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The Victory At Sea

Chapter 50: INDEX
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About This Book

A senior naval officer recounts the Allied struggle to defeat the German submarine campaign during the Great War, explaining how convoy systems, depth charges, decoy or mystery ships, hydrophones, mines, and specialized subchasers and destroyers were developed and employed. He describes American naval operations in European waters, cooperation with Allied navies, the North Sea mine barrage, air and surface anti-submarine tactics, and the logistical effort to transport large numbers of troops. Technical explanations are offered for a general reader, and appended documents and correspondence illuminate the strategic decisions and operational challenges faced.







INDEX

  • Aboukir, Hogue and Cressy torpedoed by U-29, 84, 174
  • Achates, with convoy, 122
  • Active, flagship of Vice-Adm. Bayly, 58
  • Adams, Ensign Ashley D., in charge of subchaser units, 191
  • Aircraft against submarines, 275
  • Alcock, goes to relief of sinking mystery ship Dunraven, 163
  • Allied Naval Council, value of, 218
  • Amberger, Kapitän-Leutnant Gustav, of U-58, captured, 131;
    • comment on treatment, 134
  • American forces in European waters, 204
  • Anti-submarine craft, use of, 26
  • Anti-submarine devices, search for, 8
  • Arkansas, on duty with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Arming of merchant vessels, 25
  • Aroostook, mine-layer, 254, 264
  • Aubrietia, mystery ship, heading convoy, 118;
    • sights submarine, 121
  • Audacious, sunk by mine, 174
  • Aviation, naval, development of, 282;
    • extent at time of armistice, 286

  • Babcock, Commr. J. V., sails with Adm. Sims as aide, 2;
  • Badger in bombardment of Durazzo, 200
  • Bagley, Lt.-Commr. D. W., highly commended, 139
  • Baillargeon, J. C, volunteers services at London headquarters, 206
  • Baldwin Locomotive Works, constructors of the U.S. mobile railway batteries, 290
  • Balfour, Arthur James, discussion of submarine situation with, 9;
    • with Commission to the United States, 9;
    • advises Washington of critical submarine situation, 39
  • Baltimore, converted as mine-layer, 252, 261, 264
  • Basilisk, assisted by yacht Lydonia, sinks submarine, 136
  • Bassett, Capt. F. B., commanding the Utah, 305
  • Bastedo, Lt.-Commr. Paul H., in bombardment of Durazzo, 199, 201
  • Bayly, Vice-Adm. Lewis, letter of welcome to Commr. Taussig, 45;
    • welcome to Americans at Queenstown, 46;
    • instructs Americans as to duties, 49;
    • characteristics, 52;
    • meets Fanning and congratulates officers and men on capture of submarine crew, 133;
    • message commending American forces at Queenstown, 140;
    • introduces Capt. G. Campbell of the "mystery ship," 142;
    • has difficulty in identifying one such ship, 151
  • Beach, Capt. E. L., with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Beatty, Adm. Sir David, attitude toward torpedo flags, 217;
    • farewell speech to American Squadron, 304
  • Belknap, Capt. Reginald R., commanding mine-laying squadron, 252, 260, 264
  • Benham, highly commended, 139
  • Berrien, Commr. Frank D., commanding destroyer division, 129;
    • highly commended, 139
  • "Big Bertha," American naval guns sent to destroy, 290
  • Billings, A. W. K., great work in connection with air service, 285
  • Birmingham, at Gibraltar, 134
  • Blakely, Lt.-Commr. C. A., highly commended, 139
  • Blakeslee, Lt.-Commr. E. G., at London headquarters, 212
  • Blue, Capt. Victor, with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Boyd, Capt. David F., good work in convoying subchasers, 178
  • Brest, as destroyer base, 134, 300
  • Brindisi, rendezvous for attack on Durazzo, 200
  • Briscoe, Lt.-Commr. Benjamin, work on air service stations, 285
  • Bristol, Capt. M. L., commanding the Oklahoma, 305
  • British Admiralty, commends work of U.S. aviation pilots, 286
  • British Fleet, not in control of the seas, 16;
    • at Scapa Flow, 28
  • Broke, sinks two German destroyers, 61
  • Browne, Ralph C, new type of submarine mine, 250
  • Bruges, submarine base, 19
  • Bullard, Capt. W. H. G., with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Bumstead, Prof. H. A., at London headquarters, 213
  • Bunker Hill, converted as mine-layer, 254
  • Bushnell, David, inventor of submarine, 225
  • Butler, Capt. H. V., with mine-laying squadron, 264

  • Callan, Lt.-Commr. J. L., in charge of U.S. air forces in Italy, 284
  • Campbell, Capt. Gordon, at Queenstown, 58;
    • exploits with mystery ships, 142;
    • with "mystery ship" Pargust, 147;
    • technique of operation, 148;
    • heroism on Dunraven, 157;
    • letter from Adm. Sims on Dunraven exploit, 164
  • Canandaigua, mine-layer, 254, 260, 264
  • Canonicus, mine-layer, 254, 260, 264
  • Carpender, Lt. A. S., in command of Fanning, when submarine crew was captured, 132;
    • receives D.S.O., 134
  • Carson, Sir Edward, discussion of submarine, 9;
    • of convoy system, 95
  • Cecil, Lord Robert, on submarine situation with, 9
  • Centurion, in China, commanded by Jellicoe, 43
  • Christabel, encounter with submarine, 127
  • Christopher, goes to relief of sinking mystery ship Dunraven, 163
  • Christy, Capt. H. H., with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Churchill, Rt. Hon. W., "digging the rats out of their holes," 246
  • Clinton-Baker, Rear-Adm., in command of British mine-laying operations, 257
  • Cluverius, Capt. W. T., with mine-laying squadron, 264
  • Cole, Capt. W. C., commanding the Nevada, 305
  • College boys and subchasers, 168
  • Commerce raiders, guarding against, 94, 112
  • Cone, Capt. Hutch I., at London headquarters, 212, 214;
    • organizer American air forces, 284;
    • severely injured on torpedoed Leinster, 285
  • Conner, Francis G., jumps overboard from Fanning to save drowning German from crew of submarine, 132
  • Convoy of shipping to Scandinavia, 22
  • Convoy system, ancient use of, 86;
    • merchant captains hostile to, 88, 93;
    • Gibraltar experiment, 96;
    • merchant captains won over, 96;
    • the headquarters and staff, 103;
    • details of operation, 103, 108;
    • routing of the convoys, 110, 116;
    • actual convoys described, 117;
    • success of system, 136;
    • relative parts taken by Great Britain and the United States, 138;
    • most important agency in winning the war, 141
  • Conyngham, in first American destroyer contingent, 42;
    • with convoy, 122, 124;
    • destroys submarine, 125
  • Copeland, D. G., great work in connection with air service, 285
  • Corfu, subchaser base established at, 182;
    • detachment performing excellent service, 194
  • Cork, American destroyer officers make state visit to, 48;
    • sailors not permitted to visit, 71
  • Cotten, Capt. Lyman A., with subchasers, arrives at Plymouth, 177;
    • work in training subchaser crews, 178;
    • commanding subchaser squadrons, 182
  • Craven, Capt. T. T., great service in aviation, 283
  • Crenshaw, Capt. Arthur, good work in convoying subchasers, 178
  • Cressy, Aboukir and Hogue torpedoed by U-29, 84, 174
  • Cronan, Capt. William P., work in training subchaser crews, 178
  • Cumberland, escorting convoy, 119, 123
  • Cunningham, Major A. A., commanding Marine Corps aviation in Northern Bombing Group, 285
  • Cushing, at Queenstown, 139;
    • deceived by "mystery ship," 147

  • Danae, attempt to torpedo, 128
  • Daniels, Secretary of War, instructs Adm. Sims to sail for England, 1
  • Dartmouth, in attack on Durazzo, 199
  • Davis, in first American destroyer contingent, 42
  • Davison, Trubee, organizer Yale aviation unit, recommended for Distinguished Service Medal, 282
  • De Bon, Vice-Adm., Chief of French Naval Staff, 221
  • De Steiguer, Capt. L. R., with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Decatur, at Gibraltar, 135
  • Defrees, Capt. Joseph H., work on listening devices, 178
  • Delaware, on duty with Grand Fleet, 303
  • Depth charge, origin of, 78;
    • effects of on submarines, 79
  • Destroyers, scarcity of in British navy, 28;
    • a new type of war vessel, their history, 75;
    • size and armament, 76;
    • high efficiency, 76;
    • how submarines are attacked, 82;
    • use of in convoying merchant vessels, 95
  • Destroyers, American, arrive in Queenstown, 40;
    • copy of sailing orders, 43;
    • compared with British, 48;
    • why placed under British Admiral at Queenstown, 61;
    • number of at Queenstown, 63;
    • enthusiasm of British public on arrival, 63;
    • "the return of the Mayflower," 64;
    • in action, 99;
    • duties of, 101
  • Deutschland, "merchant" submarine, visits Newport News, 266
  • Di Revel, Vice-Adm., Italian Member Allied Naval Council, 222
  • Dortch, Lt.-Commr. I. F., highly commended, 139
  • Drayton, highly commended, 139
  • Duff, Vice-Adm. Sir Alexander L., in charge of convoy system, 103
  • Duncan, American destroyer, at Queenstown, 57
  • Dunlap, Col. R. H., at London headquarters, 215
  • Dunraven, mystery ship, heroism of captain and crew, 157;
    • given Victoria Cross, 163, 164
  • Durazzo, bombardment of, 199

  • Earle, Rear-Adm., in charge of design of mobile railway batteries for Western Front, 290
  • Edwards, Lt.-Commr. W. A., at London headquarters, 212, 214;
    • commands Yale aviation unit, 283;
    • succeeds Capt. Cone in charge of aviation section, 285
  • Evans, Capt. E. R. G. R., British liaison officer with American destroyers, 44;
    • exploit as commander of destroyer Broke, 61
  • Evans, Capt. F. T., in command of U.S. aviation centre at Pauillac, France, 284

  • Fairfield, Commr. Arthur P., with first American destroyer contingent, 42;
    • highly commended, 139
  • Fanning, captures crew of submarine, 129
  • Farquhar, Lt.-Commr., highly commended, 139
  • Fenian Ram, Holland's submarine, 227
  • Fighting submarines from the air, 275
  • Fisher, Adm. Sir John, in charge of department for investigating anti-submarine devices, 8;
    • tells of American-built submarines, first to cross Atlantic, 266
  • Fletcher, Rear-Adm. Wm. B., commanding Brest naval base, 300
  • Florida, on duty with Grand Fleet, 303
  • Foster, Arnold-, on building of submarines, 228
  • Fullinwider, Commr. S. P., efforts in perfection of new submarine mine, 250
  • Fulton, Robert, efforts in developing the submarine, 226
  • Funakoshi, Rear-Adm., Japanese member Allied Naval Council, 222
  • Furer, Commr. Julius A., work in development of subchasers, 175

  • Gannon, Capt. Sinclair, with mine-laying squadron, 264
  • Gates, Lt.-Commr. A. L., exploits at Dunkirk, 288
  • Geddes, Sir Eric, First Lord of the Admiralty, 219
  • George, King, meeting with, 9;
    • popular with American sailors, 67
  • George, Lloyd, optimistic regarding submarine situation, 10;
    • on convoy system, 95
  • German interned ships converted into transports, 301
  • Gibraltar, co-operation of American navy with British in operations at, 134
  • Gillmor, R. E., volunteers services at London headquarters, 206
  • Gleaves, Rear-Adm. Albert, organization for transport fleet, 301
  • Glinder, Franz, drowned when crew surrendered to Fanning, 134;
  • buried with honours of war, 134
  • Good, P. F., volunteers services at London headquarters, 206
  • Goschen, Viscount, deemed submarine useless, 227
  • Graham, Capt. S. V., good work in convoying subchasers, 178
  • Grand Fleet, British, protected by destroyers, 73;
    • immune from torpedo attack, 85
  • Greenslade, Capt. J. W., with mine-laying squadron, 264

  • Hammon, Ensign C. H., exploit at Pola, 287
  • Hanrahan, Commr. David C., highly commended, 139;
    • commanding American mystery ship Santee, 166;
    • in command of Northern Bombing Group, 285
  • Harwell, Elxer, jumps overboard from Fanning to save drowning German from crew of submarine, 134
  • Helfferich, Dr. Karl, on effectiveness of the submarine, 14
  • Henry, Lt. Walter S., on Fanning, 130
  • Hepburn, Capt. Arthur J., work in training subchaser crews, 178;
    • commanding squadron of subchasers, reaches Queenstown, 203
  • Hogue, Cressy and Aboukir, torpedoed by U-29, 84, 174
  • Holland, John P., designer of the modern submarine, 227
  • Hope, Rear-Adm., receives Adm. Sims on arrival, 2
  • Hospital ships, torpedoing of, 29
  • Housatonic, mine-layer, 254, 260, 264
  • Howard, Lt.-Commr. D. L., highly commended, 139
  • Hughes, Capt. C. F., with the Grand Fleet, 303

  • Inventions, anti-submarine, search for, 8
  • Inverness and Invergordon, mine-assembly bases at, 256
  • Ives, Ensign Paul F., drops a "dud" on deck of submarine, 286

  • Jacob Jones, torpedoed by U-53, 107;
    • highly commended, 139
  • Jacoby, Ensign Maclair, at bombardment of Durazzo, 201
  • Jellicoe, Adm., character and abilities, 5;
    • statement of tonnage lost to submarines, 6;
    • in conference with, 8;
    • wounded in Boxer Rebellion, 43;
    • letter of welcome to Commr. Taussig, 44;
    • difficulty in having convoy system adopted, 89, 95;
    • presides over Allied Naval Council, 219
  • Jessop, Capt. E. P., good work in convoying subchasers, 178
  • Johnson, Commr. Alfred W., with first American destroyer contingent, 42
  • Johnson, Capt. T. L., with mine-laying squadron, 264
  • Justicia, torpedoing of, 114;
    • torpedoing announced as that of Leviathan by German Admiralty, 314

  • Kelly, Commodore, in bombardment of Durazzo, 198;
    • congratulates subchasers in this action, 203
  • Kennedy, Ensign S. C., record seaplane flight, 278
  • Keyes, Ensign K. B., extracts from seaplane flight report, 278
  • Keys, Adm. Sir Roger, reconstructs submarine barrage, 20
  • Killingholme, England, U.S. air station at, 278, 284
  • Kittredge, T. B., volunteers service at London headquarters, 206
  • Knox, Capt. D. W., at London headquarters, 215
  • Kronprinzessin Cecilie, converted into transport, 301

  • Lacaze, Adm., French Minister of Marine, 221
  • Leigh, Capt. Richard H., experiments with listening devices, 172;
    • sent to Italy to construct subchaser base, 182;
    • at London headquarters, 212, 214
  • Libbey, Commr. Miles A., work in perfection of listening devices, 178
  • Listening devices, development of, 171;
    • especially advantageous on subchaser, 178;
    • method of operation on subchasers, 184;
    • of great value in the Otranto barrage, 196;
    • tube climbed by submarine survivor, 197
  • Little, Col. L. McC., at London headquarters, 215
  • London headquarters, 204, 210;
    • different departments of, 212;
    • work of the Planning Section, 215
  • Long, Capt. A. T., commanding the Nevada, 305
  • Long, Capt. Byron A., at headquarters of convoy system, 103;
    • at London headquarters, 212, 214;
    • routing American troops to France, 300
  • Loomis, Coxswain David D., lookout on Fanning when submarine crew was captured, 129
  • Lord Mayor of Cork, welcomes Americans at Queenstown, 45
  • Lowestoft, in attack on Durazzo, 199
  • Luckenback, shelled by submarine, 123
  • Ludlow, Ensign G. H., wounded, rescued from water, 287
  • Lydonia, assists in sinking submarine, 136
  • Lyons, Lt.-Commr. D., highly commended, 139

  • MacDonnell, Lt.-Commr. E. O., in charge of flying Caproni bombers from Italy to Flanders, 285
  • MacDougall, Capt. W. D., at London headquarters, 204
  • McBride, Capt. L. B., at London headquarters, 212, 214
  • McCalla, Capt., meets Adm. Jellicoe in China, 44
  • McCormick, E. H., volunteers services at London headquarters, 206
  • McCullough, Commr. Richard P., recommended for decoration, 136
  • McDougal, in first American destroyer contingent, 42;
    • highly commended, 139
  • McDowell, Commr. Clyde S., work on listening devices, 178
  • McGrann, Commr. W. H., at London headquarters, 212
  • McNamee, Capt. L., at London headquarters, 215
  • McVay, Capt. C. B., commanding the Oklahoma, 305
  • Magruder, Rear-Adm. T. P., good work in convoying subchasers, 178
  • Mannix, Commr. D. Pratt, with mine-laying squadron, 264
  • Marshall, Capt. A. W., with mine-laying squadron, 264
  • Mary Rose, welcomes American destroyers at Queenstown, 41
  • Massachusetts, converted as mine-layer, 254
  • Melville, "Mother Ship" of the destroyers at Queenstown, 58, 62
  • Millard, H., volunteers services at London headquarters, 206
  • Milner, Lord, on convoy system, 95
  • Mine barrage, at first not effective against submarines, 20, 24
  • Mine barrage in North Sea, American, 245;
    • immensity of, 252;
    • how laid, 257
  • Mine laying by German submarines, 51, 273, 274
  • Mines, Americans perfect new type, 250;
    • immense organization of supply and transport, 252
  • Moewe, commerce raider, 95
  • Murfin, Capt. Orin G., designer and builder of mine-assembly bases in Scotland, 256
  • Mystery ships, greatly aid in combating the submarine, 103;
    • accompanying convoy, 118;
    • method of operating, 118;
    • operations of, 142;
    • technique, 148;
    • difficulty of identifying, 151;
    • number in operation, 152;
    • heroic fight of the Dunraven, 157;
    • exploit of Prize, 165;
    • American ship Santee, 166;
    • Stockforce destroys submarine, 183

  • Nautilus, submarine of Robert Fulton, 226
  • Naval guns, German, bombarding Dunkirk and Paris, 290
  • Naval guns, U.S., used on the Western Front, 289
  • Nelson, Capt. C. P., good work in convoying subchasers, 178;
    • commanding subchaser squadrons at Corfu, 194;
    • in bombardment of Durazzo, 199, 200
  • Neptune attacked by U-29, 84, 85
  • Nevada, guarding transports, 304
  • New York, on duty with Grand Fleet, 303
  • Niblack, Rear-Adm. Albert P., commanding forces at Gibraltar, 134;
    • asks that subchasers be sent to Gibraltar, 195
  • Nicholson, in submarine chase, 123;
    • on convoy duty, 129;
    • assists Fanning in capture of submarine and crew, 130;
    • highly commended, 139
  • Noma, goes to relief of sinking mystery ship Dunraven, 163
  • Northern Bombing Group, established, 284, 285

  • O'Brien, highly commended, 163
  • Oil, scarcity of, for Great Britain's fleet, 34
  • Oklahoma, guarding transports, 305
  • Orama, torpedoed, 125
  • Ostend, bombing of submarine base at, 285
  • Otranto barrage, the, 181, 195

  • Page, Ambassador Walter Hines, asks that high naval representative be sent to England, 1;
    • states that England faces defeat by submarines, 8;
    • on critical submarine situation, 38;
    • advised of submarine peril, 52;
    • a tower of strength, 207
  • Pargust, "mystery ship," destroys submarine, 147
  • Parker, in hunt for submarine, 119;
    • highly commended, 139;
    • supporting ship for subchasers at Plymouth, 182;
    • seriously damages the U-53, 189
  • Pauillac, France, U.S. aviation centre at, 284
  • Pennsylvania, transmits mobilization orders to destroyer division, 42
  • Pershing, Gen., request for naval guns at St. Nazaire, 290;
    • report of their skilful use, 293
  • Pescara, Italy, U.S. seaplane station at, 284
  • Pisa, in attack on Durazzo, 199
  • Pitt, William, early opinion of the submarine, 226
  • Planning Section at London headquarters, 215
  • Pleadwell, Capt. F. L., at London headquarters, 212
  • Plunkett, Adm. Charles P., commanding naval guns on Western Front, 289;
    • aids in designing mobile railway batteries, 290
  • Plymouth, subchaser base at, 182
  • Pocahontas, converted from German liner to transport, 302
  • Porter, in first American destroyer contingent, 42
  • Porto Corsini, Italy, U.S. seaplane station at, 284
  • Poteet, Lt.-Commr. Fred H., with first American destroyer contingent, 42
  • Potter, Ensign Stephen, fight with enemy seaplane, 288
  • Powell, Lt.-Commr. Halsey, of destroyer Parker, 119;
    • highly commended, 139
  • Princess Irene, converted into transport, 302
  • Pringle, Capt. J. R. P., at Queenstown, 58;
    • commended by Adm. Bayly, 139
  • Prize, mystery ship, damages submarine and captures captain and two of crew, 165

  • Q-ships, see Mystery ships
  • Queenstown, a destroyer base, 32;
    • arrival of first American destroyers, 40;
    • officially welcomes the Americans, 45
  • Quinnebaug, mine-layer, 254, 264

  • René, in westbound convoy, 129
  • Reynolds, Commr. W. H., with mine-laying squadron, 264
  • Rhein, converted into transport, 302
  • Richardson, R. M. D., volunteers services at London headquarters, 206
  • Roanoke, mine-layer, 254, 260, 264
  • Roberts, Lady, requests Adm. Sims to call, 66
  • Robison, Rear-Adm. S. S., work on listening devices, 178
  • Rodgers, Rear-Adm. Thomas S., commanding Dreadnought division in Bantry Bay, 305
  • Rodman, Adm. Hugh, commanding American squadron with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Rose, Hans, humane commander of the U-53, 106;
    • Allied forces ambitious to capture, 189;
    • not on U-53 when depth charged, 190;
    • visits Newport, and sinks merchantmen off Nantucket, 266
  • Royal Family, interested in American sailors, 67

  • Sacramento, at Gibraltar, 134
  • San Diego, sunk by mine off Fire Island, 274
  • San Francisco, converted as mine-layer, 252, 264
  • San Giorgio, in attack on Durazzo, 199
  • San Marco, in attack on Durazzo, 199
  • Sanders, Lt. William, commanding mystery ship Prize, 165;
    • awarded Victoria Cross, 165
  • Santa Maria, compared in size to modern destroyer, 76
  • Santee, U.S. mystery ship, 150, 166
  • Saranac, mine-layer, 254, 264
  • Scales, Capt. A. H., with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Schieffelin, Lt. John J., recommended for Distinguished Service Medal, 277
  • Schofield, Capt. Frank H., work on listening devices, 178;
    • at London headquarters, 215
  • Schuyler, Commr. G. L., at London headquarters, 212
  • Schwab, Charles M., fabricates submarines for the Allies, 266
  • Seaplane base at Killingholme, England, taken over by U.S., 278
  • Seaplane stations of U.S. forces in Europe, 284
  • Sexton, Capt. W. R., at London headquarters, 212
  • Shawmut, mine-layer, 254, 264
  • Sims, Adm., ordered to England, 1;
    • notifies Washington that war is being lost, 33;
    • of the oil scarcity, 34;
    • favours using U.S. naval forces in conjunction with Allies, 35;
    • first report of critical submarine situation, 37;
    • extent of duties in European waters, 62;
    • significance of the Guildhall speech, 65;
    • reception accorded by British people, 66;
    • meets Lady Roberts, 66;
    • first foreign naval officer to command British forces in war, 68;
    • works for adoption of convoy system, 93, 95;
    • congratulates officers and men of Fanning on capture of submarine and crew, 134;
    • has difficulty in identifying a "mystery ship," 151;
    • letter to Capt. Campbell on Dunraven exploit, 164;
    • warns Navy Department of German submarines visiting U.S. coast, 267
  • Sinn Fein, controversy with American sailors, 69; in league with Germany, 72
  • Smith, Capt. S. F., at London headquarters, 212
  • Sparrow, Capt. H. G., good work in convoying subchasers, 178
  • Stark, Commr. Harold R., brings small destroyers from Manila to Gibraltar, 135;
    • at London headquarters, 212
  • Stearns, Capt. C. D., with mine-laying squadron. 264
  • Sterrett, highly commended, 139
  • Stevens, L. S., volunteers services at London headquarters, 206
  • Stockforce, mystery ship, destroys submarine, 183
  • Stockton, G. B., volunteers services at London headquarters, 206
  • Strauss, Rear-Adm. Joseph, in command of U.S. mine-laying operations, 257
  • Subchasers, number built and bases used, 168;
    • mobilized at New London, Conn., 173;
    • great numbers ordered by Great Britain and France, 174, 179;
    • hardships of the new crews, 176;
    • trip from New London to Corfu, 195;
    • an influence in the breakdown of Austria, 196;
    • in attack on Durazzo, 198;
    • congratulated on exploits of Durazzo by British Commodore and Italian Naval General Staff, 203
  • Submarine against submarine, 224;
    • method of attack, 233
  • Submarine sinkings, gravity of, concealed by British, 2, 6;
    • losses of shipping, 51, 141
  • Submarines, American built, first to cross Atlantic, 267
    • really submersible surface ships, 229;
    • how operated, 229;
    • an American invention, 225
  • Submarines, American, their part in the war, 224;
    • attacked by destroyers through error, 236;
    • the base at Berehaven, 238;
    • witnesses U-boat destroy itself, 239
  • Submarines, British, the H-, E-, and K-boats, 224;
    • destroy a U-boat, 238
  • Submarines, enemy, winning the war, 4, 7;
    • number of, destroyed, 7;
    • officers exaggerate sinkings, 13;
    • difficulty of blockading the United States, 17;
    • cruising period dependent upon supply of torpedoes, 19;
    • mines and nets not effective against, 19;
    • number operating simultaneously, 20, 21, 31;
    • erroneous impression as to numbers operating, 20;
    • every movement charted by Allies, 21, 271, 273;
    • three different types of, 22;
    • plans to pen in the bases, 23;
    • playing hide and seek with destroyers, 33;
    • on American coast, 36, 266;
    • amount of shipping destroyed, 51;
    • how attacked by destroyer, 82;
    • method of attack on battleships, 84;
    • operating on American coast impracticable, 91;
    • individual locations and movements plotted each day, 104;
    • destroyed by depth charges, 126, 128, 130, 136;
    • decoying by "mystery ship," 142, 183;
    • not taken seriously until after Weddingen's exploit, 174;
    • concentrated in enclosed waters, 180;
    • the Otranto barrage, 181;
    • sinkings prevented by subchasers, 183;
    • how located by listening devices, 184;
    • U-53 seriously damaged by destroyer Parker, 189;
    • suicide of entire crew of a depth charged submarine, 193;
    • two submarines sunk by subchasers in bombardment of Durazzo, 202;
    • Germans have difficulty in reaching home after Austrian surrender, 203;
    • number destroyed by Allies and how, 224;
    • U-boat destroys itself, 239;
    • the cruiser submarines, 240;
    • their various bases, 244;
    • effectiveness of American North Sea mine barrage, 245;
    • lay mines on American coast, 273, 274;
    • aircraft an important factor against, 275;
    • number sunk about British Isles, 296;
    • forced to choose between transports and merchantmen, 306
  • Surveyor, yacht, assists in sinking submarine, 136
  • Surveyor, merchantmen torpedoed while being convoyed, 136
  • Susquehanna, converted from German liner to transport, 302
  • Swasey, A. Loring, services in designing of subchasers, 175

  • Taussig, Commr. Joseph K., in charge of first American destroyer contingent, 42;
    • copy of sailing orders, 42;
    • previous record, 43;
    • welcoming letters from Admirals Jellicoe and Bayly, 44, 45;
    • reports to Vice-Adm. Bayly at Queenstown, 46;
    • highly commended, 139
  • Taylor, Capt. M. M., with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Texas, on duty with Grand Fleet, 303
  • Thompson, Commr. Edgar, at London headquarters, 212
  • Thomson, Commr. T. A., at London headquarters, 212
  • Tobey, Capt. E. C., at London headquarters, 212, 214
  • Tomb, Capt. J. Harvey, with mine-laying squadron, 264
  • Tompkins, Capt. John T., work in organization of subchaser fleet, 178
  • Torpedo, track or wake made by, 81;
    • effective range of, 83;
    • duration of submarine's voyage dependent on number carried, 19;
    • supply limited, 26;
    • cost of, 77
  • Torpedo-boat, invention of, 76
  • Tozer, Capt. C. M., good work in convoying subchasers, 178
  • Transporting armies to France, 294;
    • nationality of ships and percentage carried, 302
  • Turtle, first submarine, 225
  • Twining, Capt. N. C., at London headquarters, 212, 213

  • U-29, torpedoes Hogue, Cressy and Aboukir, and is later sunk by Dreadnought, 84, 85
  • U-53, operates off American coast, 106;
    • torpedoes the Jacob Jones, 107;
    • seriously damaged by depth charges, 188;
    • surrendered after armistice, 190;
    • after visiting Newport, R.I., sinks several merchantmen, 266
  • U-58 depth charged and crew captured by Fanning and Nicholson, 131
  • U-151, lays mines off American coast, 273
  • U-156, lays mines off American coast, 274
  • UC-56, practically destroyed by depth charge from Christabel, 128
  • Utah, guarding transports, 305

  • Vaterland, converted into transport, 301
  • Vauclain, Samuel M., great help in turning out mobile railway batteries, 290
  • Venetia, assists in sinking submarine, 136;
    • seriously damages another, 136
  • Voysey, Miss, niece of Vice-Adm. Bayly, and charming hostess, 59

  • Wadsworth, in first American destroyer contingent, 42;
    • highly commended, 139
  • Wainwright, in first American destroyer contingent, 42
  • Washington, Capt. Thomas, with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Weatherhead, Ensign C. H., makes record seaplane flight, 278
  • Weddingen, Commr. Otto, torpedoes Hogue, Cressy and Aboukir, and is in turn sunk by battleship Dreadnought, 84, 174
  • Welshman, narrow escape from being torpedoed, 130, 133
  • Weymouth, in attack on Durazzo, 199
  • Wheeling, depth charges submarine, 136
  • White, Sir William, on the submarine, 225
  • Whiting, Commr. Kenneth, great service in aviation, 283
  • Wiley, Capt. H. A., with the Grand Fleet, 303
  • Wilhelm, Kaiser, on effectiveness of the submarine, 13
  • Wilkes, on submarine hunt with Parker, 189
  • Williams, Lt.-Commr. Roger, at Queenstown, 57
  • Wilson, Rear-Adm. Henry B., commander of forces at Gibraltar, 134;
    • at Brest, 134;
    • commanding Brest naval base, 300
  • Wireless telegraphy, of the submarines and destroyers, 100;
    • messages reveal locations of submarines, 105
  • Wortman, Lieut.-Commr. Ward K., with first American destroyer contingent, 42
  • Wyoming, on duty with Grand Fleet, 303

  • Y-guns, or howitzers, for hurling depth charges, 79
  • Yachts, good service on French coast, 301
  • Yale aviation unit, organization of, 282;
    • renders great service, 283
  • Yarnell, Capt. H. E., at London headquarters, 215

  • Zeebrugge, bombing of submarine base at, 285
  • Zigzagging, efficacious protection against submarines, 87, 120
  • Zogbaum, Lt.-Commr. Rufus F., with first American destroyer contingent, 42