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Travels in Peru and India / While Superintending the Collection of Chinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and Their Introduction into India. cover

Travels in Peru and India / While Superintending the Collection of Chinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and Their Introduction into India.

Chapter 3: TRAVELS IN PERU.
By Sir Clements R. Markham
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About This Book

An account of an official expedition to locate, collect, and transport quinine-yielding Chinchona plants and seeds from South American forests for establishment in India, describing the principal species and their native regions. The narrative details journeys across Peruvian landscapes, the organization and hardships of collecting parties, and the logistical and botanical measures taken to preserve and transport material. Interspersed historical digressions examine the condition of indigenous populations and the uprising of Tupac Amaru. The closing sections describe experimental plantations, cultivation methods, and the early results and management of Chinchona in India.

CONTENTS.

TRAVELS IN PERU.

Preface.Page v
CHAPTER I.
Discovery of Peruvian Bark.
The Countess of Chinchon—Introduction of the use of bark into Europe— M. La Condamine's first description of a chinchona-tree—J. de Jussieu— Description of the chinchona region—The different valuable species—The discovery of quinine 1
CHAPTER II.
The Valuable Species of Chinchona-trees—their History, their Discoverers, and their Forests.
I. The Loxa region and its crown barks21
II. The "red-bark" region, on the western slopes of Chimborazo26
III. The New Granada region27
IV. The Huanuco region in Northern Peru, and its "grey barks"30
V. The Calisaya region in Bolivia and Southern Peru35
CHAPTER III.
Rapid destruction of chinchona-trees in South America—Importance of their introduction into other countries—M. Hasskarl's mission— Chinchona plantations in Java 44
CHAPTER IV.
Introduction of Chinchona-plants into India.
Preliminary arrangements60
CHAPTER V.
Islay and Arequipa69
CHAPTER VI.
Journey across the Cordillera to Puno88
CHAPTER VII.
Lake Titicaca.
The Aymara Indians—Their antiquities—Tiahuanaco—Coati—Sillustani —Copacabana 108
CHAPTER VIII.
The Peruvian Indians.
Their condition under Spanish colonial rule117
CHAPTER IX.
Narrative of the insurrection of José Gabriel Tupac Amaru, the last of the Incas134
CHAPTER X.
Diego Tupac Amaru—Fate of the Inca's family—Insurrection of Pumacagua158
CHAPTER XI.
Journey from Puno to Crucero, the capital of Caravaya180
CHAPTER XII.
The Province of Caravaya.
A short historical and geographical description199
CHAPTER XIII.
Caravaya—The valley of Sandia216
CHAPTER XIV.
Coca cultivation232
CHAPTER XV.
Caravaya.
Chinchona forests of Tambopata240
CHAPTER XVI.
General remarks on the chinchona-plants of Caravaya267
CHAPTER XVII.
Journey from the Forests of Tambopata to the Port of Islay.
Establishment of the plants in Wardian cases275
CHAPTER XVIII.
Present Condition and Future Prospects of Peru.
Population—Civil wars—Government—Constitution—General Castilla and his ministers—Dr. Vigil—Mariano Paz Soldan—Valleys on the coast—Cotton, wool, and specie—The Amazons—Guano—Finances—Literature—Future prospects 288
CHAPTER XIX.
Mr. Spruce's expedition to procure plants and seeds of the "red bark," or C. succirubra—Mr. Pritchett in the Huanuco region, and the "grey barks"—Mr. Cross's proceedings at Loxa, and collection of seeds of C. Condaminea 313
CHAPTER XX.
Conveyance of Chinchona-plants and Seeds from South America to India.
Transmission of dried specimens—Voyages of plants in Wardian cases—Arrival of plants and seeds in India—Depôt at Kew—Treatment of plants in Wardian cases—Effects of introduction of chinchona-plants into India on trade in South America—Neilgherry hills 331