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The Wine Press and the Cellar: A Manual for the Wine-Maker and the Cellar-Man cover

The Wine Press and the Cellar: A Manual for the Wine-Maker and the Cellar-Man

Chapter 40: APPENDIX.
By Emmet H. Rixford
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About This Book

The manual offers practical guidance on grape cultivation and cellar management, surveying vineyard economics and the quality differences between local and introduced grape varieties. It synthesizes European vinification techniques into step-by-step instructions for fermentation, aging, and cask treatment, and explains how must density, sugar content, and climate dictate methods for producing red, white, sweet, or dry wines. Comparative tables of alcohol and acidity accompany discussions of harvest timing and cellar practice, intended to help both novices and experienced wine-makers adapt established principles to regional conditions.

APPENDIX.

TABLE I.

Balling’s degrees (per cent. of sugar), corresponding degrees Baumé, and specific gravity at 63½° F.—Chas. Stammer.

 
Balling
or
per cent. 
sugar		  Baumé   Specific 
Gravity		 Balling
or
 per cent. 
sugar		  Baumé   Specific 
Gravity
 1 0.56 1.0039  26 14.35 1.1107 
 2 1.11 .0078 27 14.90 .1154
 3 1.67 .0117 28 15.44 .1201
 4 2.23 .0157 29 15.99 .1249
 5 2.78 .0197 30 16.53 .1297
 6 3.34 .0234 31 17.07 .1345
 7 3.89 .0278 32 17.61 .1393
 8 4.45 .0319 33 18.15 .1442
 9 5.00 .0360 34 18.69 .1491
10 5.56 .0401 35 19.23 .1541
11 6.11 .0443 36 19.77 .1591
12 6.66 .0485 37 20.30 .1641
13 7.22 .0528 38 20.84 .1692
14 7.77 .0570 39 21.37 .1743
15 8.32 .0613 40 21.91 .1794
16 8.87 .0657 41 22.44 .1846
17 9.42 .0700 42 22.97 .1898
18 9.97 .0744 43 23.50 .1950
19 10.52  .0787 44 24.03 .2003
20 11.07  .0833 45 24.56 .2056
21 11.62  .0878 46 25.09 .2110
22 12.17  .0923 47 25.62 .2164
23 12.72  .0969 48 26.14 .2218
24 13.26  .1015 49 26.67 .2273
25 13.81  .1061 50 27.19 .2328
Balling
or
per cent. 
sugar		  Baumé   Specific 
Gravity		 Balling
or
 per cent. 
sugar		  Baumé   Specific 
Gravity
51 27.71 1.2383  76 40.36 1.3894 
52 28.24 .2439 77 40.84 .3959
53 28.75 .2495 78 41.33 .4025
54 29.27 .2552 79 41.81 .4092
55 29.79 .2609 80 42.29 .4159
56 30.31 .2666 81 42.78 .4226
57 30.82 .2724 82 43.25 .4293
58 31.34 .2782 83 43.73 .4361
59 31.85 .2840 84 44.21 .4430
60 32.36 .2899 85 44.68 .4499
61 32.87 .2958 86 45.15 .4568
62 33.38 .3018 87 45.62 .4638
63 33.89 .3078 88 46.09 .4708
64 34.40 .3138 89 46.56 .4778
65 34.90 .3199 90 47.02 .4849
66 35.40 .3260 91 47.48 .4920
67 35.90 .3322 92 47.95 .4992
68 36.41 .3384 93 48.40 .5064
69 36.91 .3446 94 48.86 .5136
70 37.40 .3509 95 49.32 .5209
71 37.90 .3572 96 49.77 .5281
72 38.39 .3636 97 50.22 .5355
73 38.89 .3700 98 50.67 .5429
74 39.38 .3764 99 51.12 .5504
75 39.87 .3829 100  51.56 .5578
 

Oechsle’s Must-Scale indicates specific gravity to three decimal places. When two figures are shown on the scale, a cipher before them must be understood. For instance: 83 means 1.083, or 20 per cent., Balling; and 106 means 1.106, or 25 per cent., Balling.

TABLE II.

Baumé’s degrees, corresponding degrees, Balling (per cent. sugar,) and specific gravity at 63½° F.

 
Baumé    Balling or 
per cent.
sugar		  Specific 
Gravity		  Baumé   Balling or 
per cent.
sugar		  Specific 
Gravity
 0.0  0.00 1.0000  13  23.52 1.0992 
 0.5  0.90 .0035 13.5 24.43 .1034
 1   1.80 .0070 14  25.35 .1077
 1.5  2.69 .0105 14.5 26.27 .1120
2   3.59 .0141 15  27.19 .1163
2.5  4.49 .0177 15.5 28.10 .1206
3   5.39 .0213 16  19.03 .1250
3.5  6.29 .0249 16.5 29.95 .1294
4   7.19 .0286 17  30.87 .1339
4.5  8.09 .0323 17.5 31.79 .1383
5   9.00 .0360 18  32.72 .1429
5.5  9.90 .0397 18.5 33.65 .1474
6  10.80 .0435 19  34.58 .1520
6.5 11.70 .0473 19.5 35.50 .1566
7  12.61 .0511 20  36.44 .1613
7.5 13.51 .0549 20.5 37.37 .1660
8  14.42 .0588 21  38.30 .1707
8.5 15.32 .0627 21.5 39.24 .1755
9  16.23 .0667 22  40.17 .1803
9.5 17.14 .0706 22.5 41.11 .1852
10   18.05 .0746 23  42.05 .1901
10.5  18.96 .0787 23.5 42.99 .1950
11   19.87 .0827 24  43.94 .2000
11.5  20.78 .0868 24.5 44.88 .2050
12   21.69 .0909 25  45.83 .2101
12.5  22.60 .0951 25.5 46.78 .2152
Baumé Balling or
per cent.
sugar		 Specific
Gravity		 Baumé Balling or
per cent.
sugar		 Specific
Gravity
26  47.73 1.2203  39  73.23 1.3714 
26.5 48.68 .2255 39.5 74.25 .3780
27  49.63 .2308 40  75.27 .3846
27.5 50.59 .2361 40.5 76.29 .3913
28  51.55 .2414 41  77.32 .3981
28.5 52.51 .2468 41.5 78.35 .4049
29  53.47 .2522 42  79.39 .4118
29.5 54.44 .2576 42.5 80.43 .4187
30  55.47 .2632 43  81.47 .4267
30.5 56.37 .2687 43.5 82.51 .4328
31  57.34 .2743 44  83.56 .4400
31.5 58.32 .2800 44.5 84.62 .4472
32  59.29 .2857 45  85.68 .4545
32.5 60.27 .2915 45.5 86.74 .4619
33  61.25 .2973 46  87.81 .4694
33.5 62.23 .3032 46.5 88.88 .4769
34  63.22 .3091 47  89.96 .4845
34.5 64.21 .3151 47.5 91.03 .4922
35  65.20 .3211 48  92.12 .5000
35.5 66.19 .3272 48.5 93.21 .5079
36  67.19 .3333 49  94.30 .5158
36.5 68.19 .3395 49.5 95.40 .5238
37  69.19 .3458 50  96.51 .5319
37.5 70.20 .3521 50.5 97.62 .5401
38  71.20 .3585 51  98.73 .5484
38.5 72.22 .3649 51.5 99.85 .5568
 

TABLE III.

Baumé’s degrees and corresponding per cent. of sugar at 60° F.

 
Baumé
 degrees 		 Sugar
 per cent. 		 Baumé
 degrees 		 Sugar
 per cent. 		 Baumé
 degrees 		 Sugar
 per cent. 		 Baumé
 degrees 		 Sugar
 per cent. 
 1  1.72 11 19.88 21 38.29 31 57.31
 2  3.50 12 21.71 22 40.17 32 59.27
 3  5.30 13 23.54 23 42.03 33 61.23
 4  7.09 14 25.34 24 43.92 34 63.18
 5  8.90 15 27.25 25 45.79 35 65.19
 6 10.71 16 29.06 26 47.70 36 67.19
 7 12.52 17 30.89 27 49.60 37 69.19
 8 14.38 18 32.75 28 51.50 38 71.22
 9 16.20 19 34.60 29 53.42 39 73.28
10 18.04 20 36.40 30 55.36 40 75.35
 

TABLE IV.

Showing the specific gravities of mixtures of alcohol and water, containing from 0.1 to 30 per cent. by volume, of absolute alcohol, and corresponding per cent. by weight, for every 0.1 per cent. by volume, compared with water at 60° F.

The specific gravity of absolute alcohol according to U. S. standard being .7939, referred to water at its greatest density as unity, or .79461, referred to water at 60° F.

 
Per cent.
 by volume 		 Per cent.
 by weight 		  Specific 
Gravity		 Per cent.
 by volume 		 Per cent.
 by weight 		  Specific 
Gravity
0.1 0.08 .99986 3.8 3.04 .99460
0.2 0.16 .99972 3.9 3.12 .99445
0.3 0.24 .99957 4.0 3.20 .99431
0.4 0.32 .99943 4.1 3.28 .99417
0.5 0.40 .99929 4.2 3.36 .99403
0.6 0.48 .99915 4.3 3.44 .99388
0.7 0.56 .99901 4.4 3.52 .99374
0.8 0.64 .99886 4.5 3.60 .99360
0.9 0.72 .99872 4.6 3.68 .99346
1.0 0.80 .99858 4.7 3.76 .99332
1.1 0.88 .99844 4.8 3.84 .99317
1.2 0.96 .99830 4.9 3.92 .99303
1.3 1.04 .99815 5.0 4.00 .99289
1.4 1.12 .99801 5.1 4.08 .99276
1.5 1.20 .99787 5.2 4.16 .99263
1.6 1.28 .99773 5.3 4.24 .99250
1.7 1.36 .99759 5.4 4.32 .99237
1.9 1.44 .99744 5.5 4.40 .99224
1.9 1.52 .99730 5.6 4.49 .99211
2.0 1.60 .99716 5.7 4.57 .99198
2.1 1.68 .99702 5.8 4.65 .99186
2.2 1.76 .99688 5.9 4.73 .99173
2.3 1.84 .99673 6.0 4.81 .99160
2.4 1.92 .99659 6.1 4.89 .99148
2.5 2.00 .99645 6.2 4.97 .99135
2.6 2.08 .99631 6.3 5.05 .99123
2.7 2.16 .99617 6.4 5.13 .99110
2.8 2.24 .99602 6.5 5.21 .99098
2.9 2.32 .99588 6.6 5.29 .99086
3.0 2.40 .99574 6.7 5.37 .99073
3.1 2.48 .99560 6.8 5.45 .99061
3.2 2.56 .99546 6.9 5.54 .99048
3.3 2.64 .99531 7.0 5.62 .99036
3.4 2.72 .99517 7.1 5.70 .99024
3.5 2.79 .99503 7.2 5.78 .99011
3.6 2.88 .99488 7.3 5.86 .98999
3.7 2.96 .99474 7.4 5.94 .98986
Per cent.
by volume		 Per cent.
by weight		 Specific
Gravity		 Per cent.
by volume		 Per cent.
by weight		 Specific
Gravity
7.5 6.02 .98974 11.2 9.03 .98530
7.6 6.10 .98961 11.3 9.11 .98519
7.7 6.18 .98949 11.4 9.20 .98508
7.8 6.26 .98936 11.5 9.28 .98497
7.9 6.35 .98924 11.6 9.36 .98486
8.00 6.43 .98911 11.7 9.44 .98475
8.1 6.51 .98899 11.8 9.52 .98463
8.2 6.59 .98886 11.9 9.60 .98452
8.3 6.67 .98874 12.0 9.69 .98441
8.4 6.75 .98861 12.1 9.77 .98430
8.5 6.83 .98849 12.2 9.85 .98419
8.6 6.91 .98837 12.3 9.93 .98408
8.7 7.00 .98824 12.4 10.01  .98397
8.8 7.08 .98812 12.5 10.10  .98386
8.9 7.16 .98799 12.6 10.18  .98375
9.0 7.24 .98787 12.7 10.26  .98364
9.1 7.32 .98775 12.8 10.34  .98352
9.2 7.40 .98762 12.9 10.42  .98341
9.3 7.48 .98750 13.0 10.51  .98330
9.4 7.57 .98737 13.1 10.59  .98319
9.5 7.65 .98725 13.2 10.67  .98308
9.6 7.73 .98713 13.3 10.75  .98297
9.7 7.81 .98700 13.4 10.83  .98286
9.8 7.89 .98688 13.5 10.92  .98275
9.9 7.97 .98675 13.6 11.00  .98264
10.0  8.05 .98663 13.7 11.08  .98253
10.1  8.14 .98652 13.8 11.16  .98242
10.2  8.22 .98641 13.9 11.24  .98231
10.3  8.30 .98630 14.0 11.33  .98220
10.4  8.38 .98619 14.1 11.41  .98209
10.5  8.46 .98608 14.2 11.49  .98199
10.6  8.54 .98597 14.3 11.57  .98188
10.7  8.62 .98586 14.4 11.65  .98178
10.8  8.71 .98574 14.5 11.74  .98167
10.9  8.79 .98563 14.6 11.82  .98156
11.0  8.87 .98552 14.7 11.90  .98146
11.1  8.95 .98541 14.8 11.98  .98135
Per cent.
by volume		 Per cent.
by weight		 Specific
Gravity		 Per cent.
by volume		 Per cent.
by weight		 Specific
Gravity
14.9 12.07 .98125 18.7 15.21 .97733
15.0 12.15 .98114 18.8 15.29 .97722
15.1 12.23 .98104 18.9 15.37 .97712
15.2 12.32 .98094 19.0 15.46 .97702
15.3 12.40 .98083 19.1 15.54 .97692
15.4 12.49 .98073 19.2 15.62 .97682
15.5 12.57 .98063 19.3 15.70 .97671
15.6 12.65 .98053 19.4 15.78 .97661
15.7 12.73 .98042 19.5 15.87 .97651
15.8 12.82 .98032 19.6 15.95 .97641
15.9 12.90 .98021 19.7 16.04 .97631
16.0 12.98 .98011 19.8 16.12 .97620
16.1 13.06 .98001 19.9 16.20 .97610
16.2 13.14 .97990 20.0 16.29 .97600
16.3 13.22 .97980 20.1 16.37 .97590
16.4 13.31 .97969 20.2 16.45 .97580
16.5 13.39 .97959 20.3 16.51 .97569
16.6 13.47 .97949 20.4 16.62 .97559
16.7 13.55 .97938 20.5 16.70 .97549
16.8 13.63 .97928 20.6 16.79 .97539
16.9 13.71 .97917 20.7 16.87 .97529
17.0 13.80 .97907 20.8 16.95 .97518
17.1 13.88 .97897 20.9 17.03 .97508
17.2 13.96 .97887 21.0 17.12 .97498
17.3 14.05 .97876 21.1 17.20 .97488
17.4 14.13 .97866 21.2 17.28 .97478
17.5 14.21 .97856 21.3 17.37 .97467
17.6 14.29 .97846 21.4 17.45 .97457
17.7 14.38 .97835 21.5 17.53 .97447
17.8 14.46 .97825 21.6 17.62 .97437
17.9 14.54 .97814 21.7 17.70 .97427
18.0 14.62 .97804 21.8 17.78 .97416
18.1 14.71 .97794 21.9 17.87 .97406
18.2 14.79 .97784 22.0 17.95 .97396
18.3 14.87 .97773 22.1 18.03 .97386
18.4 14.96 .97763 22.2 18.12 .97375
18.5 15.04 .97753 22.3 18.20 .97365
18.6 15.12 .97743 22.4 18.28 .97354
Per cent.
by volume		 Per cent.
by weight		 Specific
Gravity		 Per cent.
by volume		 Per cent.
by weight		 Specific
Gravity
22.5 18.37 .97344 26.3 21.55 .96950
22.6 18.45 .97334 26.4 21.64 .96939
22.7 18.53 .97323 26.5 21.72 .96928
22.8 18.62 .97313 26.6 21.81 .96017
22.9 18.70 .97302 26.7 21.89 .96906
23.0 18.78 .97292 26.8 21.98 .96896
23.1 18.87 .97282 26.9 22.06 .96885
23.2 18.95 .97272 27.0 22.15 .96874
23.3 19.04 .97261 27.1 22.23 .96863
23.4 19.12 .97251 27.2 22.32 .96853
23.5 19.20 .97241 27.3 22.40 .96842
23.6 19.29 .97231 27.4 22.48 .96832
23.7 19.37 .97221 27.5 22.57 .96821
23.9 19.54 .97200 27.7 22.74 .96799
24.0 19.62 .97190 27.8 22.82 .96789
24.1 19.71 .97180 27.9 22.91 .96778
24.2 19.79 .97170 28.0 22.99 .96767
24.3 19.87 .97159 28.1 23.07 .96756
24.4 19.96 .97149 28.2 23.16 .96745
24.5 20.04 .97139 28.3 23.24 .96733
24.6 20.13 .97129 28.4 23.33 .96722
24.7 20.21 .97118 28.5 23.41 .96711
24.8 20.29 .97108 28.6 23.50 .96700
24.9 20.38 .97097 28.7 23.58 .96689
25.0 20.46 .97087 28.8 23.67 .96677
25.1 20.55 .97076 28.9 23.75 .96666
25.2 20.63 .97066 29.0 23.84 .96655
25.3 20.71 .97055 29.1 23.93 .96644
25.4 20.80 .97045 29.2 24.01 .96632
25.5 20.88 .97034 29.3 24.10 .96621
25.6 20.97 .97023 29.4 24.18 .96609
25.7 21.05 .97013 29.5 24.27 .96598
25.8 21.13 .97002 29.6 24.35 .96587
25.9 21.22 .96992 29.7 24.44 .96575
26.0 21.30 .96981 29.8 24.52 .96564
26.1 21.39 .96970 29.9 24.61 .96552
26.2 21.47 .96960 30.0 24.69 .96541
 

The basis of the foregoing table is Table III of the U. S. Manual for Inspectors of spirits, giving the respective volumes of absolute alcohol and water in 100 volumes of spirits of different strengths, for every 0.5 per cent. by volume, and the specific gravities, referred to water at 60° F.

TABLE V.

 
Variety of Wine. Name of
Contributor.		 Locality  Vintage.  Color
 of Wine.		 Alcohol
 vol. per ct. 		 Acid as
 tartaric.
Mission, just ripe Dr. J. Strentze Martinez 1880 White 10.0 .5370
““ “ “ “ “ Red  8.5 .5400
“ fully  “ “ “ “ White 12.8 .3490
““ “ “ “ “ Red 13.3 .3300
“ George West Stockton 1881 White 11.9 .6690
“ “ “ “ Red 12.6 .5590
“ Prof. G. Husman Napa ? “ White 13.0 .4297
“ I. De Turk Santa Rosa 1880 “ 11.9 .3900
“ “ “ 1881 “ 13.1 .4500
“ Chas. Lefranc San Jose “ Red 12.0 .4245
“ J. De Barth Shorb San Gabriel 1873 White 15.2 .7395
“ “ “ 1881 “ 12.4 .4897
“ I. De Turk Santa Rosa 1878 “ 12.0 .5347
Black Prince George West Stockton 1881 “ 14.9 .7020
 ““ “ “ “ Red 15.2 .6450
Malvoisie (Malvasia?) Chas. Krug St. Helena 1880 White 16.7 .4270
“ “ “ “ Red 14.5 .2460
“ R. Hasty Clayton “ “ 13.8 . . .
“ G. Husman Napa ? 1881 White 14.0 .4635
“ “ Napa ? “ Red 13.5 .5430
“ T. F. Eisen Fresno 1878 White 13.7 .6622
“ “ “ 1880 “ 17.2 .5197
Zinfandel Chas. Krug St. Helena “ “ 12.6 .6000
“ “ “ “ Red 12.9 .3900
“ Geo. West Stockton 1881 White 14.1 .4200
“ “ “ “ Red 14.3 .4370
“ Gundlach & Co. Sacramento . . . “ 11.9 .6750
“ I. De Turk Santa Rosa 1879 “ 13.4 .6495
“ “ “ 1881 “ 13.2 .6750
“ G. Husman Napa ? “ “ 13.2 .4777
“ I. De Turk Santa Rosa 1880 “ 12.7 .6900
Variety of Wine. Name of
Contributor.		 Locality Vintage. Color
of Wine.		 Alcohol
vol. per ct.		 Acid as
tartaric.
Zinfandel B. Dreyfus & Co.     Red 12.4 .7170
Charbono General Naglee San Jose 1880 White 8.1 .4750
“ “ “ “ Red 6.5 .4420
“ J. T. Doyle Santa Clara Co. ?   “ 12.5 .4320
Mataro Chas. Lefranc San Jose 1880 White 14.1 .4245
“ “ “ “ Red 12.4 .5250
Grenache “ “ 1876 “ 11.6 .7920
“ “ “ 1881 “ 12.5 .3450
California Burgundy “ “   “ 10.8 .7500
Lenoir H. W. Crabb Oakville 1881 “ 11.1 .8070
 “ “ “ “ “ 11.9 .5145
Chasselas J. Gundlach Sonoma “ White 13.5 .6337
“ “ “ “  with skins  11.7 .6495
“ Dresel & Co. “   White 13.5 .3375
Rose Chasselas G. Husman Napa ? 1881 “ 12.0 .3720
Golden Chasselas Chas. Krug St. Helena “ with skins 12.4 .5925
Riesling Dresel & Co. Sonoma   White 12.5 .6180
“ B. Dreyfus & Co.     “ 12.9 .6750
“ J. De Barth Shorb San Gabriel 1880 “ 13.6 .8325
“ Kramp & Bro. Diamond Springs “ “ 12.6 .7522
Blanc Elba (Elbling?) J.De Barth Shorb San Gabriel 1881 “ 13.1 .6825
Feher Szagos G. Eisen Fresno “ “ 10.6 .5625
“ “ “ “ with skins 10.2 .5250
Prolific Geo. West Stockton “ White 14.5 .6750
“ “ “ “ with skins 15.6 .5347
Sauvignon Vert Chas. Lefranc San Jose 1875 White 13.3 .6187
Burger Chas. Krug St. Helena 1880 “  9.0 .5620
 “ “ “ “ with skins  9.2 .5250
 “ R. Hasty Clayton “ White 11.5 . . .
Elvira H. W. Crabb Oakville 1881 “ 11.9 .5145
 “ Kramp & Bro. Diamond Springs 1880 “ 14.1 .5475
Variety of Wine. Name of
Contributor.		 Locality Vintage. Color
of Wine.		 Alcohol
vol. per ct.		 Acid as
tartaric.
Malaga T. F. Eisen Fresno 1877 White 14.6 .6525
  “ “  “ 1881 “ 17.9 .2175
Madeira B. Dreyfus & Co.   “ “ 18.2 . . .
Muscat I. De Turk Santa Rosa “ “ 11.5 .5775
 “ T. F. Eisen Fresno 1876 “ 16.7 .5325
 “ “  “ 1881 “ 17.2 .2250
Port, Zinfandel “  “ “ Red 18.4 .3450
 ““ “  “ 1878 “ 21.0 .4957
Port J. De Parth Shorb San Gabriel 1875 “ 22.1 .3525
 “ “ “ 1881 “ 22.9 .2048
Port, Tienturier T. F. Eisen Fresno “ “ 18.8 .3975
Angelica J. De Barth Shorb San Gabriel 1875 White 18.3 .3825
“ “ “ 1881 “ 21.8 .1448
Sherry (Feher Szagos) T. F. Eisen Fresno 1877 “ 18.8 .3600
 “““  dry “  “ 1878 “ 16.1 .5550
 

Where the name of the locality is followed by (?), it was omitted from the report.