Through the Telescope

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z

A

• Achromatic. See Telescope
• Adams, search for Neptune, 198-201
• Aerolites, 227
• Airy, search for Neptune, 197-201
• Albireo, colour of, 236
• Alcor, 241
• Alcyone, 256
• Aldebaran, 234;
  • colour of, 235
• Algol, spectroscopic binary, 246;
  • diameter and mass of components, 246;
  • period of, 250;
  • variables, 250
• Alps, lunar, 116;
  • valley of, 116, 117
• Altai Mountains, 117
• Altair, 234
• Altazimuth, 25-28
• Anderson discovers Nova Aurigæ, 253;
  • discovers Nova Persei, 254
• Andromeda, great nebula of, 263, 264
• Andromedæ γ, colour of, 236
• Andromedes, 214, 215, 225, 226
• Annular eclipse, 69, 70
• Antares, 234
• Anthelme observes new star, 252
• Apennines, lunar, 116
• Archimedes, 117
• Arcturus, 234
• Argelander, number of stars, 235
• Ariadæus cleft, 119
• Arided, 234
• Arietis γ, observed by Hooke, 240
• Aristillus, 117
• Asteroids, number of, 150;
  • methods of discovery, 150, 151
• Asterope, 256
• Astræa, discovery of, 150
• Atlas, 256
• Atmosphere, solar, 75
• Autolycus, 117
• Auzout, aerial telescopes, 4

B

• Bacon, Roger, 1
• Bailey, cluster variables, 259
• Ball, Sir R., 154, 262;
  • Popular Guide to the Heavens,' 278
• Barnard, measures of Venus, 89;
  • markings on Venus, 95;
  • on Mars, 133;
  • measures of asteroids, 152;
  • discovers Jupiter's fifth satellite, 167;
  • measures of Saturn, 172;
  • drawing of Saturn, 172;
  • rotation of Saturn, 174;
  • on Saturnian markings, 184-185;
  • observation of Comet 1882 (iii.), 218
• Bayer, lettering of stars, 278
• Beer. See Mädler
• Bélopolsky, rotation of Venus, 96
• Bessel, search for Neptune, 197
• Betelgeux, 234;
  • colour of, 235
• Biela's comet, 213, 214, 215, 224, 225
• Birmingham observes Nova Coronæ, 252
• Bode's law, 148, 149
• Bond, G. P., discovers rifts in Andromeda nebula, 264
• Bond, W. C., discovers Crape Ring, 178;
  • discovers Saturn's eighth satellite, 187;
  • verifies discovery of Neptune's satellite, 201
• Boötis ε, double star, 242
• Bouvard, tables of Uranus, 197
• Bradley uses aerial telescope, 4
• Bremiker's star-charts, 200
• Brooks' comet, 210;
  • observation of comet 1882 (iii.), 218
• Brorsen's comet, 213

C

• Calcium in chromosphere, 73
• Campbell, atmosphere of Mars, 140;
  • bright projections on Mars, 141;
  • spectroscopic investigation of Saturn's rings, 180
• Canals. See Mars
• Canes Venatici, great spiral nebula in, 265
• Canopus, 234
• Capella, 234
• Capricorni α, naked-eye double, 241
• Carpathians, 117
• Carrington, solar rotation, 59
• Cassegrain. See Telescope, forms of
• Cassini uses aerial telescope, 4;
  • discovers four satellites of Saturn and division of ring, 4;
  • observations on Jupiter, 160;
  • discovers division in Saturn's ring, 177;
  • four satellites of Saturn, 184, 186, 187
• Cassiopeiæ η, double star, 242;
  • Nova, 252
• Castor, 234;
  • double star, 242;
  • binary, 245
• Caucasus, lunar, 116
• Cauchoix constructs 12-inch O.G., 6
• Celaeno, 256
• Celestial cycle, 18
• Centauri α, 231, 234
• Ceres, discovery of, 149;
  • diameter of, 152;
  • reflective power, 152
• Ceti ζ, naked-eye double, 241;
  • Mira (ο) variable star, 248;
  • period, 249
• Challis, search for Neptune, 199
• Chambers, G. F., on comets, 208-209;
  • number of comets, 209
• Chromosphere, 71, 73, 76;
  • depth of, 73;
  • constitution of, 73
• Clark, Alvan, constructs 18-½-inch, 8;
  • 26-inch, 8;
  • 30-inch Pulkowa telescope and 36-inch Lick, 8;
  • 40-inch Yerkes, 9
• Clavius, lunar crater, 113, 114, 120
• Clerke, Miss Agnes, 60, 73;
  • climate of Mercury, 85;
  • on Mars, 139;
  • albedo of asteroids, 152;
  • Jupiter's red spot, 161;
  • on comet 1882 (iii.), 218;
  • on Mira Ceti, 248
• Clerk-Maxwell, constitution of Saturn's rings, 179
• Cluster variables, 259
• Clusters, irregular, 256;
  • globular, 258
• Coggia's comet, 211
• Coma Berenices, 256
• Comas Solà, rotation of Saturn, 174
• Comet of 1811, 206;
  • of 1843, 206, 215, 216;
  • of Encke, 207;
  • of Halley, 207, 213;
  • Brooks, 210;
  • Donati, 205, 210;
  • Tempel, 211;
  • 1866 (i.), 214, 224;
  • Winnecke, 211;
  • Coggia, 211;
  • Holmes, 211;
  • Biela, 213;
  • and Andromeda meteors, 214, 215, 224, 225;
  • great southern (1901), 211;
  • Wells, 213;
  • of 1882, 213, 216-219;
  • De Vico, 213;
  • Brorsen, 213;
  • of Swift 1862 (iii.), and Perseid meteors, 214, 224;
  • great southern (1880), 216;
  • of 1881, 216;
  • of 1807, 216
• Comets, 203 et seq.;
  • structure of, 205;
  • classes of, 206-208;
  • number of, 209;
  • spectra of, 211-213, 218;
  • constitution of, 212, 218;
  • connection with meteors, 214, 215, 224;
  • families of, 215-218;
  • observation of, 219-222
• Common 5-foot reflector, 12;
  • photographs Orion nebula, 262
• Constellations, formation of, 237, 238
• Contraction of sun, 79
• Cooke, T., and Sons, 25-inch Newall telescope, 8;
  • mounting of 6-inch refractor, 31
• Copernicus, prediction of phases of Venus, 92;
  • lunar crater, 114;
  • ray system of, 120, 121
• Corona, 71, 72, 76;
  • tenuity of, 71;
  • variations in structure, 71;
  • minimum type of, 71, 72;
  • maximum type of, 72;
  • constitution of, 72
• Corona Borealis, 238;
  • Nova in, 252
• Coronal streamers, analogy with Aurora, 71
• Coronium, 72, 73
• Cottam, charts of the constellations, 278
• Crape ring of Saturn, 178
• Craters, lunar, 109, 112;
  • ruined and 'ghost,' 111;
  • number and size, 112;
  • classification of, 112
• Cygni, 61, 231;
  • alpha], 234;
  • β, colour of, 236

D

• Darwin, G. H., evolution of Saturnian system, 186
• Dawes discovers crape ring, 178;
  • search for Neptune, 199, 200
• Deimos, satellite of Mars, 143
• Delphinus, 237
• Denning, absence of colour in reflector, 22;
  • measuring sun-spots, 51, 53;
  • on naked-eye views of Mercury, 82;
  • abnormal features on Venus, 94;
  • on canals of Mars, 136;
  • observations of cloud on Mars, 139, 140;
  • changes on Jupiter, 159, 160;
  • rotation of Saturn, 174;
  • visibility of Cassini's division, 182;
  • number of meteor radiants, 225;
  • classification of sporadic meteors, 227;
  • meteoric observation, 227, 228;
  • stationary radiants, 229
• Deslandres, calcium photographs of sun, 60;
  • on form of corona, 72;
  • photographs chromosphere and prominences, 74
• De Vico's comet, 213
• Dew-cap, 39
• Digges, supposed use of telescopes, 1
• Dollond, John, invention of achromatic, 5;
  • 5-foot achromatics, 6
• Donati, comet of 1858, 205, 210;
  • spectrum of comet Tempel, 211
• Doppler's principle, 180
• Dorpat refractor, 6, 7, 31
• Douglass, markings on Venus, 95
• Draco, planetary nebula in, 266
• Dunér, rotation of sun, 59

E

• Earth-light on moon, 105
• Eclipse, Indian, 1898, 70;
  • 1878, July 29, 72;
  • 1870, December 22, 74
• Eclipses, solar, 68-70;
  • of moon, 105, 106
• Electra, 256
• Electrical influence of sun on earth, 63
• Elger on lunar Maria, 111;
  • lunar clefts, 119;
  • lunar chart, 125
• Elkin observes transit of comet 1882 (iii.), 212
• Encke discovers division in ring of Saturn, 177;
  • search for Neptune, 200
• Equatorial mountings, 29-31, 36
• Equulei δ, short-period binary, 245
• Erck, Dr. Wentworth, satellites of Mars, 144
• Eros, discovery of, distance of, 151;
  • variability of, 152

F

• Fabricius observes Mira Ceti, 248
• Faculæ, 59;
  • rotation period of, 59
• Faculides, 60
• Finder. See Telescope
• Finlay, transit of comet 1882 (iii.), 212
• Flamsteed, catalogue of stars, 278
• Fomalhaut, 234
• Fowler, 'Telescopic Astronomy,' 17
• Fracastorius, 111

G

• Galaxy. See Milky Way
• Galilean telescope. See Telescope, forms of
• Galileo Galilei, invention of telescope, 2;
  • loss of sight, 47;
  • discovery of phases of Venus, 92;
  • on lunar craters, 112;
  • discovers four satellites of Jupiter, 166;
  • observations of Saturn, 175, 176
• Galle discovers Neptune, 200
• Gassendi observes transit of Mercury, 87;
  • lunar crater, 119
• Geminorum α. See Castor
• George III. pensions Herschel, 193
• Georgium Sidus, 194
• Gore, period of Algol, 250;
  • globular clusters, 259;
  • 'The Stellar Heavens,' 278
• Gregorian. See Telescope, forms of
• Grubb, 27-inch Vienna telescope, 8;
  • on telescopic powers, 41
• Gruithuisen, changes on moon, 126

H

• Hale, calcium photographs of sun, 60
• Hall, Asaph, discovers satellites of Mars, 8, 143;
  • rotation of Saturn, 173, 174
• Hall, Chester Moor, discovers principle of achromatic, 5
• Halley's comet, 207, 213
• Harding discovers Juno, 149
• Hebe, discovery of, 150
• Hegel proves that there are only seven planets, 149
• Helium in chromosphere, 73
• Helmholtz, speed of sensation, 48;
  • solar contraction, 79
• Hencke discovers Astræa and Hebe, 150
• Henry, 30-inch Nice telescope, 8
• Heraclides promontory, 117
• Hercules, 237
• Herculis α, double star, 242
• Herodotus, valley of, 118, 119, 126
• Herschel, Sir John, drawing of Orion nebula, 262
• Herschel, Sir William, 4-foot telescope, 13;
  • impairs sight, 47;
  • misses satellites of Mars, 143, 144;
  • rotation of Saturn, 173;
  • discovers Saturn's sixth and seventh satellites, 186, 187;
  • early history, 190, 191;
  • discovers Uranus, 191;
  • discovers two satellites of Uranus, 196;
  • binary stars, 244;
  • gaseous constitution of nebulæ, 260;
  • distribution of nebulæ, 267;
  • translation of solar system, 269
• Herschelian. See Telescope, forms of
• Hevelius, description of Saturn, 176
• Hind discovers Nova Ophiuchi, 252
• Hirst, colouring of Jupiter, 159
• Hirst, Miss, colouring of Jupiter, 159
• Holden on solar rotation, 59, 60
• Holmes, Edwin, telescope-house, 38;
  • comet, 211
• Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 'Poet at the Breakfast-table,' 13
• Holwarda observes ο Ceti, 248
• Hooke, observation of Gamma Arietis, 240
• Howlett, criticism of Wilsonian theory of sun-spots, 61
• Huggins, atmosphere of Mars, 140;
  • gaseous nature of nebulæ, 210;
  • spectrum of Winnecke's comet, 211;
  • discovers nebula in Draco to be gaseous, 260;
  • spectrum of Andromeda nebula, 264
• Humboldtianum, Mare, 111
• Humboldt observes meteor-shower of 1799, 224
• Hussey, search for Neptune, 197
• Hussey, W. J., period of δ Equulei, 245
• Huygens, improvement on telescopes, 3;
  • aerial telescopes, 4;
  • discovers nature of Saturn's ring and first satellite of Saturn, 177, 186;
  • observation of θ Orionis, 240;
  • of great nebula in Orion, 261
• Huygens, Mount, 116
• Hydrogen in chromosphere, 73
• Hyginus cleft, 119

I

• Imbrium, Mare, 116
• Iron in chromosphere, 73

J

• Jansen, Zachariah, claim to invention of telescope, 1
• Janssen, photographs of sun, 57
• Journal of British Astronomical Association, 23, 38
• Juno, discovery of, 149;
  • diameter of, 152
• Jupiter, brilliancy compared with Venus, 90;
  • period of, 155;
  • distance of, 155;
  • diameter of, 155;
  • compression, volume, density, 155;
  • brilliancy, 156;
  • apparent diameter of, 156;
  • belts of, 157 et seq.;
  • colouring, 158, 159;
  • changes on surface of, 159, 160;
  • great red spot, 160-164;
  • rotation period, 163-165;
  • resemblance to sun, 164-166;
  • satellites of, 166-169;
  • observation of, 169-171;
  • visibility of satellites, 166;
  • diameters of, 167;
  • occultations of, eclipses of, transits of, 167

K

• Kaiser sea, Mars, 145
• Keeler, report on Yerkes telescope, 9;
  • rotation of Saturn, 174;
  • constitution of Saturn's rings, 180;
  • photographic survey of nebulæ, 267
• Kelvin, solar combustion, 78, 79
• Kepler, suggestion for improved refractor, 3;
  • predicts transit of Mercury, 87;
  • lunar crater, ray-system of, 120, 121;
  • observes new star, 252
• Kirchhoff, production of Fraunhofer lines, 75
• Kirkwood, theory of asteroid formation, 153;
  • periodic meteors, 214
• Kitchiner, visibility of Saturn's satellites, 188
• Klein's Star Atlas, 255

L

• Lampland, photographs of Mars, 137
• Langley, heat of umbra of sun-spot, 50;
  • changes in sunspots, 55
• Lassell, 4-foot reflector, 37;
  • discovers Saturn's eighth satellite, 187;
  • discovers satellite of Uranus, 196;
  • search for Neptune, 200;
  • discovers satellite of Neptune, 201;
  • drawing of Orion nebula, 262
• Leibnitz, mountains, 117
• Lemonnier, observations of Uranus, 193
• Leonid, meteors, 214, 224, 225, 226
• Leonis γ, colour of, 236
• Leverrier, search for Neptune, 199-201
• Lewis, revision of Struve's 'Mensuræ Micrometricæ,' 278
• Lick, 36-inch telescope, 8
• Light, speed of, 231
• Light-year, 230
• Lippershey, claim to invention of telescope, 1
• Lohrmann, lunar chart of, 122
• Lowell, rotation of Mercury, 85;
  • surface of Mercury, 86;
  • surface of Venus, 95;
  • rotation of Venus, 96;
  • 'oases' of Mars, 137, 138;
  • projections on Mars, 141
• Lunar observation, 123-125
• Lyræ ε, double double, 241, 242;
  • β, variable star, 249;
  • spectroscopic binary, 250
• Lyra, ring nebula in, 265;
  • photographs of, 266
• Lyrid, meteors, 214, 224, 226

M

• M. 35, cluster, 257;
  • M. 13, number of stars in, 258;
  • M. 92, 259;
  • M. 3 and M. 5, variables in, 259;
  • M. 51, 265
• MacEwen, drawing of Venus, 94, 95
• Mädler, heights of lunar mountains, 118;
  • lunar chart, 122, 124, 128
• Maginus, 120
• Magnesium in chromosphere, 73
• Maia, 256
• Maintenance of solar light and heat, 78, 79
• Marius, Simon, description of Andromeda nebula, 264
• Markwick, Colonel, 117
• Mars, distance, diameter, rotation, year of, phase of, 130-132;
  • oppositions of, 130, 131;
  • polar caps, 132;
  • canals, 135-137;
  • dark areas, 133;
  • 'oases,' 137, 138;
  • atmosphere of, 139, 140;
  • projections on terminator, 141;
  • satellites of, 142-144;
  • visibility of details of, 144
• Maunder, Mrs., photographs of coronal streamers, 70
• Maunder, E. W., adjustment of equatorial, 22, 23;
  • electrical influence of sun on earth, 63;
  • 'Astronomy without a Telescope,' 238
• Mee, Arthur, on amateur observation, 17;
  • visibility of Cassini's division, 183
• Melbourne 4-foot reflector, 12
• Mellor, lunar chart, 124
• Mendenhall, illustration of sun's distance, 48
• Mercury, elongations of, 81;
  • diameter of, 82;
  • orbit, 83;
  • bulk, weight, density, reflective power, 83;
  • phases, 84;
  • surface, 84;
  • rotation period, 85;
  • transits, 87, 88;
  • anomalous appearances in, 87
• Merope, 256
• Merz, Cambridge (U.S.A.), and Pulkowa refractors, 6
• Messier, lunar crater, 126;
  • 'the comet ferret,' 219;
  • catalogue of nebulæ, 258
• Meteors, 222 et seq.;
  • shower of 1833, 223;
  • of 1866, 224;
  • Perseid, 214, 224, 225;
  • Leonid, 214, 224, 225;
  • Lyrid, 214, 224, 226;
  • Andromedes, 214, 215, 224, 225;
  • radiant point, 223, 224;
  • sporadic, 226;
  • observation of, 227-229
• Metius's claim to invention of telescope, 1
• Milky Way, 239;
  • clustering of stars towards, 240;
  • nebulæ in, 240
• Mira, ο Ceti, 248;
  • period of, 249
• Mizar, 240, 241
• Montaigne, 219
• Month, lunar and sidereal, 103
• Moon, size, orbit, area, volume, density, mass, force of gravity, 100;
  • lunar tides, 101, 102;
  • phases, 102;
  • synodic period, 103;
  • reflective power, 104;
  • 'old moon in young moon's arms,' 104;
  • earth's light on, 105;
  • lunar eclipses, 105, 106;
  • 'black eclipses,' 105;
  • Maria of, 109-111;
  • craters of, 109, 112-114;
  • mountain ranges, 109, 116-118;
  • clefts or rills, 109, 118, 119;
  • ray systems, 109, 120, 121;
  • atmosphere of, 126;
  • evidence of change, 127, 128
• Mountings. See Telescope

N

• Nasmyth, willow-leaf structure of solar surface, 57;
  • lunar clefts, 119;
  • on lunar ray systems, 121;
  • and Carpenter, lunar chart, 125;
  • on powers for lunar observation, 127
• Nebula of Orion, 261-263;
  • drawings of, 262;
  • photographs, 262;
  • distance of, 263;
  • of Andromeda, 263, 264;
  • photographs of, 264;
  • spectrum, 264
• Nebulæ, few in neighbourhood of Galaxy, 240;
  • Messier's catalogue of, 258;
  • gaseous, 260 et seq.;
  • spiral, 263-265;
  • ring, 265;
  • planetary, 266;
  • number of, 267
• Neison on lunar walled plains, 115, 120;
  • lunar chart, 125
• Neptune, 148, 196 et seq.;
  • diameter, distance, period, spectrum, satellite of, 201
• Newall, 25-inch refractor, 8
• Newcomb on scale of solar operations, 77, 78;
  • on markings of Venus, 93;
  • phosphorescence of dark side of Venus, 97;
  • ratio of stellar increase, 235;
  • 'Astronomy for Everybody,' 238;
  • stars in galaxy, 240;
  • spectroscopic binaries, 248;
  • on Nova Persei, 254;
  • on constitution of stars, 268;
  • apex of solar path, 271
• Newton, Sir Isaac, invents Newtonian reflector, 10
• Nice, 30-inch refractor, 8
• Nichol on M. 13, 258
• Nilosyrtis, 145
• Noble, method of observing sun, 67;
  • visibility of Saturn's satellites, 188
• Nova Cassiopeiæ, 252;
  • Coronæ, 252;
  • Cygni, 253;
  • Andromedæ, 253;
  • Ophiuchi, 252;
  • Aurigæ, 253;
  • spectrum of, 253;
  • changes into planetary nebula, 254;
  • Persei, 254;
  • photographs of, 254;
  • nebulosity round, 254;
  • Geminorum, 255;
  • colour, spectrum of, 255

O

• Object-glass, treatment of, 19, 20;
  • testing of, 20-23
• Observation, methods of solar, 65-67
• Olbers discovers Pallas and Vesta, 149;
  • theory of asteroid formation, 150, 152
• Oppolzer, E. von, discovers variability of Eros, 152
• Opposition, 130 (note);
  • of Mars, 130, 131
• Orion, 237;
  • great nebula of, 261-263
• Orionis θ, observation of, 240;
  • ι, naked-eye double, 241;
  • θ, multiple star, 243;
  • σ, multiple star, 243