The language of the Phö, while following to a great extent the Chinese idiom, exhibits at the same time considerable divergence. A “cart-before-the-horse” principle is very marked throughout. An example or two will suffice to explain my meaning. The Chinese for “beef” and “mutton” is “niu jou” and “yang jou”—that is, “ox-meat” and “sheep-meat.” The Phö, on the other hand, say “ngi lia” and “ngi li,” which, literally translated, mean “meat-ox” and “meat-sheep.” Again, for “good man” the Chinese say “hao jên,” where “good man” is the subject of the sentence; the Phö say “nai ghou”—“man good,” and “very good man” is “nai ghou kuai,” that is, the adjective follows the noun and the adverb the adjective. There are eight tones readily distinguishable, but they are not so marked as in Chinese, where a false tone may lead to endless confusion. I have read over sentence after sentence to my teacher, carefully avoiding to distinguish tones, and, as a rule, he has interpreted in Chinese the exact meaning intended to be conveyed. With these brief remarks I leave the language to the student of philology. Appended are a few exercises and a short vocabulary in English and Phö. Those conversant with Chinese will at once detect the large admixture of Chinese words, which are for the most part only slightly modified; but the two most striking peculiarities of the language are the aspirated l and the v sound.
EXERCISES
IN
THE PHÖ LANGUAGE.
Exercise I.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | One. | Yi. |
| 2. | Two. | Au. |
| 3. | Three. | Pieh. |
| 4. | Four. | ‘Hlao. |
| 5. | Five. | Chia. |
| 6. | Six. | Tiu. |
| 7. | Seven. | Hsiung. |
| 8. | Eight. | Ya. |
| 9. | Nine. | Chu. |
| 10. | Ten. | Chiu. |
| 11. | Some. | Nao hsiu. |
| 12. | A thousand. | Yi say. |
| 13. | Several. | Hao nao. |
| 14. | A hundred. | Yi pa. |
| 15. | Ten thousand. | Yi ver. |
| 16. | Not. | A. |
| 17. | To come. | Ta. |
| 18. | Many. | Nao. |
| 19. | Few. | Hsiu. |
| 20. | To be; have. | Mai. |
| 21. | Good. | Ghou. |
| 22. | Some; few. | Pa. |
| 23. | Numerative. | Lai. |
| 24. | To return. | Loh. |
| 25. | Odd; more. | Ka. |
| 26. | Man; men. | Nai. |
| 27. | Long. | Ta. |
| 28. | Inch. | Sai. |
| 29. | Share; part. | Fai. |
| 30. | Single. | Chĭāng. |
| 31. | Catty. | Chiang. |
| 32. | Flesh; meat. | Ngi. |
| 33. | Cow. | Lia. |
| 34. | Sheep. | Li. |
| 35. | Fish. | Nieh. |
| 36. | Bushel. | Toh. |
| 37. | Wheat. | Ka mieh. |
| 38. | Rice. | Sai; Kah. |
| 39. | Buckwheat. | Chiu. |
| 40. | Door. | Tiu. |
| 41. | Tooth; teeth. | Mpi. |
| 42. | Li—a measure. | Li. |
| 43. | Mountain. | Pieh. |
| 44. | High. | ‘Hi. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1.—16. 19. 20. 34. 57. 68.
2.—17. Two or three hundred. 2 or 3 thousand. 2 or 3. 3 or 5. Five or seven hundred men.
3.—One. 27. 1865.
4.—1,000,300. 570,610. 700,020.
5.—1,000,000. 350,000. 5,000,001. 60,507. 100,000.
6.—70,191. 10,000,000. 461,000.
7.—50,088. 98,402. 1005. 4072. 8367. 10,006. 103.
8.—118. 254. 9,993,000.
9.—A number of people have come. There are some people. How many people are there? There are several people come. Upwards of 30,000.
10.—Some score. Several score. Ten and more. Two. Some. Over ten. Eight or nine. Ten and more. Nine or ten. Two hundred and more. 5000 and more.
11.—3-4/10 inches. A single one. Five catties of beef. Six catties of mutton. Some catties of fish.
12.—Seven bushels of wheat. Nine bushels of rice. One bushel of buckwheat.
13.—Some teeth. Several myriads of li in length. Forty thousand li. There is a mountain full two hundred li high.
1.—Chiu tiu. Chiu chu. Au chiu. Pieh chiu ‘hlao. Chia chiu hsiung. Tiu chiu ya.
2.—Chiu hsiung. Au pieh pa. Au pieh say. Pieh au lai. Pieh chia lai. Chia hsiung pa nai.
3.—Yi. Au chiu hsiung. Yi say ya pa tiu chiu chia.
4.—Yi pa ver pieh pa lai. Chia chiu hsiung ver tiu pa ka. Hsiung chiu ver au chiu.
5.—Yi pa ver. Pieh chiu chia ver. Chia pa ver yi. Tiu ver chia pa hsiung. Chiu ver.
6.—Hsiung ver yi pa chu chiu yi. Yi say ver. ‘Hlao chiu tiu ver yi say.
7.—Chia ver ya chiu ya. Chu ver ya say ‘hlao pa au. Yi say chia. ‘Hlao say hsiung chiu au. Ya say pieh pa tiu chiu hsiung. Yi ver tiu. Yi pa pieh.
8.—Yi pa chiu ya. Au pa chia chiu ‘hlao. Chu pa chu chiu chu ver pieh say.
9.—Mai pa lai nai ta. Mai pa lai. Mai hao nao nai. Mai nao hsiu nai ta. Pieh ver nao.
10.—Pa chiu lai. Pa chiu lai. Chiu nao lai. Au lai. Pa lai. Chiu lai nao. Ya chu lai. Chiu lai nao. Chu lai chiu lai. Au pa nao. Chia say.
11.—Pieh sai ‘hlao fai ta. Chiang lai. Chia chiang ngi lia. Tiu chiang ngi li. Pa chiang nieh.
12.—Hsiung toh ka mieh. Chu toh sai. Yi toh chiu.
13.—Pa tiu mpi. Pa ver li ta. Mai ‘hlao ver li. Mai pieh ‘hi au pa nao li.
Exercise II.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | Thou. | Moung. |
| 2. | I. | Vai. |
| 3. | He. | Ngi. |
| 4. | They. | Ngi Tau. |
| 5. | You. | Mich. |
| 6. | We. | Pieh. |
| 7. | This. | Nung. |
| 8. | At. | Niang hang. |
| 9. | That. | Moung. |
| 10. | That. | Ai. |
| 11. | Son. | Pu tia. |
| 12. | What. | Kai shi. |
| 13. | To buy. | Mai. |
| 14. | To sell. | Mei. |
| 15. | To get. | Tao. |
| 16. | Very. | Kuai; va. |
| 17. | Who? | Tê shi. |
| 18. | To want. | Ou. |
| 19. | To be. | Tiao. |
| 20. | East. | Keh nich. |
| 21. | Daughter. | Po a. |
| 22. | Things. | Keh nung keh ai. |
| 23. | Large; great. | ‘Hlioh. |
| 24. | Small. | Niu. |
| 25. | Sign of poss. case. | Pieh. |
| 26. | As. | Liu. |
| 27. | That. | Tieh. |
| 28. | Whence. | Kêng hang. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1.—Thine. Mine. His.
2.—You. We. They.
3.—Your. Our. Their.
4.—We two men.
5.—This. That.
6.—Here. There.
7.—As large as this. As small as that.
8.—What man?
9.—What thing or things?
10.—Who is that man? That man is a good man.
11.—To buy things. To sell things.
12.—He is a trader. What does he sell? He sells a good many things.
13.—I want good ones. Have you any? None.
14.—This is very good. That is bad.
15.—Who is it that has come? There is no one come.
16.—What place is he from? He is not of this place.
17.—How many people have come? A good number.
18.—I do not want this one. They want it.
19.—This is ours. That is theirs.
20.—Have you got this thing? We do not want it.
21.—How many people are there there? Ten people and more.
22.—Is he come? He is not come.
23.—This man is very good. That man is very bad.
24.—Whose is this thing? It is ours. How many have you of these? Not many.
25. Have you got any very good ones there? None good. Unless you have some very good, we do not want any.
1.—Moung pieh. Vai pieh. Ngi pieh.
2.—Mieh. Pieh. Ngi tau.
3.—Mieh pieh. Pieh pieh. Ngi tau pieh.
4.—Au au lai nai or Vai au lai nai.
5.—Tieh nung. Tieh ai.
6.—Niang hang nung. Niang hang ai.
7.—‘Hlioh liu nung. Niu liu moung.
8.—Kai shi nai.
9.—Kai shi keh nung keh ai.
10.—Tieh nai tiao tê shi. Tieh nai tiao lai nai ghou.
11.—Mai keh nung keh ai. Mei keh nung keh ai.
12.—Ngi tiao mai mei nai. Mei kai shi. Mei hao nao keh nung keh ai.
13.—Vai ou ghou ti. Mai a mai. A mai.
14.—Tieh nung ghou kuai. Tieh moung a ghou.
15.—Mai kai shi nai ta. A mai nai ta.
16.—Ngi kêng hang to ta. Ngi a tiao hang nung nai.
17.—Ngi tau ta nao hsiu nai. Ngi tau ta hao nao nai.
18.—Vai a ou lai nung. Ngi tau ou lai nung.
19.—Tieh nung tiao pieh pieh. Tieh nung tiao ngi tau pieh.
20.—Mieh mai tieh nung a mai. Pieh a ou tieh nung.
21.—Mai nao hsiu nai moung. Mai chiu nao nai.
22.—Ngi ta a pa. Ngi a pa ta.
23.—Tieh nai nung ghou kuai. Tieh nai moung kuai a ghou.
24.—Tieh nung tê shi nai pieh. Pieh nai pieh. Moung mai nao hsiu lai tieh nung. A mai nao.
25.—Mieh hang moung ghou kuai a mai. A mai ghou. Mieh a mai ghou kuai pieh a ou.
Exercise III.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | To enter. | Pou. |
| 2. | Wall of a city. | Hao. |
| 3. | House, home. | Chieh. |
| 4. | Inhabit, dwell. | Niang. |
| 5. | Dust. | Ka pai. |
| 6. | Street. | Ka. |
| 7. | Up, ascend. | Chieh. |
| 8. | Numerative of houses. | Say. |
| 9. | A room. | Ch’ung. |
| 10. | Inside. | Keh tiung. |
| 11. | To open. | Pu. |
| 12. | A shop. | P’au. |
| 13. | To shut. | Su. |
| 14. | Window. | Kantlong. |
| 15. | To go out. | ‘Hliu kou. |
| 16. | To go away. | Moung. |
| 17. | To go towards. | Moung. |
| 18. | Outside. | Keh kou. |
| 19. | The head. | Koh. |
| 20. | To know. | Pang. |
| 21. | Road. | Keh. |
| 22. | To do. | Ai. |
| 23. | To pass. | Tioh. |
| 24. | Trade. | Chiang. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1.—To live in a house. 2.—To live at home. 3.—Inside the city walls. Outside the city walls. 4.—Inside. Outside.
5.—In a room. 6.—Three houses. 7.—Eighteen rooms. 8.—Four shops. 9.—Shut the door. 10.—Open the window. 11.—To go out. To come in. 12.—To pass, to go past.
13.—Going or walking. 14.—To go up the street. 15.—Walking in the street. 16.—To go east. To go west. 17.—The eastern and western divisions of the city. 18.—To know. 19.—What doing? or, why? 20.—Where do you live? I am in the city. 21.—How many buildings have you over there? Thirty-five.
22.—Is the house you live in large or small? I live in three small rooms. 23.—This house is a great deal better than that one. 24.—Open the door. Shut the window. 25.—To come into the room.
26.—There is a great deal of dust outside. 27.—What is he doing at home? He is not at home. Do you know where he is gone? He is gone up the street.
28.—That man keeps seven shops. Dealing in what? And where are they all?
29.—They are inside the city. Three in the east division and four in the west. We have no such thriving business here.
30.—Those shops have a large number of customers.
31.—There are five or six people come out. Who are they? I do not know. 32.—No one lives in this room. 33.—That shop is mine. 34.—He did not come in. He went past westwards. What has he gone out to do? He is gone up the street to buy something.
35.—There are a great number of people in the street.
1.—Niang chieh. 2.—Niang chieh. 3.—Hao keh tiung. Hao keh kou. 4.—Keh tiung. Keh kou.
5.—Ch’ung chieh keh tiung. 6.—Pieh lai chieh. 7.—Chiu ya ch’ung chieh. 8.—‘Hlao lai p’au. 9.—Su tiu. 10.—Pu kantlong. 11.—‘Hliu kou. Pou chieh. 12.—Tioh moung.
13.—‘Hei keh. 14.—Chieh ka. 15.—Tioh ka ‘hei keh. 16.—Moung keh nieh. Moung keh chioh. 17.—Hao keh nieh. Hao keh chioh. 18.—Pang. 19.—Ai kai shi. 20.—Moung niang hang to. Vai niang hao keh tiung. 21.—Mieh niang ai mai hao nao chieh. Mai pieh chiu chia chieh.
22.—Moung niang lai chieh ‘hlioh niu. Vai niang pieh ch’ung chieh niu. 23.—Lai chieh nung pi lai chieh ai ghou kuai. 24.—Tiu pu yeh or Pu tiu kantlong su yeh or Su kantlong. 25.—Pou chieh ta.
26.—Keh kou ‘hlioh ka pai. 27.—Ngi chieh keh tiung ai kai shi. A niang chieh. Moung hang to, moung pang a pang. Chieh ka moung.
28.—Tai lai nai mai hsiung lai p’au. Ngi lai p’au mai mei kai shi. Pu niang hang to.
29.—Niang hao keh tiung. Hao keh nieh mai pieh lai. Hao keh chioh mai ‘hlao lai. Pieh niang hang nung a mai tieh nai chiang ‘hlioh.
30.—Lai p’au mai keh nung keh ai nao nai.
31.—Keh kou ta chia tiu lai nai. Kai shi nai. Vai a pang. 32.—Lai ch’ung chieh nung a mai nai niang. 33.—Lai p’au tiao vai pieh. 34.—Ngi a pou ta. Tioh moung chioh. Ngi moung ai kai shi. Chieh ka mai keh nung keh ai.
35.—-Tiu ka nai nao.
Exercise IV.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | Before. | Keh tang. |
| 2. | Behind. | Keh kai. |
| 3. | To call; bid. | Koh. |
| 4. | To stand up. | Hsiu. |
| 5. | To rise. | Fa. |
| 6. | To recline. | Pang. |
| 7. | Earth; ground. | Tah. |
| 8. | Fast. | ‘Hi. |
| 9. | Slow. | A ‘hi. |
| 10. | All. | Tou. |
| 11. | To love. | A. |
| 12. | To sit. | Niang. |
| 13. | Chair (sedan). | Cho. |
| 14. | Storey (upper). | Pang. |
| 15. | Below; down. | Nga. |
| 16. | To return. | Loh. |
| 17. | To arrive at. | Leh. |
| 18. | Donkey. | Lui. |
| 19. | Mule. | Luh. |
| 20. | Numerative of horses, &c. | Tei. |
| 21. | Numerative of carts, &c. | Lai. |
| 22. | A pace. | Tuoh. |
| 23. | Language. | Si. |
| 24. | Public office. | Ngah. |
| 25. | To speak. | Kang. |
| 26. | Horse. | Ma. |
| 27. | Cart. | Lioh. |
| 28. | Fast (of animals). | Hang. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1.—To recline. To sit. To rise. To stand up. To walk. To go on foot.
2.—To go fast. To go slow.
3.—In front. In rear.
4.—To come back. To have arrived.
5.—Do you like it or not? Not at all.
6.—To call somebody. Call some one here.
7.—A public office. Upstairs. On the ground.
8.—A cart. A sedan chair. Three horses. Two mules. Four donkeys.
9.—He is lying down on the road. Tell him to get up.
10.—I am, or was, sitting upstairs. He is, or was, sitting down below.
11.—He was on foot. I came in a cart. He came on foot.
12.—I walk fast. He walks slow.
13.—I was walking in front. He was behind.
14.—Is that man come back or not? He is not back, but he soon will be. Where is he gone to? He has gone to the public office. Did he go in a chair or in a carriage? In a small chair. He does not like being in a carriage.
15.—Do you like that man? I do not like any of those men.
16.—Has he been buying horses? No. Mules and donkeys. If he wanted to buy horses, there is not a horse to be had. How many mules or donkeys has he bought? Three mules and seven donkeys.
17.—Which are the better, the mules from this place or those from that? The mules here are not so good as those there. The mules here are slower than what you get there. Both the mules and donkeys from that place are fast.
1.—Pang. Niang. Fa lo. Hsiu. ‘Hei moung. ‘Hei Keh.
2.—‘Hei ‘hi. ‘Hei a ‘hi.
3.—Keh tang. Keh kai.
4.—Loh. Leh yeh.
5.—Ā a ā. Tou a ā.
6.—Koh nai. Koh nai loh.
7.—Ngah. Ku pang. Ka tah.
8.—Lai lioh. Yi lai cho. Pieh tei ma. Au tei luh. ‘Hlao tei lui.
9.—Ngi niang tiu keh pang. Koh ngi fa loh.
10.—Vai niang ku pang niang. Ngi ka tah niang.
11.—Ngi yi tuoh yi tuoh ‘hei. Vai niang lioh loh. Ngi ‘hei keh loh.
12.—Vai ‘hei ‘hi. Ngi ‘hei a ‘hi.
13.—Vai keh tang ‘hei. Ngi keh kai ‘hei.
14.—Ngi tieh nai loh a pa. Ngi a pa loh. Ngi loh ‘hi. Ngi moung hang to. Chieh ngah moung yeh. Ngi niang cho moung, ngi niang lioh moung. Niang yi lai cho niu. Ngi a ā niang lioh.
15.—Ngi tieh nai moung ā a ā. Ngi tau au pieh nai vai tou a ā.
16.—Ngi mai tiao ma a tiao. Ngi mai luh lui. Ngi ou mai ma yi tei ma tou a mai. Luh lui mai hao nao tei. Mai pieh tei luh hsiung tei lui.
17.—Hang nung pieh luh ghou hang ai pieh luh ghou. Hang nung pieh luh a mai hang ai pieh luh ghou. Hang nung pieh luh pi hang ai pieh hang. Hang ai pieh luh lui tou hang.
Exercise V.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | True. | Tei. |
| 2. | Upright. | Ta ti. |
| 3. | To copy. | Cha. |
| 4. | To write. | Sei. |
| 5. | To teach. | Chiao. |
| 6. | To learn. | Liu. |
| 7. | To request. | Sai. |
| 8. | To see. | Ngieh. |
| 9. | To lay hold of. | Tieh. |
| 10. | Written words. | Li. |
| 11. | Before (in time). | Hsüeh. |
| 12. | To recognize. | Hsiang. |
| 13. | To seek. | Hao. |
| 14. | To repay. | Poh. |
| 15. | To wish. | Hang. |
| 16. | To tell; inform. | Hsieh. |
| 17. | To remember. | Nieh. |
| 18. | To ask. | Nai. |
| 19. | To ride. | Chieh. |
| 20. | To run; gallop. | Yeh. |
| 21. | Like; similar. | Toh. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1.—Teacher. 2. To teach. 3. A pupil. 4. To take hold of a book. To read. 5. To look out characters. To recognize characters. 6. To copy. To write.
7.—To look out for a teacher. To engage a teacher. Be so good as to inform me.
8.—I ask you. Be so good as to tell me.
9.—Do you remember.
10.—Correct pronunciation. Intelligible diction.
11.—To see. Have you seen it or not? Have you not seen it yet? I have seen it.
12.—To ride. To run. Did you come on foot or on horseback? I came on horseback. That horse gallops fast.
13.—Have you found a teacher? I have.
14.—Teacher, please teach me to talk.
15.—Teacher, please look out a word for me in the book. What word? I want to find the word Ngieh, to see.
16.—Have you ever met with this word? I have. Tell me what word it is. I do not remember the word. Are there any other words that you do not remember? Of course there are. I remember but few compared with the number I forget.
17.—Your pronunciation is correct. So is your diction.
18.—I will ask you whether you know this word or not. I have never seen this word.
19.—I have requested a teacher to come and teach me. He will not come. What is it you requested him to teach? I asked him to teach us the spoken language. He says he objects to come on account of the large number of pupils.
20.—Tell me, is that man’s pronunciation as good as yours? My pronunciation is not very good. He knows more words than I do.
1.—Hsiang li.
2.—Tung tu.
3.—Chu tai.
4.—Tieh pai tu. Ngieh li.
5.—Chau li. Hsiang li.
6.—Chia lo. Sei li.
7.—Chau hsiang li. Hla hsiang li. ‘Hla chiao.
8.—Vai nai moung. ‘Hla moung hsieh.
9.—Nieh a nieh.
10.—Ghou ho shay. Kau si toh a.
11.—Pang yeh. Moung ngieh ku a pa. Moung a pa ngieh ku. Ngieh yeh.
12.—Chieh yeh. Moung ‘hei keh ta kai chieh ma ta. Vai chieh ma ta. Tieh ma yeh hang.
13.—Moung hao hsiang li a pa. Hao yeh.
14.—‘Hla hsiang li chiao si.
15.—‘Hla hsiang ta pai tu [tou vai] hao lai li. Hao lai li toh. Ou hao ngieh lai li.
16.—Lai li moung ngieh ku a pa. Ngieh ku yeh. Moung hsieh vai lai li tiao kai shi. Vai a nieh lai li. Niang mai nieh lai li a mai. Kai shi a mai. Ngieh hsiu a ngieh nao.
17.—Moung ghou ho. Kang si toh.
18.—Vai nai moung lai li nung moung hsiang a hsiang. Lai li nung vai a pa pang ku.
19.—Vai ‘hla hsiang li chiao vai. Ngi a hang ta ‘hla ngi chiao moung kai shi. ‘Hla ngi chiao pieh kang si. Ngi chiu chu tai nao a hang ta.
20.—Moung hsieh vai, tieh lai nai ai pieh ho mai moung pieh ghou a mai. Vai pieh ho a mai ghou. Ngi hsiang li pi vai hsiang nao.
Exercise VI.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | Paper. | Tu. |
| 2. | Sheet. | Lieh. |
| 3. | Pen. | Chieh. |
| 4. | Numerative of pen. | Kai. |
| 5. | Ink. | Mö. |
| 6. | Numerative of ink. | ‘Hli. |
| 7. | To take hold of. | Wa. |
| 8. | Numerative of book. | Pai. |
| 9. | Book. | Tu. |
| 10. | To study. | Ngi. |
| 11. | To end; finish. | Chiu. |
| 12. | To be right; able. | Ku-i. |
| 13. | To give. | Pai. |
| 14. | Officer. | Kuei lieh. |
| 15. | To meet. | Hui. |
| 16. | To divide. | Fai. |
| 17. | To hear. | Tang. |
| 18. | Clear. | Ka. |
| 19. | Also. | Nung. |
| 20. | Understand. | Tang. |
| 21. | Peaceful | Pi. |
| 22. | A sound | Poh. |
| 23. | To forget. | Tung. |
| 24. | To err. | Sa. |
| 25. | To be able. | Pang. |
| 26. | A month. | Pu. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1—A sheet of paper. A volume. Two cakes of ink. Five pens.
2—To understand. To hear. To have forgotten.
3.—Quite right. To have finished. Not to be able to. It will do well enough.
4.—Bring that volume here for me. Show me that sheet of paper. Bring me ten pens and two cakes of ink.
5.—I hear that you are learning a language, and getting on very well. Can you distinguish four dialects? I can distinguish them all.
6.—Have you read that book yet? I have read four-fifths of it. Do you understand it? There are portions of it that I do not understand. There are also some words that I do not know.
7.—How long have you been studying? I have been studying ten months. Do you remember all the words in the book you have been studying? Not all. I have forgotten a good number, and there are some I do not remember accurately.
8.—Does that man understand the language? I have heard people say that he does not. Does he know the written characters? That he does. He knows four or five thousand. How do you know? Last month we read together. If I tell him to copy, will he be able to? There is no reason why he should not.
9.—Tell me, do you understand him when he speaks?
10.—You must on no account forget the books you read. Certainly not. You are quite right.
1.—Yi lieh tu. Yi pai tu. Au ‘hli mö. Chia kai chieh.
2.—Tang. Tang. Tung keh.
3.—Ya sa. Chiu yeh. A pang. Ku-i.
4.—Moung ta pai tu tiao vai. Lieh tu moung vai nieh. Moung tou vai mai chiu kai chieh, au ‘hli mö.
5.—Vai tang moung liu si, liu si ghou kuai. ‘Hlao tiu si moung pang keh fai a pang. ‘Hlao tiu tou fai lu.
6.—Yi pai tu moung nieh chiu a pa. Chiu fai vai ngieh chiu ya fai. Ming pai a ming pai. Mai pa fai a ming pai. Mai au pieh lai li a hsiang.
7.—Moung tung li hao nao tai. Val tung chiu ta pieh tu. Tieh tu li moung tou nieh a nieh. Nieh a chiu. Tung keh pa lai. Tu nieh sa yeh.
8.—Ngi tieh nai tang si a tang. Vai tang chiu ngi a tang tau. Ngi hsiang li a hsiang. Li si hsiang. Hsiang chiu ‘hlao chia say li. Moung hsieh pang. ‘Hla vai pieh niang yi tiao ngieh li. Vai koh ngi sei li, ngi pang a pang. A mai a pang.
9.—Vai nai moung, ngi pieh si moung tang loh kai tang a loh.
10.—Moung tung ku li, a keh tung keh. A sa. Moung chiu tiao a sa.
Exercise VII.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | Mat. | Tieh. |
| 2. | Bed. | Ch’u. |
| 3. | Curtain. | Hsiao. |
| 4. | To spread. | Pou. |
| 5. | Cover, lid. | Mo. |
| 6. | Table. | Tang. |
| 7. | Chair. | Kuei yüeh. |
| 8. | Wax. | La. |
| 9. | Lamp. | Tai. |
| 10. | Numerative of lamp. | Lai. |
| 11. | Numerative of boat. | Chao. |
| 12. | Wine. | Chu. |
| 13. | Cup. | O. |
| 14. | Tea. | Chiang. |
| 15. | Bowl. | Ti. |
| 16. | Kitchen. | Kau sao. |
| 17. | To boil. | Hao. |
| 18. | Rice. | Ka. |
| 19. | Cooking pan. | Vi. |
| 20. | Fork. | Tia. |
| 21. | Spoon. | Tiao Kên. |
| 22. | To spoil. | P’a. |
| 23. | Fire. | Tu. |
| 24. | To use. | Hsia. |
| 25. | Difficult | Hsia. |
| 26. | To drink. | Hou. |
| 27. | Boat. | Niang. |
| 28. | Bedding. | Pang pung. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1.—A bed. 2.—Curtains. Mats. Bedding.
3.—A table. A chair. 4.—A lamp. A candlestick.
5.—Kitchen. A knife. A fork. A spoon. A cooking pan. A cooking-pan lid. A tea cup. A wine cup.
6.—To boil rice. 7.—It is spoiled. 8.—He spread a mat on the bed. 9.—I want to lie down on this bed. Be quick and make the bed. 10.—Are there curtains upon the bed?
11.—He is lying on the bed. I was sitting on a chair.
12.—It is very dark in the room, bring a lamp.
13.—Some one has taken the lamp away.
14.—Who took away the candlestick that was on the table? It was I that took it to the kitchen.
15.—There is no fire in the kitchen.
16.—A vi ka is a pan for boiling rice. A vi mo is the lid of a rice pan. Tea cups may have covers.
17.—There is no great difference between a wine cup (o chu) and a wine bowl (ti chu).
18.—The chairs and tables in that room are all spoiled.
19.—Have you bought those tea cups I told you to buy? I have. Have you bought several? Twenty. Where did you buy them? They were bought in a shop outside the city.
20—Have you mats in your apartments? There are mats on all the beds in our apartments.
1.—Yi lai ch’u. 2.—Hsiao. Pêng tieh. Pang pung.
3.—Yi tieh tang. Yi lai Kuei yüeh. 4.—Yi lai tai. La tai.
5.—Kau sao. Yi ti tiu. Yi lai tia. Yi lai tiao kên. Yi lai vi ka. Yi lai ka mo vi. Yi lai o chiang. Yi lai o chu.
6.—Hao ka. 7.—P’a yeh. 8.—Ngi niang ku ch’u pou tieh. 9.—Vai ou niang lai ch’u nung pang yeh. Moung hang tai ta pung pou tiao. 10.—Lai ch’u mai hsiao a mai.
11.—Ngi niang ku ch’u pang yeh. Vai niang kuei yüeh.
12.—Chung chieh ‘hui tieh tai ta.
13.—Mai nai tieh lai tai moung yeh.
14.—Tieh tang keh vai lai la tai, tê shi tieh moung yeh. Tiao vai ta tiao kau sao tieh moung yeh.
15.—Kau sao a mai tu.
16.—Vi ka tiao hao ka hsia. Vi mo tiao vi ka mo. O chiang tou ku i mai mo.
17.—O chu ti chu au lai nung hsia fai.
18.—Chung chieh tang kuei yüeh tou p’a yeh.
19.—Vai koh moung mai o chiang moung mai a pa. Mai yeh. Mai tao pa lai. Mai tao au chiu lai. Niang hang to mai lo. Tou niang hao keh kou tiu pau mai lo.
20.—Mieh pieh tiu chieh mai tieh a mai. Pieh pieh tiu chieh ku ch’u tou mai tieh.
Exercise VIII.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | Furniture. | Chia shih. |
| 2. | Stool. | Tang. |
| 3. | Numerative of stool. | Lai. |
| 4. | To upset. | Koh. |
| 5. | Pot. | Chieh. |
| 6. | Flower. | Pieh. |
| 7. | Vase. | To. |
| 8. | To break. | T’u. |
| 9. | To receive. | Shou. |
| 10. | To repair. | Hsüeh. |
| 11. | Plate. | Pieh. |
| 12. | Saucer. | Pieh niu. |
| 13. | To eat. | Nang. |
| 14. | A little. | Nang. |
| 15. | To blow. | Choh. |
| 16. | Extinguish. | Ta. |
| 17. | To burn. | Pieh. |
| 18. | A stove. | Sao. |
| 19. | Empty. | Kung. |
| 20. | Full. | Pai. |
| 21. | With. | Na. |
| 22. | To reckon. | Sui. |
| 23. | In fragments. | Sai. |
| 24. | To light. | Tiao; tou. |
| 25. | To pour. | Liang. |
| 26. | To pour (as tea). | Chia. |
| 27. | To take. | Tieh. |
| 28. | In. | Tiu. |
| 29. | Is; to be. | Si. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1.—Furniture. 2.—A stool. 3.—A stove.
4.—Flower vase. Wine pot. Tea pot. Dishes. Plates.
5.—Light the lamp. Blow out the lamp. Light the fire. Blow out the fire.
6.—To pour or upset water. 7.—Empty pot. The pot is full.
8.—To spoil by breaking. To mend.
9.—Everything that is used in a house is furniture.
10.—Beds, tables, chairs, stools, are all room furniture.
11.—Table furniture consists of knives, forks, spoons, plates, rice bowls and wine cups.
12.—Stoves are of different sizes. The house stove for cooking rice is large. Bedrooms have all small stoves. The stove used to warm a room is a small stove.
13.—May flower vases also be considered furniture? They may be so considered.
14.—Wine pots, tea pots, and tea cups are all miscellaneous furniture.
15.—The water in the cup is poured into the pan.
16.—Chia chiang means to ask some one to pour tea into the cups.
17.—Have you lit the lamp? I lit it; but he blew it out.
18.—To blow out a lamp is to extinguish the flame of the lamp. To extinguish fire is to put out a fire (as) in a fireplace.
19.—Is there water in these two kettles? One is full, the other is empty. Fill the empty one with water.
20.—Who is it that has broken the flower vase? I do not know who it was. Had I not better get some one to mend it at once? Yes, you had much better tell some one to mend it.
1.—Chia shih. 2.—Yi lai tang. 3. Yi lai sao.
4.—To pieh. Chieh chu. Chieh chiang. Pieh. Pieh niu.
5.—Tou tai. Choh tai. Tiao tu. Ta tu.
6.—Liang ou. 7.—Kung chieh. Chieh pai.
8.—T’u p’a yeh. Hsüeh hsüeh.
9.—Tiu chieh hsia keh nung keh ai tou tiao chia shih.
10.—Ch’u, tang, kuei yüeh, tang tou tiao tiu chieh chia shih.
11.—Nang ka pieh chia shih tiao tu, tia, tiao kên, pieh niu, ti ka, o chu.
12.—Lai sao mai ‘hlioh mai niu a toh. Chieh sao hao ka tiao sao ‘hlioh. Chieh ch’u keh tiung tou mai sao niu. Tiu chieh hsia sao tiao tu tiao sao niu.
13.—Lai to pieh tou sui tiao chia shih a tiao. To pieh tou sui tiao chia shih.
14.—Chieh chu, chieh chiang, o chiang tou si hsia chia shih.
15.—Ti ou liang tiao tiu vi.
16.—Chia chiang koh nai pa chiang chia tiao tiu o.
17.—Moung tou tai a pa. Vai tou ku tai. Tiao ngi choh ta yeh.
18.—Choh tai tiao ta tai tu. Ta tu tiao ta sao pieh tu.
19.—Au lai chieh keh tiung mai ou a mai. Yi lai pai yi lai kung. Moung pa lai kung liang pai ou.
20.—Lai to pieh tê shi tui tu. Vai a pang tê shi. Hang moung koh nai hsüeh hsüeh, ku i a ku i. Koh nai hsüeh hsüeh ghou kuai.
Exercise IX.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | The present. | Nung. |
| 2. | Year. | ‘Hniu. |
| 3. | Time. | Shih. |
| 4. | Warm. | Hsioh. |
| 5. | Yesterday. | Tai nung. |
| 6. | Heaven; day. | Vai. |
| 7. | Consequently. | Chiu. |
| 8. | To fix. | Ting. |
| 9. | Day-time. | Fieh. |
| 10. | Light. | Ka. |
| 11. | Half. | Tang. |
| 12. | To engrave. | Tioh. |
| 13. | Air; breath. | Poung. |
| 14. | Section of time. | Shau. |
| 15. | Cold. | Si. |
| 16. | Snow. | ‘Hliu. |
| 17. | Cool; cold. | Hui. |
| 18. | Hurricane. | ‘Hlioh chiang. |
| 19. | To return. | Tiang. |
| 20. | To rise; get up. | Fa. |
| 21. | Rain. | Nung. |
WORDS COMBINED.
1.—The year before last. Last year. This year. Next year. The year after next. 2.—Last moon. This moon. Next moon.
3.—The weather may be distinguished as cold, hot, cool, warm, windy, clear, snowy.
4.—Time. Day-break. Day-time. Night-time. A short space of time.
5.—That man there has studied upwards of twenty years, and has been a teacher five or six months.
6.—I am going to-day, and I may be back next moon.
7.—You were not up at eight o’clock to-day.
8.—‘Hniu tang and Sai yang ‘hniu are the terms used for the year before last and the year after next; ‘Hla tang and ‘Hla kai for the moon before last and the moon after next.
9.—At this place it rains in the hot weather and snows in the cold.
10.—It blew hard last night, and at daybreak it was very cold.
11.—It is his habit to go out riding in the daytime, and to go home at night and read.
12.—It rained last night, but it is fine to-day.
13.—This is a clear day.
14.—The weather is very mild this year; not so cold as it was last year.
15.—You and I have been here a good many years.
16.—He came last year. I arrived last moon. They two were over here last year.
1.—‘Hniu tang. ‘Hniu fa. ‘Hniu nung. Pu ‘hniu. Sai yang ‘hniu. 2.—Nga ‘hla. ‘Hla nung. Chieh ‘hla.
3.—Lai vai ku i fai, vai si, vai hsioh, vai hui, vai hsioh, ‘hlioh chiang, ka vai, ta ‘hliu.
4.—Shih hou. Fieh vai. Vai ‘hliu. Yi shau.
5.—Tai lai nai ngieh ku au chiu nao ‘hniu pieh tu, tang chia tiu ‘hla pieh hsiang tu.
6.—Vai tai nung moung. Chieh ‘hla ku i tiang loh.
7.—Moung ya tien chung a fa loh.
8.—‘Hniu tang, sai yang ‘hniu ku i ch’iu. ‘Hla tang ‘hla kai ku i ch’iu.
9.—Niang hang nung vai hsioh pieh shih hou ta nung, vai si pieh shih hou ta ‘hliu.
10.—Tai nung nung chiu ‘hlioh chiang. Pieh vai pieh shih hou si va.
11.—Ngi ā vai ‘hlu ‘hliu kou chieh ma, chiu vai tiang chieh ngieh tu.
12.—Tai nung chiu vai ta nung. Tai nung ka yeh.
13.—Tai nung ka vai.
14.—‘Hniu nung hsioh kuai, a mai ‘hniu ta si.
15.—Au au lai lei hang nung mai hao nao ‘hniu.
16.—Ngi si ‘hniu fa ta. Vai si nga ‘hla ta. Ngi au lai si ‘hniu fa ta ku yeh.
Exercise X.—SINGLE WORDS.
| 1. | Night Watch. | Kêng. |
| 2. | Working man. | ‘Hou. |
| 3. | Night. | Pang. |
| 4. | Must. | Tao. |
| 5. | To strike; beat. | Tüeh. |
| 6. | To end. | Chiu. |
| 7. | Early. | Soh. |
| 8. | Late. | Pang. |
| 9. | Noon. | Tiung-tai. |
| 10. | Length of time. | Tah pang. |
| 11. | Affair. | Shih. |
| 12. | Circumstances. | Ch’ing. |
| 13. | Put; place. | ‘Hlia. |
| 14. | Each; every. | Ka. |
| 15. | Kind. | Tiu. |
| 16. | Short. | Lai. |
| 17. | Clouds. | Tang-ang. |
| 18. | Dark. | Hui. |
| 19. | Mist. | Ngioh. |
| 20. | Leisure. | K’ung. |
| 21. | To do. | Pieh. |
| 22. | Black. | ‘Hlai. |