GLOSSARY
A-, prefixed signifies absence; as aseptate, without septa.
| Abbreviations: | cm. | = | centimeter. |
| mm. | = | millimeter. | |
| µ | = | micron. | |
| in. | = | inch. | |
| ´ | = | inch or inches. | |
| ″ | = | line(1⁄12 inch) or lines. | |
| nov. gen. | = | new genus. | |
| n. sp. | = | new species. | |
| × | between two figures signifies by; 2×4 = 2 by 4. | ||
| - | between two figures = to; 2–4 = from 2 to 4. |
Aber´rant (aberran(t-)s, ppr. of aberrare, stray from, < ab, from, + errare, to stray), differing in some of its characters from the group in which it is placed, said of a plant, species, genus.
Abjec´tion (abjectio(n-), act of casting away, abicere, abjicere, < ab, away, + jacere, throw), throwing off with force, as spores or seeds; expulsion.
Abjoint´ (ab, from, + junctus, adjoining), to joint off or delimit by septa or partitions.
Abnor´mal (abnormis, deviating from a fixed rule, irregular, < ab, from, + norma, a rule), not conforming to the usual type; irregular, unnatural.
Abor´tive (abortivus, born prematurely), imperfect or wanting.
Abrupt´ (abruptus, steep, disconnected, < ab, off, + rumpere, break), terminating suddenly.
Abstric´tion (abstrictus, ppr. of abstringere, < abs, from, + stringere, bind), separation of one part from another by constriction, especially of spores from their hyphæ.
Acaules´cent, Acau´line, Acau´lose, Acau´lous (caulis, a stem or stalk of a plant), having a very short stem or none; stemless.
Ac´erose (acerosus, chaffy), narrow, stiff and pointed like spruce needles; intermediate in form between acicular and subulate.
Acetab´uliform (acetabulum, a cup-shaped vessel; forma, form), cup-shaped, having the form of a shallow bowl.
Ach´roous (Gr—priv. + Gr—color), colorless, achromatic.
Acic´ula (pl. Aciculæ)(a needle, a small pin, dim. of acus, a needle), a needle-shaped spine, prickle or other body.
Acic´ular, Acic´ulate, Ac´iform (acicula, a small pin or needle), needle-shaped, having a sharp point like a needle, as pine leaves.
Ac´rogen (Gr—at the top, + Gr—born, produced), a cryptogam which increases by development [of an apical cell] at the summit of an axis, having a true stem, leaf-like appendages, etc., as ferns, mosses, etc.
Acrog´enous (as acrogen + ous), (a) produced at the apex, as some spores from the apex of a hyphal branch; (b) of the nature of or pertaining to acrogens.
Acrop´etal (Gr—the top, + L.—petere, seek), developing from below upward, or from the base toward the apex.
Acu´leate, Acu´leated (aculeatus, furnished with prickles or stings), slender-pointed.
Acu´leus (pl. Acu´lei) (a sting, prickle, spine, dim. of acus, a needle), a prickle.
Acu´minate (acumen, a point or extremity), terminating in a long drawn point.
Acute´ (acutus, sharp), sharp, applied to gills having sharp edges or pointed at either end.
Ad´nate (adnatus, grown to, pp. adnasci, to grow to), growing into or fast to; of gills, e. g. closely attached to the stem.
Adnexed´ (adnexus, connected), of gills attached to the stem, but not adnate to it.
Adpressed´ (adpressus, pp. of adprimere, < ad, to; premere, to press), pressed in close contact but not adherent.
Adventi´tious (adventitius, prop. adventicius, coming from abroad, < adventus, pp. of advenire, come to, arrive at), appearing casually, or in an abnormal or unusual position or place.
Æru´ginose, Æru´ginous (æruginosus, < ærugo, rust of copper), verdigris-green.
Affin´ity (affinita(t-)s, < affinis, neighboring, related by marriage), morphological relationship; resemblance in general plan of structure.
Agam´ic, Ag´amous (Gr—unmarried + ic), sexless.
Ag´amogen´esis (Gr—unmarried, + Gr—production), non-sexual reproduction.
Agam´ospore (Gr—unmarried, + spora, spore), spore formed without fertilization.
Ag´aric (agaricum, a kind of tree-fungus used as tinder, named, according to Dioscorides, from the country of the Agari in Sarmatia, where this fungus abounded), any gill-bearing fungus; formerly applied only to members of the genus Agaricus.
Agar´icioid, of the nature of an agaric; mushroom-like.
Agglom´erate (agglomeratus, pp. of agglomerare, adglomerare, wind into a ball, < ad, to, + glomerare, wind into a ball), (a) clustered densely, but not connected together; (b) gathered into a rounded mass or into a compacted heap or pile.
Agglu´tinated (agglutinatus, pp. adglutinare, paste to), glued to a surface; grown together fast; applied to fungi that are firmly attached to matrix.
Ag´gregate, Ag´gregated (aggregatus, pp. adgregare, lead to a flock; add to), collected together but not cohering.
Albu´minoid (albumen + oid), an organic substance containing nitrogen in its composition, as proteids.
Allan´toid (Gr—a sausage, + Gr—form), sausage-shaped; narrowly oblong.
Allia´ceous (allium, garlic, + aceous), having the odor of onions.
Aluta´ceous (alutacius, < aluta, soft leather), having the quality or color of tanned leather; leathery.
Alveo´late (alveolatus, hollowed out, < alveolus, a small hollow), with small depressions like a shallow honeycomb, pitted.
Amor´phous (Gr—without form, shapeless, misshapen), without definite form, structure or position.
Am´phigen (Gr—around, + Gr—produce), a thallogen; a name applied to a cryptogam which increases by development of cellular tissue in all directions and not at the summit of a distinct axis. See Acrogen.
Amphig´enous (Gr—about; Gr—to beget), not confined to one surface, growing all around; e. g., hymenium of Clavaria.
Amyg´daline (amygdalinus, < amygdala, almond), resembling the almond.
Amyla´ceous (amylum, starch, + aceous), composed of, containing or resembling starch.
Am´ylum (Gr—starch), starch.
Anal´ogy (Gr—equality of ratios, proportion), superficial or general resemblance, without structural agreement; physiologically or functionally alike, morphologically unlike.
Anas´tomosing (Gr—an opening, outlet, discharge), united by running together irregularly; intercommunication of vessels, lines, gills or veins with each other.
Angiocar´pous (Gr—a capsule, case, vessel of any kind), having the hymenium developed in a closed receptacle.
Angus´tate (angustatus, pp. of angustere, straiten, narrow, < angustus, narrow), narrow.
An´nual (annualis, a year old, < annus, a year), completing growth in one year or season.
An´nular (annularis, relating to a ring, < annulus, a ring), ring-shaped.
An´nulate (See Annular), having a ring.
An´nulus (See Annular), the ring on the stem of a mushroom formed by the separation of the veil from the margin of the cap.
Anom´alous (anomalus, irregular, uneven), deviating from a general rule, method or analogy.
Anom´aly (anomalia, irregularity, unevenness), any deviation from the usual character.
Ante´rior (as if from anterus, < ante, before), in front; denotes a position on the under side of the pileus adjacent to the margin; thus the end of a lamellæ next the margin is called the anterior end.
Aparaph´ysate (a + Gr—an offshoot), without paraphyses.
A´pex (pl. Api´ces)(apex, the extreme end), in mushrooms the extremity of the stem nearest the gill; the end furthest from the base or point of attachment.
Ap´ical (apex, the extreme end, point), relating to the apex or top.
Ap´ices, plural of apex.
Apic´ulate (apiculatus, dim. of apex, a point), terminating in a short, abrupt point.
Apic´ulus (pl. Apic´uli) (dim. of apex (apic-), a point), a short, sharp point.
Apothe´cium (pl. Apothe´cia), (Gr—a storehouse), in Ascomycetes, an open cup-shaped fructification with the hymenium on its upper concave surface; cup.
Appendic´ulate (appendiculatus < appendicula, appendix, an appendage), hanging in small fragments; having an unusual appendage.
Ap´planate (applanatus < ad, to, + planus, flat), flattened out or horizontally expanded.
Appressed´ (appressus, adpressus, pp. of adprimere, press to, < ad, to, + premere, press), applied closely to the surface or to each other; adpressed.
Approx´imate (approximatus, pp. approximare < ad, to; proximare, to approach), of gills which approach but do not reach the stem.
A´queous (as if aqueus, < aqua, water), watery; nearly colorless; hyaline.
Arach´noid (Gr—a spider’s web; + forma, form), like a cobweb.
Arbo´real, Arbor´ical (arboreus, pertaining to trees), tree-inhabiting.
Ar´cuate (arcuatus, pp. arcuare, to bend like a bow, < arcus, a bow), bow-shaped.
Arena´ceous, Arena´rious, Are´nose (arenaceus, harenaceus, sandy, < arena, harena, sand), sandy; growing in sandy places.
Are´olate (areola, dim. of area, a plot), divided into little areas or patches.
Argilla´ceous (argillaceus < argilla, white clay), resembling or like clay.
Ar´id (aridus, dry, < arere, be dry), dry.
Aris´tate (aristatus < arista, awn or beard), having a pointed beard-like process as in barley.
Armil´la (armilla, a bracelet, armlet, hoop, ring, dim. prob. of armus, shoulder), a plaited frill hanging from the apex of the stem.
Arte´riole (arteriola, dim. of arteria, artery), a small artery.
Artic´ulate (articulatus, pp. of articulare, divide into joints or members, < articulus, a joint, etc.), jointed.
Ascend´ing (ad, to, + scandere, to climb), inclining or growing upward; applied to a lamella where its edge forms a line ascending in the direction from the margin of pileus toward the apex of the stipe; as in conical shaped pilei; applied to the partial veil when in the young stage its stem-attachment is below the level of its marginal one; in this case a ring formed from it is called inferior.
As´ci (Gr—a leathern bag, bladder), spore cases of certain mushrooms, in which a definite number of spores are enclosed in a sac.
Ascif´erous, Ascoph´orous (ascus + ferre, bear), ascus-bearing.
Ascig´erous (ascus + gerere, bear), bearing asci.
As´cocarp (Gr—a bag, + a fruit), in Ascomycetes, sporocarp producing asci and ascospores.
Ascog´enous (Gr—a bag, + producing), producing asci.
Ascomyce´tes (Gr—a bag, + Gr—a mushroom), group of fungi in which the spores are produced within little sack-like cells, called asci.
Ascomyce´tous, of or pertaining to the ascomycetes.
As’cophore (Gr—bearing wine-skins; Gr—a bag), sporophore bearing an ascus or asci.
Ascoph´orous, bearing an ascus or asci.
As´cospores (Gr—a bag, + Gr—seed), one of a number of spores formed within an ascus.
As´cus (pl. As´ci) (Gr—a leather bag, bottle, bladder, etc.), microscopic sack-like cells in which spores, generally eight in number, are developed.
Asep´tate (Gr—without, + L.—septum, a fence), without partitions or septa, said of hyphæ and spores.
Ash Color (See Cinereous).
As´perate, As´perated (asperatus, pp. of asperare, roughen, < asper, rough), having a rough, uneven surface.
As´tichous (astichus, < a + Gr—row), not arranged in rows.
Asto´matous (astomatus, mouthless), without a mouth or aperture; without stomata.
As´tomous (astomus, mouthless), without a stoma or mouth.
At´omate (Gr—an atom), sprinkled with atoms or minute particles.
A´tro (ater, black), in composition “black,” or “dark.”
A´tropurpu´reous (ater, black, + purpura, purple dye, + ous), dark purple.
A´trosanguin´eous (ater, black; sanguineus, blood, bloody), dark purple; dark blood color.
Atten´uate (attenuatus, pp. of attenuare, make thin, weaken, lessen, < ad, to, + tenuare, make thin), becoming gradually narrowed or smaller.
Auranti´aceous (aurantium, an orange), orange-colored.
Aur´eous (aureus, of gold, golden, < aurum, gold), golden-yellow; yellow with a slight tinge of red.
Auric´ulate, Aur´iform (auriculatus, < auricula, the external ear), ear-shaped.
Auto-basid´ium (actus, an act, dim. of Gr—a base, + basidium), an unseptated basidium giving rise at the apex to four slender sterigmata (sometimes fewer, sometimes more), each bearing a spore.
Auton´omous (Gr—independent; of one’s own free will; Gr—self, + Gr—hold sway), said of plants that are perfect and complete in themselves; not forming part of a cycle; independent.
Ax´is (axle, axis, pole of the earth), the central line of growth; stipe, stalk, etc.
Azo´nate (Gr—without, + L.—zona, a zone), without zones or circular bands of different color.
Ba´dious (badius, bay), bay; reddish-brown; chestnut color.
Band, a broad bar of color.
Banded, marked with bands.
Barbed (barba, beard), furnished with barbs, fibrils or hairs.
Base (bassus, low, short, thick), the extremity opposite to the apex; the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment; applied to lamellæ; (a) the line of attachment to the pileus (as connected by veins at the base); (b) sometimes used to define the end attached to the stipe (broad or reticulate at the base).
Basid´iogenet´ic (Gr—a base + genesis), produced upon a basidium.
Basid´iomyce´tes (basidium + Gr—a mushroom), group of fungi which has its spores produced upon basidia.
Basid´iophore (basidium + Gr—to bear), a sporophore bearing basidia.
Basid´iospore (basidium + Gr—spora, spore; seed), spore acrogenously abjointed upon a basidium.
Basid´ium (pl. Basid´ia), mother cells in the hymenium of basidiomycetes formed on the end of a hyphal branch and abstricting spores; the spores are generally four in number, each on a sterigma, but sometimes more, sometimes fewer, and sometimes sessile. See Auto-basidium and Proto-basidium.
Basip´etal (basis, a base, + petere, seek, + al), in the direction of the base.
Bay (badius), a very rich dark-reddish chestnut; badious.
Bi-, prefix, meaning twice.
Bib´ulous (bibulus, < bibere, drink), having the quality of absorbing or imbibing moisture.
Bicip´etal, Bicip´itous (biceps (bicipit-), two-headed, + al), in botany divided into two parts at the top or bottom.
Bi´fid (bifidus, forked, < bi, two, + findere, cleave, divide), cleft or divided into two parts.
Bifur´cated (bifurcus, two-forked), divided into two forks or branches as in the gills of certain Agarics.
Biloc´ular (bi, two, + loculus, a cell, < locus, a place), two-celled.
Biog´enous (bi, two, + genus, < gena, born), growing on living organisms.
Bise´riate, Bise´rial (bi, two, + seriate), arranged in two rows.
Bis´tre (fuligineus), a dark brown color somewhat more reddish than sepia, but much less so than burnt umber.
Boot´ed, applied to the stem of a mushroom when enclosed in a sheath or volva; peronate.
Boss, a knob or short rounded protuberance; umbo.
Bossed, Bull´ate (bulla, a bubble), furnished with a boss, stud or umbo.
Branched (brancha, claw), dividing from the sides; also styled furcate and forked; ramifying, diverging.
Brick, trade-term for a mass of mushroom spawn, in dimensions the size of a brick of masonry.
Brick Red (testaceus, lateritius, rutilus), a dull brownish-red color like the color of burnt bricks.
Broad, wide or deep vertically, not narrow.
Broccoli Color, the color of a variety of cabbage.
Buff (luteus, luteolus), a light dull brownish-yellow, like the color of dressed buck-skin or chamois.
Bul´bous (bulbosus, < bulbus, bulb), said of the stem of a mushroom when it has a bulb-like swelling at the base.
Byssa´ceous, Bys´soid (as if byssaceus, < byssus), resembling or consisting of fine filaments like the flax or cotton.
Bys´sus (Gr—originally a fine yellowish flax), an old name for the filamentous mycelium of certain fungi.
Cæru´leus, Ceru´leos (cæruleus, dark-blue, dark-green, dark colored), light blue; sky-blue.
Cæ´sious (cæsius, bluish-gray), pale, bluish-gray; lavender colored.
Cæs´pitose, Cæs´pitous, Ces´pitose (cæspitosus, < cæsposus, a clump of turf), growing in tufts or clumps.
Calca´reous (calcarius, pertaining to lime, < calyx, lime), chalky, chalk-like.
Callos´ity, Cal´lus (callosita, < callosus, callous), a hard or thickened spot or protuberance.
Calyp´tra (Gr—a veil, hence calyptra, a hood), applied e. g. to the portion of the volva covering the pileus.
Campan´ulate (campana, a bell), bell-shaped.
Canalic´ulate (canaliculus, a little channel), channeled, furrowed.
Can´cellate (cancellatus, pp. of cancellare, make like or provide with a lattice), latticed, marked both longitudinally and transversely with an open network.
Can´didous (candidus), shining white.
Canes´cent (canescen(t-)s, pp. of canescere, < canus, white or hoary), having whitish, grayish or hoary pubescence.
Cap, pileus; the expanded, umbrella-like receptacle of the common mushroom.
Cap´illary (capillaris, pertaining to the hair, < capillus, the hair), pertaining to or resembling hair.
Capil´liform (capillus, hair, + forma, form), in the shape or form of a hair.
Capillit´ium (capillus, hair), spore-bearing threads, filling as a packing material the fruiting part of certain fungi, variable in thickness and color, sometimes continuous with the sterile base, sometimes free, dense, persistent or lax and evanescent, often branched; found in the Lycoperdons.
Cap´itate (capitatus, having a head, < caput, head), having a head, or the form of a head.
Capit´ulum (capitulum, a small head, < caput, head), a small head.
Cap´sule (capsula, a small box or chest, dim. of capsa, a box), an enclosing envelope usually thin and membranous.
Carbona´ceous (carbon + aceous), rigid, blackish and brittle; like or composed of carbon or coaly matter.
Car´diac (cardiacus, heart), of or pertaining to the heart; pertaining to the esophageal portion of the stomach, opposed to pyloric.
Ca´rious (cariosus, < caries, decay), decayed.
Carmine (carmineus, coccineus), a very pure and intense crimson, the purest of the cochineal colors.
Car´neous (carneus, < caro, flesh), fleshy; flesh-colored.
Car´nose (carnosus, fleshy, < caro, flesh), fleshy.
Cartilag´inous (cartilaginosus, < cartilago, gristle), firm and tough; gristly.
Casta´neous (castaneus), chestnut-colored; chestnut color. (Burnt umber + vermilion.)
Cau´date (caudatus, < cauda, a tail), having a tail-like appendage.
Caulic´olous (dim. of caulis, a stalk), growing on herbaceous stems.
Cell (cella, a small room, barn, etc.), (a) a small cavity, compartment or hollow place; (b) a mass of protoplasm of various size and shape, generally microscopic, with or without a nucleus and enclosing wall, the fundamental form-element of every organized body.
Cell´ular (cellula, dim. of a cell, + ar), composed of cells.
Cell´ulose (cellula, a cell), the essential constituent of the primary wall-membrane of cells, a secretion from the contained protoplasm; allied to starch, sugar and inulin. Chemical formula, C6H10O5.
Centimeter, CM. (centum, a hundred, + metre, meter), in the metric system a measure of length, the hundredth part of a meter, equal to 0.3937 of an English inch.
Centrif´ugally (centrum, the center, + fugere, flee), from the center outwards.
Centrip´etally (centrum, the center, + petere, seek, move toward), from the circumference toward the center.
Ce´pæform (cepa, an onion; forma, form), onion-shaped.
Cera´ceous (ceraceus, < cera, wax), wax-like, waxy.
Cereb´riform (cerebrum, the brain, + forma, form), brain-shaped.
Cer´vine (cervinus, < cervus, deer), of a deep tawny or fawn color.
Chan´neled (canalis, a water-pipe, canal), hollowed out like a gutter; canaliculate
Charta´ceous (chartaceus, < charta, paper), like paper.
Chestnut Color (castaneus, spadiceus), a rich dark reddish-brown of a slightly purplish cast. (Vermilion + burnt umber.)
Chlam´ydospores (Gr—mantle, + Gr—seed) (encased spores), one of a number of thick-walled resting spores usually formed in rows from the breaking up of the hyphæ into spherical bead-like cells; on germination they may develop sporangia or conidiophores.
Chlo´rophyll (chlorophyllum, Gr—yellowish-green; Gr=L., folium, a leaf), the green coloring matter of plants.
Chloro´sis (Gr—greenness, paleness), loss of color, etiolation.
Chocolate-Brown (chocolatinus), a rich dark reddish-brown color, like the exterior glazed surface of a cake of chocolate.
Chrome-Green (chromium-viridis), a dull green color, nearly intermediate between malachite green and sage green.
Chrome-Yellow, a deep yellow.
Cil´ia (pl. of Cili´um), (cilium, an eye-lid), marginal hair-like processes.
Cil´iate (cilium, an eye-lid), fringed with hair-like processes.
Cine´reous, Cinera´ceous (cinereus, cineraceus), ash-gray; a light bluish-gray color, lighter than plumbeous.
Cin´nabarine (cinnabar, vermilion, + ine), cinnabar-colored; bright red; vermilion.
Cinnamo´meous, Cinnamon (cinnamomeus, cinnamominus), a light reddish-brown color, like the inner surface of cinnamon bark.
Cinnamon-Rufous (cinnamomeo-rufus), rufous with a tinge of cinnamon. (Burnt sienna + raw umber + light red + white.)
Cir´cinate (circinatus, pp. circinare, to make round), disposed in a circle; circular, coiled like a shepherd’s crook.
Circumscis´sile (circumscissus, pp. of circumscindere, cut about), opening or dividing by a transverse circular line; applied to a mode of dehiscence in some fruits.
Cit´rine, Cit´reous, Cit´rinous (citrus, a lemon or citron), lemon-yellow colored.
Clath´rate, Clath´roid (clathratus, Gr—a lattice), latticed.
Cla´vate, Clav´iform (clavatus, < clava, a club), club-shaped, gradually thickened towards the top.
Clay Color (lutescens, luteolus, lutosus, argillaceus), a dull light brownish-yellow color, nearly intermediate between yellow ocher and Isabella color.
Cleis´tocarp, Clis´tocarp (Gr—that can be closed, + fruit), an ascocarp which is entirely closed, and from which the spores escape by its final rupture.
Close, packed closely side by side; said of lamellæ when they are close together; also styled crowded.
Coales´cent (coalescens, ppr. of coalescere, grow together), growing together of similar parts; coherent.
Coch´leate, Cochlear´iform (cochleatus, cocleatus, spiral, < cochlea, coclea, a snail’s shell), shaped like a snail shell.
Cohe´rent (coherens, ppr. of cohærere, stick together, cohere), sticking together of similar parts; sometimes used in the sense of connate.
Collen´chyma (Gr—glue, + Gr—an infusion), in Geaster, etc., a cartilaginous-gelatinous tissue, hygroscopic and with great capacity for swelling, forming one of the inner layers of the peridium; its swelling at maturity causes the outer peridium to burst outward in a stellate manner.
Collic´ulose (colliculus, a little hill, dim. of collis, a hill), covered with little hill-like elevations.
Col´loid (Gr—glue, + semblance), like glue or jelly.
Columel´la (columella, a little column), a sterile tissue rising column-like in the midst of the capillitium, serving as a point of insertion for the threads which connect it with the peridium in the form of a network. (In Lycoperdaceæ.)
Co´mate, Co´mose, Co´mous (comatus, hairy, < coma, a hair), furnished with a tuft of silky hairs; hairy.
Com´planate (complanatus, pp. of complanare, make plane or plain), flattened vertically to a level surface above and below.
Compressed´ (compressa, fem. of compressus, pp. of comprimere, compress), flattened laterally.
Concat´enate (con, together, + catenare, link, chain, < catena, a chain), linked together in a chain.
Concave´ (concavus, hollow, arched, vaulted; com, together, + cavus, hollow), having a rounded, incurved surface.
Concen´tric (con, together; centrum, center), having a common center, as a series of rings, one within another.
Concep´tacle (conceptaculum, < concipere, pp. conceptus, contain, conceive), a closed sporiferous body.
Con´chiform (concha, a shell, + forma, shape), shell-shaped, resembling a clam-shell in shape.
Concolored, Concol´orous (concolor, of one color), of a uniform color.
Concres´cent (concrescentia, < concrescere, grow together), growing together.
Con´crete (concretus, grown together, solid), coalescent; united in a coagulated, condensed or solid mass; grown together.
Confer´void (conferva, a name applied to certain of the Algæ, sea-weeds; + Gr—form), like a Conferva, from the finely branched threads; loose and filamentous.
Con´fluent (con, together, + Gr—fluere, flow), blended into one.
Con´gener (congener, of the same race, < con, together, + genus (gener), race), of the same genus or kind.
Congener´ic, Congener´ical, Congen´erous (congener, of the same race, + ic, ous), belonging to or nearly allied to the same genus.
Congenet´ic (con, together, + Gr—generation, seed), produced at the same time or by the same cause; alike in origin.
Conglom´erate (conglomeratus, pp. of conglomerare, roll together, heap together, < com, together, + glomerare, gather into a ball), densely clustered; gathered into a round mass; composed of heterogeneous materials.
Conglu´tinate (conglutinatus, pp. of conglutinare, glue together, < com, together, + glutinare, glue), as if glued together.
Conid´ial (conidium + al), pertaining to or of the nature of a conidium or conidia; characterized by the formation of conidia; bearing conidia.
Conidiif´erous, Conidioph´orous (conidium, dust, + ferre, bear), bearing conidia.
Conid´iophore (conidium, + Gr—bearing), a hypha from which are abstricted conidia.
Conid´ium (pl. Conidia), a non-sexual spore formed singly or in chains by abstriction from the ends of hyphæ or hyphal branches. See under Spore.
Co´nifer (conifer, cone-bearing, < conus, a cone, + ferre, bear), a cone-bearing tree.
Conjuga´tion (conjugatio(n-), a joining, entomological relationship, < conjugare, pp. conjugatus, join), union of two cells to form a spore.
Con´nate (connatus, pp. connasci, < con, together; nascor, to be born), united by growing together from the first.
Con´nivent (conniven(t-)s, coniven(t-)s, ppr. of connivere, conivere, wink at; overlook), having an inward direction, converging, coming in contact, said of a cup whose sides curve inward and meet at the margin.
Con´stant (constan(t-)s, steady, firm, < com, together, + stare), always present or always in the same condition.
Constric´ted (constrict + ed), contracted so as to be smaller in one or more places than in others.
Con´text (contextus, pp. of contexere, join or weave together), texture; substance.
Contig´uous (contiguus, touching), near, or in contact.
Contin´uous (continuus, joined, < continere, hold together), without a break; applied to spores or hyphæ that have no septa.
Contor´ted (contortus, pp. of contorquere, twist, < com, together; torquere, twist), distorted, twisted, crooked or deformed.
Con´vex (convexus, vaulted, arched, convex, concave), elevated and regularly rounded; forming the segment of a sphere or nearly so.
Convex´o-Plane, between convex and flat.
Con´volute (convolutus, pp. of convolvere, roll together), covered with irregular convexities and depressions resembling the convolutions of the brain.
Cor´date (cordatus, heart-shaped), heart-shaped.
Coria´ceous (coriaceus, < corium, leather), of a leathery texture.
Cor´neous (corneus, horny), of a horny texture.
Cor´rugated (corrugatus, pp. corrugare, < con, together, + rugare, to wrinkle), wrinkled; contracted; puckered; having a wrinkled appearance.
Cor´tex (cortex, cork), literally bark; a covering of cells enclosing the axis; cortical layer; the outer rind-like layer or layers of some fungus bodies.
Cor´tical (cortex (cortic), bark, rind, + al), of or pertaining to the cortex.
Cor´ticate, Cor´ticated (corticatus, pp. adj., < cortex, bark), furnished with bark-like covering; having a rind.
Corti´na (cortina), a veil of spider-web structure rupturing at or near the stem; applied to the peculiar veil of the genus Cortinarius.
Cor´tinate (cortinatus, < cortina, a curtain), provided with or pertaining to a cortina.
Cos´tate (costatus, ribbed, < costa, rib), having a ridge or ridges as if ribbed.
Costæ (pl. of costa, a rib, a side), ribs or primary veins (as in a leaf).
Crate´ra (crater, a bowl), a cup-shaped receptacle.
Crater´iform (crater, a crater, + forma, shape), basin or saucer-shaped; having the form of a crater.
Cream Color (cremeus), a light pinkish-yellow color like cream.
Cre´nate (crenatus, < crena, a notch), notched at the edge, indented, scalloped: The notches are blunt or rounded, not sharp as in a serrated edge.
Cren´ulate, Cren´ulated (crenulatus), same as crenate.
Creta´ceous (cretaceus, chalky, < creta, chalk), chalky; of the color of chalk.
Crib´rate, Crib´riform (cribrum, a sieve, + forma, shape), sieve-like; perforated with small holes.
Crib´rose (cribrosus, < cribrum, a sieve), pierced with holes; perforated.
Crimson (carmineus, sanguineus, sanguineo-ruber), blood-red, the color of the cruder sorts of carmine.
Cri´nite (crinitus, haired, pp. of crinire, provide with hair, < crinis, hair), having a tuft of long, weak hairs.
Crisp, Crisped, Cris´pate (crispus, curled, wavy, uneven, tremulous), having the surface, especially near the margin, strongly and finely undulate, as the leaves of the Savoy cabbage.
Cris´tate (cristatus, < crista, a crest), crested; bearing a ridge, mane or tuft on the top.
Cru´ciate, Cru´ciform (cruciatus, pp. of cruciare, torture), having the form of a cross with equal arms.
Crusta´ceous (crusta, a crust, + aceous), of hard and brittle texture.
Cryp´togam (Gr—hidden, + marriage), a plant of the order Cryptogamia.
Cryptoga´mia (Gr—hidden, + marriage), flowerless plants propagated by spores.
Cryptog´amy (Gr—hidden, + marriage), obscure fructification as in plants of the class Cryptogamia.
Culm (culmus, a stalk), the stem of grasses.
Cu´neate, Cune´iform (cuneatus, pp. of cuneare, wedge, make wedge-shaped, < cuneus, a wedge), wedge-shaped.
Cup (cupa, a tub, cask, vat), the concave fruiting body of angiocarpous lichens and discomycetous fungi; the peridium of a clustering fungus. See Apothecium.
Cu´preous (cupreus, of copper, < cuprum, copper), copper-colored.
Cu´pular, Cu´pulate (a little cup, dim. of cupa, a cup), cup-shaped.
Cu´pule, Cu´pula (a little cup, dim. of cupa, a cup), a receptacle shaped like a little cup, as in Peziza.
Curled, same as Crisp.
Curt (curtus, clipped, broken, shortened), short.
Cur´tain (cortina, a small croft, screen, etc.), same as cortina.
Cus´pidate (cuspidatus, pp. cuspidare, < cuspis, a point, spear), with a sharp spear-like point.
Cu´ticle (cuticula, dim. of cutis, the skin), a distinct skin-like layer; cutis, cuticle, pellicle and epidermis have been used indiscriminately to describe the separable or inseparable skin-like layer sometimes present on the outer surface of the pileus and stem; of these terms, cuticle is used most commonly.
Cu´tis. See Cuticle.
Cya´neous (cyaneus, dark blue), bright blue; azure; lapis-lazuli blue.
Cyano´sis (Gr—dark-blue, + osis), in pathology a blue or more or less livid color of the surface of the body, due to imperfect circulation and oxygenation of the blood.
Cy´athiform (cyathus, a cup; forma, form), cup-shaped, shape of a drinking glass slightly widened at the top.
Cylin´dric, Cylin´drical (cylindricus, cylinder), cylinder-shaped; applied to a branch or stem having the same or nearly the same diameter throughout, and its cross-section circular.
Cym´bæform, Cym´biform (cymba, a boat, + forma, shape), boat-shape.
Cyst (cystis, the bladder, bag, pouch), a bladder-like cell or cavity.
Cystid´ium (pl. Cystid´ia) (Gr—the bladder, + the dim. termination), sterile bladder cells of the hymenium, generally larger than the basidia cells between which and with which they are formed.
Dash, -, between two figures = to; from 2 to 4.
Daughter-cell, any cell when mentioned in relation to the one (mother-cell) from which it is derived.
Deal´bate (dealbatus, pp. of dealbare, whiten, white-wash, etc., < de + albare, whiten), as if white-washed; covered with very white opaque powder.
Decid´uous (deciduus, that falls down; < decidere, < de, down, + cedere, to fall), falling off at maturity or at the end of the season, not permanent; losing the foliage every year.
Decor´ticate, Decor´ticated (decorticatus, pp. of decorticare, < de, from, + cortex, bark), denuded of bark; destitute of a cortex or cortical layer.
Decum´bent (decumben(t-)s, ppr. of decumbere, lie down, < de, down, + cumbere, lie) applied to a stem having the lower part resting on the ground.
Decur´rent (decurren(t-)s, ppr. decurrere, run down), applied to lamellæ (gills) which are prolonged down the stem.
Decurved´ (decurve + ed, after decurvatus, curved back), curved downward; opposed to recurved.
Deflexed´ (deflexus, pp. deflectere, turn aside), bent or turned down.
Dehis´cence (dehiscen(t-)s, dehiscent), the spontaneous opening of a peridium at maturity to discharge the spores.
Dehis´cent (dehiscere, gape, open), a closed organ opening of itself at maturity or when it has attained a certain development.
Deliques´cent (deliquescere, melt away), relating to mushrooms which at maturity become liquid or melt down.
Delimita´tion (delimitare, mark out the limits, < de + limitare, limit, bound), the marking, fixing or prescribing the limits or boundaries.
Den´droid, Den´driform (Gr—a tree, + L.—forma, form), tree-shaped.
Den´tate (dentatus, tooth), toothed with a concave serrature.
Dentic´ulate (denticulatus, < denticulus, a small tooth), finely dentate.
Denu´date (denudatus, pp. of denudare, make bare, strip), naked; exposed, not immersed.
Depressed´ (depressus, pp. of deprimere, < de, down, + premere, press), as if pressed down or flattened; sunk below the level of the surrounding margin.
Dermini, a group of fungi with brown or rust-colored spores.
Descend´ing (descindere, pp. descensus, come down, fall, < de, down, scandere, climb), applied to a marginal veil when, in the young stage, its marginal attachment is below the level of its stem-attachment; a ring formed from it is called superior; turned downward.
Des´iccate, Des´iccated (desiccatus, pp. of desiccare, dry up, < de, intensive, < siccare, dry), dried.
Deter´minate (determinatus, pp. determinare, fix, limit), ending definitely; having a distinctly defined outline.
Determina´tion (determinatio(n), boundary, conclusion, end, determinare, pp. determinatus, bound, determine), assignment to the proper place in a classification or series.
Diagno´sis (diagnosis, a distinguishing), scientific discrimination of any kind; a short distinctive description, as of a plant.
Diaph´anous (Gr—through, + to appear), of a transparent texture; permitting the passage of light.
Dichot´omous (Gr—in two, + to cut), dividing into two; regularly forked.
Dichot´omy (Gr—a cutting in two), a mode of branching by constant forking or dividing in pairs.
Did´ymous (Gr—double, twofold, twin), double; of two equal parts.
Differen´tiated (differentia, difference), exhibiting differentiation.
Differentia´tion (differentia, difference, + ation), (a) discrimination between by observing or describing the differences; (b) the evolutionary process or results by which originally different parts or organs become differentiated or specialized in either form or function; specialization.
Dif´fluent (diffluen(t-)s, ppr. of diffluere, < dis, away, apart, + fluere, flow), readily dissolving.
Dif´form, Difformed´ (deformis, deformed), irregular in form, not uniform.
Diffuse´ (diffusus, pp. of diffundere, pour in different directions, pour out, < dis, away, + fundere, flow), spreading widely, loosely and irregularly.
Dig´itate (digitatus, having fingers or toes, < digitus, finger), furnished with fingers; dividing like the fingers of the hand.
Dila´ted (dilatare, spread out; extend), expanded; enlarged.
Dimid´iate (dimidiatus, < dimidiare, halve), halved; e. g. of gills which reach halfway to the stem; also of pileus when it is semi-circular in outline or nearly so; as many Polyporei.
Dimor´phic, Dimor´phous (dimorphus, having two forms), existing in two distinct forms.
Dimor´phism (dimorphus, having two forms), the property of existing under two distinct forms.
Disc, Disk (discus, a disk, trencher), (a) any flat circular disk-like growth; (b) the central portion of the upper surface of a pileus; the cup-shaped or otherwise variously shaped hymenial surface of a Discomycete.
Dis´ciform, Dis´coid, Dis´coidal (discoides, disk-shaped), of a circular, flat form; disk-shaped.
Dis´cocarp (Gr—a disk, + Gr—fruit), ascocarp in which the hymenium or disk lies exposed while the asci are maturing as in Peziza, Morchella, etc.
Discomyce´tes (Gr—a disk, + Gr—fungus), a group of ascomycetous fungi in which the hymenium is exposed; the fruiting body is cupular, discoid or clavate, and sometimes convoluted.
Discrete´ (discretus, distinguished, separated), distinct, not coalescent.
Dissec´ted (dissectus, pp. of dissecare, cut asunder, < dis, asunder, + secare, cut), cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.
Dissep´iments (dissepimentum, a partition) dividing walls; partitions.
Dis´tal (dist(ance) + al), pertaining to the apex or outer extremity.
Dis´tant, (distans, ppr. distare, stand apart), far apart; of gills which have a wide distance between them.
Dis´tichous (Gr—having two rows), disposed in two rows.
Divar´icate (divaricatus, pp. divaricare, spread asunder), separating at an obtuse angle; diverging widely.
Dor´sal (dorsalis, < dorsum, the back), pertaining to the back, literally on the upper side.
Down, fine, soft pubescence.
E or Ex-, prefix signifying “destitute of,” “outside of,” or “away from.”
Ebe´neous (ebeneus, of ebony, < ebenus, ebony), black like ebony.
Ebur´neous (eburneus, of ivory, < ebur, ivory), ivory-white.
Eccen´tric (Gr—out of the center), excentric.
Ech´inate (echinatus, set with bristles, prickly), furnished with stiff bristles.
Echin´ulate (echinulus, dim. of echinus, a hedgehog), beset with short bristles.
Ecto- (Gr—without, outside), prefix signifying “outside.”
Ectobasid´ia (Gr—outside, + basidium), basidia placed on an exposed surface; not enclosed.
Eden´tate (edentatus, toothless, pp. of edentare, render toothless), without teeth.
Effused´ (effusus, pp. effundere, pour out), spread over without regular form.
Effu´so-Reflexed´, effused with upper margin reflected forming a pileus.
Egg (ovum, an egg), a young plant before rupture of the volva in Phalloids, Amanitas, etc.
Egutt´ulate, not containing guttulæ.
Ellip´soid (Gr—ellipse, + Gr—form), a solid figure all plane, sections of which are ellipses or circles.
Ellipsoi´dal, shaped like an ellipsoid.
Ellip´tic, Ellip´tical (Gr—ellipse), elongate-ovate; more than twice as long as broad; parallel-sided in the middle and rounded at both ends.
Emar´ginate (emarginatus, pp. emarginare, < e, out of; margo, the margin), notched at the end; of gills with a sudden scoop, as if scooped out at the point of attachment to the stem.
Embossed´, in botany projecting in the center like the boss or umbo of a round shield.
Em´bryo, the mushroom before leaving its volva, also an early stage of mushrooms which have no volva.
Encrust´ing (incrustare, cover with a rind or crust, < in, on, + crusta, a crust).
Endem´ic (Gr—native), peculiar to and characteristic of a locality or region; indigenous in some region and not elsewhere.
Endo-, Ento- (Gr—“in,” “within”), prefix signifying “within,” “inside.”
Endobasid´ia (Gr—within, + basidium), basidia enclosed in a dehiscent or indehiscent conceptacle.
Endocau´lous (Gr—within, + caulis, a stalk), growing in the substance of herbaceous stems.
En´dogen (Gr—within, + producing). See Monocotyledon.
Endog´enous (Gr—within, + Gr—producing, + ous), produced within another body; of or pertaining to the class of endogens.
Endoperid´ium (Gr—within, + peridium), inner layer of the peridium.
En´dophyte (Gr—within, + a plant), a plant growing within an animal or another plant, usually as a parasite; entophyte.
En´dospore, Endospo´rium (Gr—within, + Gr—seed), (a) the inner coat of a spore; (b) spore which is produced within a sporangium or spore-sac as the ascospores.
En´siform (ensis, a sword, + forma, shape), sword-shaped.
Entire´ (integer, < integrum, whole), the edge quite devoid of serrature or notch; continuous.
Entomog´enous (Gr—an insect, + produced), growing upon or in insects.
Entomoph´ytous (Gr—within, + grow), growing upon or in insects.
En´tophyte, endophyte.
Epider´mis (Gr—the outer skin), the external or outer layer of the plant.
Epig´enous (Gr—growing after or late), growing upon the surface of a part; often limited to growth upon the upper surface, in distinction from hypogenous.