rhinoceros), 358
• Calcutta, heavy fall of rain in, 18
• Californian firs, size of the, 159
• Calms, zone of, 6
• —— intense heat of the, 6
• —— heavy afternoon rains of the, 6
• Camel, its resemblance to the ostrich, 387
• —— the dromedary the ship of the desert, 399
• —— adaptation of its organisation to its mode of life, 400
• —— Bedouin mode of training it, 400
• —— the Bactrian camel, 401
• —— immemorial slavery of the camel, 401
• —— its unamiable character, 402
• Camelopard. See Giraffe
• Campanero, or bell-bird, 350
• Canary Islands, gigantic dragon-trees of the, 123
• Canis Ingæ of the Punas, 28
• Caoutchouc tree (Siphonia elastica), Indians incising some of them, 188
• —— —— description of the tree, 190
• —— —— introduction of caoutchouc into Europe, 190
• —— —— mode of collecting the resin, 190
• —— —— other trees yielding caoutchouc, 191
• —— —— various uses of India-rubber, 191
• Caouana, or loggerhead turtle (Chelonia caouana), 331
• Capybara, or water-pig, eaten by the alligator, 333
• Caribs, 76
• Caracara eagle (Polyborus caracara), his station, 246
• Cardinal bird of Mexico, 80
• Carinaria vitrea, the, 274
• Carnauba palm (Corypha cerifera), wax obtained from the, 158
• —— —— other uses of the tree, 158
• Caroa (Bromelia variegata), fishing-nets made from the fibres of the, 132
• Caroline Islanders, 289
• Cassava, or Mandioca root (Jatropha Manihot), how prepared as food, 169
• Cassava, the sweet cassava (Jatropha janipha), 170
• Cassicus cristatus, 354
• —— ruber, 354
• —— persicus, 354
• Cassiques, the, 354
• —— their pendulous nests, 354
• Cassowary, the galeated (Casuarius galeatus), 390, 391
• Caterpillars, eaten by man in Africa, 251
• —— their means of defence, 209
• Cayman. See Alligator
• Cecropias, of the Amazons river, 45
• Ceiba (Bombax ceiba), the, of the forests of Yucatan, 128
• Cephalopods, gigantic, 274
• Cerastes, or horned viper, of the Egyptian jugglers, 301
• Cercopitheci, their characteristics, 505
• —— parental affection of one, 507
• Ceroxylon andicola, wax obtained from the, 159
• —— height at which it will grow, 159, 160
• Ceylon, abundance of the cocoa-nut tree in, 146, 147
• —— its love of the sea, 146
• —— the tree, and its fruit and flowers, 147
• —— cocoa-nut oil trade of, 148
• —— coir of the, 148
• —— palmyra toddy of, 148
• —— wood of the cocoa-nut tree, uses for it, 149
• —— enemies of the, 149
• —— cultivation of rice in, 164
• —— the coffee cultivation of, 180
• —— cinnamon gardens of, 198
• —— —— taken by the Dutch, who save the plants, 198
• —— former profits of the Dutch, 198
• —— dimensions of the atlas moth of, 207
• —— Mr. Stewart’s plantation at Ceylon, 199
• —— nutmegs of, 202
• —— snakes of, 209
• —— comparative rareness of venomous snakes in, 209
• —— the rat-snake and cobra domesticated in, 308
• —— barbarous mode of selling turtle-flesh in, 330
• —— birds of, 374
• —— elephants of, 440
• —— elephant-catchers of, 440
• Chacma, or pig-faced baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius), 510
• Chalias, the, of Ceylon, and their supply of cinnamon, 198
• Chamærops humilis, of Nizza, 160
• Chameleon, the, 313
• —— its habitat, 313
• —— its manner of hunting for its food, 313
• —— peculiarities of its organisation, 314
• Chancay, sand-hills of, 35
• Cheetah, or hunting leopard, 446
• Chegoe, Pique, or Jigger, of the West Indies (Pulex penetrans), 225
• —— its mode of working, 225
• —— native method of extirpating it, 225
• Chelonia imbricata, 329, 331
• —— midas, 329
• —— caouana, 331
• Chelonians, 321
• Chimpanzee, the (Simia troglodytes), 499
• —— chim in Paris, 499
• Chincha, or Guano Islands, 35
• Chinchilla lanigera, the, of the high table-lands of Peru, 27
• —— —— its appearance and habits, 27
• Chirimoya (Anona tripetala), a Peruvian fruit, 172
• Choco of Chili, 160
• Chocolate, 183
• Chuñu, or chaps, caused by the biting winds of the Puna, 21
• Cicadæ, or frog-hoppers, eaten by man, 252
• Cilgero bird of Cuba, his song, 356
• Cinnamon plant, 198
• —— gardens of Ceylon, 198
• —— immense profits of the Dutch, 198
• —— decline of the trade, 198
• —— mode of cultivating the plant and procuring the rind, 199
• —— the Ceylon chalias, 198
• Cleopatra, her death, 300
• Climates, diversity of, within the tropics, 1
• —— causes by which the diversity of, is produced, 2
• —— varieties of the tropical, 3
• —— climate of the Llanos of Venezuela and New Granada, 11
• —— of the Puna or high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, 20
• Cloves, history of the cruel monopoly of the Dutch in, 200
• —— clove-tree groves, 201
• Coary river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Coatimondi, the, 499
• Cobra di Capello, the, 298, 299
• —— tamed by the Indian jugglers, 299
• —— its habitat, 300
• —— its sea voyages, 300
• Coca (Erythroxylon coca), 184
• Coca, its immense consumption in Peru and Bolivia, 184
• —— mode of preparing it by the Indians, 185
• —— its wonderfully strengthening effects, 186
• —— use of, in ascending mountains, 186
• —— fatal consequences of its abuse, 186
• —— the coquero, or confirmed coca-chewer, 186
• —— divine honours paid to the shrub by the Peruvians, 187
• —— its use interdicted by the Spanish conquerors, but finally allowed and encouraged, 187
• —— its remarkable properties long remained unnoticed, 187
• Cocci, the cochineal coccus of Mexico, 249, 250
• Coccus cacti, 250
• —— hesperidum of Mexico, 249
• —— lacca, or lac-insect, 249, 251
• —— of the coffee tree, 182
• Cochineal insect, exportation of, forbidden by the Spaniards in Mexico, 250
• —— —— introduced into the Canary Islands, Spain, and other places, 251
• —— —— cultivation of the, 250
• —— —— history of cochineal, 250
• Cock of the Rock of Guiana (Rupicola aurantia), 351
• Cockatoo, the, 396
• —— the great white, 396
• —— the black of Australia, 396
• —— cockatoo-killing in Australia, 396
• Cockroaches (Blattæ), tropical plague of, introduced into England, 233
• —— the giant cockroach of the tropics (Blatta gigantea), 233
• —— encounter between a spider and a cockroach, 218
• Cocoa-nut tree (Cocos nucifera), the 146
• —— —— —— its abundance in Ceylon, 146
• —— —— —— its many uses to man, 147
• —— —— —— cocoa-nut oil and the oil trade, 148
• —— —— —— toddy made from the, 148
• —— —— —— timber of the, 148, 149
• —— —— —— cultivation of the, 149
• —— —— —— enemies of the, 149
• Cocos nucifera, the, 146. See Cocoa-nut tree
• —— butyracea, or oil palm-tree of West Africa, 158
• Cocujas beetle of South America, its luminous qualities, 210
• Coffee, original home of the plant, 178
• Coffee, the use of, introduced into Arabia, 178
• —— history of coffee-drinking, 179
• —— the first coffee-houses in London and Paris, 179
• —— present state of coffee production throughout the world, 179, 180
• —— Brazil, Java, Ceylon, Hayti, and Venezuela, 180
• —— Mocha coffee, its quality, 180
• —— mode of cultivation of the coffee-tree, 180
• —— coffee plantations, 180
• —— felling trees for coffee plantations in Ceylon, 181
• —— enemies of the coffee-tree, 180
• Coir, or cocoa-nut fibre, uses to which it is applied, 148
• Colobi, the African, 505
• Colombo, cinnamon gardens of, 198
• Condamine, M. La, his voyage from Brancamoros to Para, 52
• —— introduces caoutchouc into Europe, 190
• Condor, the, of the high table-lands of tropical America, 28, 377
• —— his marvellous flight, 377
• —— his food, 377
• —— modes of capturing him, 377, 378
• —— compared with the albatross, 378
• Coniferæ of the slopes of the Sikkim mountains, 83
• Copris hamadryas, size of the, 205, 206
• Convolvulus batatas, or sweet potato, 170
• Coot, the gigantic (Fulica gigantea), of tropical America, 28
• Coppersmith bird of Ceylon (Megalasara Indica), 373
• Coral islands, 266
• —— formation of, 275
• —— dreary monotony of a coral islander’s life, 289
• Coral-snake (Elaps corallinus), domesticated in Brazil, 308
• Coriaceous turtle (Sphargis coriacea), 330
• Corozo palm (Elæis oleifera), oil of the, 159
• Corribory of the Australians, 469
• Cotingas, the, 350
• Cotton, 189
• —— cultivation of, 189
• —— amazing rise of the cotton manufacture, 189
• —— the cotton harvest, 190
• —— the cotton trade of India, present and prospective, 190 et seq.
• Couguar, or puma, the, 462
• —— shown by the Peruvian Indians, 463
• Counacutchi, or bush-master snake (Lachesis rhombeata), 297
• Crab, land, 272, 273
• —— their burrows, 273
• —— their mode of defence, 274
• Crabs, fighting, 274
• —— injuries done by, to the sugar-cane, 177
• —— short-tailed, 272
• —— of the tropical seas, 272
• Crauata de rede (Bromelia sagenaria), cordage made from the, 132
• Cray-fish, 272
• Creeping plants, their importance in the deserts of South Africa, 64
• Crocodiles of the banks of the Amazons, 45
• —— their torpidity, 332, 340
• —— food of the, 338
• —— their friend, the Hyas Ægyptiacus, 339
• —— fables as to the ichneumon, 339
• —— their power of fascinating their prey, 340
• —— their wanderings, 340
• —— anecdote of one in Ceylon, 341
• —— their habitat, 337
• Crotalus horridus, 298
• —— durissus, 298
• Crustaceans of the tropics, 272
• —— decapod, 272
• Cucurito palm, splendour of the, 161
• Cynocephali, 509
• Cynocephalus porcarius, 510
• —— sphinx, 510
• Cypræa aurora, 274
• Dahomey, human sacrifices at, 526
• Damara Land, reason why droughts are prevalent in, 86
• Dampier, the bread-fruit first mentioned by, 167
• —— his account of logwood-cutting and logwood-cutters, 194, 195
• —— his love for the free life of wood-cutters, 195
• —— attacked by a Guinea worm, 250
• Date-palm (Phœnix dactylifera), 154
• —— —— range of its cultivation, 155
• —— —— introduced into Spain and Italy, 155
• —— —— mode of propagation, 155
• —— —— sanctity of the tree, 155
• —— —— toddy of the, 155
• —— —— varieties of dates, 156
• Decomposition arrested by sand and the winds of the Punas, 25
• Delabechea, or bottle-tree, of tropical Australia, 138, 139
• Delebl palms of Kordofan, 158
• Demerara, the goatsucker of, 355
• Demoiselle, or Numidian crane (Grus virgo), 362
• —— the crowned, 362
• Derryas, the (Cynocephalus hamadryas), formerly regarded with divine honours, 510
• Desert, the ship of the. See Camel
• Dew, causes of, 5
• Diactor bilineatus, 209
• Diamond-beetle (Entimus nobilis), used as an ornament, 252
• Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana), 506
• Diodon, the, 272
• Dioscoreæ, habitat of the, 170
• Diseases to which the traveller is liable in the Punas, or high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, 22
• Dogs, half wild (Canis Ingæ), of the Punas, 28
• —— eaten by the Polynesians, 281
• Dolphins, 271
• Doum-palm (Hyphæne thebaica), 157
• —— used for the preparation of sherbet, 157
• Douw, or Burchell’s zebra, 415
• Dracænas, or dragon-trees, 123
• —— gigantic ones of the Canary Islands, Madeira, and Porto Santo, 123
• —— celebrated specimen at Orotava, in Teneriffe, 123
• Dragons, flying, 317
• Dragon-trees. See Dracænas
• Dromedary. See Camel
• Drummer cockroach (Blatta gigantea), 233
• Du Chaillu, M., his description of the gorilla, 501
• Duck (Chenalobex jubata) of the Amazons, 46
• Duiker (Cephalopus mergens), the, of South Africa, 88, 410
• Durian of the Indian Archipelago, 145
• Durissus (Crotalus durissus), 298
• Dutch, their progress in the Indian Ocean and cruel monopolies, 200
• —— their cultivation of nutmegs and cloves, 199–202
• Dyaks of Borneo, 263
• Dyes, tropical vegetable, 192
• —— indigo, 192, 193
• —— logwood, 193
• —— Brazil wood, 195
• —— arnatto, 195
• Eagle, the harpy, 380
• —— his habitat, 380
• —— his ferocity, 381
• Eagle, the fishing, of Africa (Haliætus vocifer), 382
• Earth-hogs of the Cape, 488
• Echidna, the, or porcupine ant-eater, 488
• Echinocacti, the, 133
• Echinocactus nana, or dwarf-cactus, 133
• —— visnaga, its immense size, 133
• Elæis gumeensis, or oil palm-tree of West Africa, 158
• Elands (Boselaphus oreas) of South Africa, 88, 409
• Electrical eel (Gymnotus electricus), 17
• —— —— Indian mode of capturing them, 17
• Elephant, plague of the Soudan fly to the, 231
• —— his love of solitude, 431
• —— his senses of smell and of hearing, 432
• —— his mode of ascending and descending abrupt banks, 432
• —— his stomach, 433
• —— his trunk, 433
• —— uses of his tusks, 433
• —— his discipline, 434
• —— his sagacity and devotion, 434
• —— rogues, 435
• —— value of the elephant to man, 435
• —— species of the, 435
• —— wide range of the African elephant, 435
• —— mode of hunting him in various countries, 435
• —— ivory of the African elephant, 436, 439
• —— cutting up by a negro tribe, 437
• —— escape of Mr. Oswell, 438
• —— the Asiatic, 439
• —— catchers, of Ceylon, 440
• —— corrals, 441–443
• Emu of Australia (Dromaius Novæ Hollandiæ), 391
• Enarea and Caffa, the original home of the coffee plant, 178
• Entomo phila picta, 370
• —— albogularis, 370
• Esmeralda, mosquitoes of, 233
• Eucalypti of Australia, size of the, 159
• Euphorbia arborescens of Africa, 122
• Exocoetus volitans, 271
• Eyes, acute inflammation of the, in the Puna, 21
• Falcon (Falco sparverius) of the Peruvian sand-coast, 34, 246
• Fan palms, crown of the, 161
• Feejee Islands, verdure of, 6
• —— —— barbarous mode of treating turtles in the, 329
• Felidæ of the tropical forests, 446
• —— of the Old World, 446
• Ferns of the tropics, 161
• Fetissism of the negroes, 522
• Ficus elastica, singular formation of the roots of the, 136, 139
• —— —— caoutchouc of the, 191
• Fiery topaz, nest of the, 348
• Fig, the Indian, the fruit of the melocacti, 134
• Fig trees, climbing, of Polanarrua, 136
• —— —— marriage of the fig tree and palm, 137
• Filaria medinensis, or Guinea worm, 226
• —— —— its mode of working, 226
• —— —— method of extracting it, 226
• Finches of the tropics, 357
• Fire-ant, the black, of Guiana, 274
• Fire-flies of the Indian Archipelago, 210
• Fishes, tropical, 65, 271
• Fish-catching on a grand scale, 66
• Fishing-eagle of Africa (Haliætus vocifer), 382
• Flamingo (Phœnicopterus ruber), 357
• —— long-legged, of the Puna, 28
• —— its habits, 357, 361
• —— its nests, 357
• Flute-bird of Guiana (Cyphorinus cantans), 357
• Fly-catcher, crowned (Myoarchus coronatus), of the Peruvian sand-coast, 34
• Flying-dragons, 317
• Flying-fishes (Exocœtus volitans, Pterois volitans), 271
• Flying-foxes (Pteropus), 401
• Flying-squirrels (Pteromys), 494
• Forbes, Mr., his narrow escape from a Cobra di Capello, 299
• Forest, primitive tropical, 53
• —— its peculiar charms and terrors, 53
• —— troubles of the botanist in the, 54
• —— endless varieties of trees in tropical forests, 55
• —— and of their sites, 56
• —— lowland forests during the rainy seasons, 57
• —— a hurricane in, 57
• —— beauty of the forests after the rainy seasons, 58
• —— birds of the tropical, 58, 59
• —— morning, noon, and night in the forests, 59, 60
• —— first impression of a tropical forest, 292
• —— exaggerated fears, 293
• —— few tropical snakes to be seen, 293
• —— habits and appearance of venomous snakes, 293
• —— anecdote of the Prince of Neu Wied, 294
• Forest snakes, death caused by the bite of a Trigonocephalus, 295
• —— antidotes recommended against serpentine poison, 295
• —— vipers and rattlesnakes, 297, 298
• —— the Cobra di Capello, 298
• —— the asp and viper, 300
• —— boas and pythons, 301
• —— enemies of snakes, 302
• Fox (Canis azaræ), the, of the high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, 28
• Fox-tailed monkeys, 513
• Francisco, San, cordage used on the banks of the river of, 132
• Frigate-bird, 267
• —— —— its mode of operation, 267, 268
• Frog, the Brazilian and Surinam tree, 320
• Frog-fish, the, 272
• Fruit trees of the tropics, 145
• —— —— the chirimoya of Peru, 172
• —— —— the litchi, 172
• —— —— the mangosteen, 173
• —— —— the mango, 173
• Fungus ant, 239
• Gad-fly of South America (Œstrus hominis), ulcers produced by the, 225
• Galapagos, or Tortoise Islands, 321
• —— singular animal and vegetable life of the, 321
• Galagos, the, 516
• Galeopitheci, the, 495
• Gallinazos, or turkey-buzzards, 378
• Garapata (Ixodes sanguisuga), a kind of blood-sucking tick, 227
• Garua, or drizzling mists, of the Peruvian sand-coasts, 32
• Gasteracantha arcuata, 292
• Gavials of the Ganges, 333
• —— their attack of the tiger, 333
• Gecko, the, 310, 311
• —— its usefulness to man, 310
• —— anatomy of its feet, 311
• —— different species of, 311
• —— defeats a Tarantula spider, 312
• Gemsbuck of South Africa (A. Oryx), 88, 410
• Gibbon, the, described, 503
• Giraffe, or camelopard, its beauty, 403
• —— its wide range of vision, 403
• —— use of its horns, 404
• —— its gregarious habits, 405
• —— hunting, 405–408
• —— his enemies in the forest, 408
• —— known to the ancients, 408
• —— analogies between the giraffe and ostrich, 408
• Glow-worms of Europe, 210
• —— —— of Sarawak, 211
• —— —— worn as ornaments, 211
• —— —— soldiers forced to retreat before them, 211
• Glyphodons, 272
• Gnu (Catoblepas gnu), always found near water, 88, 411
• —— the, of South Africa, 411
• Goatsucker of Demerara, singular voice of the, 355
• —— his usefulness, 355
• —— his food, 356
• Godin des Odonnais, M., accompanies La Condamine on his voyage, 52
• Godin, Madame, her adventures, 52
• Goliath beetles of the coast of Guinea, 206
• —— —— eaten, 252
• Golunda coffee-rat, the, 182
• Gomuti palm (Gomutus vulgaris), wine of the, 150
• Gorilla, the, 500
• —— encounter with a, 501
• Grass, aquatic, on the shores of the Amazons, 45
• Green turtle (Chelonia midas), 329
• Grosbeak, the social, 366
• Gua Gede, cavern of, 270
• Gua Rongkop, cave of, and its esculent swallows’ nests, 270
• Guadeloupe, tornado in, 9
• Guadua bamboo, its importance in New Grenada and Quito, 130
• Guama, Rio, singular vegetation on the banks of the, 137
• Guana, great American, 314
• Guanas of the Bahama Islands, 315
• —— used as food, 315
• Guano beds of sea-birds, 35
• Guano Island, a, 30
• Guano or Chincha Islands, 35
• Guarana Indians, importance of the Mauritia palm to the, 18
• —— —— their singular habitations, 18
• Gudgeon, close-eyed (Periophthalmus, or Jumping Johnny, of the mangrove swamps), 141
• Guiana, beauty of the vegetation of the banks of the rivers of, after the rainy season, 58
• —— birds of, 58, 350, 352
• —— Goliath beetles of, 206
• —— musical toad of, 320
• Guinea worm (Filaria medinensis), 226
• Gull, Quiulla (Larus serranus) of the Puna, 28
• Gumatty, or fibres of the saguer palm, 151
• Gutta percha, or gutta tuban (Icosandra gutta), its native country, 191
• Gutta percha, its introduction into Europe, 191
• —— —— Malay mode of collecting the gum, 191
• —— —— properties of gutta percha, 192
• —— —— uses of gutta percha, 192
• —— —— supply of gutta percha, 192
• Guayaquil, perennial rainy season of, 6
• Gymnotus electricus, 17
• Haje (Naja Haje), of Egypt, 300
• —— probably the asp of the ancients, 300
• Harpy eagle (Thrasaëtes harpya), 380
• Hau, or Bow Island, 289
• —— —— —— dreary monotony of a life at, 289
• —— —— —— laziness of the natives of, 289
• —— —— —— their customs, 290
• Hawk, the sparrow, of Africa (Melierca musicus), 383
• Hawksbill turtle (Chelonia imbricata), 329
• Hercules beetles (Megasomina Hercules) of torrid America, 206
• Hill-star, white-sided, 347
• Hippopotamus, the Behemoth of the Book of Job, 417
• —— its diminishing numbers, 417
• —— its ugliness, 418
• —— description of it, 418
• —— ‘rogue hippopotami,’ or ‘bachelors,’ 419
• —— intelligence and memory of the hippopotamus, 419
• —— uses of its skin and teeth, 420
• —— methods of killing it, 422
• Hog, the chief enemy of the rattlesnake, 290
• Honduras, mahogany trees of, 129
• Honey-ants of Mexico (Myrmecocystus Mexicanus), their singular habits, 240
• Honey-eaters of Australia (Melithreptes), 369, 375
• —— their nests, 369
• Hottentots, fondness of the lion for the flesh of, 448
• Howling monkey, or aluates, 512
• Huachua goose (Chloéphaga melanoptera), 28
• Huallaga river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Huanacu, the, of Peru, 24
• Humming-birds, 342, 346
• —— —— their wide range over the New World, 343
• —— —— their habits, 349
• —— —— their courage, 349
• —— —— their enemies, 363
• Huniman, the (Semnopithecus entellus), 504
• Hurricanes, 9
• Hyæna, the, 463
• —— hunting, 463, 464
• —— varieties of the, 465
• Hyphæne coriacea of Port Natal, 160
• —— Thebaica, or doum palm, 157
• Ibises, 357
• —— of Egypt, 361
• Iça river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Icebergs, wanderings of, 266
• Ichneumon, or mongoos, his destruction of venomous serpents, 304, 305
• Icosandra Gutta, furnishes the gutta percha of commerce, 191
• Iguana tuberculata, 314
• Illanuns of Mindanao, 256
• India, bamboos of, 130
• —— the indigo of, 192, 193
• India-rubber tree (Ficus elastica), singular formation of the roots of the, 139. See Caoutchouc
• Indian forests, the Nepenthes of the, 12
• Indians, wild, of tropical America, 62
• —— Botocudo Indians attacking a jaguar, 62
• —— physical conformation and moral characteristics of the Indians of tropical America, 63, 64
• —— their powers of endurance, 63
• —— their stoical indifference and taciturnity, 65
• —— their means of subsistence, 65
• —— not permitted to marry till they prove their ability in the chase, 67
• —— their clothing, 68
• —— their painting, tattooing, and religion, 69
• —— the moon as the abode of abundance, 69
• —— the Botuto, or holy trumpet, 70
• —— the Indians of Brazil and Guiana, 70
• —— vindictive ferocity of the Ottomachas, 71
• —— the extinct tribes of the Atures, 72
• —— dwellings of the Indians, 73
• —— tattooing, 74
• —— horrid custom of disinterment, 74
• —— the Purupurus and their skin disease, 75
• —— their palhetas, 75
• —— the Mandrucus and Parentintins, 76
• —— the Caribs and Botocudos, 76, 77
• —— work of the women in their migrations, 78
• —— the evil spirit Tanchon, 78
• —— similarity of the North American Indians to the Bedouin Arabs, 119
• Indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria), Bengalese cutting the plant, 192, 193
• —— —— mode of cultivation, 192
• —— —— and of preparing the colour, 193
• Insects, tropical, size of the, 205
• —— of the Sikkim mountains, 84
• —— of the tropical world, 205
• —— insect plagues, 221
• —— the universal dominion of, 221
• —— mosquitoes, 222
• —— the Œstrus hominis, 225
• —— the chegoe, pique, or jigger, 225
• —— Filaria medinensis, 226
• —— the bête rouge, 227
• —— blood-sucking ticks, 227
• —— land-leeches of Ceylon, 228
• —— the tsetse-fly, 229
• —— the Tsalt-salya, or zimb, 230
• —— the Soudan fly, 230
• —— the locust, 231
• —— cockroaches, 233
• —— tropical insects directly useful to man, 234
• —— ants of the tropics, 234
• —— silk-worms, 249
• —— cochineal, 250, 251
• —— the gum-lac insect, 251
• —— eaten by man, 251
• —— worn as ornaments, 252
• —— similarity of some to the soil or object on which they are found; the walking-leaf and walking-stick insects, 208
• —— luminous, 210
• —— ants and termites, 234, 241
• —— spiders and scorpions, 211, 218
• Island of Ascension, 328
• —— Banda, 199, 200
• —— Ceylon, 146
• —— Madeira, 123
• Islands:—
• —— Bahamas, 328
• —— Coral, 266, 275
• —— Feejee, 329
• —— Galapagos or Tortoise, 321
• —— Keeling, 329
• —— Kingsmill, 6
• —— Sandwich, 281
• —— Tortoise or Galapagos, 321
• Jacana (Parra jacana), the, or surgeon-bird, 358
• Jackal, the, of the Sahara, 456
• Jagua Palm, elegance of the, 160
• Jaguar (Gueparda jubata, guttata), 458
• —— his habits in the impenetrable forests of South America, 459
• —— his boldness, 458
• —— hunting, 459
• Jaguar said to possess the power of fascination, 462
• Jamaica, pimento of, 203
• Jaguarundi (Felis jaguarundi), 463
• Java sparrow, or rice-bird (Loxia oryzivora), 164
• —— extent of the coffee culture in, 181
• —— the mormolyce of, 210
• Javanese mormolyce, 209
• Jelly-fish of the tropics, 274
• Jiboya, or boa constrictor, 301
• Jigger of the West Indies (Pulex penetrans), 225
• Job, his description of Behemoth, 417
• Jriarteas, roots of the, 143
• Junghuhn, his explorations in Java, 154
• Jungle-fowl (Megapodius tumulus), mound-like nest of the, 373
• Jurua river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Jutay river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Kaffirs, their acuteness, 519
• Kalahari, causes of drought in the, 85, 86
• —— abundance of vegetation in the, 86
• —— singular and useful plants of the, 87
• —— Bushmen and Bakalahari of the, 88, 89
• Kalongs, or fox-bats, of Java, 491
• Kangaroo, Australians hunting the, 473, 474
• Kaross, or skin dress of the deserts of South Africa, 92
• Keeling Island, method of catching turtles on, 329
• Kengwe (Cucumis Caffer), of the Kalahari, 87
• Kilda, St., intrepidity of the natives of, 270
• Kingsmill Islands, perennial rainy season of the, 6
• Klippspringer (Oreofragus saltatrix), 411
• Klipdachs, the, 382
• Koodoo (A. Strepsiceros), of South Africa, 88, 411
• Kordofan, baobab trees of, 103
• —— delebl palms of, 158
• Kunthia montana, height at which it will grow, 160
• —— sent on rafts from Canton to Pekin, for the Emperor, 173
• Lac, or gum-lac, 251
• —— insect, the, 251
• Lamellicorns, tropical, 205
• Land-crabs, 272
• Land leeches of Ceylon, 228
• Lar, the, of Siam and Malacca, 503
• Lauricocha, mountain lake of, 36
• Leaf-like insects, 208, 209
• Lecaniun coffeæ, or coccus of the coffee tree, 182
• Leeches, land, of Ceylon, the plague of, 228
• Leguminosas of tropical forests, 81
• Lemur, slow-paced, 516
• —— handed, 516
• Leopard, the, 457
• —— the hunting leopard, or cheetah, 458
• Leucopholis bimaculata, 207
• Libellula lucretia, a South American dragon-fly, 267
• Licli, the, a bird of the Puna, 28
• Lion, not a noble animal, 448
• —— his conflicts with travellers on Mount Atlas, 447
• —— his fondness for the flesh of the Hottentot, 448
• —— hunting, 449
• —— different species of the, 453
• Litchi (Nephelium litchi), of China and Cochin China, 172
• Lithophytes, or stone polyps, 275
• Livingstone, Dr., his adventure with a lion, 450
• Lizards of the Peruvian sand-coast, 35
• —— their vast numbers in the tropics, 310
• —— the gecko, 311
• —— the anolis, 310, 312
• —— chameleons, 313
• —— iguanas, 314
• —— guanas, 314
• —— monitor-lizard, 315
• —— water-lizards, 316
• —— flying-dragons, 317, 318
• —— the basilisk, 318
• —— peculiar, of the Galapagos Islands, 321
• Llama, its use to the ancient Peruvians, 23
• —— the only animal domesticated by the aboriginal Americans, 23
• —— its similarity to the dromedary of the Old World, 23
• Llanos, the, of Venezuela and New Grenada, their extent, 11
• —— their aspect in the dry season, 11
• —— torpor of animal life in the, 13
• —— and in the rainy season, 17
• —— their appearance at the end of the rainy period, 18
• Locust (Gryllus migratorius), description of the, 231
• Locusts, vast numbers of them, 231
• —— superstition of the Moslems respecting them, 231
• —— Southey’s description of them, 232
• —— eaten by man in the Sahara and South Africa, 251
• Lodoicea Sechellarum, nuts of the, 154
• Loggerhead turtle (Chelonia caouana), 331
• Logwood, value of, 193
• —— a native of America, 193
• —— logwood cutters, their mode of life, 194
• —— disputes with the Spaniards, 194
• Lomas, or chains of hills, which bound the east of the sand-coast of Peru, 33
• —— the pasture-grounds of the Lomeros, 33
• —— beasts of prey in the Lomas, 33
• Lonthoir, nutmeg trees of, 228
• Loris, the, 516
• Luminous beetles, 210
• Lum tree of Ualan, singular formation of the roots of the, 143
• Lybian desert, mirage of the, 13
• Lyre-bird, 362
• Maca, a tuberous plant, cultivated by the Indians in the high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, 23
• Macauba palm trees, encased by parasitic fig trees, 137
• Macaw, or Ara (Macrocercus macao), 397
• Mace of commerce, 202
• Maco Indians, 70
• Macus Indians, urari or wourali poison prepared by the, 68
• Madagascar, traveller-tree of (Ravenala speciosa), uses of the, 169
• Madeira river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Mahogany tree (Swietenia mahagoni) of British Honduras and Balize, 129
• —— —— value of the wood of the, 129
• Maimon monkey, 509
• Maize, cultivation of, 165
• —— imported from America by Columbus, 165
• —— its present cultivation in the eastern hemisphere, 165
• —— its magnificent growth, 165
• —— its enormous productiveness, 165
• —— the harvest of, 166
• —— its wide zone of cultivation, 166
• Maldive Isles, mysterious nuts of the 154
• Malayan race, the, 253
• Malayan race, physical conformation of, 253
• —— their betel-chewing, 254
• —— their manners and customs, 254
• —— accounts of them by travellers, 254
• —— their intelligence and civilisation, 255
• —— Rajah Brooke’s account of them, 255
• —— their daring piratical excursions, 256
• —— inveterate gamblers, 257
• —— the Illanuns of Mindanao and the Balagnini of the vicinity of Sooloo, 256
• —— their fondness for cock-fighting, 257
• —— running a-muck, 258
• —— bad agriculturists and artisans, but excellent sportsmen, 258
• —— their ignorance, and its results, 259
• —— knowledge and civilization of the Battas, 259
• —— their cannibalism, and its origin, 259
• —— men eaten alive, 260
• —— the Begus, or evil spirits, 260
• —— the religious feelings of the people, 261
• —— their aërial dwellings, 261
• —— funeral ceremonies of the Battas, 262
• —— the Dyaks of Borneo, and their customs, 263
• —— their head houses and atrocious murders, 263
• —— the same atrocities of other islanders, 263
• —— customs of the Minkokas of Celebes, 263
• —— their sumpitans, or blow-pipes, 264
• —— their houses and villages, 264
• —— their hospitality and truthfulness, 264
• —— Mrs. Ida Pfeiffer’s account of them, 265
• Malay bear (Ursus malayanus), its love of cocoa-nuts, 149
• Manakins (Pipra) of Guiana and Brazil, 351
• Mandrill, the, 509, 510
• Mandioca root, 169
• Mandrucu Indians, 76
• Mango (Mangifera indica), fruit of the, 173
• —— varieties grown at Kew gardens, 173
• Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), 173
• —— its flowers and delicious fruit, 173
• Mangrove tree (Rhizophora gymnorrhiza, R. Mangle), 140
• Mangrove tree, its peculiarities of growth and adaptation to its site, 140
• —— —— its importance in furthering the growth of land, 140, 141
• —— —— animal life in the mangrove forests, 141–143
• Manis pentadactyla, 482, 485
• Mantichora mygaloides, 205
• Mantis, or soothsayer, its habits, 208, 209
• —— names by which it is known, 209
• Mantides, 208
• Mantis religiosa, 209
• Maquiritani Indians, 70
• Marajo Island, size of the, 38
• Marañon river. See Amazons
• Marantea arundinacea, arrowroot made from the, 170
• Marimonda, the (Ateles Belzebub), 513
• Mauritia palm, 18, 19
• —— —— its importance to the South American Indian, 19
• Mauritius, tornado in, 9
• —— cultivation of nutmegs in, 201
• Maysunah, song of, 109
• Medanos, or sand hillocks, of the coast of Peru, 32
• Mediterranean, the Cactus Opuntia of the, 134
• Melocacti, the pulp of the, 134
• Menura, or lyre-bird, 362
• Menzaleh, Lake, flamingoes caught in nets on the banks of, 361
• Mesembryanthemum, its admirable adaptation to the deserts of Africa, 87
• —— various kinds of, 87
• Mexico, Gulf of, influence of the heated plains of, in deflecting the trade-winds, 8
• —— geological formation of, 79
• —— the tierra caliente, or lowlands of, 80
• —— vegetable and animal life of, 81
• —— the tierra templada, 81
• —— the tierra fria, 82
• —— the Agave Americana of, 132
• —— the pulque of, 132
• —— cultivation of vanilla in, 184
• —— the honey ant of, 240
• Millet (Sorghum vulgare), cultivation of, 166
• Mimosas of the tropics, their beauty, 134
• Minkokas of Celebes, customs of the, 263
• Mirage in the llanos in the dry season, 13
• —— causes of the, 13
• Miriki monkey (Ateles hypoxanthus) of Brazil, 67
• Mocking-bird of Mexico (Cassicus persicus), 354
• Mokuri plant, its importance to the inhabitants of the Kalahari, 87
• Molluscs of the tropics, 274
• Mongoos, or ichneumon, 304, 305
• Monitor-lizard (Tejus monitor), 102, 315
• Monkey-bread tree. See Baobab
• Monkeys and apes of the primitive forests, 496
• —— their destruction of the sugar-cane, 176
• —— of the Old World, 496
• —— their climbing powers, 497
• —— bad pedestrians, 497
• —— contrasted and compared with man, 498
• —— the chimpanzee, 499
• —— the gorilla, 500–502
• —— the uran, or wild man of the woods, 502
• —— gibbons, 503
• —— the semnopitheci, 504
• —— the proboscis monkey, 504
• —— the huniman, 504
• —— the wanderoos of Ceylon, 505
• —— the colobi and cercopitheci, 505
• —— the magots of Gibraltar, 508
• —— the baboon, 508, 509
• —— the maimon, 509
• —— the mandrill and drill, 509
• —— wide difference between the monkeys of the New and Old World, 511
• —— the aluate, or howling monkey, 512
• —— the spider monkey, 512, 513
• —— sakis, or fox-tailed monkeys, 513
• Monsoon, the north-east, 17
• —— the south-west, 8
• —— effects of the sea monsoon on the ordinary course of the trade-winds, 8
• Montgomery, Mr., his introduction of gutta percha into Europe, 191
• Mora excelsa of the forests of Guiana, description of the, 129
• —— nest of the toucan in the, 129
• Mormolyce, the Javanese, 210
• Mountain-taro, its habitat, 171
• Mosquitoes, 222
• —— of the Amazons, 45
• —— ferocious, of the river Seuza, 222
• —— and of tropical America, 222
• —— migration of, 224
• Moth, Atlas, of Ceylon, 207
• Mule, the ‘ship of the desert’ in Peru, 31
• Mulgrave Archipelago, importance of the screw pine of the, 133
• Musa paradisaica, 167
• Musa sapientum, 167
• —— textilis, 169
• Musaceæ, the, 167, 169
• —— various uses of, 169
• Musk-deer on the slopes of the Sikkim mountains, 84
• Mutasen, the Caliph El, story of, 111
• Mygales, or trap-door spiders, 218
• Myrtus pimenta, 203
• Naja Haje of Egypt, 300
• Namaqua country, reason why droughts are prevalent in the, 86
• Negro, Rio, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• —— —— cause of its name, 39
• Negroes, causes of the inferiority of their civilisation, 518
• —— natural capabilities of the negroes, 519
• —— difficulty arising from the geographical position of Africa, 520
• —— and from the political position of it, 521
• —— Mahometanism and fetissism, 523
• —— their diseases attributed by the fetissist to ‘possession,’ 525
• —— their belief in sorcery, 525
• —— their chief religious observances, 526
• —— human sacrifices in Ashantee and Dahomey, 526, 527
• —— provision for the wants of the dead, 527
• —— painting or tattooing the body, 528
• —— the disfigurement of the pelélé, 528
• —— authority of the priest, conjuror, or medicine man among them, 529
• —— offerings to the sea at Bonny, 530
• —— idleness of the negroes, 531
• —— style of saltation in East Africa, 532
• —— African slavery, and a slave-hunting expedition, 533
• —— a slave caravan at Chartum, 534
• —— belief of, respecting death, 74
• Nelumbias of the tropics, 137
• Nepenthes, the, of the East Indian forests, 12
• Noddy bird (Sterna stolida), its attacks on the cocoa-nut tree, 149
• Nopal (Cactus opuntia), the, of the shores of the Mediterranean, 134
• Nutmegs, cultivation of, confined by the Dutch to Banda, Lonthoir, and Pulo Aij, 199, 200
• —— their present extended range, in Sumatra, Mauritius, Bourbon, and Ceylon, 201
• —— description of the tree, 201
• Nutmegs, mode of cultivation, 202
• Nyctopitheci, or nocturnal monkeys, 514
• Nylghau, the (A. picta), 412
• Nymphæas of the tropics, 137
• Obydos, Strait of, 37
• Ocelot (Felis pardalis), the, 463
• Odontolabris Cuvera, of China, 205, 206
• Œnocarpus disticha, oil of the, 159
• Œstrus hominis, 225
• Oil made from palm trees of West Africa, 157, 158
• —— of the Corozo palm, 159
• —— of the Œnocarpus disticha, 160
• Opossum of the sand-coast of Peru, 34
• Orchids, flowering, of the slopes of Sikkim, 83
• Orellana, Francis, his voyage and treachery to Pizarro, on the Amazons 51
• Organist bird (Troglodytes leucophrys), 356
• —— his song, 356
• Oricou, or sociable vulture (Vultur auricularis), 381
• Origma rubricata, 370
• Orinoco river, 37
• Oriolus varius, 352
• —— nest of the, 353
• Orotava, in Teneriffe, gigantic dragon tree near, 123
• Oscollo (Felis celigaster), the, 463
• Ostrich, its endurance of thirst, 75
• —— mode of hunting it, 368
• —— its speed, 385
• —— mode of catching it, 386
• —— its stratagem for protecting its young, 386
• —— its enemies, 386
• —— its young, 387
• —— its resemblance to the camel, 387
• —— its voracity, 388
• —— its feathers, 388
• —— domesticated in Algeria, 388
• —— analogies between the giraffe and ostrich, 408
• —— an Arab Legend respecting it, 389,390
• Ottomacas Indians, 70
• —— become ‘dirt-eaters,’ 71
• —— the country they inhabit, 71
• Ouistitis, or squirrel monkeys, 515
• Owl, burrowing (Athene cunicularia), of the Peruvian sand-coast, 34
• —— the pearl, of the same region, 34
• Pacific Ocean, limits of the trade-winds in the, 4
• Pacific Ocean, causes of the distribution of rain on the Pacific off Central America, 8
• —— —— violent tropical storms of, 9
• Palhetas of the Purupurus, 75
• Pallah (Antilope melampus), always found near water, 88
• Palm-martin (Paradoxus typus or Pougouni), its fondness for cocoa-nuts, 147
• —— stalks of, used as arrows, 67
• Palm-squirrel (Sciurus palmarum), its fondness for cocoa-nuts, 149
• Palm trees, 146
• —— the cocoa-nut tree, 146
• —— the sago palm, 150
• —— the saguer or gomuti, 150
• —— the areca palm, 151
• —— the palmyra palm, 151
• —— the talpot or talipot palm, 153
• —— cocoa de mer, 153
• —— date palms, 154
• —— doum palms, 157
• —— oil palms, 157, 158
• —— the Carnauba (Corypha cerifera), 158
• —— the Ceroxylon andicola, 159
• —— the cabbage palm, 159
• —— the corozo, 159
• —— the pirijao and piaçava palms, 160
• —— cabeza di negro, 160
• —— different physiognomy of palms according to their heights, 160
• —— position and form of their fronds, 160
• Palma Real of the Havana, beauty of the, 161
• Palmyra palm (Borassus flabelliformis), extent of its range, 151
• —— —— its uses to man, 151, 152
• —— treatment of the toddy-drawer, 152
• Pangolin, the Indian (Manis pentadactyla), 482, 485
• Panther, the, 457
• Pao Barrigudo (Chorisia ventricosa), singular shape of the, 134
• Paper, Chinese, material of which it is made, 131
• —— made from the talipot tree of Ceylon, 153
• Papuans, their dwelling-places, 276
• —— their physical and moral characteristics, 276, 277
• —— compared with the Malays, 277
• —— their food and clothing, 277, 278
• —— their immense houses in New Guinea, 278
• —— their political institutions, 279
• —— their agriculture and weapons, 279
• —— their mode of fighting, 279
• —— future prospects of the race, 280
• Para, perennial rainy season of, 6
• Para, population of, 49
• Paradise, great bird of (P. apoda), 363, 364
• —— fables respecting, 364
• Paradoxus typus or Pougouni, 134
• Paraguay, constant east winds of, 5
• Parentintin Indians, 76
• Paroquets, or parakeets, 398
• —— ring and green, 398
• Parrots of the Peruvian sand-coasts, 34
• —— their peculiar manner of climbing, 392
• —— their resemblance to monkeys, 392
• —— their food, 393
• —— their sociability, 393
• —— their connubial love, 394
• —— their powers of mimicry, 394
• —— African (Psittacus erithacus), 394
• —— his dreams and memory, 395
• —— American Indian mode of catching them, 395
• —— various species of them, 395, 396
• —— the colours of, artificially changed, 396
• Parsley, a deadly poison to parrots, 416
• Pasco, Cerro de, 37
• Peacock, Javanese, the, 360
• Pebas, heavy fall of rain at, 8
• Peireskia of the Lake of Titicaca, 134
• Pepper, 202
• —— description of the vine, 202
• —— mode of cultivation, 202
• —— its habitat, 202
• —— the black and white sorts, 202
• Peradenia, india-rubber trees of the garden of, 139
• Peru, the Puna, or high table-lands of, 20
• —— Puna chases in the times of the Incas, 27
• —— the Lomas of, 33
• —— the sand-coast of, 29
• —— extreme dryness of the soil in the northern coast districts of, 33
• —— animal world of the coast, 33
• —— the Guano or Chincha Islands, 35
• Peruvian stream, influence of the, on climate, 36. See Amazons
• Pfeiffer, Mrs. Ida, her account of the Malays, 265
• Phasmas, the herbivorous, 208, 209
• Pheasant, Argus, 360
• Phœnix dactylifera, or date palm, 153
• Phylliums, the herbivorous, 208, 209
• Phyllosomas, 272
• Phyllostomidæ, 492
• —— their food, 492
• Physalia, or ‘Portuguese man-of-war,’ 274, 275
• Phytelephas (Cabeza di Negro), hard white nuts of the, 160
• Piaçava palm (Attalia funifera), uses of the nuts and fibres of the, 160
• Pichiciago (Chlamyphorus truncatus), of the Andes, 488
• Pig-faced baboon, 510
• Pimento, or allspice (Myrtus pimenta), 203
• —— cultivation of the plant, 203
• —— its habitat, 203
• Pine-apple (Bromelia ananas), its abundance in Brazil, 132
• Pines, the screw, of the East Indian and South Sea Isles, 133
• —— their importance to the inhabitants of the Mulgrave Archipelago, 133
• Pippul tree of India. See Bo tree
• Pipra, the, 366
• Pique, or Jigger, of the West Indies, (Pulex penetrans), 225
• Pitcairn Island, storm and famine in, 9
• Plantain (Musapara disiaca), its importance as food, 167
• —— luxuriance of the plant, 168
• Podada tree of the river banks of Borneo, 210
• Polanarrua, climbing fig trees of, 136, 137
• Polynesian fishermen, 276
• —— race, the, 280
• —— their degree of civilisation, 281
• —— their physical characteristics, 281
• —— their languages, 281
• —— their cultivation of the taro, 281
• —— food of the various classes, 281
• —— their intoxicating beverage, kava, 282
• —— their dresses of tapa, 282
• —— their desire for adornment, 282
• —— their canoes and basket-work, 282
• —— their joiners’ work, 283
• —— admirable swimmers, 283
• —— their dwellings, 284
• —— their form of government, 284
• —— the Tabu, 285
• —— the Polynesian gods, 286, 287
• —— their infanticide, 286
• —— influence of European customs, 288, 289
• Pongo de Manseriche, defile of, 36
• Porcupine ant-eater (Echidna hystrix), 488
• Pororocca, or spring-tide wave of the Amazons, 38
• ‘Portuguese man-of-war,’ 275
• Potato, the Spanish or sweet (Convolvulus batatas), 170
• —— its spontaneous multiplication, 170
• —— propagation of, 170
• Pothos family of epiphytes of the tropical forests, 137
• —— beauty of the leaves, 137
• Prêcheur insect, 209
• Prie Dieu, Le, insect, 209
• Priest, conjuror, or medicine man of the negroes, 529
• Proboscis monkey, the (Semnopithecus nasicus), 504
• Pterois volitans, 271
• Ptilotus sonorus, 370
• Pulex penetrans of the West Indies, 225
• Pulque, or Mexican agave wine, 132
• Puma, or couguar, in the high table-lands of tropical America, 28, 462
• Puna, or ‘Uninhabited’ high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, 20
• —— their contrast with the Llanos, 20
• —— violent changes in their temperature, 21
• —— plagues of the Puna, 21
• —— vegetable life of the, 22
• —— animal life, 23–28
• —— chases in the times of the Incas, 27
• —— beasts of prey of the, 28
• —— birds of the, 28
• —— flocks and herds of the Puna valleys, 28
• —— the mountain valleys, 28
• Purus, river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Quagga, the, of South Africa, 414
• Queñua tree (Polylepis racemosa) in the Puna, 23
• Quito, perennial rainy season of, 6
• Rain, abundance and distribution of, within the torrid zone, 4
• —— causes which produce an abundance or want of, 4
• —— heavy afternoon showers of the zone of calms, 6
• —— zone of two distinct rainy seasons, 7
• —— and of one rainy season, 7
• —— immense quantity of, in the tropics, 8
• —— no rain in the northern coast-districts of Peru, 35
• —— the garua or drizzling rain of Peru, 32
• Rarotonga Island, devastation of, by a tropical storm, 9
• Rat, its attacks on the cocoa-nut tree, 149
• —— its destructive ravages in sugar plantations, 177
• —— the Golunda, or coffee rat, 182
• Ratans, their immense length, 154
• —— uses of, 154
• Rat-snake of Ceylon (Coryphodon Blumenbachii), domesticated, 308
• —— its agility in seizing its prey, 308
• Rattlesnakes, 297, 298
• —— their rattle, 298
• —— different species, 298
• —— their chief enemy, 298
• —— eaten by Indians, 298
• Reedbok (Electragos arundinaceus), 410
• Red River, mosquitoes of, 233
• Rehoboth, larvæ of locusts in myriads at, 255
• Reptiles of the Peruvian sand-coast, 41
• —— of the tropics, 310
• Rhamphastidæ, 360
• Rhea Americana, 390
• —— Darwinii, 390
• Rhinoceros, the, its brutality and stupidity, 423
• —— different species of, 423
• —— food and dispositions of the black and white kinds, 424
• —— their ugliness, 424
• —— their size, 424
• —— their acuteness of smell and hearing, 425
• —— defective vision, 425
• —— their friend the Buphaga Africana, 425
• —— their paroxysms of rage, 426
• —— their nocturnal habits, 426
• —— rhinoceros-hunting and its perils, 427
• —— the Indian rhinoceros, 429
• —— the Sumatran kind, 430
• —— the Javanese rhinoceros, 430
• —— mode of killing it, 430
• Rhinolophi, or horse-shoe bats, 493
• Rhododendron nivale, great elevation at which it grows, 84
• Rhododendrons, region of the Alpine, in the Sikkim mountains, 83
• Rice (Oryza sativa), 165
• —— original seat of its cultivation, 165
• —— various aspects of the rice-fields at different seasons, 164
• Rice-bird or Java sparrow (Loxia oryzivora), 164
• Rivers of the tropics:—
• —— Amazons, 5 et seq.
• —— Barima, Upper, 130
• —— Berbice, 137
• —— Coary, 37
• —— Guama, 137
• —— Huallaga, 37
• —— Iça, 37
• —— Jurua, 37
• —— Jutay, 37
• —— Madeira, 37
• —— Marañon, 5 et seq.
• —— Negro, 37, 46
• Rivers of the tropics, continued:—
• —— Orinoco, 37
• —— Purus, 37
• —— Tapajos, 38
• —— Teffee, 37
• —— Tunguragua, 36
• —— Ucayale, 37
• —— Xanavi, 37
• —— Xingu, 38
• —— Yapura, 37
• —— prolific quality of the rivers of South America, 66
• Rock-warbler of Australia, 371
• Roots of trees, singular formation of the, 143
• Ruby-throated humming-bird, 349
• Ruminants, tropical, 399
• Sacrifices, human, of the negroes, 527
• Sago-palm (Sagus farmiferus), the, of the Indian Archipelago, 150
• —— —— treatment of the, 150
• —— —— mushrooms growing on the, 150
• Saguer, or Gomuti palm (Gomutus vulgaris), uses to which it is put, 150
• Sahara, the, 4, 93
• —— constant drought of the, 4
• —— north-easterly winds of, 5
• —— its uncertain limits, 93
• —— its desolate appearance, 94
• —— chasms and mountain streams, 94
• —— deposits of salt, 94
• —— the oases of the wilderness, 94
• —— tribes of the Sahara, 94
• —— contrast between the sterile desert and the oases, 95
• —— grandeur of the desert scene, 95
• —— its fascination for the traveller, 96
• —— sandspouts, or trombs, in it, 97
• —— the simoom, 98
• —— sandspouts, 97, 98
• —— the chase of the gazelle in the, 101
• —— animals of, 101, 102
• —— periodical rains of the, 103
• —— the Tuaregs and Tibbos of the, 103
• —— caravans of the, 103
• —— barrier caused by the desert to civilisation, 521
• Saïmiris monkey, the, 514
• Sakis, or fox-tailed monkeys, 513
• Sand-reed (Ammophila arundinacea), of the coasts of the Kalapari, 87
• Sandwich Islands, verdure of, 6
• —— Islanders, food of the, 281
• Saüba, or Coushie ant (Oecodoma cephalotes), 236
• —— —— —— the enemy of the banana and cassava plantations, 236
• Savannahs of South America during the dry season, 13
• —— a savannah on fire, 14
• —— their aspect during the rainy season, 15
• —— and at the end of the rainy period, 15
• Saw-bill humming-bird, 317
• Scalaria pretiosa, 274
• Schomburgk, Richard, his discovery of the Victoria Regia, 137
• Scorpions, immense size of, in the torrid zone, 218
• —— fatal effects of their bite, 219
• —— their habitat, 219
• —— their suicidal propensities, 219
• —— their ferocity and cruelty, 220
• Scotophilus Coromandelicus, the, 494
• Screw-pines. See Pines
• Sea-birds, tropical, 267
• —— of the Peruvian sand-coast, 35
• —— arctic, 266
• Seals of the Peruvian sand-coast, 35
• Secretary-bird, his destruction of snakes, 302
• Secretary-eagle (Serpentarius cristatus), his destruction of snakes, 302
• Semnopitheci, the, 504
• Senegambia, light-coloured races at, 522
• Sensitive plants of Brazil, 135
• Sericornis citreogularis, 370, 371
• Serpents. See Snakes
• Shark, the white, his ferocity, 271
• Sherbet, the doum palm used for the preparation of, 157
• Ship of the desert. See Camel
• Siamang of Sumatra, the, 503
• Sikkim mountains, slopes of the, 82
• —— —— sylvan wonders of the, 82
• —— —— changes of the forests on ascending, 83
• —— —— the torrid zone of vegetation, 83
• —— —— the temperate zone, 84
• —— —— the coniferous belt, 84
• —— —— limits of arboreal vegetation, 84
• —— —— animal life, 84
• —— —— firing the jungle in, 131
• Silk-worm (Bombyx mori), its importance to man, 249
• —— antiquity of silk in China, 249
• —— silk of other worms, 249
• Simoom, the, of the Sahara, 98, 99
• Sloth, the, 477
• —— his miserable appearance, 477
• —— adaptation of his organisation to his peculiar mode of life, 478
• —— his means of defence, 478
• —— his tenacity of life, 480
• —— genera of the sloth, 480
• Snake-tree (Ficus elastica), the, 139
• Snakes of the Peruvian sand-coast, 35
• —— of the tropical forests, 293
• —— comparative rareness of venomous, 293
• —— habits of venomous, and their external characteristics, 294
• —— bite of the trigonocephalus, 295
• —— antidotes, 295
• —— fangs of venomous serpents, 296
• —— the enormous bush-master, 297
• —— the brown viper (Echidna ocellata), 297
• —— the rattlesnake, 297
• —— the Cobra di Capello, 298
• —— the asp and viper, 300
• —— boas and pythons, 301
• —— enemies of, 302
• —— sometimes feed on one another, 304
• —— their means of locomotion, 305
• —— anatomy of their jaws, 306
• —— feeding-time at the Zoological Gardens, 307
• —— useful and agreeable to man, 308
• —— adaptability of their colour to their pursuits, 309
• —— water, 309
• Sorcery of the negroes, 526
• Soudan, destructive fly of, 230
• South Sea Islands, verdure of, 6
• —— —— —— screw pine of the, 133
• Sparrow-hawk of Africa (Melierca musicus), 383
• Sparrow, Baya, 367
• Sperm whales, 267
• Spices of the tropics, 197
• —— cinnamon, 198
• —— nutmegs and cloves, 199
• —— pepper, 202
• —— pimento, 203
• Spiders, tropical, formation of, 211
• —— their means of attack and defence, 211, 212
• —— spotted spider of Makololo, 212
• —— giant webs of several tropical species, 212
• —— harmony of colour between the Aranæ and their usual haunts, 212
• —— beautiful colouring of the epeiras, 213
• —— splendid colours of the spiders of the tropics, 214
• —— the mygales, or trap-door, 215
• —— retreats of the genus Clubiona, 215
• —— maternal instincts of, 216
• —— enemies of, 216
• —— venom of the, 217
• —— services rendered by spiders to man, 217
• —— eaten by several savage nations, 217
• —— encounter between a spider and a cockroach, 218
• Spiders, encounter between a mygale and a humming-bird, 349
• Spider monkeys, 536
• Spondylus, the royal, 274
• Spoonbill of America (Platalea ajaja), 357
• Springbok (A. enchora), 409
• —— migrations of multitudes of, 409
• Spring-tide waves of several rivers, 38
• Squirrels, flying, 494
• Squirrel monkeys, or ouistitis, 515
• Stag-beetle (Odontolabris Cuvera) of China and Northern India, 206
• Sternocera chrysis and sternicornis, elytra of, worn as ornaments, 252
• Storks, Marabou, use of the, 304
• Storms, tropical, violence of, 9
• —— tornados and cyclones, 9
• Sucuriaba, or water-boa (Eunectes murinus), 301
• Sugar, commercial importance of, 174
• —— original home of the sugar-cane, 175
• —— progress of its cultivation throughout the tropical zone, 175, 176
• —— mentioned by several classical authors, 175
• —— known to the Greeks and Phœnicians, 175
• —— introduced into Europe by the conquests of Alexander the Great, 175
• —— and into Madeira by the Portuguese, 175
• —— its importance as an article of international trade, 175
• —— introduced into the Canary Islands and thence to Hispaniola, 176
• —— the Chinese species supplanted by the Tahitian kind, 176
• —— description of the cane, 176
• —— manufacture of sugar, 176
• —— destruction of many enemies, 176
• —— the enemies of the sugar-cane, 176
• —— diseases of the sugar-cane, 177
• —— nutritive qualities of its juice, 177
• —— uses of the sugar plantation to the invalid, 178
• —— ants, ravages of the, 177, 236
• Sumatra, cultivation of nutmegs in, 201
• —— rhinoceros of, 447
• Sumpitans, Malay, 264
• Sun-birds, or suimangas (Cinnyris), 359
• Sun-fish, the, 271, 272
• Surumpe, or acute inflammation of the eyes in the Puna, 21
• Swallow, the esculent (Colocalia esculenta), 269
• —— mode of getting the nests, 269, 270
• —— the dicæum (Dicæum hirundinaceum), 371
• Sword-fishes, 271
• Sword-tail fishes, 271, 272
• Sycamore tree (Ficus sycomorus), gigantic specimens of the, in Africa, 124
• Tacca pinnatifida, arrowroot made from the, 171
• —— —— in Polynesia, 171
• Tahitians, civilisation of, 288
• Tailor-bird of Hindostan (Sylvia sutoria), 368
• Talegalla, or brush-turkey of Australia, 372
• Talpot, or talipot, tree of Ceylon, uses to which it is applied, 153
• Tanchon, the Indian evil spirit, 78
• Tangaras, the, of the Peruvian sand-coast, 34, 351
• —— their flight and song, 351
• Tapajos river, a tributary of the Amazons, 38
• Taro roots (Caladium esculentum) of the Sandwich Islanders, 171, 281
• —— —— its abundant growth, 171
• —— —— mode of cooking it, 171
• —— —— mountain taro (Caladium cristatum), 171
• Tarsii, their habitat, 516
• Tarsius bancanus, 517
• Tarush (Cervus antisiensis), an animal peculiar to the Puna, 27
• Teak tree, or Indian oak (Tectona grandis), 128
• —— —— its excellent timber, 128
• Tectona grandis, or Indian oak, 128
• Teffe river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Teju, or monitory lizard (Tejus monitor), of South America, 315
• —— food of, 315
• Termites, or white ants, 241
• —— their devastations, 241
• —— their services and uses, 242
• —— their communities and astonishing buildings, 242
• —— the termites of the West Coast of Africa, 242
• —— formation of a termite colony, 244
• —— wonderful fecundity of the queen, 244
• —— courage and obstinacy of the termite soldier, 245
• —— foes of the termites, 246
• —— East Indian mode of emptying a termite-hill, 246
• —— their wars with the black ants, 247
• —— termites used as food, 247
• —— marching termites, 247, 248
• —— mysteries of termite life, 248
• Termes atrox and bellicosus, their clay-built citadels or domes, 242
• Termes destructor arborum, their dwellings in trees, 242
• Texas, influence of the heated plains of, in deflecting the trade-winds, 8
• Thierry de Meronville, his attempts to introduce cochineal into San Domingo, 251
• Tierra caliente, the, of Mexico, 80
• —— templada, 81
• —— fria, 82
• Tiger, the time for his bloodthirsty excursions, 453
• —— his chief seats, 453
• —— tiger-hunting, 453, 455
• —— his companionship with the peacock, 454
• —— destroyed by the gavial of the Ganges, 333
• —— his mode of attack, 455
• —— his destruction of the tortoise, 457
• —— beetle of South Africa, 205
• Toads of the tropics, 310
• —— the Pipa Surinamensis, 318
• —— the Bahia toad, 319
• —— the Surinam toad, 318
• —— the giant toad, 320
• —— the musical toad of Guinea, 320
• Toddy-bird of Ceylon (Artamus fuscus), 152, 367
• Toddy made from the cocoa-nut palm, 148
• —— and from the palmyra palm, 152
• —— and from the date palm, 155
• Tomependa, rafts on the Amazons river first appear at, 36
• Tornados, 9
• Toropishu (Cephalopterus ornatus), 355
• Tortoises of the tropics, 321
• —— the gigantic land-tortoise (Testudo indica, elephantina), 321
• —— their fondness for water, 322
• —— their locomotion, 323
• —— Mr. Darwin’s ride on one, 324
• —— tortoises not indigenous in Australia, 324
• —— marsh (Emydæ), of America and the Indian Archipelago, 324
• —— river, 325
• —— attacked by wild dogs and tigers, 457
• Toucans (Ramphastidæ), 345, 346
• —— their quarrelsome habits, 345
• —— their nests, 129
• —— anecdote of the arrogance of one, 345
• Trade-winds, the, 4, 5
• —— their limits in the Northern Atlantic, 4
• —— —— and in the Pacific, 4
• Trap-door spiders, 215
• Traveller tree of Madagascar (Ravenala speciosa), uses of the, 169
• Tree-snakes, 293
• Troglodytes audax of Peru, 234
• Troopials (Icterus Xanthornus) of Guiana, 352
• —— the variegated tropical (Oriolus varius), 352
• Trunk-fish, the, 272
• Tsalt-salya, or zimb, of Abyssinia, 230
• Tsetsé-fly of South Africa (Glossina morsitans), 229
• —— its destruction to cattle and horses, 229, 230
• —— range of its pestiferous influence, 229
• —— action of the poison, 230
• Tucanos, tattooing of the, 74
• Tunguragua river, 36
• Tunqui bird (Rupicola Peruviana), 355
• Tunuhy, the Sierra, rise of the Rio Negro in, 37
• Tupinambaranas, Island of, 37
• Tumeric or Indian saffron, 242
• Turkey of Honduras (Meleagrisocellata), 360
• —— the brush or tallegalla, 372
• Turkey-buzzards, 378
• Turtles of the tropics, 326
• —— colossal, of the Brazilian coast, 326
• —— foes of the turtle tribe, 327
• —— of the island of Ascension, 328
• —— mode of taking them at Ascension, the Bahamas, and at Keeling Island, 328, 329
• —— green turtle, 329
• —— barbarous treatment of, at Feejee and Ceylon, 329, 330
• —— food of, 331
• Tusseh-worm (Bombyx mylitta), silk filaments of the, 249
• Ualan, island of, singular roots of the Lum tree on the, 143
• Uaupes Indians, 73
• —— —— their tattooing, 74
• Ucayale river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Unaus, the, 496
• Uran or Mias, or wild man of the woods, 502
• —— how they are caught by Dyaks, 503
• Urari, or wourali, poison, 67, 68
• Urceola elastica, caoutchouc of the, 191
• Uropeltis Philippinus, 292
• Ursus malayanus, its fondness for cocoa-nuts, 149
• Utah, influence of the heated plains of, in deflecting the trade-winds, 8
• Vampires, 492
• Vanilla (Vanilla aromatica), growth and uses of, 184
• Vanilla, cultivation of, in Mexico and Java, 184
• —— a rare and costly spice, 184
• Vargas, Sanchez, his fate, 51
• Vejuco de huaco (Mikania Huaco), an antidote against snake-bites, 295
• Velella, the, 274
• Venado, a species of deer, of the sand-coast of Peru, 34
• Veta, a disease caused by the rarefaction of the air in the high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, 21, 22
• —— effect of, in arresting putrefaction, 22
• Veys, their recently invented alphabet, 519
• Victoria Regia, discovery of the, 137
• Vicuña, its solitary habits, 25
• —— value of its wool, 25
• —— its appearance, 25
• —— Indian mode of hunting it, 26
• —— mode of preparing its flesh, 26
• —— its enemies, 27
• Viper, small brown (Echidna ocellata), of Peru, its fatal bite, 297
• Viscachas, the, of Peru, 27
• —— of the Pampas, 27
• Vomito, the, 81
• Vultures, Carrion, of the Peruvian sand-coast, 35, 379
• —— of America, 378, 379
• —— king of the (Sarcoramphus papa), 379
• —— of the Old World, 381
• —— sociable, 381
• Wading-birds, tropical, 360
• Walking-leaf insect, 208
• Walking-stick insect, 208
• Wanderoos of Ceylon (Presbytes cephalopterus), 496, 505
• Water-lizards (Hydrosauri), 316
• —— —— Mr. Adams’ contest with one, 316
• —— —— their habitat, 317
• —— —— worshipped at Bonny, 317
• Water-plants of the tropics, 137
• Water-snakes, 301, 309
• Wax obtained from the Carnauba palm, 158
• Wax obtained from the Ceroxylon andicola, 159
• Weaving-birds, African, 364
• —— their nests, 365
• West Indies, invalids from Europe residing in the, 178
• Winds, the system of, and its importance, 4, 5
• —— trade-winds, and polar and equatorial air-currents, 4, 5
• —— constant east-winds of Paraguay, 5
• —— deflections from the ordinary course of the trade-winds, 8
• Wine of the Agave Americana, 132
• —— of the gomuti palm, 150
• Woodpecker, 60
• —— orange-coloured of Ceylon (Brachypterus aurantius), 374
• Wood-nymph, a humming-bird of Brazil, 347
• Wourali, or urari, poison, 67, 68
• Wou-wou (Hylobates leuciscus), the 503
• Xavari river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Xingu river, a tributary of the Amazons, 38
• Yacu-mama of the Amazons, 45
• Yams (Dioscorea sativa and alata), 170
• Yapura river, a tributary of the Amazons, 37
• Yaruras Indians, 70
• Yriartea exorrhiza, 161
• —— ventricosa, 161
• Zancudo, bite of the, 233
• —— on the Magdalen river, 224
• Zebra, Burchell’s, or douw, 415
• —— its piteous wailings, 416
• —— its inaccessible retreats, 416
• Zelgague, the, or skink, of the Sahara, 102
• Zimb, or tsalt-salya of Abyssinia, 230