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The works of Francis Maitland Balfour, Volume 2 (of 4)

Chapter 53: Transcriber’s Note:
By Francis M. Balfour
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Science - Biology

About This Book

The work presents a systematic survey of animal embryology focused on invertebrates, opening with gamete structure, egg maturation, fertilization, and segmentation before treating developmental pathways across major groups. It describes germ‑layer formation, larval types, organogenesis, metamorphosis, and alternation of generations, and compares modes of development in sponges, cnidarians, worms, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, and related taxa. The text integrates comparative and phylogenetic discussion with extensive references and illustrations, and highlights areas of contested observation to guide students and researchers through both general principles and detailed special cases.

[231] A very complete and critical account of the literature is contained in this paper.

[232] There is a Russian paper by the same author, containing a full account, with clear illustrations, of his observations.

[233] The dates in this reference are the dates of publication.

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. & SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Transcriber’s Note:

Punctuation, hyphenization, and accent marks were standardized. Missing letters were added, as appropriate.

Consistently misspelled words (e.g. hydrophillia) and inconsistent superscripting of French abbreviations, 2me, 2me, were not changed.

Captions to some illustrations contain references to items not indentified in the illustration. There is no Fig. 79 in the original.

Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the chapter in which the anchor occurs. Anchors [64] and [65] refer to the same footnote.

Names of authors in the bibliography were changed from spaced-out text (gesperrt) to bold font. In addition, for handheld devices, gesperrt within the text was replaced with bold font.

The layout of several tables was adjusted to accommodate display on ebook readers and handheld devices. An alpha jump table was added at the beginning of the index for the convenience of users.

Other changes:
- 11 instances of ‘Müller’s Archiv’ to ‘Müller’s Archiv’
- 8 instances of ‘develope(s)’ to ‘develop(s)’
- ‘usally’ to ‘usually’ ... there is usually found in young ...
- ‘occurrs’ to ‘occurs’ ... It occurs in ...
- ‘investigagation’ to ‘investigation’ ... a thorough investigation ...
- ‘cillated’ to ‘ciliated’ ... the already ciliated ... external layer
- ‘on’ to ‘of’ ... development of the type of Desor ...
- ‘intances’ to ‘instances’ ... In some instances a more or less ...
- ‘natica’ to ‘nautica’ ... a nautica-like shell,...
- ‘valves’ to ‘halves’ ... The two halves rapidly grow ...
- ‘Natica’ to ‘Nautica’ ... e.g. Nautica....
- ‘suceeding’ to ‘succeeding’ ....the three succeeding pairs,...
- ‘espcially’ to ‘especially’ ... especially in the armature ...
- ‘pecularities’ to ‘peculiarities’ ... marked peculiarities of ...
Fig. 102 caption - ‘Fom’ to ‘From’ ... (From Gegenbauer ...
Fig. 162 caption - ‘sc.’ to ‘se.’ to match illustration
Fig. 253 caption - ‘Pentracrinoid’ to ‘Pentacrinoid’
Reference (95) - ‘Wirbelthiereie’ to ‘Wirbelthiere’
References (58) (59) (60) (95) (242) - ‘micr.’ to ‘mikr.’