[Footnote: Carlyle, on the other hand, holds "that," as has been said, "we are entitled to deal with criminals as relics of barbarism in the midst of civilisation." His protest, though exuberated, against leniency in dealing with atrocities, emphatically requisite in an age apt to ignore the rigour of justice, has been so far salutary, and may be more so.]
Maintaining that the State exists for its members, he holds that the enervating influences of authority are least powerful in popular governments, and that the tyranny of a public opinion not enforced by law need only be endured by voluntary slaves. Emerson confides in great men, "to educate whom the State exists"; but he regards them as inspired mouthpieces rather than controlling forces: their prime mission is to "fortify our hopes," their indirect services are their best. The career of a great man should rouse us to a like assertion of ourselves. We ought not to obey, but to follow, sometimes by not obeying, him. "It is the imbecility not the wisdom of men that is always inviting the impudence of power."
It is obvious that many of these views are in essential opposition to the teaching of Carlyle; and it is remarkable that two conspicuous men so differing and expressing their differences with perfect candour should have lived so long on such good terms. Their correspondence, ranging over thirty-eight years (begun in 1834, after Emerson's visit to Craigenputtock, and ending in 1872, before his final trip to England), is on the whole one of the most edifying in literary history. The fundamental accord, unshaken by the ruffle of the visit in 1847, is a testimony to the fact that the common preservation of high sentiments amid the irksome discharge of ordinary duties may survive and override the most distinct antagonisms of opinion. Matthew Arnold has gone so far as to say that he "would not wonder if Carlyle lived in the long run by such an invaluable record as that correspondence between him and Emerson and not by his works." This is paradoxical; but the volumes containing it are in some respects more interesting than the letters of Goethe and Schiller, as being records of "two noble kinsmen" of nearer intellectual claims. The practical part of the relationship on the part of Emerson is very beautiful; he is the more unselfish, and on the whole appears the better man, especially in the almost unlimited tolerance that passes with a smile even such violences as the "Ilias in nuce"; but Carlyle shows himself to be the stronger. Their mutual criticisms were of real benefit. Emerson succeeded in convincing his friend that so-called anarchy might be more effective in subduing the wilderness than any despotism; while the advice to descend from "Himalaya peaks and indigo skies" to concrete life is accepted and adopted in the later works of the American, Society and Solitude and the Conduct of Life, which Carlyle praises without stint. Keeping their poles apart they often meet half-way; and in matters of style as well as judgment tinge and tend to be transfused into each other, so that in some pages we have to look to the signature to be sure of the writer. Towards the close of the correspondence Carlyle in this instance admits his debt.
I do not know another man in all the world to whom I can speak with clear hope of getting adequate response from him. Truly Concord seems worthy of the name: no dissonance comes to me from that side. Ah me! I feel as if in the wide world there were still but this one voice that responded intelligently to my own: as if the rest were all hearsays … echoes: as if this alone were true and alive. My blessings on you, good Ralph Waldo.
Emerson answers in 1872, on receipt of the completed edition of his friend's work: "You shall wear the crown at the Pan-Saxon games, with no competitor in sight … well earned by genius and exhaustive labour, and with nations for your pupils and praisers."
The general verdict on Carlyle's literary career assigns to him the first place among the British authors of his time. No writer of our generation, in England, has combined such abundance with such power. Regarding his rank as a writer there is little or no dispute: it is admitted that the irregularities and eccentricities of his style are bound up with its richness. In estimating the value of his thought we must discriminate between instruction and inspiration. If we ask what new truths he has taught, what problems he has definitely solved, our answer must be, "few." This is a perhaps inevitable result of the manner of his writing, or rather of the nature of his mind. Aside from political parties, he helped to check their exaggerations by his own; seeing deeply into the under-current evils of the time, even when vague in his remedies he was of use in his protest against leaving these evils to adjust themselves—what has been called "the policy of drifting"—or of dealing with them only by catchwords. No one set a more incisive brand on the meanness that often marks the unrestrained competition of great cities; no one was more effective in his insistence that the mere accumulation of wealth may mean the ruin of true prosperity; no one has assailed with such force the mammon-worship and the frivolity of his age. Everything he writes comes home to the individual conscience: his claim to be regarded as a moral exemplar has been diminished, his hold on us as an ethical teacher remains unrelaxed. It has been justly observed that he helped to modify "the thought rather than the opinion of two generations." His message, as that of Emerson, was that "life must be pitched on a higher plane." Goethe said to Eckermann in 1827 that Carlyle was a moral force so great that he could not tell what he might produce. His influence has been, though not continuously progressive, more marked than that of any of his compeers, among whom he was, if not the greatest, certainly the most imposing personality. It had two culminations; shortly after the appearance of The French Revolution, and again towards the close of the seventh decade of the author's life. To the enthusiastic reception of his works in the Universities, Mr. Froude has borne eloquent testimony, and the more reserved Matthew Arnold admits that "the voice of Carlyle, overstrained and misused since, sounded then in Oxford fresh and comparatively sound," though, he adds, "The friends of one's youth cannot always support a return to them." In the striking article in the St. James' Gazette of the date of the great author's death we read: "One who had seen much of the world and knew a large proportion of the remarkable men of the last thirty years declared that Mr. Carlyle was by far the most impressive person he had ever known, the man who conveyed most forcibly to those who approached him [best on resistance principles] that general impression of genius and force of character which it is impossible either to mistake or to define." Thackeray, as well as Ruskin and Froude, acknowledged him as, beyond the range of his own métier, his master, and the American Lowell, penitent for past disparagement, confesses that "all modern Literature has felt his influence in the right direction"; while the Emersonian hermit Thoreau, a man of more intense though more restricted genius than the poet politician, declares—"Carlyle alone with his wide humanity has, since Coleridge, kept to us the promise of England. His wisdom provokes rather than informs. He blows down narrow walls, and struggles, in a lurid light, like the Jöthuns, to throw the old woman Time; in his work there is too much of the anvil and the forge, not enough hay-making under the sun. He makes us act rather than think: he does not say, know thyself, which is impossible, but know thy work. He has no pillars of Hercules, no clear goal, but an endless Atlantic horizon. He exaggerates. Yes; but he makes the hour great, the picture bright, the reverence and admiration strong; while mere precise fact is a coil of lead." Our leading journal on the morning after Carlyle's death wrote of him in a tone of well-tempered appreciation: "We have had no such individuality since Johnson. Whether men agreed or not, he was a touchstone to which truth and falsehood were brought to be tried. A preacher of Doric thought, always in his pulpit and audible, he denounced wealth without sympathy, equality without respect, mobs without leaders, and life without aim." To this we may add the testimony of another high authority in English letters, politically at the opposite pole: "Carlyle's influence in kindling enthusiasm for virtues worthy of it, and in stirring a sense of the reality on the one hand and the unreality on the other, of all that men can do and suffer, has not been surpassed by any teacher now living. Whatever later teachers may have done in definitely shaping opinion … here is the friendly fire-bearer who first conveyed the Promethean spark; here the prophet who first smote the rock." Carlyle, writes one of his oldest friends, "may be likened to a fugleman; he stood up in the front of Life's Battle and showed in word and action his notion of the proper attitude and action of men. He was, in truth, a prophet, and he has left his gospels." To those who contest that these gospels are for the most part negative, we may reply that to be taught what not to do is to be far advanced on the way to do.
In nothing is the generation after him so prone to be unjust to a fresh thinker as with regard to his originality. A physical discovery, as Newton's, remains to ninety-nine out of a hundred a mental miracle; but a great moral teacher "labours to make himself forgotten." When he begins to speak he is suspected of insanity; when he has won his way he receives a Royal Commission to appoint the judges; as a veteran he is shelved for platitude. So Horace is regarded as a mere jewelry store of the Latin, Bacon in his Essays, of the English, wisdom, which they each in fact helped to create. Carlyle's paradoxes have been exaggerated, his partialities intensified, in his followers; his critical readers, not his disciples, have learnt most from him; he has helped across the Slough of Despond only those who have also helped themselves. When all is said of his dogmatism, his petulance, his "evil behaviour," he remains the master spirit of his time, its Censor, as Macaulay is its Panegyrist, and Tennyson its Mirror. He has saturated his nation with a wholesome tonic, and the practice of any one of his precepts for the conduct of life is ennobling. More intense than Wordsworth, more intelligible than Browning, more fervid than Mill, he has indicated the pitfalls in our civilisation. His works have done much to mould the best thinkers in two continents, in both of which he has been the Greatheart to many pilgrims. Not a few could speak in the words of the friend whose memory he has so affectionately preserved, "Towards me it is still more true than towards England that no one has been and done like you." A champion of ancient virtue, he appeared in his own phrase applied to Fichte, as "a Cato Major among degenerate men." Carlyle had more than the shortcomings of a Cato; he had all the inconsistent vehemence of an imperfectly balanced mind; but he had a far wider range and deeper sympathies. The message of the modern preacher transcended all mere applications of the text delenda est. He denounced, but at the same time nobly exhorted, his age. A storm-tossed spirit, "tempest-buffeted," he was "citadel-crowned" in his unflinching purpose and the might of an invincible will.
APPENDIX
CARLYLE'S RELIGION
The St. James' Gazette, February 11, 1881, writes:—
"It is obvious that from an early age he entirely ceased to believe, in its only true sense, the creed he had been taught. He never affected to believe it in any other sense, for he was far too manly and simple-hearted to care to frame any of those semi-honest transmutations of the old doctrines into new-fangled mysticism which had so great a charm for many of his weaker contemporaries. On the other hand, it is equally true that he never plainly avowed his unbelief. The line he took up was that Christianity, though not true in fact, had a right to be regarded as the noblest aspiration after a theory of the Universe and of human life ever formed: and that the Calvinistic version of Christianity was on the whole the best it ever assumed; and the one which represented the largest proportion of truth and the least amount of error. He also thought that the truths which Calvinism tried to express, and succeeded in expressing in an imperfect or partially mistaken manner, were the ultimate governing principles of morals and politics, of whose systematic neglect in this age nothing but evil could come.
"Unwilling to take up the position of a rebel or revolutionist by stating his views plainly—indeed if he had done so sixty years ago he might have starved—the only resource left to him was that of approaching all the great subjects of life from the point of view of grim humour, irony, and pathos. This was the real origin of his unique style; though no doubt its special peculiarities were due to the wonderful power of his imagination, and to some extent—to a less extent we think than has been usually supposed—to his familiarity with German.
"What then was his creed? What were the doctrines which in his view Calvinism shadowed forth and which were so infinitely true, so ennobling to human life? First, he believed in God; secondly, he believed in an absolute opposition between good and evil; thirdly, he believed that all men do, in fact, take sides more or less decisively in this great struggle, and ultimately turn out to be either good or bad; fourthly, he believed that good is stronger than evil, and by infinitely slow degrees gets the better of it, but that this process is so slow as to be continually obscured and thrown back by evil influences of various kinds—one of which he believed to be specially powerful in the present day.
"God in his view was not indeed a personal Being, like the Christian God—still less was He in any sense identified with Jesus Christ; who, though always spoken of with rather conventional reverence in his writings, does not appear to have specially influenced him. The God in which Mr. Carlyle believed is, as far as can be ascertained, a Being possessing in some sense or other will and consciousness, and personifying the elementary principles of morals—Justice, Benevolence (towards good people), Fortitude, and Temperance—to such a pitch that they may be regarded, so to speak, as forming collectively the will of God…. That there is some one who—whether by the earthquake, or the fire, or the still small voice—is continually saying to mankind—'Discite justitiam moniti'; and that this Being is the ultimate fact at which we can arrive … is what Mr. Carlyle seems to have meant by believing in God. And if any one will take the trouble to refer to the first few sentences of the Westminster Confession, and to divest them of their references to Christianity and to the Bible, he will find that between the God of Calvin and of Carlyle there is the closest possible similarity…. The great fact about each particular man is the relation, whether of friendship or enmity, in which he stands to God. In the one case he is on the side which must ultimately prevail, … in the other … he will, in due time, be crushed and destroyed…. Our relation to the universe can be ascertained only by experiment. We all have to live out our lives…. One man is a Cromwell, another a Frederick, a third a Goethe, a fourth a Louis XV. God hates Louis XV. and loves Cromwell. Why, if so, He made Louis XV., and indeed whether He made him or not, are idle questions which cannot be answered and should not be asked. There are good men and bad men, all pass alike through this mysterious hall of doom called life: most show themselves in their true colours under pressure. The good are blessed here and hereafter; the bad are accursed. Let us bring out as far as may be possible such good as a man has had in him since his origin. Let us strike down the bad to the hell that gapes for him. This, we think, or something like this, was Mr. Carlyle's translation of election and predestination into politics and morals…. There is not much pity and no salvation worth speaking of in either body of doctrine; but there is a strange, and what some might regard as a terrible parallelism between these doctrines and the inferences that may be drawn from physical science. The survival of the fittest has much in common with the doctrine of election, and philosophical necessity, as summed up in what we now call evolution, comes practically to much the same result as predestination."
INDEX
Aberdour
Addiscombe
Addison
Æschylus
Ailsa Craig
Airy (the astronomer)
Aitken, James
Aitken, Mary
Aitken, Mrs.
Aix-la-Chapelle
Albert, Prince
Alison
Alma
America
Annan
Annandale
Annual Register
Antoinette, Marie
Aristotle
Arndt
Arnold, Dr.
Arnold, Matthew
Ashburton, Lord and Lady
Assaye
Atheism
Athenæum
Augustenburg
Austerlitz
Austin
Austin, Mrs.
Azeglio
Bacon
Badams
Badcort
Balaclava
Balzac
Bamford, Samuel
Barbarossa
Baring, see Ashburton
Bassompierre
Beaconsfield, Lord
Beaumarchais
Beethoven
Belgium
Bellamy
Bentham
Berkeley
Berlin
Bernstoff, Count
Biography (by Froude)
Birmingham
Bismarck
Blackwood,
Boehm
Bohemia
Bolingbroke
Bonn
Boston
Boswell
Breslau
Brewster, Sir David
Bright
Brocken, spectre of the
Bromley, Miss
Bronte, Emily
Brougham
Brown, Prof.
Browne, Sir Thomas
Browning
Bryant note
Buckle
Buller, Charles
Buller, Mrs.
Bunsen
Burke
Burness, William
Burns
Byron
Caesar Cagliostro, Count Cairnes Calderon Calvin Campbell, Macleod Campbell, Thomas Carleton Carlyle (family) Carlyle, Alexander Carlyle, James (brother) Carlyle, James (father) Carlyle, John, Dr. Carlyle, Margaret (mother) Carlyle, Margaret (sister) Carlyle, Mrs. (Jane Welsh)(wife) Carlyle, Thomas (grandfather) Carlyle, Thomas, birth; education; studies German; lives in Edinburgh and takes pupils; studies law; tutor to the Bullers; goes to London; at Hoddam Hill; marriage; Edinburgh life; married life; life at Craigenputtock; second visit to London; publishes Sartor; takes house in Chelsea; life and work in London; loss of first volume of French Revolution; rewrites first volume of French Revolution; lectures; founds London Library; publishes Chartism; writes Past and Present; writes Life of Cromwell; visits Ireland; visits Paris; writes History of Friedrich II.; excursions to Germany; nominated Lord Rector of Glasgow; success of Friedrich II.; Lord Rector of Edinburgh; death of his wife; writes his Reminiscences; defends Governor Eyre; writes on Franco-German War; writes on Russo-Turkish War; honours; declining years; death; Appreciation of; authorities for his life; complaints; contemporary history; conversation; critic, as; descriptive passages; domestic troubles; dreams; dyspepsia; elements of his character; estimates (his) of contemporaries; ethics; financial affairs; friends; genius; historian, as; ignorance; influence; journal; jury, serves on a; letters; literary artist mission nicknaming mania noises opinions paradoxes polities popularity and praise preacher, as, rank as a writer relations to other thinkers religion routine scepticism sound-proof room, style teaching translations travels, and visits truth verses views, change of walks worker, as Cassel Castlebar Cato Cavaignac, General Cervantes Chalmers, Dr. Changarnier, General Characteristics, Charlemagne Chartism, Chatham Chaucer Chelsea Cheyne Row China Chotusitz Christianity Church, English Cicero Cid, the Civil War Civil War (American) Clare, Lady Clarendon Clerkenwell explosions Clough, Arthur Cobden Coblenz Cockburn Colenso, Bishop Coleridge Colonies Columbus Comte Conservatism Conway, Moncure Cooper, Thomas Cornelius Correspondence, Cortes Cousin Craigcrook Craigenputtock Crimean War Cromwell Cromwell, Life and Letters of, Crystal Palace Exhibition Cushman, Miss Cüstrin Cuvier Czars, the
Dante
Danton
Dardanelles
Darwin
David II.
Deism,
Democracy,
De Morgan
Demosthenes
De Quincey
Derby, Countess of
Desmoulins
Dial, The,
Diamond Necklace,
Dickens
Diderot
Diogenes
Disraeli. See Beaconsfield
Dobell
Don Quixote,
Döring, Herr
Dresden
Drogheda
Drumclog
Dryden
Duffy, Sir C. Gavan
Dumfries
Dunbar
Dunbar (poet)
Duty
Ecclefechan
Eckermann
Edinburgh
Edinburgh Encyclopaedia
Edinburgh Review
Education
Eisenach
Eldin, Lord
Eliot, George
Emerson
Emigration
Ems
England
English Traits (Emerson's)
Erasmus
Erfurt
Erskine
Essay on Proportion
Essays (Carlyle's)
Everett, Alexander
Examiner,
"Exodus from Houndsditch,"
Eyre, Governor
Eyre, Jane
Faber
Factory Acts
Faust
Fawcett
Fergusson, Dr. John
Fichte
FitzGerald, Edward
Flaxman
Foreign Quarterly Preview
Foreign Review
Förster
Forster, John
Forster, W.E.
Fouqué
Fourier
Foxton, Mr.
France
Franchise
Francia, Dr.
Frankenstein
Frankfort
Fraser
Free Trade
French Directory
French literature
French Revolution
Friedrich II.
Friedrich II., History of
Fritz. See Friedrich
Fritz (Carlyle's horse)
Froude, Mr.
Fryston
Fuchs, Reinecke
Galileo
Gallipoli
Galway
Game Laws
Gavazzi, Father
Georgel, Abbé
German literature
German worthies
Germany
Gibbon
Gladstone, Sir T
Gladstone, W. E.
Glasgow
Glasgow Herald
Goethe
Goldsmith
Gordon, Margaret
Gordon (quadroon preacher)
Gotha
Grant, J.
Greek thought
Grimm's law
Gronlund
Grote
Guizot
Gully, Dr.
Gully, Miss
Guntershausen
Haddington
Hafiz
Hakluyt
Hallam
Hallam, Arthur
Hamburg
Hamilton, Sir William
Hare, Archdeacon
Harrison, Frederick
Harvard Discourse (Emerson's)
Hawthorne
Hayti
Heath (royalist writer)
Hedonism
Hegel
Heine, Heinrich
Helena
Helps
Henry VIII.
Hero-Worship (and On Heroes}
Herrnhut
Hertzka
Heyne
Hildebrand
Hill, Lord George
Histories (Carlyle's)
History, definition of
History review of
Hobbes
Hochkirk
Hoddam Hill
Hoffmann
Holinshed
Homburg
Homer
Home Rule
Horace
Home, E.H.
Houghton, Lord
Hudson (Railway King)
Hughes, T.
Hugo, Victor
Humboldt
Hume
Hunef
Hunt, Leigh
Huxley, Professor
"Ilias Americana in nuce"
Immortality
Inkermann
In Memoriam (Tennyson's)
Inquisition
Ireland
Ireland, Mrs.
Irish Question
Irving, Edward
Jamaica
Jeffrey
Jena
Jerrold, Douglas
Jewsbury, Geraldine
Jocelin de Brakelond
Johnson
Johnson Review of Boswell's
Johnston, James
Jomini
Jonson, Ben
Journalism, definition of
Judengasse
Junius
Juvenal
Kant
Keats
Keble
Kingsley, Charles
Kingsley, Henry
Kinnaird
Kirkcakly
Knox
Kolin
Körner
Kossuth
Kunersdorf
Lamb
Landor
Landshut
Lanin, M.
Laplace
Larkin
Latter-Day Pamphlets
Law, Carlyle's study of
Lawson, Mr., James Carlyle's estimate of
Lectures
Legendre
Leibnitz
Leipzig
Leith
Leslie, Prof.
Leuthen
Leyden
"Liberal Association"
Liberalism
Liegnitz
Literature as a profession
Liverpool
Livy
Lobositz
Locke
"Locksley Hall"
London
London Library
London Magazine
London Peace Congress
Longfellow
Longmans (the publisher)
Louis XIV.
Louis XV.
Louis XVIII.
Louisa, Electress
Lowell
Lucilius
Luichart, Loch
"Luria"
Luther
Macaulay
Macbeth
Machiavelli
Mackenzie, Miss Stuart
Mahon, Lord
Mainhill
Mainz
Malthusianism
Malvern
Marat
Marburg
Marcus Aurelius
Marlborough
Marseillaise
Marshall
Mavtineau, Miss H.
Marx, Carl
Massou, Prof.
Materialism
Mathematics
Maurice, F. D.
Mazzini
M'Crie
Meister, Wilhelm
Melanchthen
Mentone
Meredith, George
Mericourt
Merimée, Prosper
Metaphysics, Scotch
Michelet
Middle Ages
Mill, J.S.
Millais
Milman
Milton
Mirabeau
Miscellanies
Mitchell, Robert
Mitchell (Young Ireland leader)
Model Prisons
Mohammed
Molesworth
Molwitz
Montague, Basil
Montaigne
Montgomery, Robert
More, Sir Thomas
Morris, William
Motley
Motte, Countess de la
Muirkirk
Murchison, Sir R.
Murray (the publisher)
Murray, Thomas
Musæus
Napier, Macvey
Napoleon I.
Napoleon III.
Naseby
Nassau
Necker
Negroes
Nelson
"Nero" (Mrs. Carlyle's dog)
Neuberg
New England
Newman, Cardinal
Newspapers
Newton
Nibelungen Lied
Nicholas the Czar
"Nigger Question"
Noble (biographer of Cromwell)
North, Christopher
Norton, Charles E.
Norway, Early Kings of
Novalis
O'Brien, Smith
O'Connell
Optimism
Orsay, Count d'
Orthodoxy vetoed
Ossoli, Countess (Margaret Fuller)
Owen
Oxford
Oxford, Bishop of
Paraguay
Pardubitz
Paris
Past and Present
Paton, Noel
Paulets, the
Peel
Pericles
Peter the Hermit
Philanthropy
Philip of Hesse
Plato
Playfair
Political economy
Political philosophy
Pope
Popes
Prague
Prayer
Prescott
Preuss
Prinzenraub
Procter
Procter, Mrs. Anne
Puritanism
Pusey
Putbus
Quarterly Review
Queen Victoria
Radicalism
Railways
Raleigh
Ranke
Ranch
"Reading of Books"
Redwood
Reform Bills
Reminiscences
Renan
Rennie, George
Revolution years
Rhine
Ricardo
Richter
Riesen-Gebirge
Riquetti
Ritualism
Robertson
Robespierre
Roland, Madame
Rolandseck
Romans
Rome, cause of its preservation
Romilly, Sir Samuel
Rossbach
Rossetti, Dante
Rotterdam
Rousseau
Rugby
Rügen
Rushworth
Ruskin
Russell, Lord John
Russell, Mrs., at Thornhill
Russia
Russo-Turkish War
Sadowa
St. Andrews
St. Ives
St. James's Gazette
St. Simon
Samson, Abbot
Sand, George
Sartor Resartus
Saunders and Otley (publishers)
Saxons
Scepticism
Schiller
Schlosser
Science
Scotland
Scotsbrig
Scotsman newspaper
Scott, W.B.
Scott, Sir Walter
Sedan
Sepoy rebellion
Seven Years' War
Shaftesbury, Lord
Shakespeare
Shelley
Shooting Niagara
Sidney, Sir Philip
Signs of the Times
Simon de Montfort
Sinclair, Sir George
Slavery
Sloane, Sir Hans
Smail, Tom
Smith, Adam
Smith, Goldwin
Smith, Sydney
Smollett
Snowdon
Socrates
Sophocles
Southey
Spain
Spedding
Spencer, Herbert
Spenser
Stanley, Dean
Stanley, Lady Augusta
Stanleys (of Alderley)
Steele
Stein
Stephen, Fitzjames
Stephen, Sir James
Sterling
Sterling, Life of
Sterne
Stewart, Dugald
Stodart, Miss Eliza
Stonehenge
Strachey, Mr.
Strachey, Mrs.
Stralsund
Strauss
Stuart, Mary
Sturge
Sun, newspaper
Swift
Swinburne
Switzerland
Tacitus
Taine, M.
Tale of a Tub (Swift's)
Talleyrand
Talma
Taylor, Henry
Taylor's German Literature
Taylor, Mrs.
Tennyson
Teufelsdröckh
Thackeray
Theism
Thierry, M.
Thiers
Thirlwall, Bishop
Thoreau
Thucydides
Tieck
Times, the
Toplitz
Torgau
Trafalgar
Turgot
Turks
Turner
Tyndall
Unto this Last (Ruskin's)
Usedom, Baron
Varennes
Vauvenargues
Vehse
Verses (Carlyle's)
Verses (Mrs. Carlyle's)
Virginia
Voltaire
Wanderjahre
Wartburg
Washington
Waterloo
Watts, G. F.
Webster, Daniel
Weimar
Weissenfels
Wellington (Duke of)
Welsh, Jane. See Mrs. Carlyle
Welsh, Mrs.
Werner
Werther (Goethe's)
Westminster Abbey
Westminster Confession
Westminster Review
Westport
Wilberforce (Bishop)
William the Conqueror
William the Silent
Willis's Rooms
Wilson
Wolseley
Worcester
Wordsworth
Work
Working classes
World (newspaper)
Wotton Reinfred
Yarmouth
Zittau
Zorndorf