PRINTED BY
OLIVER AND BOYD
EDINBURGH
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.
The Larger version of the map near the end of the book is in black-and-white, not in color.
Odd-page running page headers are shown here as Sidenotes. They have been placed between paragraphs near the tops of the pages on which they occurred.
Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected, sequentially renumbered, and placed at the ends of the chapters in which they occur.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
Footnote 40, originally on page 150: Bishop 23 is missing.
Page 166: “handerchiefs” was printed that way.
Page 360: “This was in the first half of the 9th century” probably is incorrect: the people mentioned in this paragraph lived in the the 13th Century, and the battle occurred in the middle of the 13th Century.
Page 379: “the Qajar princess” perhaps should be “princes”.